Counseling Children, 9th Edition
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Counseling Children, Ninth Edition © 2016, 2011 Cengage Learning
Donna A. Henderson, Charles L. Thompson WCN: 02-200-203
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Counseling Children, Ninth Edition, is dedicated to Charles L. Thompson, who
died December 2005. The book mirrors his love for children and his skill in in-
teracting with them. He devoted his working life to sharing that compassion and
mastery with his students and to the people who read this book. Hopefully, your
reading the text will reveal the smiles and encouraging words that filled his days.
I would also dedicate this volume to my family—J. D., Chris, Amy, and
Ella—who teach me daily about love, patience, and the joy of togetherness.
Donna A. Henderson
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Contents
Preface xix
Author Biographies xxii
part 1 Introduction to Counseling Children 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to a Child’s World 2
How America Ranks among Industrialized Countries in Investing
in and Protecting Children 3
History 4
What Causes Our Children’s Problems? 6
A Changing World 7
The American Home 8
Changing Values 9
Summary of Children’s Difficulties 9
World Initiative and Understanding 10
Well-Being 11
Resilience 12
Community Services 15
What Is Counseling? 16
How Does Counseling Differ from Psychotherapy? 17
What Is Our Working Definition of Counseling? 18
What Counseling Can Do 18
What Specific Types of Assistance Can Be Expected
from the Counseling Session? 19
Who Are the Professional Caregivers? 21
Summary 24
Introduction to a Child’s World Video 24
Web Sites for Understanding a Child’s World 24
References 24
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vi Contents
Chapter 2 Developmental and Cultural Considerations 29
The Personal World of the Child 29
Development 32
A Child’s Physical Development 32
The Body 32
The Brain 33
Maturation 35
Genes 35
A Child’s Cognitive World 36
The Child’s World of Social Development 40
Children’s Mental Health 44
Culture 46
Definition 48
Competence 49
Multicultural Counseling Competencies 49
Awareness 50
Knowledge 51
Skills 54
Children of Color 57
Summary 59
Web Sites for Cultural and Developmental Factors in Counseling Children 59
References 59
Chapter 3 The Counseling Process 66
Which Approaches to Counseling Are Effective? 67
Cognitive Factors 69
Affective Factors 69
Behavioral Factors 69
Classifying Counseling Theories 73
Preparing for the Interview 77
What Are Some Things to Consider during
the First Interview? 78
Children’s Resistance to Counseling 78
Steps to Overcoming Children’s Resistance 79
First Interview Goals and Observations 82
A General Model for Counseling 83
Step 1: Defining the Problem through Active Listening 83
Step 2: Clarifying the Child’s Expectations 86
Step 3: Exploring What Has Been Done to Solve the Problem 86
Step 4: Exploring What New Things Could Be Done
to Solve the Problem 86
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Contentsvii
Step 5: Obtaining a Commitment to Try One
of the Problem-Solving Ideas 87
Step 6: Closing the Counseling Interview 87
Questions Counselors Ask 87
What Does the Counselor Need to Know about Counseling Records? 87
How Much Self-Disclosure Is Appropriate for the Counselor? 88
What Types of Questions Should the Counselor Use? 90
How Can Silences Be Used in Counseling? 92
Should Counselors Give Advice? 92
Should Counselors Give Information? 93
How Does the Counselor Keep the Client on
Task During the Counseling Session? 94
What Limits Should Be Set in Counseling? 94
What about the Issue of Confidentiality? 95
Is This Child Telling Me the Truth? 96
What Can Be Done When the Interview Process Becomes Blocked? 96
When Should Counseling Be Terminated? 97
How Can Counseling Be Evaluated? 98
How Do Professional Counselors Work with Managed Health Care? 101
Summary 104
The Counseling Process Video 104
Web Sites for the Counseling Process 104
References 105
Chapter 4 Legal and Ethical Considerations for Counselors 110
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues 110
Decision-Making Models 112
Counseling Minors 115
Competence 118
Informed Consent/Assent 118
Confidentiality 121
Files 124
Keeping Records 125
Breaching Confidentiality 125
Duty to Warn/Duty to Protect 126
Confidentiality in Groups 128
Child Abuse Reporting 129
Competing Interests 130
Technology 131
Civil Liability and Licensure Board Complaints 131
An Ethical Decision-Making Process 132
Summary 135
Web Sites for Legal and Ethical Considerations for Counselors 135
References 135
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viii Contents
part 2 Counseling Theories and Techniques 141
Chapter 5 Psychoanalytic Counseling 142
The Nature of People 144
Concepts 145
Personality 145
Structural Concepts 145
Dynamic Concepts 147
Defense Mechanisms 149
Psychosexual Stages and Erikson’s Stages 152
Relationship 155
Goals 155
Counseling Methods 156
Assessment 156
Process 157
Counseling and Development of Self 158
Techniques 158
Catharsis 159
Free Association 160
Interpretation 161
Analysis of Transference 162
Analysis of Resistance 163
Analysis of Incomplete Sentences 163
Bibliocounseling 164
Storytelling 164
Psychoanalytic Play Therapy 165
Object Relations Theory 167
Diversity Applications of Psychoanalytic Counseling 174
Evaluation of Psychoanalysis 174
Summary 175
Web Sites for Psychoanalytic Counseling 176
References 176
Chapter 6 Person-Centered Counseling 180
The Nature of People 182
Core Concepts 183
Person 183
World 183
Self 183
Theory of Counseling 185
Relationship 186
Goals 187
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Contentsix
Counseling Method 188
Assessment 188
Process 189
Techniques 190
Child-Centered Counseling and the Development of Self-Esteem 197
Integrating Self-Esteem-Building Activities with the Child’s Life 198
Motivational Interviewing 199
Child-Centered Play Therapy 201
Diversity Applications of Child-Centered Counseling 204
Evaluation of Person-Centered Counseling 205
Summary 208
Introduction to Child-Centered Counseling Video 209
Web Sites for Child-Centered Counseling 209
References 209
Chapter 7 Gestalt Therapy 214
The Nature of People 216
Core Concepts 217
Awareness 217
Contact 218
Self 218
Integration 219
Theory of Counseling 219
Relationship 220
Goals 220
Counseling Method 221
Process 222
Techniques 223
Language 223
Experiments 225
Using the Body to Build Awareness 230
Gestalt Play Therapy 231
Diversity Applications of Gestalt Therapy 235
Evaluation of Gestalt Therapy 236
Summary 237
Introduction to Gestalt Therapy Video 238
Web Sites for Gestalt Therapy 238
References 238
Chapter 8 Behavioral Counseling 241
The Nature of People 243
Theory of Counseling 244
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x Contents
Concepts 246
Principles of Learning 246
Consequences 246
Schedules of Reinforcement 247
Chaining and Shaping 248
Classical Conditioning 249
Relationship 249
Counseling Goals 250
Counseling Methods 251
Assessment 251
Process 251
Describe the Behavior 252
Determining Baseline 254
Establishing Goals 255
Treatment: Strategies and Implementation 256
Techniques for Change 256
Modeling 256
Contingency Contracts 257
Self-Management 259
Shaping 260
Prompting 261
Chaining 261
Behavioral Momentum 261
Biofeedback 262
Token Economies 262
Behavior-Practice Groups 262
Role-playing 263
Role-playing to Define a Problem 263
Role Reversal 264
Role-playing Used as Behavior Rehearsal 264
Counseling Homework Assignments 265
Classical Conditioning Methods 265
Systematic Desensitization 265
Flooding 268
Counterconditioning 268
Aversive Conditioning 268
Measuring Progress 269
Success 269
Applications of Behavioral Counseling 273
Diversity Applications of Behavioral Counseling 274
Evaluation of Behavioral Counseling 275
Summary 276
Introduction to Behavioral Counseling 276
Web Sites for Behavioral Counseling 276
References 277
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Contentsxi
Chapter 9 Reality Therapy: Counseling with Choice Theory 280
Control Theory 281
Choice Theory 282
The Nature of People 283
Concepts 284
Quality World 286
Theory of Counseling 287
Counseling Relationship 288
Goals 289
Counseling Method 290
Process 291
Techniques 293
The Ten-Step Reality Therapy Consultation Model 299
Diversity Applications of Reality Therapy 302
Evaluation of Reality Therapy 302
Summary 303
Introduction to Reality Therapy 304
Web Sites for Reality Therapy 304
References 305
Chapter 10 Brief Counseling 308
Background 308
The Nature of People 310
Theory of Counseling 311
Relationship 312
Goals 313
Counseling Method 314
Setting Counseling Goals 317
The Skeleton Key Question/Statement for Goal Setting 317
Techniques 319
Using the Miracle Question to Formulate Goals 320
Techniques in Solution-Focused Brief Counseling 325
Orientation to the Solution-focused Brief Counseling Process 325
Setting Goals for Counseling 325
Compliments 325
Active Listening 325
Formulate First-Session Task 326
Working with Negative Goals 326
Working with Positive Goals 326
Coping Question 326
The Miracle Question 326
Relationship Questions 326
Exceptions to the Problem Situation 327
Positive Blame 327
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xii Contents
Changing the Doing 327
Scaling Progress toward Goal 327
Ten Percent Improvements 327
Flagging the Minefield 328
Closing the Session 328
Writing the Note 328
Solution-Focused Play Therapy 329
Diversity Applications of Solution-Focused Brief Counseling 330
Evaluation of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy 331
Summary 332
Introduction to Brief Counseling Video 332
Web Sites for Brief Counseling 332
References 332
Chapter 11 Individual Psychology 336
The Nature of People 336
Core Concepts 340
Health 340
The Need for Success 340
Goals of Behavior 341
Lifestyle 341
Social Interest 342
Environmental Factors 343
The Family Constellation 343
The Family Atmosphere and Relationships 346
Theory of Counseling 348
Relationship 349
Goals 350
Goals of Misbehavior 352
Counseling Method 355
Assessment 355
Information Interview Guide 356
Process 357
Techniques 358
Early Recollections 358
Stages for Children’s Insight 359
Interventions for the Four Goals of Misbehavior 360
Natural and Logical Consequences 364
Adlerian Play Therapy 368
Adlerian Family Counseling 370
Diversity Applications of Individual Psychology 371
Evaluation of Adlerian Therapy 371
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Contentsxiii
Summary 372
Introduction to Individual Psychology 373
Web Sites for Individual Psychology 373
References 373
Chapter 12 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 377
The Nature of People 378
Theory of Counseling 380
Common Irrational Beliefs of Children 384
Common Irrational Beliefs of Adolescents 384
Common Irrational Beliefs of Parents 385
Relationship 385
Goals 386
Counseling Method 387
Assessment 387
Process 388
Solutions 390
Techniques 391
Rational Emotive Behavioral Education 393
Theoretical Foundation 394
Diversity Applications of Rebt 397
Evaluation of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 398
Summary 399
Web Sites for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 399
References 400
Chapter 13 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 403
The Nature of People 404
Theory of Counseling 406
Relationship 408
Goals 408
Counseling Methods 409
Assessment 411
Process 411
Techniques 413
Applications of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 416
Anger Control 417
Anxiety 418
Depression 418
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 419
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xiv Contents
Health Problems 420
Drug Use 420
Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy 423
Diversity Applications of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 425
Evaluation of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 426
Summary 426
Web Sites for Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 427
References 427
Chapter 14 Transactional Analysis 432
The Nature of People and Theory of Counseling 433
Core Concepts 435
Structural Analysis 435
Transactional Analysis 436
Script Analysis 438
Game Analysis 440
Life Positions 440
Counseling Relationship 442
Goals 442
Games Clients Play 443
The Pursuit of Strokes 444
Rackets 447
Counseling Method 448
Process 448
Techniques 449
Diversity Applications of Transactional Analysis 458
Evaluation of Transactional Analysis 459
Summary 460
Web Sites for Transactional Analysis 460
References 460
Chapter 15 Family Counseling 463
How Does Family Counseling Differ from Individual Counseling? 464
What Defines a Family? 465
How does General Systems Theory Relate to Families? 465
Core Concepts 467
Systems Approach to Family Therapy 469
Murray Bowen (1913–1990) 469
The Spousal Relationship 470
Differentiation of Self 470
Detriangulation of Self from the Family Emotional System 471
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Contentsxv
Nuclear Family Emotional Process 472
Family Projection Process 472
Multigenerational Transmission Process 472
Sibling Position 472
Emotional Cutoff 473
Emotional Process in Society 473
Emotional Systems of the Family 476
Modeling Differentiation 477
Structural Family Therapy 477
Salvador Minuchin’s Contributions to Structural Family Therapy 478
Strategic Family Therapy 481
Paradoxical Interventions 482
Contributions of Milton Erickson, Jay Haley, and Cloé Madanes to Strategic
Family Therapy 483
The Communications Approach to Family Therapy 486
John Gottman’s Behavioral Interview Method 486
Virginia Satir’s Conjoint Family Therapy 488
Play Therapy with Families 500
Dynamic Family Play Therapy 500
Filial Therapy 501
Diversity Applications of Family Counseling 504
Evaluation of Family Counseling 505
Summary 505
Introduction to Family Counseling 507
Web Sites for Family Counseling 507
References 507
Chapter 16 Consultation and Collaboration 512
Consultation 513
Models of Consultation 514
Consulting Process 521
Consultant Roles 522
Combinations 523
Consultation Interventions 524
Collaboration 526
Teaming 529
Assessment as a Consulting and Counseling Intervention 529
Behavior Observations and Rating Forms 531
Formal Psychological and Educational Tests 532
Summary 536
Web Sites for Consultation and Collaboration 536
References 536
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xvi Contents
part 3 Counseling With Children: Special Topics 543
Chapter 17 Play Therapy 544
Introduction 545
History of Play Therapy 545
Defining Play Therapy 547
Goals of Play Therapy 548
Therapeutic Advantages of Play Therapy 548
Diversity Applications of Play Therapy 550
Children Appropriate for Play Therapy 552
The Play Therapist 552
Play Stages 554
Theories of Play Therapy 554
Play Therapy with Children and Adults 558
Effectiveness 561
Play Therapy Media and Strategies 563
Basic Skills of Play Therapy 564
Summary 574
Web Sites for Play Therapy 575
References 575
Chapter 18 Group Counseling with Children 583
Rationale 583
Definition of Group 585
Types of Groups 586
Theoretically Oriented Group Counseling 588
Group Leadership Skills 592
Getting Started 594
Choice Model 594
Group Focus 595
Developing a Proposal 597
Selecting Group Members 598
Forming a Group 598
Screening Interview 599
Size of Group 600
Group Setting 600
Group Stages 600
Beginning 600
Transition 601
Working 601
Ending 602
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Contentsxvii
Group Counseling Process 603
The First Session 603
Guidelines for the Remaining Sessions 604
Implications for Different Ages 605
Evaluation of Groups 606
Group Counseling Example 607
Classroom Meetings 609
Guidelines for Leading Classroom Meetings 609
Group Crisis Intervention 610
Summary 612
Web Sites for Group Counseling with Children 613
References 613
Chapter 19 Counseling Children with Special Concerns 618
Child Maltreatment 619
Definitions 619
Causes 622
Protective Factors 623
Signs and Symptoms 624
Long-Term Consequences 625
Assessment 628
Treatment Goals 630
General Counseling Strategies for Working with
Children Who Have Been Abused 631
Caretakers 633
Other Steps 634
Children in Chemically Dependent Families 634
Interventions for Children from Chemically Dependent Families 636
Treatment Goals 637
Death and Bereavement 638
Early Childhood 638
Middle Childhood 639
Adolescence 639
Stages and Phases 639
Interventions for Children Who Are Grieving 640
Information 642
Validation 643
Memories 643
Bereavement Groups 644
Depression and Suicide 646
Interventions for Depression 647
Suicide 649
Assessment 650
Interventions for Suicide 651
Postsuicide Interventions 653
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