EXPERIMENT NO 2
Objective: Study of CRO & Measurement of Voltage Amplitude, Frequency.
Instrument Required:
1. cathode ray oscilloscope
2. function generator
Theory:
CRO one of the basic and important experiments are CRO and function generator.
Function generator is used to generate the different type and different type and different range of
wave and also calculate the value of wave with the help of counters. CRO is used for frequency
analysis.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope:
It is a versatile device for waveform analysis and capable of manipulation signal
amplitude, frequency and phase shift. Basically, CRO displays input signal w.r.t to another
signal. The heart of CRO is cathode ray tube which essentially consists of three parts –
Electron Gun:
It produces a sharply focused beam of electron accelerated to a very high velocity.
Deflecting System:
It deflects the electron in vertical and horizontal directions electro statically.
Fluorescent Screen:
On this electron beam strike to produce spots of visible light. The three essential
components of CRT are put inside a highly vaccuated shape tube which is coated to inner side of
phosphorous material. The screen converts the energy of high velocity electron into visible light
depending on the material used. It is possible to have green, orange or blue light. The conductor
coating deposited at surface of glass tube is usually required solution of graphite known as Aqua-
dog.
Front Panel Control:
1. Power Switch 2. Focus Control
3. Trace Rotation Control 4. Intensity Control
5. CH 1 I/P connector (x - axis) 6. CH 2 I/P connector (y - axis)
7. Input Coupling Switches 8. Voltage/div select switches
9. Var Control pull gain 10. Var Position Control
11. Mode Select Switch (CH 1, CH2, ALT, 12. CH- 1 o/p connector
ADD, CHOP)
13. Time/ Div. select Switch 14. SWP variable Control
15. Position Control 16. TRIG Mo
17. de Select Switch
Measuring Procedure: -
1. DC voltage measurement: -
Set input coupling to GND and decide the zero level properly. Set VOLTS/DIV
appropriately and set AC-GND-DC to DC. Since the bright line shifts here by the amount of DC
voltage, the DC voltage of the signal can be obtained by multiplying the shift width by the
indicated value of VOLTS/DIV. When VOLTS/DIV is 50 mV/DIV, then 50 mV/div x 4.2 = 210
mV/ However, if the probe (10:1) is in use, the true value of the signal becomes 10 times the value,
or 50 mV/div x 4.2 x 10 = 2.1V)
2. AC voltage measurement: -
The same as DC voltage measurement, but here those is no need of matching the zero
level with the scale line. Move the zero level at will to a position easy to observe. In the drawing
is follows, VOLTS/DIV is 1V/DIV, 1V/ div x 5 = 5 Vp- p (50 Vp-p at time using the probe (10:1).
When magnifying and observing a small-amplitude signal, superimposing on a high DC voltage,
set input coupling of AC. The AC voltage is cut off and AC voltage can be observed by
increasing sensitivity.
3. Measurement of frequency and period: -
This will be explained taking the drawing at follows as an example. One period covers the
time A and time B, which are separated from each other by 2.0div on the screen. When the sweep
time is 1 ms/DIV, the period is given by
1 ms/div x 2.0=2.0ms = 2.0 10-3s
Accordingly, the frequency is 1/ (2.0 x 10-3s) =500Hz
(However, when the knob MAG 10 is at pulled out position, TIME/DIV must be converted to1/10
since the sweep is magnified.)
Result: Study of CRO and Measurement Of Voltage Amplitude, Frequency have been conducted.
Conclusion: -
Precautions:
1 Avoid observation error during Operation.
2 All the connection should be tight.
Note: Trace the waveform from C.R.O. and paste in your file with proper level.
