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Preface

Our goal is to explain the molecular basis of life at the of each class of molecules, so the reader learns where
cellular level. We use evolution and molecular structures the many varieties of each type of molecule came from.
to provide the context for understanding the dynamic Our goal is for readers to understand the big picture
mechanisms that support life. As research in cell biology rather than just a mass of details. For example, Chapter
advances quickly, the field may appear to grow more 16 opens with an original figure showing the evolution
complex, but we aim to show that understanding cells of all types of ion channels to provide context for each
actually becomes simpler as new general principles family of channels in the following text. Given that these
emerge and more precise molecular mechanisms replace molecular systems operate on time scales ranging from
vague concepts about biological processes. milliseconds to hours, we note (where it is relevant)
For this edition, we revised the entire book, taking the concentrations of the molecules and the rates of
the reader to the frontiers of knowledge with exciting their reactions to help readers appreciate the dynamics
new information on every topic. We start with new of life processes.
insights about the evolution of eukaryotes, followed by We present a wealth of experimental evidence in
macromolecules and research methods, including recent figures showing micrographs, molecular structures,
breakthroughs in light and electron microscopy. We and graphs that emphasize the results rather than the
begin the main part of the book with a section on basic experimental details. Many of the methods will be
molecular biology before sections on membranes, organ- new to readers. The chapter on experimental methods
elles, membrane traffic, signaling, adhesion and extracel- introduces how and why scientists use particularly
lular matrix, and cytoskeleton and cellular motility. As in important approaches (such as microscopy, classical
the first two editions, we conclude with a comprehen- genetics, genomics and reverse genetics, and biochemi-
sive section on the cell cycle, which integrates all of cal methods) to identify new molecules, map molecular
the other topics. pathways, or verify physiological functions.
Our coverage of most topics begins with an introduc- The book emphasizes molecular mechanisms because
tion to the molecular hardware and finishes with an they reveal the general principles of cellular function. As
account of how the various molecules function together a further demonstration of this generality, we use a wide
in physiological systems. This organization allows for range of experimental organisms and specialized cells
a clearer exposition of the general principles of each and tissues of vertebrate animals to illustrate these
class of molecules, since they are treated as a group general principles. We also use medical “experiments of
rather than isolated examples for each biological system. nature” to illustrate physiological functions throughout
This approach allows us to present the operation of the book, since connections have now been made
complex processes, such as signaling pathways, as an between most cellular systems and disease. The chapters
integrated whole, without diversions to introduce the on cellular functions integrate material on specialized
various components as they appear along the pathway. cells and tissues. Epithelia, for example, are covered
For example, the section on signaling mechanisms under membrane physiology and junctions; excitable
begins with chapters on receptors, cytoplasmic signal membranes of neurons and muscle under membrane
transduction proteins, and second messengers, so the physiology; connective tissues under the extracellular
reader is prepared to appreciate the dynamics of 10 criti- matrix; the immune system under connective tissue
cal signaling systems in the chapter that concludes the cells, apoptosis, and signal transduction; muscle under
section. Teachers of shorter courses may concentrate the cytoskeleton and cell motility; and stem cells and
on a subset of the examples in these systems chapters, cancer under the cell cycle and signal transduction.
or they may use parts of the “hardware” chapters as The Guide to Figures Featuring Specific Organisms
reference material. and Specialized Cells that follows the Contents lists
We use molecular structures as one starting point for figures by organism and cell. The relevant text accompa-
explaining how each cellular system operates. This nies these figures. Readers who wish to assemble a unit
edition includes more than 50 of the most important and on cellular and molecular mechanisms in the immune
revealing new molecular structures derived from elec- system, for example, will find the relevant material
tron cryomicroscopy and x-ray crystallography. We associated with the figures that cover lymphocytes/
explain the evolutionary history and molecular diversity immune system.

vii
viii PREFACE

Our Student Consult site provides links to the Protein Throughout, we have attempted to create a view of
Data Bank (PDB), so readers can use the PDB accession Cell Biology that is more than just a list of parts and
numbers in the figure legends to review original data, reactions. Our book will be a success if readers finish
display an animated molecule, or search links to the each section with the feeling that they understand better
original literature simply by clicking on the PDB number how some aspect of cellular behavior actually works at
in the online version of the text. a mechanistic level and in our bodies.

Thomas D. Pollard William C. Earnshaw

Graham T. Johnson

Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz
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THE GRIDIRON STREETS OF THE NOISY CITY.
New York Post Office, Broadway.

CHAPTER II.
THE SECOND CITY IN THE WORLD.
A pandemonium of type-writing machines—of gigantic type-writing
machines driven by demons who never tire—in some vast hall of
Eblis. The clank of the type, the swish of the machine, the quick
nervous ring of the bell, all indefinitely multiplied and magnified, fill
the vast space with a reverberating clangour. This clangour
continuously increases until its very vibrations seem to become
clotted and fill the air with a sound that can be felt in every pore. It
is like the pressure of an atmosphere so dense you can almost cut it
with a knife, an atmosphere that is never still, but perpetually frets,
and moans, and snarls with feverish unrest.
How many machines there must be to crowd the air with this million
times multiplied misery of click and clang—ring-ring—ring-ring—and
clang and click, that never stops, but rises and falls, rhythmless and
rude, like the waves of a choppy sea on a rocky beach! Now and
again through the infernal hubbub there pierces a dreadful wail,

As it were, one voice in agony

Of lamentation, like a wind that shrills
All night in a waste land, where no one comes
Or hath come since the making of the world.

How hot the air is! a temperature of the antechamber of Tophet. As

the perspiration bursts in great beads of moisture from your brow,
you hear the faint hum of circling wings, faint at first, but ever
growing shriller and more acute—hiss, zip—as the invisible fiend
circles round his prostrate victim. Hiss, zip, nearer, louder than
before, audible clearly even above the metallic storm of the type-
writing machines. And as the mosquito settles on your ear, you
awake with a start and suddenly realise where you are.
You are not in even the outermost circles of Dante’s “Inferno.” You
are trying to sleep in the heart of Central New York, in the midst of
all the thunder and the rush and the roar of her million-crowded
streets, along which surges as a restless tide the turbid and foaming
flood of city life. The bells of the tramcars continually sounding, the
weariless trampling of the ironshod hoofs over granite roadway, the
whirling rumble of the wheels, the roar of the trains which on the
elevated railways radiate uproar from a kind of infernal firmament on
high, all suffused and submerged in the murmurous hum that rises
unceasing from the hurrying footsteps in the crowded street, that
inarticulate voice of New York—

Sad as the wail that from the populous earth

All day and night to high Olympus soars.

And that dreadful shriek is the farewell of an Ocean liner sounding a

sonorous note with stentorian lungs as it quits the wharf.
There is nothing like it in London. Chicago, with all its bustle, has
nothing to compare to this harsh metallic clangour of struggle and
strife—although there the mournful death-tolling bell on the
locomotives which thread the streets supplies a note of pathos and
of awe that is missing in the racket and roar of New York.
One grows used to it in time, just as after a few days you become
used to the thrust and swirl of the screw which drives the liner
across the sea. The great ship vibrates in every nerve of steel, and
the state-room throbs with the thud of the engines. So the great city
pulses with strenuous power, and in the multitudinous uproar of its
streets we hear the sound of the friction of the two-million
manpower engine which has made even Lesser New York one of the
greatest driving forces of the American Republic.
It is a dynamo of the first order. And like the dynamo it is instinct
with magnetic power. All great cities are great magnets, and New
York is the greatest—but one—in the world.
The figures of the portentous growth of cities in our epoch recall the
familiar story in the “Arabian Nights Entertainments” of the vessel
which, sailing too near the Loadstone Mountain, was whelmed into
sudden destruction. For the attraction of the loadstone was such
that all the iron nails in the vessel were drawn out of their
fastenings, and the timbers that were once a ship became mere
flotsam and jetsam on the water. It is a wild and romantic fable in
the mouth of the Princess Scheherazade; but it is grim reality in the
world to-day. For the great city is to the rural population exactly
what the Arabian loadstone mountain was to the heedless sailor who
came within the range of its fascination. All the iron in the rural ship
of State is attracted to the mighty Babylon. The men with iron in
their blood, the girls whose pulses leap and tingle with the eager
flush of adventure and ambition, desert the village and the farm to
crowd the roaring mart and glaring street. The country is denuded of
its most vigorous children. The city engulfs into its insatiate maw all
those the brightest, the bravest, and the best.
The process goes on at an ever accelerating ratio. As Mr. Godkin has
well observed:—
Parks and gardens, cheap concerts, free museums and art galleries,
cheap means of conveyance, model lodging-houses, rich charities,
such as every city is now offering in abundance to all comers, are so
many inducements to country poor to try their luck in the streets.
They are the exact equivalents, as an invitation to the lazy and the
pleasure-loving, of the Roman circus and free flour which we all use
in explanation of the decline and fall of the Empire. They are luxuries
which seem to be within every man’s reach gratis, and they act with
tremendous force on the rural imagination.—North American Review,
June, 1890.
The percentage of urban to the total population of the United States,
defining as urban all dwellers in cities of more than 8,000
population, was 3·35 in 1790. Forty years later it had doubled. But in
1860 it was 16·13, and in 1890, 29·12. But the growth of the cities
which alone deserve the name of great has been still more
phenomenal. In 1840—not sixty years ago—the ten greatest cities of
America contained a total population of 711,652. To-day Brooklyn
alone, which has been merged as a kind of suburb in Greater New
York, has a population of a million, while the ten great cities, to be
hereafter known as the Great Ten—New York, Chicago, Philadelphia,
Brooklyn, St. Louis, Boston, Baltimore, San Francisco, Cincinnati, and
Cleveland—had in 1890 a population of 6,660,402, and will have in
1900 a population of eight millions. In fifty years the population of
the United States did not quadruple itself, for it only expanded in
round numbers from 17 millions to 62½ millions. But the great cities
increased themselves nearly ten-fold in the same period, and to-day
they contain 11 per cent. of the whole population of the Union. The
latest estimate of the present population of the country gives the
cities 25 millions out of the 72 million citizens of the United States.
If one-third of the inhabitants of the American Commonwealth dwell
in cities, these urban centres possess even more than one-third of
the wealth of the nation, and far more than one-third of its actual
power. A writer in one of the recent American magazines points out
that the wealth of the Great Ten in 1890 exceeded the wealth of the
whole country, cities included, in 1850. The revenue of the same
Great Ten amounted in 1890 to £25,000,000 per annum, a greater
sum than was raised for State purposes in all the federated States
and Territories. The annual Budget of New York and Brooklyn in
1890 dealt with ten millions sterling, a sum almost exactly equalling
the Budget of the United States forty years ago.
It is now half a century since De Tocqueville wrote:—“I look upon
the size of certain American cities, and especially upon the nature of
their population, as a real danger which threatens the security of the
Republic.” Since then this “real danger” has gone on increasing at an
ever accelerating ratio. When De Tocqueville wrote, there were only
three or four cities with a population over 100,000. To-day there are
thirty. And most remarkable fact of all, the population of Greater
New York is now equal in number to the total population of the
United States at the time of the Declaration of Independence. Her
3,200,000 inhabitants exceed nearly four-fold the total number of
the inhabitants in all the cities in the States at the time De
Tocqueville visited America. In the State of New York, sixty per cent,
of the inhabitants live in cities; in Massachusetts, seventy per cent.
This tendency townwards, which is one of the most striking
characteristics of the English-speaking race all round the world, is
nowhere more conspicuous than in the United States; and New York,
of all American cities, is that where this centripetal law is just now
seen to be operating most powerfully. In the amalgamation by which
the Greater New York has come into being we have the latest
manifestation of the craving on the part of all modern men to come
together in ever-increasing agglomerations of humanity. The
fissiparous tendency so perceptible in politics is not visible in cities.
There are numerous instances of two cities fusing into one; but no
city having once achieved its unity splits it up. Amalgamation, not
separation, is the order of the day. Where a river does not divide—as
for instance, in the case of Gateshead, that “long, narrow, dirty lane
leading into Newcastle-on-Tyne,” or in the case of Salford—the larger
town invariably swallows up its minor neighbours, as a large
raindrop on the window-pane attracts the smaller drops in its
immediate vicinity. In the case of Greater New York, not even the
dividing river has been able to prevent the law of gravitation doing
its will.
The City of New York is indeed seated upon rivers, and if State
boundaries had not stood in the way, there is little doubt that Jersey
City would have shared the fate of Brooklyn and Long Island. But
even without Jersey City, the new urban conglomerate will be the
second city of the world in populousness and greater even than
London in area.
The City of New York has an area of 39 square miles, while the area
of Greater New York is over 300 square miles. Brooklyn contains 29
square miles, Staten Island comprises nearly 60 square miles,
Westchester County annex has an area of about 20 square miles,
and the Long Island townships included in the scheme have an
aggregate extent of perhaps 170 miles.
At the first election for the Greater New York, held this year, no
fewer than 567,000 citizens were registered as electors in this
colossal constituency. The Greater New York charter divides the city
into five boroughs. (1) Manhattan, consisting of the island of
Manhattan, and the outlying islands naturally related to it. (2) The
Bronx, including all that part of the present City of New York lying
north of the Harlem, a territory which comprises two-thirds of the
area of the present City of New York. (3) Brooklyn. (4) Queen’s,
consisting of that portion of Queen’s County which is incorporated
into the Greater New York. (5) Richmond; that is, Staten Island. The
population of the City of New York which before the amalgamation
was close on 2,000,000, is now swollen to 3,200,000, of whom
nearly 2,000,000 live in tenement houses.
The size of New York is by no means its most notable distinction.
Chicago some day may, by right of its more central position, win the
prize of being recognised as the real if not the political capital of the
United States. But the position to which Chicago aspires has, for
nearly a century, been held by New York. For New York is one of the
few cities in the States which are not of yesterday. Of course,
compared with London, which dates back to the Cæsars, New York
is but a mushroom upstart. But as in the realm of the blind the one-
eyed man is king, so in the New World a city which can count its
history by centuries may be regarded as possessing quite a
respectable antiquity.
 Larger Image

To us in the Old World it is the window through which we look into

America. Peter the Great built his capital on the Neva in order to
have a window from which he could look into Europe. New York
serves much the same purpose. It is through the window-pane of
New York that the Old World sees what little it does see that is going
on in the American Republic. All the newspaper correspondents of
the European press without a single exception, so far as I know,
cable from New York. Not a single British newspaper has a
correspondent at Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, or Washington. As
for the suggestion of publishing telegrams from New Orleans or San
Francisco, it would be more reasonable to expect to see despatches
from Mars. This leads, no doubt, to much misconception. The New
York window is by no means of transparent crystal. Those who
consent to see the United States solely through their New York
window-pane will often be egregiously misled. Nevertheless, the fact
remains that New York is the only window through which the Old
World peeps into the New.
Nor is that the only special reason why New York is better known to
us of the older branch of the race than any other part of the
American Continent. New York is not more the only window than it is
the only door of the New World. The Atlantic is furrowed by a
thousand keels, but all the liners steer for New York. Steamers no
doubt ply to Boston and to Philadelphia, but the great trade route—
the only passenger route—lies past Sandy Hook. New York is the
front gate of the Western hemisphere. Even Canada finds it more
convenient to use the New York entrance than the ice-blocked
mouth of the St. Lawrence. Hence, whatever else the Old World man
may see or fail to see in the New World, the one place he is certain
to see, the one place which he cannot avoid seeing, is the Queen of
the Hudson.
And as New York is the first American city which every traveller sees,
and the last which he leaves, so New York has attracted a greater
number of European residents than any other city, with the doubtful
exception of Chicago. In 1888, thirty-six per cent. of the citizens
were either Irish or of Irish descent. The German element was in
1891 estimated at twenty-five per cent. In the City of New York the
indigenous American only numbers twenty per cent.
But it is not its imported population which makes it so peculiarly
European. Chicago is at least as cosmopolitan, but the city on Lake
Michigan counts herself much more American than her sister on the
Hudson. During the last Presidential Campaign New York was
constantly singled out for attack by the Bryanite orators of the West
and South as if it were a foreign and hostile colony encamped on
American soil. Wall Street, the centre of the financial system of the
United States, was as sound on the currency question as the Old
Lady of Threadneedle Street, and the advocates of Free Silver
confounded New York and London alike beneath their savage
anathema. Community of interest begets community of ideas, and
the Western men angrily declare that New York is no more a typical
American city than London or Liverpool. This is an exaggeration, no
doubt. But neighbourhood counts for something, and New York is a
thousand miles nearer to London than to Chicago.
New York is only six days’ steaming from Europe. It is the centre
from whence the mighty shuttles ply back and forth across the
Atlantic, weaving the ocean-sundered sections of our race into one.
Of the threads, some end at Southampton and others at Liverpool.
But they all start from New York.

ONE OF THE WINDOW-PANES OF THE WINDOW OF THE NEW

WORLD.
Printing-House Square, New York.
There is another distinctive element about New York. It is the great
literary producing-centre of the American people. Boston has long
since been dethroned. No other city has even ventured to contest
the primacy of New York. There is not a single magazine printed in
America that has any circulation outside the United States which is
not edited, printed, and published in New York. The advantages of a
more central position enjoyed by Chicago are as nought compared
with those which New York enjoys in other ways. When I proposed
to publish the American Review of Reviews in Chicago, I was
promptly silenced by the statement that with the exception of the
Ladies’ Home Journal there was not a single periodical published
outside New York which could claim to have achieved a success.
New York, from the publishing point of view, is the hub of the
American universe. Her magazines, admirably edited and
marvellously illustrated, circulate in every nook and corner of the
English-speaking world. The magazines of the other cities are
virtually unknown outside the Republic, and often, it may be said,
outside the city that gives them birth. New York, then, as the
window and front door of the United States, with an unchallenged
financial, commercial, shipping and literary ascendency, has the pull
over all her rivals. To nine-tenths of mankind New York is America.
All the rest of the country is but the pedestal upon which New York
stands.
This pre-eminent position carries with it a grave responsibility. If the
world at large judges the American Commonwealth by New York,
then New York owes a double duty both to the American
Commonwealth and to the world at large. Hence the extreme
interest which the latest evolution in the civic development of New
York naturally arouses. This Greater New York—what does it mean?
How did it come into being? What were the issues at stake at the
late Election? All these questions every one is asking. I propose to
attempt to supply some answer.
It is a task of some difficulty and no little importance; for not merely
is New York—rightly or wrongly—regarded as the most typical and
best known American city, but the United States tends more and
more to become not a federation of States and territories, but an
association of huge cities. The Great Ten not merely include within
their boundaries nearly eight million persons, or more than ten per
cent. of the whole population; they do the thinking and the guiding
and the managing of a very large proportion of the remaining nine-
tenths. Draw a circle with a three-hundred-mile radius round the
Great Ten, and you inclose an area which is practically dominated by
the Ten and educated by their newspapers. The Newspaper Area is a
phrase not yet naturalised in geographies, but it is the most real and
living area of all those into which the social organism is divided. For
the newspaper collects its news every day, and sells its news every
morning and evening, thereby creating a living, ever-renewed bond
between the dwellers within the radius of its circulation infinitely
superior to the nexus supplied by the tax-collector and the
policeman. It is not difficult to define the length of the range within
which a newspaper can create a constituency. It is rigidly limited by
the distance from the printing-office in which a newspaper can be
delivered before breakfast. After breakfast the influence of the
newspaper dwindles every minute. Any one living so far off as not to
be able to obtain his newspaper before dinner is practically outside
the pale—unless, of course, he lives remote from any local centre of
news distribution. In that case the range of influence is almost
indefinite, as is shown to this day in the hold which the weekly New
York Tribune exercises over farmers scattered everywhere between
the Atlantic and the Rocky Mountains. But speaking generally, the
range of the Newspaper Area is limited by breakfast-time.
 THE FRONT DOOR OF THE NEW WORLD.

Greater New York has come into being in order to increase, not to
diminish, the influence of New York in the Republic and in the world
at large. This influence may be for evil. “Under the new charter,”
says Mr. W. C. De Witt, Chairman of the Committee which drafted
that document, “the City of New York at one bound becomes the
mistress of the Western hemisphere and the second city of the
world. It should be to its people what Athens was to the Greek,
Rome to the Romans, Florence to the Florentine—an object of
constant solicitude and of civic pride.”
The question whether they intend to obey the voice of their friendly
mentor is one on which the future fortune of the American
Commonwealth will largely depend. For, as Mr. J. C. Adams pointed
out in a thoughtful article on “The Municipal Threat in National
Politics,” which he contributed to the New England Magazine in July,
1891:—
The misgovernment of the cities is the prophecy of misgovernment
of the nation; just as the paralysis of the great nerve-centres means
the palsy of the whole body. There is graver danger to the republic
in the failure of good government in our cities than arises from the
moral corruption which accompanies that failure. The
misgovernment of our cities means the break-down of one of the
two fundamental principles upon which our political fabric rests. It is
the failure of local self-government in a most vital part. It is as great
a peril to the republic as the revolt against the Union. For the
republic is organised upon two great political ideas, both essential to
its existence. The first is the principle of federation, which is
embodied in the Union; the second is the principle of local self-
government, which places the business of the states and the towns
in the hands of the people who live in them. Both of these are vital
principles. The republic has survived the attempt to subvert one of
them. It has just entered on its real struggle with a serious attack
upon the other.
The fate, therefore, of the American Republic may be bound up with
the fortunes of Greater New York.

CHAPTER III.
ST. TAMMANY AND THE DEVIL.
Hitherto, the city government of New York has not been a credit to
the Republic; otherwise I should not be publishing a survey of the
way in which New York has been governed as “Satan’s Invisible
World Displayed.” The title, of course, is an adaptation, not an
invention. The original holder of the copyright was one Hopkins, of
the seventeenth century, who, having had much experience in the
discovery of witches, deemed himself an expert qualified to describe
the inner history and secret mystery of the infernal regions under
that picturesque title. I have adopted it as being on the whole the
most appropriate description of the state of abysmal abomination
into which the government of New York had sunk before the great
revolt of 1894 broke the power of Tammany—for a season—and
placed in office a Reform Government charged to cleanse the
Augean stable. The old witchfinder had no story to tell so horrible or
so incredible as that which I have drawn up from the sworn evidence
of witnesses exposed to public cross-examination before a State
Commission in the City of New York. In the reports of the infernal
Sabbats, for attending which thousands of old women were burnt or
hanged in the seventeenth century, there always figures in the
background, as the central figure in the horrid drama, a form but
half-revealed, concerning whose identity even the witchfinders speak
with awe. The weird women, with their incantations and their
broomsticks, their magic spells and their diabolical trysts, are but the
slaves of the Demon, who, whether as their lover or their torturer, is
ever their master, whose name they whisper with fear, and whose
commands they obey with instant alacrity. For the Master of
Ceremonies in the Infernal revels, the Lord of the Witches’ Sabbat, is
none other than Satan himself, the incarnate principle of Evil, the
Boss of Hell!
In the modern world, sceptical and superstitious, these tales of
witches and warlocks seem childish nonsense, unworthy of the
attention of grown-up men. But although the dramatis personæ
have changed, and the mise-en-scène, the same phenomena
reappear eternally. Here in the history of New York we have the
whole infernal phantasmagoria once again, with heelers for witches,
policemen as wizards, and secret sessions in Tammany Hall as the
Witches’ Sabbat of the new era. And behind them all, always present
but dimly seen—the omnipresent central force, whose name is
muttered with awe, and whose mandate is obeyed with speed—is
the same sombre figure whom his devotees regard with passionate
worship, and whom his enemies dread even as they curse his name.
And this modern Sathanas—this man who to every good Republican
is the most authentic incarnation of the principle of Evil, the veritable
archfiend of the political world—is the Boss of Tammany Hall.
Among the many legends which have clustered round the beginning
of the great association which has played so conspicuous a part in
the history of New York, there is one which appeals specially to the
sense of humour. Tammany, according to tradition, was the name of
a Delaware Indian who in ancient days belonged to a Redskin
confederacy that inhabited the regions now known as New Jersey
and Pennsylvania. His name has been variously spelled as Temane,
Tamanend, Taminent, Tameny, and Tammany.
Curiously enough, by a kind of metamorphosis by no means without
precedent among more historical saints, his name has been attached
to a locality which he probably never visited, and with the
inhabitants of which he and his people lived in hereditary feud. This
was not, however, due to any of his conflicts with the Mohicans, who
in those days pitched their wigwams on the island of Manhattan. He
owes it to a battle which he fought with no less a personage than
the great enemy of mankind. In the days when St. Tammany, passed
his legendary existence, there were no white men on the American
Continent; but although the Pale-Face was absent, the Black man
was in full force, and one fine day St. Tammany was exposed to the
fell onslaught of the foul fiend. At first, as is his wont, the bad spirit,
with honeyed words, sought to be admitted to a share in the
government of Tammany’s realm.
“Get thee behind me, Satan!” rendered in the choicest Delaware
dialect, was the Saint’s response to the offers of the tempter. But as
a more illustrious case attests, the Devil is not a person who will
accept a first refusal. Changing his tactics, he brought upon St.
Tammany and his Delawares many grievous afflictions of body and
of estate, and while the good Chief’s limbs were sore and his heart
was heavy, the cunning deceiver attempted to slink into the country
unawares.
St. Tammany, however, although sick and sore, slept with one eye
open, and the Devil was promptly ordered to “get out of that,” with
an emphasis which left him no option but to obey. Again and again
the Devil, renewing his attacks, tried his best to circumvent St.
Tammany, but finding that all was in vain, he at last flung patience
and strategy to the winds, and boldly attacked the great Sagamore
in order to overwhelm him by his infernal might.

UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK, WITH THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT.

Then, says the legend, ensued the most tremendous battle that has
ever been waged between man and his great enemy. For many
months the great fight went on, and as Tammany and the Devil
wrestled to and fro in mortal combat, whole forests were broken
down, and the ground was so effectually trampled under foot that it
has remained prairie land to this day. At last, after the forests had
been destroyed, and the country trodden flat, St. Tammany, catching
his adversary unawares, tripped him up, and hurled him to the
ground. It was in the nick of time, for Tammany was so exhausted
with the prolonged struggle that when he drew his scalping-knife to
make a final end of the Evil One, the fiend, to the eternal regret of
all the children of men, succeeded in slipping from Tammany’s
clutches. He escaped across the river to New York, where—so runs
the legend, as it is recorded by a writer in Harper—“he was
hospitably received by the natives, and has ever since continued to
make his home.”
Such, in the quaint but suggestive narrative of the ancient myth, is
the way in which the Devil first came to New York, where, as if in
revenge for his defeat, he seems to have christened the political
organisation which has been his headquarters after the name of
Tammany.
The Tammany organisation did not in the beginning take its rise in
New York. It first sprang into being in the ranks of the revolutionary
army of Pennsylvania. Tammany, or Tamanend, as he was then
called, was adopted by the Pennsylvanian troops under General
Washington as their patron saint. There were two reasons for this.
In the first place, it was Hobson’s choice, for St. Tammany was the
only native American who had ever been canonised; and, in the
second place, nothing seemed more appropriate to the revolutionary
heroes than to adopt as their patron saint a brave who had
“whipped the Devil.” St. Tammany, therefore, came to be adopted by
the American army as a kind of counterpart to our own St. George.
St. Tammany and the Devil seemed to be a good counterpoise to the
legendary tale of St. George and the Dragon. The 12th of May was
Tammany’s Saint’s Day, and was celebrated with wigwams, liberty
poles, tomahawks, and all the regular paraphernalia of the Redskin.
A soldier attired in Indian costume represented the great Sachem,
“and, after delivering a talk full of eloquence for law and liberty and
courage in battle to the members of the order, they danced with
feathers in their caps and buck tails dangling on behind.” The
practice spread from the Pennsylvania troops to the rest of the army,
and so popular did Tammany become that May 12th bid fair to be
much more a popular national festival than July 4th.
It was not until this century had begun that the Tammany Society
was domiciled in New York. It was introduced there by an
upholsterer of Irish descent, named William Mooney. He did not take
much stock in St. Tammany, but preferred to call his Society the
Columbian Order, in honour of Columbus. The transactions of the
Society dated from the discovery of America. Besides the European
head, who was to be known as the Great Father, there were to be
twelve Sachems, or counsellors—“Old Men” being the Indian
signification of the word; a Sagamore, or master of ceremonies; a
Wiskinkie, or doorkeeper of the sacred wigwam; and a Secretary.
The Society from its outset appears to have been political, but in its
early days it combined charity with politics. In the second year of its
existence it undertook the establishment of a Museum of Natural
History, and got together the exhibits which formed the nucleus of
Barnum’s famous museum. It was a social and convivial club, which
met first in a hotel of Broadway, then in a public-house in Broad
Street, and finally in the Pig-pen, a long room attached to a saloon
kept by one Martling. In 1811 it erected a hall of its own. Its present
address is “Tammany Hall, Fourteenth Street.”
There is no necessity to do more than glance at the curious
beginnings of a society which is perhaps the most distinctively
American of all the associations that have ever been founded in the
New World. A writer of “The Story of Tammany,” which appeared in
Harper’s Magazine many years ago, from which most of these facts
are taken, says:—
The Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, is doubtless the oldest
purely self-constituted political association in the world, and has
certainly been by far the most influential. Beginning with the
government, for it was organised within a fortnight of the
inauguration of the first President, and at a spot within the sound of
his voice as he spoke his first official words to his countrymen, it has
not only continued down to the present time—through nearly three
generations of men—but has controlled the choice of at least one
President, fixed the character of several national as well as State
administrations, given pseudonyms to half a dozen well-known
organisations, and, in fact, has shaped the destiny of the country in
several turning-points of its history.
Few suspect, much less comprehend, the extent of the influence this
purely local association has exerted. To its agency more than any
other is due the fact that for the last three-quarters of a century
New York city has been the most potent political centre in the world,
not even Paris excepted. Greater than a party, inasmuch as it has
been the master of parties, it has seen political organisation after
organisation, in whose conflicts it has fearlessly participated, arise,
flourish, and go down, and yet has stood ready, with powers
unimpaired, to engage in the struggles of the next crop of
contestants. In this experience it has been solitary and peculiar.
Imitators it has had in abundance, but not one of them has
succeeded in catching that secret of political management which has
endowed Tammany with its wonderful permanency.
What is that secret? It is unquestionably to be traced, in part, to the
sagacity which Tammany’s leaders have at all times shown in
forecasting the changes of political issues, or availing themselves of
the opportunities afforded by current events as they have arisen.
Tammany has not only furnished the most capable politicians the
country has possessed, but has managed to ally itself with the
shrewdest ones to be found outside of its own organisation. It has
always shown a willingness to trade in the gifts at its command, and
rarely indeed has it got the worst of a bargain.
 FIRST TAMMANY HALL, ERECTED 1811.

The writer in Harper, however, while attempting to explain the secret

of Tammany, only raises a still more difficult question. How is it that
Tammany should have been able to discern the signs of the times
better than its rivals? How is it that Tammany has been able to
furnish the most capable politicians the country has ever possessed,
and how is it that it has displayed so much wisdom? There is one
explanation, which, no doubt, commends itself to many of those
who have spent their life in fighting Tammany Hall. Tammany has
little regard for the innocence of the dove, but it has always
displayed the wisdom of the serpent. Considering the place where
the Author of all Evil found refuge after his discomfiture by St.
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