Road Safety Audit at in Road
Works and Pre-Opening Audit
Training Programme
on
Road Safety Audit
CSIR-CRRI, New-Delhi-25
Contents of Presentation
A- SAFETY AT CONSTRCUTION STAGE
•Introduction
•Guiding Principles
•Traffic Control Zone
•Traffic Control Devices
•Basic and Typical Layouts of Control Zones
•Safety Audit of Construction Zone
B- PRE-OPENING SAFETY AUDIT
•Objectives
•Audit Method
•Checklists
•Typical Observations
Traffic Control Zone
Requirements of an Ideal Construction Zone
Uniform Traffic Control methods and devices and
segregation of activities
Maintenance of sign and devices
Regular Inspection for compliance
Night Time Requirements
Benefits of Safe Construction Zone
Safety and Efficient Movement of traffic
Safe and Efficient Execution of Activities
Safe and Rapid Progress of Work
Safety of Construction Equipment and
Workers
Components of the Traffic
Control Zone
Terminal Transition
The Traffic Control Zone Zone
can be divided into:
Advance Warning Zone
Approach Transition
Traffic Control
Working Zone
Zone
Zone
Working Zone and
Terminal Transition
Approach Transition
Zone. Zone
Advance Warning Zone
Recommended Length of
Traffic Control Zones
Length of
Average Length of
Approach Length of
Approach Advance
Transition Working Zone
Speed Warning Zone
Zone (m)
(km/h) (m)
(m)
50 or less 100 50
51-80 100-300 50-100
Varies
81-100 300-500 100-200
Over 100 1000 200-300
Construction Zone - Basic Layout
A basic layout is influenced by:
Environment: rural, urban.
Type of carriageway such as single-lane, two-lanes, 4-
lanes, multi-lanes, divided-carriageway.
Traffic volume and speed with and without work in
progress on road.
Type of traffic such as mixed or segregated.
Available sight distance in construction zone and
Mobility of work zone, that is, for minor pot-hole
repairs, lane marking etc.
Each construction zone poses a unique problem, thus
the basic layout should be amended to suit local
conditions.
Typical Layouts:
Work on Construction of Additional Carriageway
Eccentric Widening-Centerline of the
new highway shifted to the right or
left of the existing carriageway
centerline. It has 2 stages of
construction.
First stage new carriageway
constructed and existing used by
traffic.
Eccentric Widening
•Once the new carriageway is
completed, two-way traffic is
diverted onto the new
carriageway and work on new
carriageway is taken up.
Layout of Signs and Control
Devices for Change in Carriageway
Usage
Work on Construction of Additional
Carriageway
Co-centric Widening
Stages of construction are:
• Where service roads are provided :
Service roads on either side are constructed and
traffic is diverted onto the service roads, one way
each side. Once traffic is diverted, work on existing
carriageway can be taken up.
• Where services roads are not provided:
Single lane width of road is constructed on either
side of existing carriageway. Traffic is diverted one
way on each side, then work on existing carriageway
is taken up.
Co-centric Widening
Concentric Widening : Concentric Widening :
Concentric Widening : Stage I
Stage II – Strengthening of
– Construction of New Lanes Stage III - Shifting of
Existing Carriageway and Work Zone
Median Construction
Strengthening of 2-lane
Carriageway of State Highways
As diversion of traffic is neither possible nor cost-
effective work is taken up on one half of the
carriageway.
Other half of the carriageway and shoulder is utilized for
the movement of traffic.
Strengthening work is carried out on the other half of
the carriageway.
Once strengthening work is completed traffic is diverted
onto the new pavement along with paved shoulders and
work on the other half of the carriageway is taken up.
Strengthening of 2-lane Carriageway
of State Highways
Sequence of Strengthening and Diversion for 2-lane Carriageway
Temporary Diversion
Overview
Should have smooth horizontal
and vertical profile with smooth
vertical and horizontal curves.
Should not get overtopped by
flood or drainage discharges
under any conditions.
Should have adequate capacity
to cater to the expected traffic.
Should be dust free and should
ensure clear visibility at all
times of day and night and
Barricading should be provided
to prevent construction material
falling onto the diversion.
Temporary Diversion
Layout of Signs for Road Closed with Detour
Ensuring Safety of Vulnerable
Road Users
Provision of adequate pedestrian safety
No danger from falling objects or sharp edges and that they will
not fall over or bump into anything.
Pedestrian Barriers
To mark out temporary footway and to protect pedestrians
from traffic, excavations, plant or materials.
Pedestrian Crossings
Avoid confusing pedestrians.
Works on Footways
Alternative safe route for pedestrians must be provided.
Pedestrian access to property must be provided.
Pedestrians should not be diverted onto an unguarded
carriageway.
Guard and sign the approach on a temporary footway.
Ensuring Safety of Vulnerable Road Users
Works on Footway with Temporary Footway in Carriageway
Planning and Implementation
of Road Works
Overview
Road work plan should be prepared for all types of
construction work.
Safety of the workmen and safe and efficient
passage of traffic should be ensured.
Proper locations and operation of all traffic control
devices should be checked at regular intervals.
If contractor does not implement the road safety
provisions in contract documents, then it should be
implemented by the department and cost may be
recovered from defaulting contractor.
Safety of Workmen
Overview
Workmen must be trained in use
of tools and plant.
Gum boots, spectacles, etc. must
be given to persons handling
bitumen.
First-aid training be provided to
all workmen and enough safety
kits should be available at the
site and
Workers required on site during
night hours must be provided
with fluorescent yellow jackets
with reflective tapes.
Safety Audit of Work Zone
Overview
Road works sites involve a change of
speed environment, additional conflicts
and confined road space.
To provide safety for works personnel
as well as the travelling public.
To ensure that any connection or
crossing point of works traffic and
public traffic is safe.
Safety Audit of Work Zone
Safety Issues Contd.
Adequacy of advance warning signs and speed limits
The appropriateness of the selected ‘standard’ layout
Conflicts between permanent and temporary
features.
Likelihood of mud or dust obscuring devices.
The appropriateness of traffic barriers and the
correct installation.
Adequate provision for pedestrians.
Conflicts points between works traffic and the
general public.
Pre-opening Safety
Audit
OBJECTIVES
To ensure that completed project has addressed
all safety concerns
To check any other hazardous condition which
have been overlooked before
To spot mistakes in sign markings and
Audit Method
The audit is conducted with the help of
check lists prepared for the purpose as
given in Safety Manual.
The audit is conducted by a Team of
Independent Auditors
Check Lists (General)
It helps observe departure from standards
Drainage
Suitability to climate conditions
Service Apparatus
Access
Safety Barriers and Fences
Bridge Parapets
Checklists
(Local Alignment/Junctions)
Visibility
Road Interfaces
Markings
Signals
Checklists
(Non-motorised road users)
Adjacent land
Pedestrians
Cyclists
Non Motorized
Checklist (Signs and Markings)
Design and Installation
Pavement Markings
Maintenance conditions
Typical Observations
End Treatment of W-Beam barriers at culverts
and Bridges
Rigid concrete barrier and W-beam barrier
should be joined evenly at inner face.
Rigid concrete barrier should be provided with
object Hazard Marker (parapet)
End of W-beam barrier to be anchored to ground
as per standard.
Minor road cross major road hazardously may be
converted into staggered intersections.
Typical Observations
Wide junction (too wide) may be provided with
ghost islands
School children / villages crossing are not
accommodated in the design
Placement of signs improper / stop signs should
be installed at 2m to 4m from stop line
Provide chevron signs on curve so as to view at
least 2 nos of chevron at given instance of
viewing
Typical Observations
Single chevron size of 500mm x 600mm can be
considered for speed upto 100 kmph.
For right hand curve on LCW, chevrons shall be
placed on shoulder and for left hand curve
chevron shall be placed on median.
For right hand curve on RCW, chevron shall be
placed on shoulder and for a left hand curve
chevron shall be placed on median.
