LOADS AND ENERGY

CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP 3D
MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

APPENDIX
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP 3D
MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

APPENDIX TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Table of Contents
1. Plane Model Versus Dimensional Modeling Space Types and Space Usage Types Explained
2. Quickly Generating Zone Names Using Excel
3. Comparing Calculation Results HAP 2D vs HAP 3D
4. HAP 3D Features From Software Systems
5. HAP 3D Features From Energy Plus
6. Daylighting In HAP 3D
7. Additional HAP Features From Energy Plus
8. Reducing Calculation Times In HAP 3D
9. Basement Partially Below Grade
10. Use of Airwalls
11. Stacked Building vs Other/Custom
12. Spaces Inside A Warehouse
13. Heat Balance Basics And Applications
14. Multi-level, Unmodeled, and Unconditioned Spaces
15. Heat Balance Summary and Unconditioned Spaces Reports
16. Ceiling Spaces and Attics
17. Split Wall Into 2 Wall Groups

3
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP 3D
MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

PLANE MODEL VS
DIMENSIONAL
MODELING
Plane Versus Dimensional Model

5
Plane Versus Dimensional Model

6
Table of Contents
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP 3D
MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

QUICKLY
GENERATING
ZONE NAMES
USING EXCEL
Table of Contents
Generating Zone Names Using Excel

From Microsoft Excel

1. Optimize zone naming and input

2. Use built in Excel features
3. Create reference spreadsheet of zone
names
4. Add descriptive text to zone names

8
Table of Contents
Generating Zone Names Using Excel

• Highlight the appropriate number of

cells
• 2 columns per level x the appropriate
number rows for zone qty

9
Table of Contents
Generating Zone Names Using Excel

• Format cells to text

10
Table of Contents
Generating Zone Names Using Excel

• Enter number for level 1 zone 1

• Click cell A1 and drag down to
Auto-fill appropriate number of
cells

11
Table of Contents
Generating Zone Names Using Excel

• Any descriptive text for the zone

name can be entered in the
adjacent cells

12
Table of Contents
Generating Zone Names Using Excel

• Highlight and copy cumulative

cells

13
Table of Contents
Generating Zone Names Using Excel

• In HAP create multiple zones

• Paste zone names and numbers
into the input window.

14
Table of Contents
Generating Zone Names Using Excel

• Zone names/numbers now

available for assignment of
spaces

15
Table of Contents
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP v6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

COMPARING
CALCULATION RESULTS
HAP 2D VS HAP 3D
Table of Contents
Comparing Calculation Results HAP v5.11 vs HAP v6.0
Often one of the first things an engineer running HAP 3D does is compare the calculation results of
an existing project run in HAP 2D such as v5.11 with results for the same building modeled in 3D.
Often the comparison will show noticeable differences between results understandably, this can
cause reliability concerns of HAP 3D.

While comparing HAP 2D and 3D project results sounds like a simple thing to do, it is not.

It requires a large amount of care to model exactly the same building characteristics in both versions
to achieve a valid comparison. It also requires understanding the many calculation differences
between versions so you can avoid creating a model that will cause results to differ.

Most project files customers send us to inspect have significant differences in inputs, and also have
wandered into the pitfalls of modeling features that are calculated differently. As a result, these
customers have found a large deviation between 2D and 3D results which is not really
representative.
17
Table of Contents
Comparing Calculation Results HAP 2D vs HAP 3D

Example: If your project involves a building whose footprint is

anything other than a rectangle or square, then significant differences
in results can occur because self-shading is calculated in HAP 3D but
is not considered in HAP 2D.

In an L-shaped building, for example, there are times of day and

times of year when one leg of the L shades the other leg. Shading of
both opaque wall surfaces and windows and doors is calculated in
HAP 3D. No such calculation occurs in HAP 2D.

18
Table of Contents
Comparing Calculation Results HAP 2D vs HAP 3D

During development of HAP 3D Carrier performed multiple, carefully calibrated

studies comparing HAP 2D versus 3D results for space peak loads.
These studies showed that matching input data exactly and avoiding as many
features where significant calculation differences existed produced space peak
cooling and heating loads that were within plus or minus 10%.
For many spaces results were within plus or minus 5%. Once building features were
introduced that were calculated differently in HAP 3D (like the self-shading example
above), much larger differences could occur.
The summary section below explains at a high level the requirements for a valid
comparison of HAP 2D and 3D results.

19
Table of Contents
Comparing Calculation Results HAP 2D vs HAP 3D

Summary: At a high level, the following is needed to produce a valid comparison of HAP 2D vs
3D results. For purposes of this article the focus is on calculation of peak cooling and heating
loads for spaces.
A valid comparison results requires:
1. Exactly the same design weather data. This includes design parameters and hour by hour
design cooling day dry-bulb and wet-bulb profiles. It will be impossible to match design day
solar profiles as 3D uses the data and methodology from the 2021 ASHRAE Handbook –
Fundamentals, and 2D used an older methodology.

2. A building whose footprint is a rectangle or nearly so. The more the footprint deviates from
rectangle, the greater the effect of building self shading in 3D will be.

20
Table of Contents
Comparing Calculation Results HAP 2D vs HAP 3D
3. Exactly the same surfaces areas and orientations for all floor, wall,
and roof surfaces, and the same rough opening areas for all window,
door, and skylight openings.
4. Envelope assemblies must have exactly the same properties – inside
and outside surface resistances, the same order of material layers
and the same material properties for corresponding layers.
5. Window, door, and skylight assemblies must have exactly the same U
value and SHGC. Note that HAP 2D uses Shade Coefficient (SC) so
the SC must be the exact equivalent of the SHGC in 3D.
6. All internal heat gains must exactly match. This involves the peak
heat gain such as lighting watts and the hour by hour fractional
schedules. For overhead lighting fixtures there are significantly more
fixture types in 3D and a greater level of detail in how lighting heat
gain is modeled. It may be best to stick to free hanging fluorescent
fixtures due to item #7 next.

21
Table of Contents
Comparing Calculation Results HAP 2D vs HAP 3D
7. Spaces must not have a ceiling space above or a return plenum above. In
3D, ceiling spaces are explicitly modeled to determine heat flow into and out
of the ceiling space and how it affects the conditioned space below. In 2D,
the user simply assigns a percentage of lighting, wall, and roof heat gain to
the plenum. Including ceiling space or return air plenum in the comparison
will cause results to diverge.
8. Choice of the “building weight” in 2D can cause huge deviations in results if
not carefully synchronized with space properties. In HAP3D the Heat
Balance Method load calculation explicitly calculates all heat transfer
processes in the room and therefore automatically accounts for the effect of
massive elements in the space and how they influence the delay in
conversion of heat gain to load. 2D uses the “building weight” to account for
mass-influenced delay in heat gain to load conversion. Technically the
building weight in 2D should be calculated for each space, and will be
unique for each space. However, that is not practical.
9. Spaces must have exactly the same infiltration specifications.
22
Table of Contents
Comparing Calculation Results HAP 2D vs HAP 3D
10. Spaces must not use the “partition adjacent to unconditioned space” elements. In 2D
this was a simplified way of accounting for heat gain or loss from adjacent
unconditioned spaces. In HAP v6.0 heat flow in unconditioned or partially conditioned
spaces and how it affects adjacent conditioned spaces is automatically calculated and
will yield significantly different results than the simple estimate in 2D.
11. The “air wall” feature in HAP 3D must not be used in a comparison. That causes
significant heat flow between spaces. In HAP 2D all spaces were assumed to be
enclosed and heat flow between spaces was not considered.
12. The fan/thermostat schedule should be 24 hours occupied for design days for best
results. This is because HAP 3D explicitly calculates the effect of pulldown load and
warmup load in the space load profile. HAP 2D was unable to do that. Specifying an
occupied period less than 24 hours with a thermostat setback can introduce significant
differences in results.
13. Cooling and heating thermostat setpoints must exactly match between 2D and 3D.
14. Cooling and heating design supply air temperature specifications must exactly match
between 2D and 3D.
23
Table of Contents
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP v6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

HAP 3D FEATURES
FROM SOFTWARE
SYSTEMS

Table of Contents
Added New Features from Carrier Software Systems

1. Updated and enhanced (7400) global weather sites

2. Unlimited zones per air system
3. Option for separate dehumidification reheat coil on air systems
4. Option for hot gas dehumidification RH coil
5. Direct exhaust per space
6. Built in ASHRAE schedules and climate zone envelope constructions
7. Choice of ASHRAE comfort cooling or dehumidification design
conditions (Key)
8. Use of hot water heat with VRF systems

25
Table of Contents
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP v6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

HAP 3D FEATURES
FROM ENERGY PLUS

Table of Contents
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP v6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

DAYLIGHTING

Table of Contents
3D Building Modeling
Daylighting Strategy

• Considers daylighting for energy calculations only not for loads

• If considered for loads, peak cooling clear sky conditions = maximum solar = reduced
electric lighting resulting in lowering space cooling load
• Hence load calculations performed with no daylighting to be safe such that the lighting load
is not reduced

28
Table of Contents
3D Building Modeling
Supported Daylighting Strategies:

• Side-lighting
• Stacked Side-lighting
• Clerestory windows
• Skylights

Image unmodified. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Suzhou_High_School-canteen.jpg

Attribution: Makecat, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
29
Table of Contents
Daylighting Modeling: Control Type

30
Table of Contents
3D Building Modeling

31
Table of Contents
3D Building Modeling

32
Table of Contents
3D Building Modeling

33
Table of Contents
3D Building Modeling

34
Table of Contents
3D Building Modeling

35
Table of Contents
Daylighting Modeling: Illum. Setpoint Units

36
Table of Contents
3D Building Modeling
Feature Objectives:
Demonstrate savings of daylighting
vs no daylighting
Support compliance for ASHRAE
Standard 90.1 and LEED

37
Table of Contents
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP v6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

ADDITIONAL HAP
3D FEATURES FROM
ENERGY PLUS

Table of Contents
New Features: Resulting from Energy Plus*™

1. Self-shading of the building

2. Shading from adjacent structures or terrain
3. VAV/RH Box Dual Maximum control
4. WSHP variable speed loop pump control
5. DOAS supply air direct to space or to terminal inlet
6. DX air systems 2-8 stages of control
7. Multi-speed supply fan control for air systems and terminals

39
Table of Contents
Included in HAP 3D for the Modeled Building
Building Self-Shading

Direction of
Sunlight

Shadow cast by
one wing of
building on
opposite wing

40
Table of Contents
Airside and Equipment Modeling Enhancements
Rooftop Units, DX AHUs
• Added refrigeration system options and part-load
performance models:
 2-stage compression, single circuit
 3-stage compression, tandem compressors, single circuit
 3-stage compression, 3 compressors
 4-stage, 5-stage, 6-stage, 8-stage compression
• Updated existing part-load performance models
• Integrated head pressure control into performance models.
• Added 3-speed supply fan control to the existing 1-speed
and 2-speed controls.

41
Table of Contents
Airside and Equipment Modeling Enhancements
VRF
• Updated part load performance models for variable speed scroll and
variable speed rotary equipment
• Added hot water and electric heating options for primary heat and
auxiliary heat.
• Expanded estimated maximum load information.

42
Table of Contents
Airside and Equipment Modeling Enhancements
WSHP, GSHP, GWSHP Systems
• Updated existing part-load performance model.
• Added new 2-stage compression option and part-load performance
model.
• Added 2-speed fan control option.
• Added variable flow / variable speed pumping control with 2-position
control valves for WSHP terminals.

Hydronic Fan Coils

• Added 2-speed and 3-speed supply fan control options.
• Added sizing inputs for chilled water and hot water supply
temperature to coils.

43
Table of Contents
Airside and Equipment Modeling Enhancements
DOAS
• Added option to deliver DOAS supply air directly to space
rather than to inlet of terminal HVAC unit.
• Expanded DOAS equipment types paired with terminal types:
 Added chilled water and hot water options for DOAS
used with VRF, WSHP, GSHP, GWSHP, DX FCU terminals.
 Added air-cooled DX cooling, and electric or combustion
heat for DOAS used with hydronic FCUs, Chilled Beam,
Induction Beam, 4-Pipe Induction.

44
Table of Contents
Airside and Equipment Modeling Enhancements
VAV Box Controls

Added “VAV/RH Single Maximum” and “VAV/RH Dual

Maximum” as terminal type options

45
Table of Contents
Short Time Step 3D Modeling
The example below is a “short time step”.

Example: For a whole hour the RTU will be in cooling mode, but the load is
changing within the hour (increasing). With a 3-stage RTU in the first 10 min
you might be between stage 1 and 2, and in a later 10-minute time step you
might be between stages 2 and 3. 3D software calculates 6 different part load
conditions during the hour.

46
Table of Contents
Short Time Step 3D Modeling
Example 2: System is on the edge of being able to use OA
economizer. Suppose at the start of the hour, the OADB is slightly too warm,
so economizer is off. By the end of the hour, OADB has dropped to the point
where OA economizer can operate. So maybe the first 30 min you have no
economizer, but the last 30 minutes the economizer is working. HAP 3D will
capture that.

HAP 2D would take the average for the hour which would either be
economizer ON for the full hour or economizer OFF for the full hour.

47
Table of Contents
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP v6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

REDUCING
CALCULATION TIMES
Table of Contents
Reducing Calculation Times

Long calculation times may involve a pitfall with the zoning of the spaces that is often avoidable.

The behavior of 3D modeling is often contrary to how HAP2D works. In HAP 2D it doesn’t matter if
spaces in a zone were adjacent or not because Transfer Functions doesn’t involve the neighboring
spaces to calculate. And blocking lots of spaces into fewer zones tended to run faster. But in HAP
3D due to how Heat Balance load calculations and EnergyPlus function together, placing non-
adjacent spaces into a zone and/or blocking many spaces into a zone can sometimes significantly
increase calculation times.

49
Table of Contents
Reducing Calculation Times

Here is a list of best practices that can reduce calculation times:

1. Avoid creating huge multi space zones. Heat Balance must calculate
radiation transfer between a huge set of surface pairs. That slows
down the calculation. Consider instead single space zones. Or even a
single space for each floor.

A good example of what to avoid would be a multi-level building with

hundreds of total spaces where each level was a big multi space
zone.

This creates a huge number of surfaces per zone, and a long

calculation time. If instead we had single space zones for the
conditioned zones and set up for example a fan coil system with a fan
coil for each zone, that should calculate far faster.

50
Table of Contents
Reducing Calculation Times

2. Avoid putting a large number of spaces on different levels into

the same zone especially where those spaces have ceiling spaces
or return plenums. Heat transfer across levels with ceiling
spaces is complicated and therefore slower.

3. Avoid extensive use of air walls which creates “radiation

enclosures” with huge numbers of surfaces.

4. Use air walls to for open plan spaces that are sub divided into
spaces, but omit airwalls for small hallway openings or corridors.

51
Table of Contents
Reducing Calculation Times

5. Don’t make spaces unconditioned that instead could be specified as unmodeled

(unless, that is, those spaces are really, unconditioned).

If those spaces were designated as “unmodeled”, that will set adiabatic

boundaries between the unmodeled and conditioned spaces. No heat flow will
be calculated for the unmodeled spaces and those spaces will not affect loads in
the conditioned spaces. And that will reduce calculation time.

But s number of unconditioned spaces may have exterior exposures and that
will introduce conduction heat gain into the spaces via walls, roof, windows,
and/or doors. Because there is no conditioning for these spaces they could heat
up and affect the loads in adjacent conditioned spaces by transferring heat
through the shared interior walls. These type of spaces should stay
unconditioned.

52
Table of Contents
Reducing Calculation Times

6. Avoid multi-space zone that are separated by distance and are not
adjacent to each other, as this can add a large amount to the calculation
time.

53
Table of Contents
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP v6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

BASEMENT
PARTIALLY BELOW
GRADE

Table of Contents
Basement Partially Below Grade

55
Table of Contents
Basement Partially Below Grade

56
Table of Contents
Basement Partially Below Grade

57
Table of Contents
Basement Partially Below Grade

58
Table of Contents
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP v6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

USE OF AIRWALLS
Table of Contents
Workshops - Building Floor Plans; Walls,
Spaces and Roof
Avoid end of corridor
airwalls

Air wall between

Lobby and corridor

Air wall between

the large Open Plan
Clinic space divided
into 2 zones

60
Table of Contents
Use Of Airwalls – Clinical Pods 1039A-B
Sketched over wall
creates 2 enclosed
spaces for CFM
calculation

Radiative heat transfer

between wall surfaces

61
Table of Contents
Use Of Airwalls – Radiation Enclosure
This entire 2 space area is called a radiation enclosure

These 2 walls “see”

each other and can
easily feel the radiant
heat exchanged
between them caused
by the air wall.

Keep the radiation

enclosure simple not
complex.

62
Table of Contents
Use Of Airwalls

Rules to use for air wall applications are:

a. Use air walls for divisions within large enclosures. It

increases accuracy and doesn’t affect calculation time
much.

b. Don’t use air walls for small hallways or

passages. Leaving air walls out for narrow hallways or
passages does not diminish accuracy and actually can
improve accuracy, and it can also increase calculation
speed.

63
Table of Contents
Workshops - Building Floor Plans; Walls,
Spaces and Roof
Air Walls

Air Walls

64
Table of Contents
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP V6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADDITIONAL HAP
V6 TOPICS
STACKED
BUILDING VERSUS
OTHER CUSTOM
 Stacked Building vs Other Custom

1. Create a new (default) building, choose import floor plan drawing

2. In setup specify Multiple Levels = 5, and At Grade for the base.
3. Import floor plan and calibrate
4. On Levels tab new empty level 1, you can then just assign that
one floor plan to each of the five levels. This is done one by one
but is reasonably fast
5. Sketch over Level 1
6. Add windows to level 1
7. Go back to walls & spaces use the copy feature to copy entire
contents from level 1 to each of the other floors

66
 Stacked Building vs Other Custom

If we used Other/Custom, here are those steps. The bolded steps are
different from “stacked” building. But you arrive at the same final result.

1. Create a new building

2. In setup specify Other/Custom
3. Import floor plan and calibrate
4. On Levels, Add the first level and then choose the floor plan
5. On Walls & Spaces Sketch over Level 1
6. Add window openings to level 1
7. Go back to Levels and one by one create the other levels
choosing Duplicate from another Level = All Content. That gets
you the floor plan, the sketch over, and all the window openings.

67
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP V6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADDITIONAL HAP
V6 TOPICS

SPACES INSIDE
A WAREHOUSE
Spaces Inside a Warehouse Step 1

69
Table of Contents
Spaces Inside a Warehouse Step 1

70
Table of Contents
Spaces Inside a Warehouse

71
Table of Contents
Spaces Inside a Warehouse

For a space totally inside the warehouse, (like in the middle) we

could follow the same process like a courtyard where you cut a
path around it. Then backfill with a level that leaves a tall
courtyard open to the outside the area of which is the space.

Then create another level which is the office with its low ceiling
…..then another level which is the 4 sided air volume (with air
walls) starting above the office.

72
Table of Contents
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP v6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

HEAT BALANCE
BASICS AND
APPLICATIONS

Table of Contents
Heat Balance Calculations
Key Details
Heat Balance Load Calculation Method:
More fundamental calculation method.
Better representation of building physics
Calculates conduction, convection, radiation
heat transfer processes for every surface in
every space.
Tracks surface temperatures.

Fully adaptable to climate, schedule, and

building conditions

Value:
Greater accuracy.
Model a wider range of applications with
confidence. (coming up) HAP v2.00 - v5.11 (1989-?) ASHRAE Transfer Function
HAP v6.00 - v ? (2022-?) Heat Balance Method

74
Table of Contents
Heat Balance Principles
Putting it together – Heat Balance Equations

75
Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications (cooling)
Modeling Scope
Outside Example Building

Perimeter exam rooms

Interior open plan area

Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

Interior Open Plan Area

76
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Modeling Scope
Outside Modeled elements in 2D
Exterior wall
Window
Window Wall
Floor
Floor Building Weight

Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

Interior Open Plan Area

77
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Modeling Scope
Outside Modeled elements in 3D
Exterior wall
Exterior window
Window Wall
Floor
Floor Building Weight
Interior Walls (3)
Ceiling
Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

Modeling necessary for:

Calculation of all surface heat
balances

Interior Open Plan Area

78
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #1
Outside Prior Methods: 2D
Purely interior room is only
affected by internal gains
Perimeter heat gains do not
affect purely interior spaces

Heat Balance: 3D
Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room Uses building physics
All spaces are thermally
interconnected
Purely interior space can be
affected by perimeter heat
gains

Interior Open Plan Area

79
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #1
Outside Solar Solar Heat Gain:
Flux
Warms exterior wall surface

Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

Interior Open Plan Area

80
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #1
Outside Solar Exterior Wall:
Flux
Heat conducts outside to inside
Warms inside surface

Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

Interior Open Plan Area

81
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #1
Outside Solar Solar Heat Gain:
Flux
Transmits through windows
Warms floor surface

Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

cxz

Interior Open Plan Area

82
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #1
Outside Solar Wall and Floor Surface:
Flux
Radiate to interior walls, ceiling
Warms inside surfaces

Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

Interior Open Plan Area

83
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #1
Outside Solar Interior Wall:
Flux
Gradient created between inner
and surfaces
Heat conducts from exam room
side of wall to open plan side of
wall
Open plan side becomes warmer

Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

Interior Open Plan Area

84
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #1
Outside Solar Interior Wall:
Flux
Radiates to open plan floor
And to open plan ceiling

Raised surface temperatures:

Causes convection from
surfaces to air.
Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room This creates cooling load in
open plan area

Therefore:
Perimeter solar heat gain can
affect interior space loads.

Interior Open Plan Area

85
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications (heating)
Application #2
Outside Prior Methods:
Purely interior space has no
design heating load

Heat Balance:
Uses building physics
All spaces are thermally
Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room interconnected
Purely interior space can
have a design heating load

Interior Open Plan Area

86
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #2
Outside Outdoor Conditions:
COLD
Cold
At night

Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

Interior Open Plan Area

87
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #2
Outside Exterior walls and windows:
COLD
Lose heat by convection to
outdoor air
Lose heat by radiation to
cold ground and to sky

Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

Interior Open Plan Area

88
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #2
Outside Cold outside surfaces:
COLD
Cause conduction heat flow
from inside to outside
Makes interior wall and
window surfaces cold.
Window colder than wall.

Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

Interior Open Plan Area

89
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #2
Outside Cold inside surfaces:
COLD
Cause radiation heat flow
from interior wall, floor,
ceiling surfaces
Those surfaces become
colder.

Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

Interior Open Plan Area

90
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #2
Outside For wall adjacent to open plan:
COLD
Heat conducts from open
plan area side to exam room
side.
Wall surface on open plan
side becomes colder.

Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room

Interior Open Plan Area

91
Plan View Table of Contents
Heat Balance Applications
Application #2
Outside Open Plan Area:
COLD
Floor, ceiling radiate heat to
cold interior wall surface

Reduced surface temperatures:

Causes convection from air
to surfaces.
Exam Room Exam Room Exam Room Creates heating load in
open plan area

Therefore:
Purely interior space can
have a design heating load

Interior Open Plan Area

92
Plan View Table of Contents
Summary of Heat Balance
Heat Balance Method:
Uses first principles of heat transfer and thermodynamics
Calculates conduction, convection, radiation processes
Yields a good representation of building physics

When learning, teaching, evaluating, interpreting Heat Balance:

First consider what conduction, convection, radiation processes are occurring
Consider thermal consequences of processes
Remember, all spaces are thermally interconnected

93
Table of Contents
New Applications Resulting from - Heat Balance

1. 3D rendering of building exterior

2. Heated only spaces
3. Cooling only spaces
4. Unconditioned spaces
5. Attics
6. Ceiling plenums
7. Ceiling return air plenums
8. Raised floors
9. Flat, shed, gabled, or hipped roofs

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Table of Contents
LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP v6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADDITIONAL TOPICS
HAP v6

APPENDIX
USING MULTI-LEVEL,
UNMODELED AND
UNCONDITIONED
SPACES Table of Contents
 Modeling Multi-Level Spaces

Space
Properties
Window
Stairwell example
of multi level
space

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Space Properties Window- Unmodeled Spaces

Unmodeled
space or
unmodeled Space
portion of the Properties
building Window

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Table of Contents
Unmodeled Single Space

Unmodeled
Space

Modeled
Spaces

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Table of Contents
Unmodeled Portion of Building

Modeled
Space

Unmodeled
Portion of
the building

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Table of Contents
Unconditioned Space
Unconditioned spaces are marked in the Space Model under the Zoning Tab

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LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP v6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

USING HEAT
BALANCE SUMMARY
AND UNCONDITIONED
SPACES REPORT
Table of Contents
Air System Heat Balance Summary

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Table of Contents
Zone Heat Balance “Convection” Notes

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Table of Contents
Energy Modeling Reports

Unconditioned
Space
Peak Temps

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Unconditioned Space Peak Temps Report

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LOADS AND ENERGY
CALCULATION FOR
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
USING HAP v6
3D MODELING SOFTWARE

ADVANCED TOPICS

CEILING SPACES AND

ATTICS
Table of Contents
Space Above the Dropped Ceiling HAP 6

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Table of Contents
 Space Below the Sloped Roof HAP 6

Where a space is located under a sloped roof the roof load is zero because the roof forms an attic
space. The attic will have the roof load, and its transmission to the space below becomes ceiling
convection.

(Currently there are no vaulted ceilings. This will be added in the future.)
separate unconditioned attic region
Any occupiable space under a sloped roof will have zero roof load displayed….and will instead
always have a ceiling convection load displayed …even if there isn’t a dropped ceiling …because
the “ceiling” convection load displayed then is from the attic floor.

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Space Below the Sloped Roof HAP 6

If there is a dropped ceiling under the attic floor, the ceiling spaces will affect heat transfer
between the occupiable space and the attic and its roof surfaces. (e.g., The ceiling assembly may
have some insulation value).

Wherever there is a flat roof section, HAP lists the roof area and load as roof convection and not
ceiling convection. (But if there were a drop ceiling, it would list a ceiling convection load?
separate unconditioned attic region
When the user doesn’t define and configure any roof….HAP will automatically supply a flat
“generic roof” roof (no skylights, or overhangs) without even asking it to. In that case there is a
roof convection load and no ceiling convection. Unless there is a dropped ceiling at which point
there will be a ceiling convection load.

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Space Below the Sloped Roof HAP 6

For sloped roof with attic space, Level to

Level height goes to the top of the attic floor sloped roof

separate unconditioned attic region

Attic floor
Ceiling

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Single Story Building Sloped Roof

separate unconditioned attic region

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Table of Contents
Roof Assembly - Assemblies Tab/Space Model

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Table of Contents
Roof Assemblies in HAP v6

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Table of Contents
Ceiling Tile - Assemblies Tab/Space Model

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Ceiling Assemblies in HAP v6

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ADVANCED
TOPICS
HAP v 6
SPLIT WALLS TWO
WALL GROUPS

Table of Contents
SPLIT WALLS – TWO WALL GROUPS
Opaque assembly above
dropped ceiling for each
perimeter space

Ceiling plenum return

Vision glass assembly

floor to ceiling

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ADVANCED
TOPICS
HAP v 6
SPACE TYPES AND
SPACE USAGE
TYPES EXPLAINED

Table of Contents
Space Types Space Usage Types
HAP includes a list of, what Carrier felt, are the possible types of
spaces that could be in the Building Type selected. So, is space
type an industry description term or a Carrier term?
“Space Type” seemed to be a good common-sense term that
was simple and descriptive. “Space Type” is also what ASHRAE
90.1 lighting tables refer to dependent on the different room
items.
The list of space types that HAP offers as defaults was also
driven to a large degree by what ASHRAE 90.1 calls lighting
space usage types and what ASHRAE 62.1 calls ventilation
space usage types.
HAP must also incorporate “space usage type” to refer to the
specific 90.1 lighting type, and 62.1 ventilation type and to
correlate the term usage type with “space type”. Here are
examples of how that is done:

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Space Types Space Usage Types
a. First, for an office building example, HAP of course needs to offer an “Office”
space type.
b. For lighting compliance for offices, what does 90.1 have? They have separate
requirements for office space usage such as a Small Enclosed Office, Large
Enclosed Office, and Open Plan Office.
c. For office ventilation compliance what does 62.1 have? The answer is just one:
“Office Space”.
d. HAP can’t get by with one “Office” space type. We need to have three – one for
each of the 90.1 lighting space usages. And for each of these we’ll use the same
62.1 ventilation requirement.
e. Let’s look at corridors next. Office building types typically have corridor space
types.
f. For lighting compliance what does 90.1 have? They have 3: “Corridor in a
facility for the visually impaired”, “Corridor in a Hospital”, “All Other Corridors”.
g. For lighting compliance what does 62.1 have? Just one: “Corridors”
h. So, HAP will need 3 different “corridor” space types to support 90.1. And each
of the corridor space types would have the same 62.1 requirement.

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Space Types Space Usage Types
As a note, for an office building type, HAP would only include “Corridor, All Other” as
a default because that’s the only one that’s relevant. The other two would be offered
for other building types such as Hospital and Outpatient Healthcare.

The first 2 examples here that show ASHRAE 90.1 dictated how many variants of
space types were needed. There are a few cases where it is the other way around
and ASHRAE 62.1 dictated the space type.
Here is one example where the space type was, based on other criteria than ASHRAE
90.1. Let’s look at laboratories: There are at least three: Schools/college/university
lab, commercial laboratories, laboratories in healthcare buildings.

a. For lighting compliance what does 90.1 have? They have two: “Laboratory in a
Classroom”, “Laboratory, All Others”

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Space Types Space Usage Types
a. For ventilation compliance what does 62.1 have? They three: “EDUCATION: Science
laboratory, “EDUCATION: University or College Laboratory”, and std170 has
“Laboratory Medical”.
a. S HAP has created three space types:
Laboratory – Classroom: ventilation = Education: Science Laboratory, lighting =
Laboratory in a Classroom

Laboratory – Commercial: ventilation – Education: University or College laboratory because

this is probably closer to a commercial setting, Lighting = Laboratory – All Others
Laboratory – Hospital: ventilation – Laboratory – Medical from Std 170. Lighting =
laboratory all other.

You have noticed the majority of space types will have a close counterpart space usage
name (some identical) in ASHRAE 62.1 Vent Standard. HAP lines those up in the space type
grid.

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Space Types Space Usage Types
Majority of space types have a name similar to the 90.1 or 62.1 space usage type
that dictated its creation. Since the vast majority of space types are driven by
90.1 lighting space usage, the space type names are similar to 90.1 lighting
space usage names. In the examples we used a space type name that was
similar to the 90.1 space usage so engineers could easily identify it and match it
to their compliance needs.
Where a space type in HAP v6 has no identical 62.1 space usage counterpart,
HAP will default to the most relevant space usage in 62.1.
Where there isn’t a similarity between space type and space usage name from
62.1, HAP will default the space usage to user defined.
Looking at all our space types, there are two situations where 62.1 ventilation
space usage type was set to “user defined”:

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Space Types Space Usage Types

a. Any healthcare space where we took the ventilation requirement

from Std 170 – we don’t have a database yet containing Standard
170 space usage types for defaulting ventilation
requirements. So all of these spaces have ventilation space
usage = “user defined” and then we manually defaulted the ACH
requirement based on Std 170
b. Spaces that don’t have a ventilation requirement, like a copy/print
room, parking garage, or locker room. But these spaces do have
an exhaust requirement. So ventilation space usage type = user
defined, the ventilation requirements default to zero, and the
exhaust requirement from 62.1 is defaulted in the exhaust
column.

Many medical space types have ventilation air requirement defaults based
on ASHRAE Standard 170-2017
Reason: Defaulting the ventilation requirement is what’s important in the
statement here.

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