Electrolytes Strong Electrolyte Those ionic conductors which are completely ionized in aqueous solution are called as strong electrolyte. For strong electrolyte : = 1 Eg.-H,SO,, HCl, KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH),, Weak Electrolytes Those electrolytes which are partially ionized in aqueous solution are called as weak electrolytes. For weak electrolytes the value of a is less than one.(a << 1) Eg-HCN,CH3COOH,HCOOH, H,CO,,NH,OH,Cu(OH),,2n(0H), Degree of Dissociation / Ionisation The degree of dissociation (a) of an electrolyte is the fraction of one mole of the electrolyte that has dissociated under the given conditions. __No. of moles dissociated “* No, of moles taken initally Ostwald's Dilution Law (For Weak Electrolytes) 1 ax —>__ concentration onic Equilibrium ‘As concentration increases, a decreases At infinite dilution reaches its maximum value, unity. = Common Ion Effect ‘The degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte is suppressed by the addition of another electrolyte(strong) containing ‘common ion. This is referred to as ‘common ion effect Acids and Bases Arrhenius Acid Substances which give H* ion on issolving in water (H" donor) Ex. HNO,, HCIO,, HCI, H,SO,, H,PO, ete. Arrhenius Base Any substance which releases OH (hydroxy) ion in water (OH— ion donor) Ex. NaOH , Ca(OH), JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Strength of Acid or Base Strength of Acid or Base depends on the extent of its ionisation. Hence equilibrium constant Ka or Kb respectively of the following equil give a quantitative measurement of the strength of the acid or base. HA+H,O H,0'+4 [H30*}(47] [Ha] B+H,O == BH+ On [BH*][OH~) ‘ (BI Bronsted Lowery Concept Conjugate acid - base concept, Protonic concept Acid: substances which donate H* are Bronsted Lowery acids (H donor) Base: substances which accept H’ are Bronsted Lowery bases (H* acceptor) lee aaLewis Concept (Electronic Concept) A Lewis acid is a molecule/ion which can accept an electron pair with the formation of a coordinate bond. Acid > € pair acceptor Ex. BFy, AICh, H*, Fe", Na*, SE, PFy A lewis base is any molecule/ion which has a lone pair of electrons which can be donated. Base + electron pair donor Ex. NH,, PH, H,0, CH,OH, OH >, H-, NH; pH scale pH =~ logyyay+ (where ays is the activity of H*ions) pOH scale POH = —log;9ax- = —1og10(0H"] For a weak monoprotie acid HA pKa=- logy ka For a weak monoprotic base MOH pKb=- logy, kb Molar Concentration / Molarity of Water Molari (0. of moles / litre 5.55 M (density = 1 gee) constant. Dissociation constants of pure water acids HLL pH Calculation of Different Type of Solutions (a) Strong acid solution a Equi lbrium If concentration of H* ions is > 10M Ionie Product of Water Iti cae fons coming from water 0 2 1 + On can be neglected, s So, ionic product of water (Gi) If concentration is ess than 10-*M. K.= [HOH] = 10 at 25° exp.) In this case H*ions coming from Dissociation of water is endothermic, water cannot be neglected. so on increasing temperature K,, So [H']= H' from acid + H'ions creases. coming from water in presence of this K, increases with increase in temperature. Strong aci pH ==log(Ht']=7 (b) Strong base solution for water at 25°C (experimental) If concentration of OH ions is > 10-°M pH<7 = acidic In this ease OH ions coming from water = ‘can be neglected. ji =I .4 aasrc If concentration of OH ions is <10-°M pH=7 = neutral In this ease OH ions coming from water Tonic product of water is always a ‘can not be neglected. (©) pH of mixture of two strong HO = HY + OF Number of H*ions from I-solution = N,V, Ka=Kb= 18x10 Number of H° ions from II-solution= N,V, Relation between conjugate acid _‘If final normality is N and final base dissociation constants V, then NV; + N2Vp pK, + pK, = pky = 14 v Vi + NgV, [A] = V+, only for conjugate acid-base pair where N=M xn (n= Basicty of acid) JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 dag@ pH of mixture of ovo strong bases, ETT Similarity, Ott ny Nia + Nae ae Vi + Ve 107" I> To] where N=M Xn (n= Basicity of acid) (©) pH of mixture of a strong acid an a strong base ‘The solution will be acidic or basic ‘depending on which component has been taken in excess. yon) ~ Nava = NeVal myorl- a (8) pH of a weak acid (Monoprotic) Solution Z00Ka = log©) On inereasing the dilution = Cheat and [Hy > pat (g) pH of a mixture of weak acid (1 — a) (h) pH of a mixture of two weak acid (both monoprotic) solution = Cy [HY] = JC:Ka, + C2K, Salt hydrolysis is defined as the process in which water reacts with cation or anion o both of a salt to change the concentration of H+ and OH- ions of water. Salt + H,0. d Acid + Base ‘Types of Salt Hydrolysis (1) Hydrolysis of [SA — SB] type salt (monoprotic) and a strong acid No Hydrolyi solution HB C, (ii) Hydrolysis of strong acid - HB os Ht + B weak base [SA - WB] type salt ¢, Cc, oO Ky 2 1 4) ky = ke Cl-« Cet+c, Ce @ Ky K (4) pH =—log [H*] 1 1 = ZPKy — jloge Hydrolysis of [WA — SB] Type Salt Ex. KCN, NaCN, K,CO,, BaCO,, K,PO, pH= @ Ky @ [A] (S) pH pH=7+2pK,+2log¢ PK, + slog ~log(H*] lee aa JEE | NEET | Class 9,10Hydrolysis of (WA - WB) Type Salt Ex. NH,CN, CaCO,, (NH): COs, NH,CN + H,0 = NH,OH + HCN @ Ky (2) b= Ky (4) pH =—1og (H°] pl =742{ pk,-pkb] Hydrolysis of Amphiprot HCOy, NaHS, ete., can undergo ionisation to form H+ ion and can undergo hydrolysis to form OH-. _(PKa, + PK, me) Buffer Solutions A solution that resists change in pH value upon addition of small amount of strong acid or base or when solution is diluted is called buffer solution. onic Equilibrium (a) Acidic buffer solution An acidic buffer solution consists of solution of a weak acid and its salt with strong base, HCN + KCN, (H,CO,+NaHCO,) —+ blood (Weakly ionised) CH,COOH = CH,COO-+ Ht CHj,COONa—> CH,COO- + Na* (Highly ionised) pH Of a acidic buffer solution (Handerson Equation) fa] PH = pK,+ los Fig] itis mainly coming from salt. IHA| = Initial concentration of the acid. pl=pk, +Hog St [Acid} (B) Basie Buffer Solution Basic buffer solution consists of a mixture of a weak base and its salt with strong acid. pH of Basic Buffer Solution [salt] POH = pK y+ log Fp) > pH=14-poH pOH range Asolution can act as buffer solution only if ratio of concentration of salt to base is from 0.1 t0 10, NH,OH =: NACI 1 10 pOH=pK,+1 10 1 pOH=pK,~1 So pOH range is pKb + 1 pH range Asolution can act as buffer solution only if ratio of concentration of salt to aci from 0.1 to 10. CH3COOH: — CHCOONa 1 10 pH=pK,+1 1 pH=pK,-1 pKatt Buffer Capacity Moles of H+ or OH- ions that must be added to I liter of a buffer solution to change its pH by 1 unit. Higher the Buffer capacity, better is the buffer solution. lee aa JEE | NEET | Class 9,10‘An indicator is a substance which changes 1P K,, : The solution is supersaturated At end point N,V, =NiV2 and hence precipitation of the S.No | Indicators pH Colour in | Colour in basic compound will occur. range | acidic med. | med. eat iz Methylorange [34 to4a | red aie exceeds the solubility product of the salt. Common Ion Effect On Solubility 2 Methyl red 421063 | red Yellow Simultancous Solul + When two sparingly soluble salts are added 3 Phenol red 628 t0 84 | Yellow red in water simultaneously, there will be two simultaneous equilibria in the solution. 4 Phenolphthalie | 8.3t010 | colourless | red Selective Precipitation ‘When the Ksp values differ then one of Solubility Solubility Product(Ksp) the salt can be selectively precipitated. At constant temperature the maximum + General form Effect on Solubility because of number of moles of solute wi heanbe ABS) = _XA%aq) + YB) Complex Formation dissolved in a solvent to obtain 1 litre of Kp =x yrs) Solubility of AgCl in aqueous NHL ia solution. 2 é Condition Of Tonic Product roughly 10,000 its solubility in water s(M) = SE ed P Or Qsp) ‘as shown in problem below. volume of solution (L) IAg"IICE[(at all concentration) A8CHS) = As‘Gaq) + CI (aa) and K,=[Ag'IICH [at equilibrium) —Ag'(aq) +2NH,(aq) = [Ag(NH),I* (aq) JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 dag