The Impact of On-Job-Training (OJT) on Professional Development of

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management Graduates of Mariners’

Polytechnic Colleges Inc. 2022-2023

By:

Emmanuel G. Base

Januelle Neil A. Curioso

Jay Mark I. Lumabi

Karl Nicolo B. Oquindo

December 2024
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

On the Job Training (OJT) offers a great opportunity for students to apply their

knowledge and skills that are being taught in the classroom to apply it in real world situations. In

addition, OJT are quick ways to obtain experience in beginning-level positions. Typically, OJT

works with a certain team inside an organization, gaining knowledge from seasoned workers and

experiencing all facets of the role. Intern often finish modest tasks to support larger corporate

goals rather than taking the lead on their own project. Moreover, On the Job Training is usually

filled by college students and recent graduates. A possibility to obtain expertise in a new field

prior to applying for a full-time career is provided by OJT (Missman, 2023).

On the Job Training are significant to students as they give students a special chance to

obtain real-world experience in their field of interest through practical application. According to

The National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE), students who take part in training

programs have a higher beginning salary and are more likely to receive employment offers.

Additionally, students can gain highly valuable skills like problem-solving, communication, and

cooperation through OJT. Furthermore, students have the chance to expand their professional

network through OJT. Students may engage with mentors, meet professionals in their industry,

and discover possibilities for employment through internship. In today’s job market, developing

a strong professional network is essential, and internships can assist students in making these

contacts early in their academic careers (Ibrahim-Taney, 2023).

According to the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) Memorandum Order

2017-104, Article III, an internship or OJT is defined as the application of academic learning in a
real-world work setting. Article I, Section 1 further explains that the internship or OJT program

aims to enhance students' formal education by offering practical experience, skills, and attitudes,

allowing them to gain hands-on experience at approved Host Training Establishments (HTFs).

Internships or OJT have been recognized as a fundamental element in the professional

development of students across various fields. In the context of hospitality, they serve not only as

a platform for students to apply their classroom knowledge but also as a crucial stepping stone

towards gaining industry-specific skills, understanding organizational culture, and building a

professional network.

However, some students that underwent internship may encounter problems because

interns are eager to get their first step in the door, some employers may exploit young employees

by assigning them to work excessive hours doing repetitive tasks (Mcnerney, 2024). Employees

who work full-time are usually scheduled for performance assessments. These evaluations are

especially useful because they reveal a staff member’s abilities as well as areas where their role

can be enhanced. Entry-level employees and trainees are sometimes disregarded when it comes

to feedback or performance appraisals, leaving them feeling confused or uncertain. Students and

fresh graduates spend a lot of time studying, learning, and preparing for their jobs; nevertheless,

the main difficulty comes when all of their expertise is put to test in an actual workplace setting.

Many interns gain their first actual work experience through internship and they are frequently

expected to perform at the same level as full-time employees, despite their lack of on-the-job

training. This might cause stress or feelings of overburden, discouraging some people from

reaching their full professional potential. (Porter, 2022)

 Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to know the impact of On the Job Training to Hospitality

Management Graduates of 2022-2023. It aims to show how gaining experience through OJT

helps students to become future-ready individuals.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What factors does a student graduate can develop from OJT in terms of:

a. Personal development

b. Interpersonal skills

c. Professional growth

2. What skills do graduates gain from OJT that are valuable in their professional careers?

3. To what extent does the graduates can assume that OJT enhance their professional

development in terms of:

a. Productivity

b. Knowledge

c. Responsibility

Significance of the Study

The study aims to assess the impact of On the Job Training (OJT) Hospitality

Management Graduates in Mariners' Polytechnic Colleges Inc. 2022-2023 on their professional

development. It is to examine how these OJT experiences contribute to their professional

development.

Hence, the outcome of the study is beneficial to:

Colleges and Universities admins. OJT programs are mandatory in every college and

university. This study will be beneficial to the admins of the schools as they will analyze how

much of a professional development the students gain from undergoing OJT.

College Professors. The study is beneficial to college professors as they further differentiate

how classroom based teaching differs from practical learning. It will be helpful for them to find

out what other skills a student will gain from OJT.

Students. The study will benefit the students because it will serve as their reference to know

how OJT will develop professional skills. They will know what skills and factors they will

improve if they will undergo OJT.

Future Researchers. The study will serve as an open door for future researchers to further

expand the study in relation to professional development through OJT. This may serve as a

source of information about what professional development acquires students from OJT.

Hypothesis

To make inferences about professional development skills, the researchers will recourse

through statistical analysis. Basing on the information and answer provided by the respondents,

various hypothesis will be tested:

1. There is a significant impact in On the Job Training to the Professional Development of

Hospitality Management Graduates of Mariners’ Polytechnic Colleges Inc.

 Scope and Delimitations

The study will focus on the graduates of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

at Mariners’ Polytechnic Colleges Inc. 2002-2023 as these graduates underwent On the Job

Training Program.

This study will not include other students of any program and year level that are

currently enrolled in the same college. This study will be conducted through survey

questionnaires to be distributed to 50 2022-2023 graduates of Hospitality Management through

google forms.

Definition of Terms

On the Job Training (OJT) - it is a skill learning on how to do a certain job or to do the job better.

Internship - a learning experience that provides practical work related to the field of study.

Trainees - a person who is undergoing training for a particular profession.

Professional Growth - refers to gaining new skills to improve the career and to reach a personal

goal.

Hospitality Management - a degree where it focuses on giving quality service to guests.

Graduates - a person who has successfully completed a course of a certain field and a degree

holder or has a diploma.

Personal development - a way of improving oneself in any way such as developing a new skill

and building self esteem.

Interpersonal Skills - a trait on how people interact and communicate with others.
Productivity - Being able to be efficient in working and able to finish a task on time.

Knowledge - facts, information and skills of a person that gained through experience or

education.

Responsibility - a duty to deal or to handle something.

Theoretical Knowledge - A knowledge you acquire when you were at school.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

International RRL

On the Job Training in 2024: OJT Meaning, Advantages & Types

On-the-job training or also known as OJT is a preparation for college students to be ready

for the job that they want in the future. According to Bouchrika (2024), on-the-job training is a

method where college students become hands-on with a particular task in their workplace. In

addition to that, an internship is an alternative environment for college students where they will

learn new things that are related to their future job, have an idea on what the job is all about, and

will have respect not only to other people but to their job itself.

In conclusion, this article aims to help the students to know what an internship is all

about. What college students will learn in an internship, benefits and tips of having and attending

on-the-job training, and having an improvement within themselves that will be useful when the

students start working in the real world.

The On-The-job Training (OJT) Program: Student’s Future Careers and Personal Development

After finishing studies in college, graduate students enter a real life challenge which is

looking for a job, may it be a regular job or temporary job. According to Nguyen (2023), there

are several colleges and universities that require their students to take On the Job Training so that

the theoretical knowledge and skills that they gained from school will be trained and be more

useful. The OJT setup is about connecting the universities with the industries, thereby

developing a student both for professional as well as personal growth.

Furthermore, This aims to empower students toward professional skill and personal

development improvement so that they can be more organized with the acquired knowledge and

skills. Consequently, students will enjoy good preparation for expertise and professional skills

that will prevent them from being dazzled by the real-world experiences of the future.

Impact of Internships on Students Personal, Interpersonal, Academic, Occupational and Civic

Characteristics in Turkish Academic Institutions

On the Job Training can develop the whole personal aspect of the students. Practicing

OJT is a treasure for students because it will help them cultivate their knowledge and skills. It

assists students on how to be productive and recognize their strengths, refrain from weaknesses

as OJT brings confidence and improves their capabilities. In addition, students would be able to

enhance their interpersonal skills through concrete practice rather than through the usual

academic activities in the university. On the Job Training would expose students to some areas

where they would perform service and social interaction where they would learn to be an

effective team player.

 Moreover, it has been said in many researches that internships and projects make students

marketable by providing them with skills like critical thinking, written communication, and oral

communication, along with the practical experiences that most employers seek in new graduates.

(Kaplan et al., 2020)

Professional Development Opportunities for Career Growth

Vocational training, which is also called technical and career training, helps one to

acquire practical skills, hands-on experience, and industry insight into performing certain job

functions. Development is essential for the career journey and making you stronger in the

workforce. You could not have chosen a better time to continue education as more courses are

going online and becoming much more easily accessible.

Boosting your learning is another effective way to be more competitive, raise your

earning capacity, and improve your career options. Most people usually overlook conferences,

workshops, and seminars as good ways of developing professionals. Such events allow one to

step outside their daily routine, live and breathe that experience with other people in the same

field, and see new ideas and perspectives in the marketplace. (Gibson, 2023)

The Value of On-The-Job Training

On-the-job training (OJT) stands for a significant part offering training to any employee

across various organizations. It exposes employees to actual job work activities. Since OJT takes

place in the work environment, it also includes aspects of the company culture, climate, and

normative behavior, which is very different to what can be obtained in other organizational
aspects of training. OJT has flexible training time. Outside training, simulation, or even online

training commonly depends on specific training schedules. OJT, however, is unaffected by third

shift work, absences of employees, and other workforce concerns. (Montgomery, 2021)

Lastly, different learning styles are opened up by OJT. Some learn by doing, others by

listening, others learn visually, while everyone learns at a different speed. On-the-job training

presents individualized instruction suited to various learning styles and learning rates.

The Potential Power of Internships and The Impact on Career Preparation

These internships mostly give under-graduate, graduate students and those switching

careers hands-on exposure to what they studied or are taking up as a career, whether in a paid

internship or unpaid. In several universities, a student can also get academic credits for working

with an organization for a number of hours that equals the number of hours that a student would

have to spend in a class. Since the primary objective of universities is to prepare students for jobs

in the economy, internships give students a chance to demonstrate skills in what would typically

be perceived as their first professional office experience. This is often a valuable experience for

students as it provides a new view through which to assess their chosen field of study, as well as

to define the pros and cons of the industry and the specific organizational culture of the

organization chosen. (Galbraith, Ph.D., 2020)

Professional Growth and Workplace Learning

Professional growth refers to a continuous learning journey that acquires knowledge,

skills, and abilities that might be needed to respond to changing demands for vocational

proficiency along one's career path. Additionally, a lot of organisations are doing constant

training to their employees both formal and informal as competitive advantages. Individual
engagements with production tasks may earn learning opportunities at the workplace. These

opportunities may best be recognized, understood, and reproduced for training purposes now also

seem to connect more naturally to educational purposes.

Moreover, workplace learning is about understanding how individuals and communities

get opportunities to grow and deepen their knowledge by taking formal or informal learning

activities for their profession or vocation. To begin with, the workplaces relate a lot to education

boundaries placed between school and work really are dissolving with the increasing work-based

learning and continuous learning approach. Most researchers note that the present transitional

nature of education to work pathways covers the full sequence of educational, labor market, and

other transitions (from the point where educational pathways begin to diverge to when young

adults have achieved relatively stable labor market positions), including reverse transitions from

labor market to education. Learning occurs within the context in which learners progressively

move from peripheral participation to the full participation of the community of practice: A

student usually gets into contact with various activities over the years and has built a wealth of

experience and knowledge (Pylvas et. al., 2022).

Developing Career Resources Through Work-Based Learning: A Qualitative Study on Internship

Experiences

The On-the-Job training program provides practical knowledge to students so that they

can develop a clear vision on the careers that they want to be in that will improve their

self-efficacy. Additionally, this will help the learners to have career choices by giving them the

opportunity to apply their knowledge in a practical setting. Students somewhat consider these

OJT as a very effective way of getting into a practical field of business. On-the-Job training will
assist the students and become a stepping stone to long-term positions, provide enough

experiences that draw up certain career ambitions that will define their career objectives (Gerçek,

2024).

On-the-Job training involves learning through experience. It shows the importance of

getting a real experience where they also learn skills that they can apply in many different

contexts. On the other hand, OJT can also be defined as temporary unpaid jobs usually done by

college students.

Local RRL

Internship or OJT Experience and Challenges of Hospitality Management Students in Batangas

State University

Nowadays, college students are required to look and take on-the-job training as a

prerequisite before they graduate. Tabbada, et. al (2023), said that On-job-training has a great

impact on students, especially on Hospitality Management students. Internship helps students to

have a broader perspective regarding their future work, especially with their behavior, goals, and

how to act in their working environment. However, some college students are encountering

conflicts with time, schedule, and location, and also with their personal goals and perspective.

In addition to that, this study aims to know if the demographic profile of the students

affects the factors that can help the college students to have a good performance in their

internship. Furthermore, the focus of this study is to know what are the challenges there are in

real life that can affect the college students while they are in internship.
Effect of Internship on Personal and Professional Development of the Selected College

Graduates

Internship is an opportunity. Some intern students are getting paid with their internship,

and some are only getting credits and grades for their college requirements. Being in an

internship is an opportunity for some students to have a connection to their potential employers

because some employers are adapting their interns as their permanent employees when they see

potential and eagerness to the student, especially when the student has a positive effect to their

skills development and towards their attitude for their future career (Vocal, et. al, 2023).

Overall, this study is about improving the personal and professional development of

college students with the people they meet during their internship. It is also shown in this study

that their socializing with different students is also a factor for them to have an improvement in

their personal development, such as having confidence and trusting themselves more, and to

have a connection with different people.

The Effects of Internship Program on the Employability Readiness

Internships are considered as a battle ground by college students, especially graduating

students. This is done outside the university so that college students can have an idea of ​ what

professions they will take after they graduate. Different college students from different

professions take internships so that they can have an idea of ​how and what is happening in the

specific profession they are taking. According to the study of Bawica (2021), internships are

done outside of schools so that college students can get different experiences that will help them

in their future work. Bawica (2021) also added that the internship is a way for students to be

prepared when they are about to enter the real job they will enter in the future.
 Moreover, this study shows how college students perceive internships. It also shows what

college students do during their internship, how they deal with it and how they excel during their

internship. In this study, it can also be seen what effect the internship had on college students,

especially in their perspective, behavior, and attitude.

Hospitality Internship Experience and Skill Development: Student Reflection

In this study, the researchers explain that internship is a one requirement for college

students and it helps them to have a practical perception about the industry that the college

students will pursue in the future. On top of that, Abanto, et. al (2024) said in their study that

college students who are in their internship are expected to gain experiences while in their

Hospitality internship because college students are being exposed to real life situations and

training while being in internship.

Moreover, the point of this study is to know what factors are affecting and helping the

college students while in internship, and what attitude and skills are they coping and adapting

while learning in real life situations.

Internship Performance and Employability Skills of Hospitality Management Students: Basis for

Enhancement Program

In the study of Rodriguez (2019), the researcher said that Hospitality Management is a

demanding course in college because it is in demand at this time, especially since hospitality

management students take care of food and beverages, housekeeping, and anything else that

provides service in this industry. The researcher also added that other students in Hospitality

Management did not learn much when it came to internship because they were assigned to other

work in actual work situations. But, in this study, Rodriguez (2019) also explained that even
though students are placed in other places or positions, the students still gain experience in these

activities, and others are becoming interested in it and continue to excel and improve more.

The focus of this study is to find out if the hospitality management students are

improving in their work or not. This study also wants to know what is the coping mechanism or

what college students will do if they end up in a job they don't like, will they work or continue to

not improve.

From Classroom to Field: Filipino Students’ internship reflections at Universitas Pamulang

This study compared the teaching in universities and in internships. According to

Andriani and Haryati (2023), what is taught in universities are the things that can be taught and

learned in internships, but what college students can learn in internships are all first hand

experiences and development skills that cannot be learned simply if will not be done on a first

hand basis. However, in this study, Andriani and Haryati (2023) showed that what was taught in

universities can also be used by students in their internship. Some students in internships are able

to use what they have learned in universities, but even so, they learn more during their

internships, with the help of the people they meet, cultures, and perspectives.

Implementation of Student Internship Program in the Philippines (SIPP) of Northwest Samar

State University: Inputs for improvement

The internship is not only about the experiences that the students will get in different first

hand situations, but it is also about the people that the students met during the internship,

especially with communication and connection that is related to the careers that they will pursue

(Magnaye, 2022). He added that taking an internship is easy these days because it is available in
various local and regional areas. However, this study aims to know if all universities are ready to

implement internships or are they ready to release college students outside universities for

internships because other universities lack the equipment to be used to conduct internships. In

this study, the students also said that it is difficult to learn in a university with incomplete

equipment because it will cause students to have limited knowledge and not improve their skills.

Criminology Internship Program of Mountain Province State Polytechnic College

As mentioned in other article, all students in different courses in college need to take an

internship as it is a requirement for them before they graduate. Mapangdol (2024) said in thi

study that Criminology students are required to take an internship for them to have an insight

regarding the course that they were in. He also explains that even though they are criminology

students, they still need to attend an internship because their course is very close to real life

situations. In other words, hospitality management or criminology students must take an

internship course because it is a source of experience and information that can help the students

to pursue practical knowledge.

This study of Mapangdol (2024) explained that all students are required to take an

internship but not all students are doing great in their specific internship. He also added that even

though internship is a must in college, some students are still not improving.

Virtual internship and Work-Integrated learning outcomes of the hospitality management

students

When there was COVID, college students were one of those affected by it, especially

students who were supposed to take their internship. During this time, Apostol, et. al (2023) said
that the virtual internship has become popular where students do internships through online

classes. He added that even if it is said that there is a "new normal" these days, still it is not

enough for college students to get experiences that they can use in their future jobs. However,

this study aims to discuss that COVID did not cause learning to stop. The virtual internship also

has a good effect on some college students because first they are safe from COVID and it is also

a way for them to make a way to learn, but for other college students it has not been helpful

because others do not have the privilege to find a way to keep learning.

Understanding the Internship Learnings and Experiences of ITHM Students of FEU during the

2nd Semester of SY 2021-2022

In the study of Ramos (2023), she explained that even though they have the virtual

internship, it still causes low performances to some college students. She also added that having

the COVID in this time, it causes less productivity and ideas for the students. In contrast, this

study aims to discuss that even though COVID is a cause of problem and lack of productivity, it

is still helpful to some students especially that they can focus on studying, like working with

their school work, learning new things for their internship, and making it an opportunity to learn

more. This study explained that COVID is not a hindrance for college students to learn in their

internship.

Theoretical Framework

Experiential Learning Theory by David Kolb (1984)

Experiential Learning Theory of David Kolb defined it as “the process whereby

knowledge is created through the transformation of experience”. According to Kolb, there are 4

stage cycle of learning which are:

 Concrete Experience

Concrete experience can either be a new experience or a reimagined experience that has

already happened (Kurt, 2020). A learner will be involved in an activity or task which Kolb

believes that a key of learning is through involvement.

Reflective Observation

After engaging in concrete experience, a learner will then reflect on the task. Reflective

observation allows the learner to ask questions and further discuss the experience gained to other

learners. Communication in this stage is crucial as it allows the learners to identify any

dissimilarities between their understanding and experience.

Abstract Conceptualization

The learner will then seek to draw conclusions of the experience by reflecting on their

gained knowledge using the discussed ideas and experience from their peers. The learners will

move from reflective observation to draw abstract concepts and form conclusions on the event

that happened.

Active Experimentation

The last cycle is a testing stage. Learners will return to participating in a given task but

this time with the goal of applying their conclusion with a new experience. In this stage, learners

make predictions, analyze tasks, and make plans for the acquired knowledge in the future (Kurt,

2020). By transforming the learners’ knowledge into practice, and showing the lessons and how

the event is relevant to their lives, it ensures that the knowledge gained will be retained in the

future.
Human Capital Theory by Gary S. Becker and Theodore Schultz (1960)

The Human Capital Theory was invented by economist Gary S. Becker and Theodore

Schultz in 1960. Human Capital refers to an educational attainment, knowledge, experience, and

skills. Economists Gary Becker and Theodore Schultz indicated that education and training are

primary investments that can produce productivity (Ross, 2024). Moreover, Human capital

theory is also an idea of humans that increase their productivity and efficiency through focusing

on education and training enabling them to be productive members of the society. According to

World Bank Group (2019), Investing in and impacting on people through nutrition, health care,

quality education, training into new jobs, and skills are one of the most important prerequisites

for creating human capital, with a view to eradicating extreme poverty and building more

inclusive societies. In relation to On-the-job training, investing in human capital along with

seminars, meetings, workshops, and conferences are the best way to increase productivity, skills

and efficiency of people.

Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation

Albert Bandura, a Canadian-American psychologist and also a professor at Stanford

University first invented the term “self-efficacy”. The concept refers to a belief of an individual

in their capacity to perform behaviors necessary to produce specific performance outcomes. It’s

the confidence that is being built in the ability of an individual to influence events and guide over

one’s environment (Garrido, 2023).

Albert Bandura states that individuals can develop self efficacy through a four sources of

influence:

● Experiences
Experiences from an individual is the most influential source of efficacy information as they

provide strong evidence of whether an individual can master in order to succeed. It is believed

that the best way to prove a new skill or to improve one’s performance is by practicing.

Struggling can be a positive way of thinking in acquiring new skills as they are capable of

carrying tasks successfully.

● Vicarious Experiences

Vicarious experience pertains to observing other people who successfully complete the task. It is

believed that when one has a positive role model, an individual can absorb the positivity beliefs

about his or herself (Garrido, 2023). Role models include siblings, parents, aunts, friends,

counselors, managers, employees, teachers, and coaches.

● Social Persuasion

Receiving positive feedback, motivation and encouragement while completing a complex task

from an individual believes that they have the skill and the ability to succeed on a task. Social or

verbal persuasion is more likely to encourage building self-efficacy.

● Physiological Feedback

The emotional, physical, and psychological well being of an individual influence how one’s

feeling about their abilities in a given situation. Self efficacy can boost easier when an individual

feels healthy and well. Thus, one can improve their self-efficacy by learning how to manage

anxiety and stress and by enhancing their mood when facing hardships and challenging

situations.
 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 shows the Conceptual Framework of the Study. The researchers adopted the

Input Process Output (IPO) and expected outcome model. The input and the output are the

factors of a student can develop from OJT in terms of personal development , interpersonal

skills, and professional growth; the skills that graduates gain from OJT that are valuable in their

professional careers and; the extent does that the graduates can assume that OJT enhance their

professional development in terms of productivity, knowledge, and responsibility.

On the other hand, the process includes the collection and analysis of data through a

4-point Likert scale.

 Last is the expected outcome would be to assess the impact of On the Job Training of

Hospitality Management graduates in Mariners' Polytechnic Colleges 2022-2023 on their

professional development. Also, to examine how OJT experiences contribute to their

professional development.

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research study is a quantitative type of research as it refers to the process of

collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, to test causal relationships, and to

control variables of interest in the study ( Sreekumar, 2023). This type of study tests causal

relationships between variables, makes predictions, and generalizes results to a wider population

as the study aims to explore the impact of OJT to the professional development of Hospitality

Management Graduates of Mariners' Polytechnic Colleges Inc.n of 2022-2023. Additionally, the

purpose of quantitative results is to test a predefined theory or hypothesis of whether it is

accepted or rejected based on the result.

Furthermore, the researchers will use a correlation type of quantitative research.

Correlational research is a type of research design wherein the researcher will look at the

strength of the relationship between two or more variables. In relation with quantitative research,

correlational research focuses on a statistical analysis rather than how the data will be collected

(Thomas, 2023). The study is a correlation type of quantitative research as it will determine a

significant impact between OJT and professional development of students.

 Population and Sampling

Simple random probability will be utilized to the participants of the study. Simple random

probability is meant to be an unbiased representation in a group. According to Hayes (2024), a

simple random sample takes a small random portion of the entire population to represent the

entire data set where each member has an equal probability of being chosen. This suits the study

since the participants would be 50 graduates of Hospitality Management students 2022-2023

and they underwent On the Job Training Program so the researchers will choose their

participants randomly to conduct their study.

Research Instrument

The researchers will use survey questionnaires as their data collection. This includes

questions and will be distributed to the participants who underwent On the Job Training

Program– mainly Hospitality Management 2022-2023 graduates using google forms. The result

of the study will be analyzed through statistical methods that will aim to gain deeper

understanding on how impactful OJT is to the professional development of the participants.

Moreover, survey questionnaires will be distributed to the graduates through google

forms. The questionnaire is all about the impact of On the Job Training Program on the

participants’ professional development. It is a 20-item checklist type of survey questionnaire.

Using the four-point Likert scale, choices include:

4 – Strongly agree, 3 – Agree, 2 – Disagree, 1 – Strongly disagree

Based on the sampling used, the researchers will keep the participants’ identity and

personal information private and for data gathering procedure purposes only.
 Statistical Treatment

In quantitative research, statistics play a crucial role in data collection, analysis,

interpretation and explanation. Statistical Treatment refers to converting raw data into something

that is interpretable and used to make decisions (Vishak, 2024).

Moreover, the method that will be used for the study is Regression analysis. Regression

analysis is a method to identify the relationship between two variables (Vishak, 2024).

Additionally, Regression analysis expresses the cause and effect of the variables wherein

independent variable is the cause while dependent variable is the effect.

The data that will be gathered will analyze and interpret using Percentage, Weighted

Mean, and Regression.

Formula for Percentage

This method is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio, or fraction in relation to a whole

(GeeksforGeeks.org, 2022).

Percentage (%) = f/N x 100%

Where:

% is the Percentage

f is the Frequency

n is the total number of the respondents

100 is the constant value

Formula for Weighted Mean

This refers to the set of data taken from the average of the population (Taylor, 2022).
Weighted Mean (WM) =∑fx/n

Where:

WM – Weighted Mean

∑f x – sum of the products of the frequency with weights

N – sample size

Formula for Regression Analysis

This is a method to estimate or calculate the relationship between two or more variables.

It helps to determine how much a dependent variable (Y) is affected by one or more independent

variables (X) (Katara, 2023).

Y=a + bX + ∈

Where:

Y – is the dependent variable

X – is the independent (explanatory) variable

a – is the intercept

b – is the slope

∈ – and is the residual (error)

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