PULSE CODE MODULATION
AIM
To generate a pulse code modulated signal.
THEORY
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals.
It is the standard form of digital audio in computers, compact discs, digital telephony and
other digital audio applications. In a PCM stream, the amplitude of the analog signal is
sampled regularly at uniform intervals, and each sample is quantized to the nearest value
within a range of digital steps.
PROGRAM
% PCM CODE
clc;
clear all;
close all; % closing any opened figures
% Plotting the offset sinusoidal signal
time = 0:.0005:.05;
freq_msg=100; %wave form frequency
dc_ofst=2; % signal offset
signal=sin(2*pi*freq_msg*time)+dc_ofst; %Generating the signal
% plotting the signal
figure;
plot(time,signal);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal');
% Sampling the signal
freq_sample=15*freq_msg; % sampling frequency
samp_time=0:1/freq_sample:0.05; % sampling time
samp_signal=dc_ofst+sin(2*pi*freq_msg*samp_time);% generating the sampled signal
hold on
plot(samp_time,samp_signal,'rx') % plotting the sampled signal
title('Sampled Signal')
legend('Original signal','Sampled signal');
% Uniform Quantizer
L=8; %No of Quantization levels
smin=round(min(signal)); smax=round(max(signal));
Quant_levl=linspace(smin,smax,L); % Length 8, to represent 9 intervals
codebook = linspace(0,smax,L+1); % Length 9, one entry for each interval
[index,quants] = quantiz(samp_signal,Quant_levl,codebook); % Quantize.
figure;
plot(samp_time,samp_signal,'x',samp_time,quants,'.-')% plotting sampled signal and quantization
level title('Quantized Signal')
legend('Original signal','Quantized signal');
figure;
plot(samp_time,index,'.-')% plotting quantization levels of input signal
title('Encoded Signal');
% Binary coding
for i=1:length(index)
bincode_sig{i}=dec2bin(round(index(i)),3);
end
disp('binary encoded signal');
disp(bincode_sig)
% SNR ratio calculation
noise=quants-samp_signal; % calculating noise
figure;
plot(samp_time,noise,'.-'); % plotting figure
title('Noise');
r=snr(index,noise);% SNR
snr1=['SNR :',num2str(r)];
disp(snr1)
% Function for ploting Quant_level vs SNR
function [ r ] = IMPL_Quant( l,b )
% Plotting the offset sinusoidal signal
time = 0:.0005:.05;
freq_msg=100; %wave form frequency
dc_ofst=2; % signal offset
signal=sin(2*pi*freq_msg*time)+dc_ofst; %Generating the signal
% Sampling the signal
freq_sample=15*freq_msg; % sampling frequency
samp_time=0:1/freq_sample:0.05; % sampling time
samp_signal=dc_ofst+sin(2*pi*freq_msg*samp_time);% generating the sampled signal
% Uniform Quantizer
L=l; %No of Quantization levels
smin=round(min(signal));
smax=round(max(signal));
Quant_levl=linspace(smin,smax,L); % Length 8, to represent 9 intervals
codebook = linspace(0.7,smax,L+1); % Length 9, one entry for each interval
[index,quants] = quantiz(samp_signal,Quant_levl,codebook);
% Quantize.
% Binary coding
for i=1:length(quants)
bincode_sig{i}=dec2bin(round(quants(i)),b);
end
% SNR ratio calculation
noise=quants-samp_signal; % calculating noise
r=snr(index,noise);% SNR
end
% PCM SNR PLOT
% Program for plotting quantization level vs SNR
clc;
clear all;
close all;
l=[8,16,32,64,128];% defining different levels
b=[3,4,5,6,7];
for i=1:length(l)
r(i) = IMPL_Quant(l(i),b(i));% calling the function
end
%Plotting
figure;
plot(l,r);
xlabel('L');
ylabel('SNR');
title('L vs SNR');
PROCEDURE
1. Run MATLAB.
2. Open a new script file.
3. Write the code for PCM.
4. Run the code for execution and obtain the necessary results.
WAVEFORMS
RESULT
Pulse code modulation is performed using MATLAB and plot of quantization level versus
SNR is obtained.
