SCHOOL BUS DETECTING ALARM SYSTEM

An Internship Training And Summer Project Report Submitted to

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of the

Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

Submitted by
T. HEMAVATHY(16103027)

Under the guidance of

Mr.S. Ravi M.E., M.S.,AP/ECE

Mr.M.Kanan,M.E.,Director of soft Tech solution).,

Mr.K.Ramachandran senior Executive(Industrial Relations).,

VIVEKANANDHA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOR WOMEN
[Autonomous]
Approved by AICTE,New Delhi
Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25,
An ISO 9001-2008Certified Institution
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal Dt. - 637205
OCTOBER 2019

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 VIVEKANANDHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOR WOMEN
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal Dt. – 637205
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Certificate

This is to certify that the Internship Training and Summer Project Report entitled “SCHOOL
BUS DETECTING ALARM SYSTEM", in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the Degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING is a record of original training
undergone by T HEMAVATHY(16103027) during the year NOVEMBER 2019 of her study in
the Department of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,
Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women under my supervision and the report has
not formed the basis for the award of any Degree/Fellowship or other similar title to any
candidate of any University.

Place: Elayampalayam Signature of the Guide

Date: Mr.S.Ravi,M.E.,M.S.,AP/ECE

Head of the Department

Dr.T.S.JeyaliLaseetha,M.E.,Ph.D

Submitted to the Department of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,

Vivekananda College of Engineering for Women for the examination held on___________

INTERNAL EXAMINER

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 DECLARATION

I (T HEMAVATHY) hereby declare that an Internship Training and Summer

Project, entitled "SCHOOL BUS DETECTING ALARM SYSTEM", submitted to the
Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women in partial fulfillment other
requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING is a record of original
training undergone by me during the period (MAY-JUNE) 2019 under the supervision
and guidance of Mr.S.Ravi,M.E.,Assistant professor,Vivekanandha College of
Engineering for Women and it has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree
MM/Fellowship or other similar title to any candidate of any University.

Place: Elayampalayam Signature of the student

Date:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am immensely grateful to our chairman and secretary, Vidya Ratna

Prof.Dr.M.KARUNANITHI, B.Pharm, M.S., Ph.D., D.Litt., Vivekanandha Educational
Institutions, who is our inspiration.

I would like to express our deep gratitude to our respectable Advisor

Dr.D.VISWANATHAN,B.E(mech).,M.E(prod).,Ph.D(mechet).,FIE,FISTE,FIST.,
FORMER,VICE CHANCELLOR, ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI, who always
motivate us towards our academic development.

I wish to express my profound thanks to our beloved Principal,

Dr.KCK.VIJAYAKUMAR,M.E.,Ph.D.,MIE., for all the facilities and support provided
during the period of internship and summer project.

I wish to thank our Academic dean Dr.S.SELVARAJAN.,M.E.,Ph.D.,FIE., for all

the facilities and support provided during internship and summer project.

I would like to acknowledge our Head of the Department, Dr.T.S.JEYALI

LASEETHA,M.E.,Ph.D., Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
for her encouragement and support for completing the internship training and summer
project successfully

I wish to thank our internship coordinator Mr. S. VINOTHKANNA, M.E., Ph.D.,

our guide Mr. S. RAVI, M.E. ,ASSISTANT PROFESSOR trainer Mr. M.
KANAN, M.E., Director of SOFTTECH SOLUTION their kind support and
guidance for the completion of the internship training and summer project successfully.

I express my sincere thanks and regards to the company SOFTTECH SYSTEM

SOLUTION and SESHASAYEE PAPER AND BOARDS LIMITED for the support
through out the internship training and summer project.

I convey my immense gratitude to my department teaching and non-teaching staff

members for their support and encouragement. I thank my parents, friends and everyone
else for all that they have done behind me to complete my internship training .

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 LIST OF THE CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
NO
CERTIFICATE II
COMPANY CERTIFICATE III,IV
DECLARATION V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VI
LIST OF THE CONTENT VII
LIST OF THE FIGURE IX
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OBJECTIVES 1
1.2 PERIOD OF TRAINING 1
1.3 SCOPE 1
1.4 IMPORTANCE 1
2 COMPANY PROFILE 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2
2.2 GROWTH PERFORMANCE 3
2.3 VARIOUS DEPARTMENT 3
2.3.1 ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3
2.3.2 HUMAN RESOURCES 3
2.3.3 SECURITY DEPARTMENT 3
2.4 TYPES OF CYBER SECURITY 3
2.5 CYBER SECURITY FOCUS 4
2.6 TIPS FOR SECURITY MOBILE DEVICES 4
2.7 CONCLUSION 5
3 INTRODUCTION 6
3.1 ABOUT COMPANY 6
3.2 EXPANSION / MODERNISATION PROJECT 7
3.3 RAW METIRIALS 7
3.4 EXPORTS PERFORMANCE 8
3.5 AWARDS 8
3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 9
3.7 ISO 9001 / ISO 14001 ACCREDITATION 9
3.8 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 9
3.9 ORGANISATION 9
3.10 CONCLUTION 9
4 ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS DEPARTMENT 11
4.1 INTRODUCTION 12
4.1.1 DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM 12
4.2 FOUR BASICS ELEMENTS OF DCS 12
4.2.1 ENGINEERING PC OR CONTROLLER 10
4.2.2DISTRIBUTED CONTROLLER LOCAL CONTROL 12
SYSTEM
4.2.3 COMMUNICATION MEDIA AND PROTOCAL 12

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 4.3 SEVEN FEATURES OF DCS 12
4.3.1 TO HANDLE COMPLEX PROCESS 11
4.3.2 SYSTEM REDUNDACY 13
4.3.3 LOT OF PREDEFINED FUNCTIONAL BLOCK 13
4.3.4 MORE SOPHISTICATED HMI 13
4.3.5 SEALABLE PRODUCT 13
4.3.6 SYSTEM SECURITY 14
4.4 APPLICATION OF DCS 14
5 PROJECT WORK 15
5.1 ABSTRACT 15
5.2 INTRODUCTION 15
5.3 LITERATURE REVIEW 16
5.4 PROBLEM DEFINITION 16
5.5 EXISTING SYSTEM 16
5.6PROPOSED SYSTEM 16
6 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 19
6.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 19
6.1.1 COMPONENT 19
6.2 7805 MICTROCONTROLLER 19
6.3 RF TRANSMITTER 20
6.4 RF RECIEVER 21
6.5 HT12D 22
6.6 HT12E 24
7.CONCLUSION 25
8.REFERENCE 26

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 LIST OF THE FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE NAME PAGE

NUMBER NUMBER
2.4 CYBER SECURITY 5
2.6.1 SECURITY FOR MOBILE 6
5.5 EXISTING SYSTEM 17
5.6 PROPOSED SYSTEM 18
6.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 19
6.2 7805 MICROCONTROLLER 20
6.3 RF TRANSMITTER 20
6.4 RF RECEIVER 21
6.5 HT12D 21
6.6 HT12E 22

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 CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVES

In SYSTEM SOFTECH SOLUTION and SESHASAYEE PAPER AND BOARDS

LIMITED. I have done our internship training on the Title of “CYBER SECURITY” and
“AUTOMATION PROCESS”. We have completed our internship training for six weeks. The
main objective of the company provide specialist support to training and training related projects
in all aspects of the design,development,delievery,evalution and maintenance.

1.2 PERIOD OF TRAINING

In the first week of our internship I have learned about the basics of Password Attack. In the
second week I have learned about what are the security problem in cyber field.In the third week I
have learned about Basics process of paper manufacturing. In the fourth week I have learned
about pulp manufacturing. In the fifth week I have learned about bleaching method. In the sixth
week I have learned timber manufacturing.

1.3 SCOPE

In our period of two week training I learned briefly about cyber security and executed
practically. In our period of four week training I learned briefly about automation method.
Finally in our training we did a small project based on voice based blind stick with voice
announcement of obstacle distance. The main aim of this project to assist the blind persons
without the need of another person and it gives the secure path to the blind people and also
navigate the blind person both indoor and outdoor applications

1.4 IMPORTANCE

School bus detecting alarm is specially designed to detect and obstacles which may help the
student and parents. The audio messages will keep the user alert and considerably reduce
critical situation

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 CHAPTER 2

COMPANY PROFILE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

SOFTECH System and Solution has been providing Comprehensive Information and
Communication Technology Training to students and corporates for the past years. We take
pride in having trained over corporate people and students and professionals over the past years.
SOFTECHs success can be gauged by the confidence that the students have after coming out of
SOFTECH and the industry recognition they get for it. Our students highly placed at various
levels in the IT industry. We are here to support your goal of producing quality I.T education for
students and making them capable of working as IT professional in leading IT Companies or
Getting admission in top institutionsforhighereducation.

SOFTECH, with a legacy of over years in the I.T education business, pioneers yet
another initiative for extending IT education to college students within their campus in
collaboration with institutions. Institutional alliances create a communication network that is
both affordable and profitable to institutions. SOFTECH alliances an initiative from Infinite
Technologies to map engineering across India with latest technical competence to the emerging
knowledge economy and help pool of youngsters to educate and have an edge in the fiercely
competitive employment market in India, with this SOFTECH has initiated working with
engineering colleges in India to invest in education and ensure employability and productivity of
candidates right from day one.

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2.2 GROWTH PERFORMANCE
The birth weight of Salem Black males (2.18 kg) and females (2.05 kg) obtained in the
present study was lower than the values observed in Salem Black [34, 8] and KanniAdu,
Kodi and crossbred goats of Tamil Nadu [33, 31, 36]. The overall weaning weight of intensive
and semi-intensive kids was 8.20 ± 0.36 and 7.35 ± 0.23 kg, respectively the observed
value was comparable with values reported by [34] on the same breed. However [7, 8] reported
higher weaning weight for the same breed in its home tract. The weaning weights observed
was lower than the values observed for KanniAdu and KodiAdu goats of Tamil Nadu [13, 33,
36]. The six (13.51kg) and nine months(17.92kg) body weights observed in the present
study were higher than the reports on the same breed [7, 34, 8, 14] and other goat breeds of
Tamil Nadu. [33, 24, 36] n Whereas, at twelve months, the body weight of Salem Black female
goats in intensive and semi-intensive rearing was 18.67 ± 0.52 and 18.14 ± 0.62 kg,
respectively with no significant difference between the rearing systems. But observed in
the present study was comparable with the report by [34]. Slightly lower than the present
values was also reported on the same breed [7, 8]. The higher than the present value was also
reported in other goat breeds of Tamil Nadu.

2.3 VARIOUS DEPARTMENT

2.3.1 ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Engineering department is responsible in repairing and maintaining the plant and

machinery, water treatment and distribution,boiless and water heating,sewagetreatment,external
and common area lighting fountains and water features etc.

2.3.2 HUMAN RESOURCESDEPARTMENT

I belive the role of HR also has to do with administration of an impartial and internal
justice system which will promotor transparency and openness in organization communication
HR also serves has a progressive voice in a common system and strines to ensure
competitivenessin the condition of service for staff.

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2.3.3 SECURITY DEPARTMENT

Literally to protect the guests and staff of the hotel including all of this property.
Secondarily the security departments role in a hotel is to secure the actual premises and the
property of the hotel it self.Hotel security depts. Usually use preventative tasks such as
patrolling, monitering,CCTVand investigating .

2.4TYPES OF CYBER SECURITY

Fig 2.4 cyber security

• MOBILE SECURITY

• INTERNET SECURITY

• BANK SECURITY

• COMPUTER SECURITY

• SOCIAL MEDIA SECURITY etc.

2.5 CYBER SECURITY FOCUS:

• Keeping the Bad Guys out

• Protecting your Internal Network

• Recovering from an Attack

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2.6 TIPS FOR SECURITY MOBILE DEVICES:

Fig 2.6.1 Security for Mobile

Think Before You Connect:

Before you connect to any public Wi-Fi hotspot, confirm the name of the network and
exact login procedures to ensure that the network is legitimate.

Guard Your Mobile Device:

In order to prevent theft, unauthorized access and loss of sensitive information, never
leave your mobile devices unattended in a public place.

Keep It Locked:

Always lock your device when you are not using it. Use strong PINs and passwords to
prevent others from accessing your device.

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Update Your Mobile Software:

Keep your operating system software and apps updated, which will improve your
device’s ability to defend against malware.

Only Connect to the Internet if Needed:

Disconnect your device from the Internet when you aren’t using it and make sure your
device isn’t programmed to automatically connect to Wi-Fi.

Know Your Apps:

Be sure to thoroughly review the details and specifications of an application before you
download it. Delete any apps that you are not using to increase your security.

2.7CONCLUSION

I hope that my presentation will be helpful for my audience to improve their knowledge
about cyber security and to overcome several security loopholes on their computer operation.
Also it helps to spread awareness among normal people about emerging security threats. Simple
and practical prevention methods are explained in the seminar to prevent PCs from infection.

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 CHAPTER 3

INTRODUCTION

3.1 ABOUT COMPANY

Seshasayee Paper and Boards Limited (SPB), the flagship company belonging to 'ESVIN
GROUP', operates an integrated pulp, paper and paper board Mill at Pallipalayam, Erode-638
007, District Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India.SPB, incorporated in June 1960, was promoted by
Seshasayee Brothers (Pvt) Limited in association with a foreign collaborator M/s Parsons and
Whittemore, South East Asia Inc., USA. After commencement of commercial production, having
fulfilled their performance guarantee obligations, the foreign collaborators withdrew in 1969.
Main promoters of the Company as on date are a group of companies belonging to the ESVIN
group SPB commenced commercial production in December 1962, on commissioning a 20000
tap integrated facility, comprising a Pulp Mill and two Paper Machines (PM-1 and PM-2),
capable of producing, writing, printing, Kraft and poster varieties of paper.

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 The Plant capacity was expanded to 35000 tap in 1967-68, by modification of PM-2 and
addition of a third Paper Machine (PM-3). The cost of the expansion scheme, at Rs 34 Millions,
was part financed by All India Financial Institutions (Rs 31 Millions).
In the second stage of expansion, undertaken in 1976, capacity was enhanced to 55000 tap,
through addition of a 60 tap new Paper Machine (PM-4). Cost of the project, including cost of a
Chemical Recovery Boiler and other facilities for enhanced requirement of utilities, was
estimated at Rs. 176 Millions.

The same was part financed by term loans from Institutions and Banks to the extent of
Rs. 145 Millions and the balance out of internal generation.
SPB undertook various equipment balancing and modernisationprogrammes, since then, for
improving its operating efficiency, captive power generation capacity, etc., upto 1992-93.

3.2 EXPANSION/MODERNISATION PROJECT

The Company embarked on an Expansion / Modernisation Project to enhance its

production capacity from 60000 tones per annum, to 1,15,000 tones per annum and to upgrade
some of the existing facilities, at an estimated cost of Rs 1890 millions.
The said Expansion / Modernisation Project were completed in December 2000. After successful
trials, the Commercial Production out of the new Paper Machine commenced on July 1,
2000.The current installed capacity of the Company stands at 1,15,000 tones per annum.

3.3 RAW MATERIALS

The Company's paper plant was originally designed for using bagasse, as the primary
raw material mixed with 20% bamboo fibre. Bagasse was being obtained from nearby sugar mill
on substitution basis using oil fired boilers.With sharp increase in oil prices in 1970-71, the
Company shifted over to the use of hardwood, at the time of its expansion undertaken in 1978.
Raw material mix underwent a substantial change, with bamboo and hardwood forming 60% and
40%, respectively, of its raw material consumption Soon Company started apprehending
difficulties in procurement of bamboo. In 1981, it added one more digester, to increase the share
of the hardwood in the furnish mix to 80% and restricting bamboo use to only 20%.With the
commissioning of more wood based industries in Tamilnadu, there was again an apprehension

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about availability of hardwood.As a long term strategy, the Company at this time decided on
restructuring use of bagasse which was seen to be the most reliable source of fibre for the entire
Industry. In 1984, the Company promoted Ponni Sugars and Chemicals Limited, as the captive
source for bagasse supply. It added bagasse handling systems and modernised PM-1 and PM-2,
to shift over to the use of bagasse.The furnish mix for the existing Paper Machines of the
Company is 55% bagasse and 45% hardwood.

The Company has vast experience in handling bagasse and is expected to be one of the
major strong points vis-à-vis its competitors in India, as the Indian Paper Industry will continue
to be bogged down by the problem of rawmaterialavailability.For the new Paper Machine, the
furnish is imported waste paper and imported pulp which are sourced from far east countries,
Europe and USA. A small quantity is supplemented out of captive pulp production.Soon
Company started apprehending difficulties in procurement of bamboo.

In 1981, it added one more digester, to increase the share of the hardwood in the furnish
mix to 80% and restricting bamboo use to only 20%.
With the commissioning of more wood based industries in Tamilnadu, there was again an
apprehension. As a long term strategy, the Company at this time decided on restructuring use of
bagasse which was seen to be the most reliable source of fibre for the entire Industry.
In 1984, the Company promoted Ponni Sugars and Chemicals Limited, as the captive source for
bagasse supply. It added bagasse handling systems and modernised PM-1 and PM-2, to shift over
to the use of bagasse.The furnish mix for the existing Paper Machines of the Company is 55%
bagasse and 45% hardwood. The Company has vast experience in handling bagasse and is
expected to be one of the major strong points vis-à-vis its competitors in India, as the Indian
Paper Industry will continue to be bogged down by the problem of rawmaterialavailability.For
the new Paper Machine, the furnish is imported waste paper and imported pulp which are
sourced from far east countries, Europe and USA. A small quantity is supplemented out of
captive pulp production.

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 3.4 EXPORTS PERFORMANCE

SPB's exports are nearly 20% of its production and is a significant exporter in the Indian
Paper Industry. Due to its excellent export performance, SPB has been awarded 'Golden Export
House' status.

3.5 AWARDS

SPB is in receipt of various Awards awarded by Government of India, Government of

Tamil Nadu, Industry Associations, etc. Some of the Awards received by SPB in the past
include:

Capacity Utilisation AwardEnergy

Conservation Award

Environmental Protection Award

Safety Award

Export Performance Award

Good Industrial Relations Award
TERI - Corporate Environmental Award
3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

The Company attaches paramount importance to the conservation and improvement of

the environment. In its efforts to improve the environmental protection measures, the
Company has installed:

 Two Electro Static Precipitators for its Boilers to control dust emissions
 An Anaerobic lagoon for high BOD liquid effluents
 A Secondary Treatment System for liquid effluents and
 An Electro Static Precipitator and Cascade Evaporator to the Recovery Boiler.
These facilities will ensure sustained compliance by the Company of the pollution control norms
prescribed by the Pollution Control Authorities.

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 3.7 ISO 9001/ISO 14001 ACCREDITATION

The Company's quality systems continue to be covered by the "ISO 9001" accreditation
awarded by Det Norske Veritas, The Netherlands.
The Company has also been accredited with "ISO 14001" certification by Det Norske Veritas,
The Netherlands, for its Environmental Quality Systems.

3.8 BOARD OF DIRECTORS

The Company's Board is broad based comprising 10 Directors

 Sri N Gopalaratnam, Chairman

 Dr S Narayan, I.A.S., (Retd.)
 Sri V Sridar
 Sri Mohan VergheseChunkath, IAS, (Retd.)
 Sri Deepak Srivastava, IFS Special Secretary (Forests)
 Dr. (Tmt.) M. Aarthi, IAS, (Nominee of TIIC)
 Sri A L Somayaji
 DrNanditha Krishna
 Sri K S KasiViswanathan, Managing Director
 Sri V Pichai, Deputy Managing Director & Secretary

3.9 ORGANISATION

The day to day affairs of the Company are looked after by the Chairman and supported
by :Sri K S KasiViswanathan, Managing Director andSri V Pichai, Deputy Managing Director &
Company Secretary.They are ably assisted by a team of qualified and experienced professionals
in operations, personnel, finance and marketing disciplines.

3.10 CONCLUSION

To assess the relative role of cost differentials and other factors in global manufacturing,
the committee has relied on its members' experience in major multinational corporations,

23
received input from experts in industries not represented on the committee,1 and reviewed
relevant literature and statistical information. By focusing on three of the most internationally
competitive manufacturing industries, the committee has tried to highlight the extent and
importance of the developments taking place in global manufacturing. Although. generalizations
must be approached cautiously in an economic activity as diverse as manufacturing—no two
companies are alike, let alone whole industries—the committee believes its analysis has
illustrated many of the forces at work in globalfactory site selection.

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 CHAPTER 4

ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.1.1 DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM

Distributed Control System is most popular which is specially designed with redundancy
and diagnostic capabilities to improve control reliability and performance. It gives greater
flexibility to control distributed discrete field devices and its operating stations. In this area of
revolution technology,industrial automation system deals with advanced automation control
technologies to have better control performance over complex processes.To increase reliability,
productivity and quality while minimizing the production cost, process control industries must be
driven by integrated controllers with high distributed control capability.

4.2 FOUR BASICS ELEMENTS OF DCS

Distributed Control System continuously interacts with the processes in process control
applications ones it gets instruction from the operator. It also facilitates to variable set points and
opening and closing of valves for manual control by the operator. Its human machine interface
(HMI), face plates and trend display gives the effective monitoring of industrial processes.

4.2.1 ENGINEERING PC OR CONTROLLER

This controller is the supervisory controller over all the distributed processing controllers.
Control algorithms and configuration of various devices are executed in this controller. Network
communication between processing and engineering PC can be implemented by simplex or
redundant configurations.

4.2.2 DISTRIBUTED CONTROLLER OR LOCAL CONTROL SYSTEM

It can be placed near to field devices (sensors and actuators) or certain location where
these field devices are connected via communication link. It receives the instructions from the

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engineering station like set point and other parameters and directly controls field devices.It can
sense and control analogy and digital inputs / outputs by analogy and digital I/O modules. These
modules are extendable according to the number of inputs and outputs. It collects the information
from discrete field devices and sends this information to operating and engineering stations.In
above figure AC 700F and AC 800Fcontrollers acts as communication interface between field
devices and engineering station. Most of the cases these act as local control for field
instruments.It can sense and control both analog and digital inputs / outputs by analog and digital
I/O modules. These modules are extendable according to the number of inputs and outputs. It
collects the information from discrete field devices and sends this information to operating and
engineering stations.

4.2.3 COMMUNICATION MEDIA AND PROTOCOL

Communication media consists of transmission cables to transmit the data such as coaxial
cables, copper wires, fiber optic cables and sometimes it might be wireless. Communication
protocol selected depends on the number of devices to be connected to this network.For example,
RS232 supports only for 2 devices and Profibus for 126 devices or nodes. Some of these
protocols include Ethernet, DeviceNet, foundation filed bus, modbus, CAN, etc.In DCS, two or
more communication protocols are used in between two or more areas such as between field
control devices and distributed controllers and other one between distributed controllers and
supervisory control stations such as operating and engineering stations. For example, RS232
supports only for 2 devices and Profibus for 126 devices or nodes. Some of these protocols
include Ethernet, DeviceNet, foundation filed bus, modbus, CAN, etc.

4.3 SEVEN FEATURES OF DCS

4.3.1 TO HANDLE COMPLEX PROCESS

In factory automation structure, PLC is used to control and monitor the process parameters at
high speed requirements. However due to limitation of number of I/O devices, PLC’s cannot
handle complex structure.Hence DCS is preferred for complex control applications with more

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number of I/O’s with dedicated controllers. These are used in manufacturing processes where
designing of multiple products are in multiple procedures such as batch process control.

4.3.2SYSTEM REDUNDACY

DCS facilitates system availability when needed by redundant feature at every level.

Resuming of the steady state operation after any outages, whether planned or unplanned is
somewhat better compared to other automation control devices.Redundancy raises the system
reliability by maintaining system operation continuously even in some abnormalities while
system is in operation.

4.3.3 LOT OF PREDEFINED FUNCTIONAL BLOCK

DCS offers many algorithms, more standard application libraries, pre-tested and pre-defined
functions to deal with large complex systems. This makes programming to control various
applications being easy and consuming less time to program and control.

Powerful programming languages:

It provides more number of programming languages like ladder, function block,

sequential, etc for creating the custom programming based on user interest.

4.3.4 MORE SOPHISTICATED HMI

Similar to the SCADA system, DCS can also monitor and control through HMI’s
(Human Machine Interface) which provides sufficient data to the operator to charge over various
processes and it acts as heart of the system. But this type of industrial control system covers large
geographical areas whereas DCS covers confined area.DCS completely takes the entire process
plant to control room as a PC window. Trending, logging and graphical representation of the
HMI’s give effective user interface. Powerful alarming system of DCS helps operators to
respond more quickly to the plant conditions,

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4.3.5 SCALABLE PRODUCT

Structure of DCS can be scalable based on the number I/O’s from small to large server system by
adding more number of clients and servers in communication system and also by adding more
I/O modules in distributed controllers.

4.3.6 SYSTEM SECURITY

Access to control various processes leads to plant safety. DCS design offers perfect
secured system to handle system functions for better factory automation control. Security is also
provided at different levels such as engineer level, entrepreneur level, operator level, etc

4.4 APPLICATION OF DCS

1. DCS system can be implemented in a simple application like load management using
network of microcontrollers.Here the input is given from a keypad to a microcontroller, which
communicates with the other two microcontrollers.

2. One of the microcontrollers is used to display the status of the process as well as the
loads, while the other microcontroller controls the relay driver. The relay driver in turn drives the
relay to operate the load.

3. Hope you have understood the concept of distributed control system and its
importance. Here is a basic question for you – Give any application of a DCS, you are aware of.

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 CHAPTER 5

SCHOOL BUS DETECTING ALARM SYSTEM

5.1 ABTRACT:

Millions of children require school bus for pick up and drop to the school on an everyday
basis. A safe transport for these children is one of the main concerns that need to be taken care of
by the school management. Hence, the need for reliable management system of school bus in
today’s world has increased to a greater extent.We propose a Smart tracking system for School
buses, which is an information designed and implemented to provide tracking and alarm mode of
alert mechanism. In order to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the system, this paper
presents the methods and workflow of different modules used in the application.

5.2 INTRODUCTION:

Many students need to go to school on an everyday basis. Parents are concerned about
their child's safety. A research undertaken by the Scottish Executive Central Research Unit
proves that going by school bus is safer and a better mode of transport. Why we say school bus is
safer? Because we can track the school bus and get every slightest update about it time to time.
This can also save parent's time and they can be relieved by seeing all the updates time to time.
Hence, need for reliable management system of school bus in today’s world has increased to a
greater extent.The interaction between parent and the bus administrator must be instant and
applicable to all kinds of mobile phone; hence we have made use of alarm mode of alert
mechanism so that the application is benefited non-android users. In case of accidents, we make
use of sensors like accelerometer which is in built in the mobile phones to intimate the
authorities about such events. Such sensors are also used to check the speed of the vehicle and
report the authorities if the driver crosses a certain limit .Hence, the main objective of the
development of this system is to help parent/authority of school to track the school buses and
provide interaction in more efficient and effective way resulting in greater reliability and
security.

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5.3 LITERATURE REVIEW:

When children in or out from school bus, reader will record a response and this
information is being pressed for further implementation. This secured data does not require any
action from driver and student. The system will notify parents by alarm whenever children
enters or leaves school bus, this will make assure parents that children is safely reached to
destination. Along with notifying parents school management also receives an alarm of each
student travelling. Count through IR sensor will ensure that is school bus is vacant or still any
children are inside school Bus. If any children are still inside school bus proper distance and data
sends to reader. The best feature is that it can be attached to clothing or wearing accessories to
identify the persons.

5.4 PROBLEM DEFINITION:

We do not have any system available, which provides information to parents about their
ward presence in school Bus. So once students leave for school, parents does not have any
information about their entry into the school bus, arrival to school, departure from school etc.
The school management also does not have any method of tracking the school bus position. The
school management is completely dependent on Bus drive and Bus attendant to provide the Bus
position in case of any requirement.

5.5 EXISTING SYSTEM:

Currently, most of the schools do not have a digitally monitored school bus. An attendant
is appointed to look after the children for their safe pickup/drop. The school authorities and
parents have no means to track the bus or even communicate with the attendant a few times.
Hence, there arise concerns for the safety of the child.In some sophisticated schools, there exists
a tracking system that use techniques of virtual fence known as Geo fencing which compares the
entity position with a pre-determined zone or a point of interest, checking if the entity is inside or

30
outside an area. Those techniques do not allow full coverage of the course, making difficult to
determine if the bus is travelling in a planned path.Another approach to track the bus is by a web
based application, which gives real time location of bus on Google Maps to remote user. Firstly
GPS receives the satellite signals and then the position co-ordinates with latitude and longitude
are determined by it. The location is determined with the help of GPS and transmission
mechanism.After receiving the data the tracking data can be transmitted using any wireless
communications systems. GSM/GPRS is used generally to transmit the data.In order to
communicate quicker, A SMS via server based tracking system, which is a mobile based
application where SMS is sent by the users to know the location of the bus to the central server
and vice versa.The limitations of these approaches are the exact location of the school bus cannot
be known. The parents cannot determine the bus arrival. There is no feature to intimate the
parents/authorities in case there is bus breakdown or any issues which must be immediately
notified. There is no feature to get the speed of the bus at any instance in case the driver drives
rash. They are time consuming and a main server is required to co-ordinate. GSM/GPRS
hardware are required. Battery of the mobile phone is drained very quickly.

sms

Fig5.5.Existing system

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5.6PROPOSED SYSTEM:

Our proposed android based application consists of 2 modules, An Administrator, the one
who manages the school bus and The Parent, who can query about the location of the bus
anytime needed. The details of the student and authorities are first registered and stored in the
SQLite database; this will help to maintain a systematic record and is easy to fetch data
whenever required. The proposed system mainly aims to provide remote tracking of school bus
and simple mode of communication. To make the interaction easier, we have made use of alarm
mode of alert mechanism so that the application is benefited for both android and non-android
users.The Administrator must make use of administrator application module, so that he/she can
interact with the parent/ authority through SMS along with GPS for location tracking. For an
android user, he/she must make use of the parent application module and can interact with the
bus administrator through a query alarm along with the help of GPS feature to know the location.
For a non-android user, the alert alarm will be sent frequently when the bus reaches the pickup/
drop point or when the bus reaches to school.The proposed system involves intimating the
parent, when the bus is about to approach the pickup/ drop point and also when the bus reaches
the school. There is a provision for the bus administrator to send alerts to the authority in case of
emergencies like tire puncture, engine problem. If there is any variation in the accelerometer
readings, a precautionary alarm is sent to the authority and parent suspecting of an accident. The
parent can also query the bus administrator about the current bus location or inform the
administrator if the child is going to be absent on that particular day

ALARM

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 Fig.5.6.Proposed system

CHAPTER 6

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The implemented system consists of a microcontroller (7805) as a main processing unit

for the entire system and all the devices can be connected with the microcontroller. The receiver
and transmitter can be operated by the microcontroller to retrieve the data to them and it
processes the analysis.

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6.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Power supply 7805 RF

Microcontroller Transmitter

RF Receiver Alarm

Fig.6.1Block diagram of school bus detecting alarm system

6.2 7805 MICROCONTROLLER

6.2. 7805 microcontroller

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 IC 7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the output voltage to 5V output for various
ranges of input voltage. The input is given to the first pin and the output is connected to the third
pin. The second pin is grounded. It acts as an excellent component against input voltage
fluctuations for circuits, and adds an additional safety to your circuitry. It is inexpensive, easily
available and very much commonly used. With few capacitors and this IC you can build pretty
solid and reliable voltage regulator in no time. The maximum value for input to the voltage
regulator is 35V. It can provide a constant steady voltage flow of 5V for higher voltage input till
the threshold limit of 35V. If the input voltage is near to 7.2V to 12V then it does not produce
any heat and hence no need of heat sink. Higher the input volts - the more it gets heated up, and
excess electricity is liberated as heat from 7805. Hence the provision of heat sink. The input is
given to the first pin and the output is connected to the third pin. The second pin is grounded.6.3
RF TRANSMITTER

6.3 RF Transmitter

There are four pins in RF transmitter. The input voltage(vcc) is given in the third pin. The
second pin is connected to the data.The first pin is grounded and fourth pin is connected to
antenna. The corresponding frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. Transmission
through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons. Firstly, signals through RF can
travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range applications. Also, while IR
mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel even when there is an obstruction

35
between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission is more strong and reliable than IR
transmission.. The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz . The
transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps – 10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by an RF
receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter .The RF module is often used
alongwith a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for encoding parallel data for
transmission feed while reception is decoded by a decoder. HT12E–HT12D, HT640-HT648, etc.
are some commonly used encoder/decoder pair ICs.

6.4 RF RECEIVER

6.4 RF Receiver

The input voltage is given in the fourth pin. The second is connected to the data. The first
and six and seventh pins are grounded and third pin is no connection .The eight pin is connected
to the antenna. A radio receiver is connected to an antenna which converts some of the energy
from the incoming radio wave into a tiny radio frequency AC voltage which is applied to the
receiver's input..An antenna typically consists of an arrangement of metal conductors. The
oscillating electric and magnetic fields of the radio wave push the electrons in the antenna back
and forth, creating an oscillating voltage. The antenna may be enclosed inside the receiver's case,
as with the ferrite loop antennas of AM radios and the flat inverted F antenna of cell phones;
attached to the outside of the receiver, as with whip antennas used on FM radios, or mounted
separately and connected to the receiver by a cable, as with
rooftop televisionantennas and satellite dishes.

36
6.5 HT12D

Fig 6.5 HT12D

HT12D is a 212 series decoder IC (Integrated Circuit) for remote control applications
manufactured by Holtek. It is commonly used for radio frequency (RF) wireless applications.
HT12D simply converts serial data to its input (may be received through RF receiver) to 12 bit
parallel data. These 12 bit parallel data is divided in to 8 address bits and 4 data bits. Using 8
address bits we can provide 8 bit security code for 4 bit dHT12D is a CMOS LSI IC and is
capable of operating in a wide voltage range from 2.4V to 12V. Its power consumption is low
and has high immunity against noise. The received data is checked 3 times for more accuracy. It
has built in oscillator, we need to connect only a small external resistor.VDD and VSSare used to
provide power to the IC, Positive and Negative of the power supply respectively. As I said earlier
its operating voltage can be in the range 2.4V to 12V.OSC1 and OSC2 are used to connect
external resistor for internal oscillator of HT12D.OSC1 is the oscillator input pin and OSC2 is
the oscillator output pin.A0 – A7 are the address input pins. Status of these pins should match
with status of address pin in HT12E (used in transmitter) to receive the data. These pins can be
connected to VSS or left open.DIN is the serial data input pin and can be connected to a RF
receiver output.D8 – D11 are the data output pins. Status of these pins can be VSS or VDD
depending upon the received serial data through pin DIN.VT stand for Valid Transmission. This
output pin will be HIGH when valid data is available at D8 – D11 data output pins. HT12D
decoder will be in standby mode initially ie, oscillator is disabled and a HIGH on DIN pin
activates the oscillator.Thus the oscillator will be active when the decoder receives data
transmitted by an encoder. The device starts decoding the input address and data. The decoder
matches the received address three times continuously with the local address given to pin A0 –

37
A7. If all matches, data bits are decoded and output pins D8 – D11 are activated. This valid data
is indicated by making the pin VT (Valid Transmission) HIGH. This will continue till the
address code becomes incorrect or no signal is received.

6.6 HT12E

Fig:6.6 HT12E

HT12E is a 212 series encoder IC (Integrated Circuit) for remote control applications. It is
commonly used for radio frequency (RF) applications. HT12E simply converts 12 bit parallel
data in to serial output which can be transmitted through a RF transmitter. These 12 bit parallel
data is divided in to 8 address bits and 4 data bits. By using these address pins we can provide 8
bit security code for data transmission and multiple receivers may be addressed using the same
transmitter.HT12E is able to operate in a wide voltage range from 2.4V to 12V and has a built in
oscillator which requires only a small external resistor. Its power consumption is very low,
standby current is 0.1μA at 5V VDD and has high immunity against noise. VDD and VSS are
power supply pins which are used to connect positive and negative of the power suppy
respectively.OSC1 and OSC2 are used to connect external resistance for the internal oscillator.
OSC1 is the oscillator input pin and OSC2 is the oscillator output pin.TE is used for enabling the
transmission and is an active low input.A0 – A7 are the input address pins. By using these pins
we can provide a security code for the data. These pins can be connected to VSS or left open.D8
– D11 are the input data pins. These pins can be connected to VSS or may left open for sending
LOW and HIGH respectively. DOUT – It is the serial data output of the encoder and can be
connected to a RF tranmistter.

The HT12E 212 series encoder starts a 4 word transmission cycle upon receiving
transmission enable signal on TE input. This output cycle will repeats as long as the transmission

38
is enabled. When the transmission enable (TE) signal switches to HIGH, the encoder output
completes the current cycle and stops as shown above. The encoder will be in the Standby mode
when the transmission is disabled.

39
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The paper demonstrates the real time tracking of school bus,which is capable of notifying
parents via alarm when the children leaves the school enabling School authorities andparents to
keep track of the bus online, helping smooth andquick rides to the different destinations

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 CHAPTER 8

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2. Dhal, S., 2015. Gulf News UAE.[Online] Available at:

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[Accessed 05 May 2016].

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