Minister Plenipotentiary at Brussels, and

TOPIC OUTLINE ●​ DON RAFAEL CERERO, General of

Division;
I.​ Treaty of Paris
II.​ Political Caricatures of the American Era → Who, having assembled in Paris, and having
III.​ Filipino Grievances Against Governor exchanged their full powers, which were found to be
Wood in due and proper form, have, after discussion of the
IV.​ Corazon Aquino Speech matters before them, agreed upon the following
V.​ Raiders of the Sum Sea articles:
VI.​ Legacy of Hewes
●​ The story of Bartaan and Corregidor
VII.​ First Mass in the Philippines ARTICLE I
VIII.​ First Cry of Revolution
●​ Spain relinquishes all claim of sovereignty
over and title to Cuba.
TREATY OF PARIS
●​ And as the island is, upon its evacuation by
Treaty of Peace between the United States of America
Spain, to be occupied by the United States,
and the Kingdom of Spain signed in Paris
the United States will, so long as such as
December 10, 1898
occupation shall last, assume and discharge
PROCLAMATION the obligations that may under international
law result from the fact of its occupation, for
Whereas, a Treaty of Peace between the United the protection of life and property.
States of America and Her Majesty the Queen
Regent of Spain, in the name of her August Son,
Don Alfonso XIII, was concluded and signed by their ARTICLE II
respective plenipotentiaries at Paris on the tenth day
of December, 1898, the original of which Convention ●​ Spain cedes to the United States the island
being in the English and Spanish languages, is word of Porto Rico and other islands now under
for word as follows: Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and
the island of Guam in the Marianas or
●​ THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED Ladrones
STATES,
●​ WILLIAM R. DAY, CUSHMAN K. DAVIS,
WILLIAM P. FRYE, GEORGE GRAY, and ARTICLE III
WHITELAW REID, citizens of the United
States; Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago
●​ AND HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN known as the Philippine Islands, and
REGENT OF SPAIN, comprehending the islands lying within the following
●​ DON EUGENIO MONTERO RIOS, line:
President of the Senate ●​ A line runs west to east along the 20th
●​ DON BUENAVENTURA De ABARZUZA, parallel north, passing through the middle of
Senator of the Kingdom and ex-Minister of the navigable channel of Bachi, from 118° to
the Crown, 127° east of Greenwich.
●​ DON JOSE DE GARNICA, Deputy to the ●​ From there, it follows the 127th meridian
Cortes and Associate Justice of the east down to 4°45′ north latitude.
Supreme Court; ●​ It continues along 4°45′ north until reaching
●​ DON WENCESLAO RAMIREZ DE 119°35′ east of Greenwich.
VILLA-URRUTIA, Envoy Extraordinary and ●​ Then, it follows 119°35′ east up to 7°40′
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1丨Cram & Care Club
 north latitude. ratification, during which the United States
●​ The line extends along 7°40′ north until it may buy these materials from Spain if both
meets the 116th meridian east. Governments agree on it.
●​ From there, a direct line runs to the
intersection of 10° north latitude and 118°
east longitude. ARTICLE VI
●​ Finally, it follows the 118th meridian east
back to the starting point. ●​ Spain will, after signing the treaty, free all
prisoners of war and individuals detained for
→ The United States will pay to Spain the sum of political offenses related to the insurrections
twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three in Cuba and the Philippines, as well as the
months after the exchange of the ratifications of the war with the United States
present treaty.
●​ In return, the United States will release all its
prisoners of war and will work to secure the
ARTICLE IV release of all Spanish prisoners held by
insurgents in Cuba and the Philippines.
●​ The United States will, for the term of ten
years from the date of the exchange of the ●​ The United States will return to Spain, at its
ratifications of the present treaty, admit own expense, the prisoners it releases, and
Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports Spain will similarly return to the United
of the Philippine Islands on the same terms States the prisoners it releases, based on
as ships and merchandise of the United their respective homes in Cuba, Porto Rico,
States. and the Philippines.

ARTICLE V ARTICLE VII

●​ The United States will, after signing the ●​ The United States and Spain agree to give
treaty, return Spanish soldiers who were up all claims for compensation, whether
captured in Manila at its own expense, and national or individual, from either
their weapons will be given back to them. Government or its citizens, against the other
Government. This applies to claims that may
●​ Spain will begin evacuating the Philippines have arisen since the beginning of the recent
and Guam after the treaty is ratified, insurrection in Cuba and before the treaty's
following similar terms to those established ratification, including claims related to the
for Porto Rico and other Caribbean islands cost of the war.
under the Protocol of August 12, 1898, which ●​ The United States will handle and resolve
remains in effect until fully implemented. the claims of its citizens against Spain that
are waived in this article.
●​ The deadline for completing the evacuation
of the Philippines and Guam will be set by
both Governments. All military property, ARTICLE VIII
including colors, unseized ships, weapons,
and supplies belonging to Spain in the ●​ In accordance with Articles I, II, and III of this
Philippines and Guam, will remain Spain's treaty, Spain gives up its rights in Cuba and
property. Heavy artillery in fortifications will cedes its possessions in Porto Rico, other
stay in place for six months from the treaty's West Indian islands, Guam, and the
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 Philippines. This includes all buildings, laws that apply to other foreigners.
wharves, barracks, forts, roads, and other
immovable property that belong to the public ●​ If they decide to remain in the territory, they
domain under Spanish law. can maintain their allegiance to the Crown of
Spain by declaring their intention to do so
●​ It is stated that this relinquishment or cession before a court of record within a year of the
does not affect the property rights of treaty's ratification. If they do not make this
provinces, municipalities, public or private declaration, they will be considered to have
entities, religious or civic organizations, or renounced their allegiance and will adopt the
any other legally recognized groups or nationality of the territory in which they
individuals of any nationality who possess reside.
property in these territories.
●​ The civil rights and political status of the
●​ This relinquishment or cession also includes native inhabitants of the territories ceded to
all documents related to the sovereignty the United States will be determined by
being relinquished or ceded that exist in the Congress.
archives in Spain. If any document only
partially relates to this sovereignty, a copy of
the relevant part will be provided upon ARTICLE X
request. Similar provisions will apply for
Spain regarding documents in the archives ●​ The inhabitants of the territories over which
of the ceded islands. Spain relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty
shall be secured in the free exercise of their
●​ Additionally, this relinquishment or cession religion.
encompasses the rights of the Crown of
Spain and its authorities concerning official
archives and records, both executive and ARTICLE XI
judicial, pertaining to the islands and their
inhabitants' rights and properties. These ●​ Spaniards living in the territories that Spain
archives and records will be preserved, and cedes or relinquishes sovereignty over will
private individuals will have the right to be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts in
request authenticated copies of contracts, the country where they reside, both in civil
wills, and other documents from notarial and criminal matters, according to the
records or files, whether they are in Spain or normal laws of that country.
the islands mentioned.
●​ They will have the right to appear in these
courts and to pursue legal matters just like
ARTICLE IX the citizens of that country.

●​ Spanish subjects who are natives of the

Peninsula and live in the territory that Spain ARTICLE XII
relinquishes or cedes under this treaty can
choose to stay or leave. In either case, they Pending judicial proceedings at the time of the
will retain all their property rights, including treaty's ratification in the territories that Spain
the ability to sell or manage their property relinquishes or cedes shall be resolved according to
and its proceeds. They are also permitted to the following rules:
continue their business and professional
activities, but they will be subject to the same ●​ Judgments that have been made in civil
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 cases between private individuals or in ARTICLE XV
criminal matters prior to the ratification date,
for which there are no further recourse or ●​ Each government will provide, for a period of
review rights under Spanish law, shall be ten years, the same treatment to the
considered final. These judgments will be merchant vessels of the other country
executed by the appropriate authority in the regarding all port charges, which include
territory where they are applicable. entrance and clearance dues, light dues, and
●​ Civil cases between private individuals that tonnage duties, as it provides to its own
are ongoing at the time of ratification shall be merchant vessels that are not involved in
prosecuted to resolution in the court where coastwise trade.
they are currently pending or in a substituted
court. ●​ This agreement can be terminated by either
●​ Criminal cases that are pending before the government at any time with six months'
Supreme Court of Spain against citizens of notice to the other government.
the territory that is no longer Spanish will
continue under the Supreme Court's
jurisdiction until a final judgment is reached. ARTICLE XVI
Once such a judgment is rendered, its
execution will be the responsibility of the ●​ It is understood that any obligations
competent authority in the location where the assumed in this treaty by the United States
case originated. with respect to Cuba are limited to the time
of its occupancy thereof; but it will upon the
termination of such occupancy, advise any
ARTICLE XIII Government established in the island to
assume the same obligations.
●​ The property rights secured by copyrights
and patents obtained by Spaniards in Cuba,
Porto Rico, the Philippines, and other ARTICLE XVII
territories that are ceded will continue to be
respected at the time of the treaty's The present treaty shall be ratified by the President
ratification. of the United States, with the advice and consent of
●​ Additionally, Spanish scientific, literary, and the Senate, and by Her Majesty the Queen Regent
artistic works that do not undermine public of Spain. The ratifications of the treaty shall be
order in these territories will be allowed to exchanged in Washington within six months from
enter duty-free for a period of ten years, the signing date, or sooner if possible.
starting from the date of the treaty's ●​ In confirmation of this agreement, the
ratification. respective plenipotentiaries have signed the
treaty and affixed their seals.

ARTICLE XIV ●​ The treaty was executed in duplicate in Paris

on December 10, 1898.
●​ Spain shall have the power to establish
consular officers in the ports places of the The signatories are as follows:
territories, the sovereignty over which has ●​ WILLIAM R. DAY
been either relinquished or ceded by the ●​ CUSHMAN K. DAVIS
present treaty. ●​ WM P. FRYE
●​ GEO. GRAY
●​ WHITELAW REID
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 ●​ EUGENIO MONTERO RIOS
●​ B. DEABARDUZA
●​ J. DE GARNICA
●​ W R DE VILLA URRUTIA
●​ RAFAEL CERERO

Furthermore, it was confirmed that the Convention

was duly ratified by both parties, and the ratifications
were exchanged in Washington, D.C., on April 11,
1899.

●​ Therefore, I, William McKinley, President of

the United States of America, declare this
Convention public so that all articles and
clauses may be observed and fulfilled in
good faith by the United States and its
citizens.

●​ In witness whereof, I have set my hand and

affixed the seal of the United States.

●​ Done in Washington, D.C., on April 11, 1899,

in the year of our Lord and the 123rd year of
American Independence.

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 POLITICAL CARICATURES OF THE AMERICAN
ERA
NEW BIRD PREY
IS THE POLICE FORCE BRIBED? January 17, 1920
June 09, 1917
●​ As Manila's population surged during World
●​ The cartoon depicted refers to the initial War I, housing shortages became acute,
police scandal in Manila, dating back to leading to skyrocketing rents that, coupled
1917, when an informant named Pedro Chua with high food prices, plunged the working
accused high-ranking police officials of class into sudden poverty. In response to
accepting bribes from Chinese gambling widespread protests that reached the
establishments in the Binondo and Quiapo Malacanang Palace, Governor-General
districts. The publication of Chua’s Francis B. Harrison made a tentative move
allegations in the Philippines Free Press, a toward reform. He denounced "the rapacious
prominent weekly newspaper, generated a demands of the landlords" in a letter to the
significant public outcry and led to a series of Director General of the Civil Service and
accusations that eventually culminated in the proposed a bill to cap rents at 12 percent of
suicide of a police chief. Even after the Free the property's assessed value.
Press withdrew its allegations, Vicente
Sotto's Independent continued to assert the ●​ Despite the Independent's cartoon portraying
accuracy of Chua's claims through editorial Harrison as a hero, his proposed reform was
cartoons. far from heroic. The rhetoric of reform was
grand but ultimately served as a temporary
●​ Such themes of police corruption linked to measure rather than addressing the root
gambling enforcement were frequently issues. Genuine reform would have required
represented in political cartoons throughout government funding for public housing
the American colonial period in the construction—a step that Harrison, a liberal
Philippines. These cartoons typically governor, was unwilling to consider. Instead,
illustrated the Manila Police protecting government tax revenues, collected from all
gambling houses that were frequented by Filipinos, were used primarily to reward the
Filipino politicians, accepting bribes from Filipino elite for their loyalty rather than to
Chinese-operated clubs, or neglecting to benefit the masses. Lucrative government
dismantle criminal organizations in the city. positions were often given to the educated
children of the elite, while infrastructure
●​ The cartoonist, Fernando Amorsolo, development tended to favor planters and
employed a distinctly racist approach in his merchants who benefited from improved
illustration. He depicted the corrupt Filipino transportation and trade routes.
policeman with normal human features,
whereas the Chinese individuals were ●​ Aside from public education, the general
portrayed in a derogatory populace had limited access to the new
fashion—emaciated and leering, resembling governmental programs and services that
rodents rather than human beings. Although emerged during this period. Adhering to
Amorsolo's portrayal was particularly free-market ideology, the colonial American
extreme, it reflected a broader trend among administration was hesitant to intervene as
cartoonists of the time who similarly depicted food and rent speculators intensified the
Chinese individuals as corruptors or struggles of the working class. The food
smugglers, emphasizing a pervasive racial crisis ultimately subsided when global cereal
bias in the media narratives around police prices fell in the early 1920s.
corruption and gambling.

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 ●​ The cartoon's caption, "New Bird of Prey," loss.
references a landmark libel case in
Philippine journalism history. In 1908, the ●​ The land shown in the cartoon was originally
nationalist weekly El Renacimiento published acquired by the Church in the mid-19th
an editorial titled "Aves de Rapina" (Birds of century from Alejandro Roces, whose
Prey), criticizing Dean C. Worcester, the descendants later became publishers of the
Secretary of the Interior for the Philippines Manila Times. While the Santa Cruz church
Commission, for misusing his position to still stands today, its controversial parish
exploit the country. Worcester sued for libel house eventually transformed into a branch
and, two years later, won a monumental of Phil Trust, a bank owned by the Church.
judgment of P60,000 against El This ongoing struggle over Church
Renacimiento, a sum so staggering that it properties became a focal point of nationalist
forced the newspaper to close and sell off its sentiment, reflecting broader tensions
assets. This case exemplified the tensions between colonial authority, local governance,
between colonial authorities and the and the influence of religious institutions in
burgeoning Philippine press, highlighting the the Philippines.
challenges faced by the media in holding
power to account.
WHERE THE MOSQUITO IS KING, DONDE EL
MOSQUITO ES REY
WHILE THE PRIEST LIVES ALONE IN A BIG April 16, 1921
BUILDING
May 1, 1920 ●​ Manila, situated on swampy terrain and
surrounded by streams and ponds, served
●​ Vicente Sotto, the publisher of The as a natural breeding ground for malarial
Independent, was emblematic of the mosquitoes. During the 19th century, the
nationalist sentiments of his time, frequently Spanish public health measures were
launching attacks against the Catholic grossly inadequate, leaving the city in a state
Church. In the editorial accompanying the of poor health when the Americans arrived in
cartoon, he called on the government to 1898. Recognizing the urgent need for
confiscate the large residence of the priests effective public health strategies, the
affiliated with the Santa Cruz parish church. American authorities applied their
Sotto argued that the public should not have experience with tropical health issues from
to endure the overcrowded conditions of the Caribbean to combat epidemic diseases
Plaza Goiti and Plaza Santa Cruz while a in Manila.
single priest resided in an expansive home.
●​ Under their governance, major strides were
●​ The issue of Church property was made in controlling diseases such as
particularly contentious for nationalists. In malaria, smallpox, cholera, and plague. The
1906, the Philippine Supreme Court ruled Board of Health implemented strict public
that the Roman Catholic Church was the health regulations, which helped manage
lawful owner of all contested properties, a these tropical illnesses. For example, during
decision that effectively stripped the the cholera epidemic from 1902 to 1904,
nationalistic Aglipayan Church of the parish Manila recorded 4,386 deaths, a relatively
churches it had occupied following the mild figure compared to the devastating tolls
revolution. This ruling contributed to the seen in previous outbreaks during the late
decline of the Aglipayan Church, leaving 19th century. Subsequent cholera outbreaks
nationalists feeling embittered about the in 1905-06 were effectively contained, and

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 by 1911, the disease was eradicated.
“LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY”
●​ This period also saw significant “LIBERTAD, IGUALDAD, FRATERNIDAD”
improvements in sanitation, with the Feb 12, 1921
construction of sewer systems and safe
water works, making the fight against ●​ The Philippine Assembly's decision to allow
malaria a notable success story for colonial all legislators, both active and retired, to
health initiatives. The Board of Health carry firearms sparked outrage in the Manila
distributed millions of doses of quinine and press, particularly from the Philippines Free
took steps to eliminate mosquito breeding Press. Despite the widespread criticism, the
sites by filling standing water holes, such as legislators moved forward with the law,
the moats around Intramuros, or treating dismissing the public's concerns and
them with petroleum. Additionally, houses protests.
situated near swampy areas were relocated
or the low-lying ground was filled to mitigate ●​ In a satirical editorial from February 1921,
health risks. the Free Press seized the opportunity to
However, by 1920, the Board of Health's mock the situation, stating: "Now, with our
vigilance began to wane, leading to a decline legislators and officials able to strut around
in mosquito control efforts. Under with a gun or two guns strapped about their
Governor-General Francis B. Harrison's manly waists, they will have to be respected.
"Filipinization" program, the Board of Health Now there will be no question as to who is
was transitioned to Filipino civil servants who running this show, no affront to their personal
did not apply the public health programs with dignity, no danger of being threatened just
the same level of efficiency or stringent like ordinary people..."
authority. This decline prompted criticism
from the Philippines Free Press. In an ironic ●​ The editorial highlighted the absurdity of the
editorial, the publication remarked on the situation, pointing out the stark contrast
ironic transformation of Manila from a between the lawmakers' newfound sense of
well-governed city to one plagued by power and authority and the call for
mosquitoes: "What ho! Manila, the Pearl of increased restrictions on firearm licenses by
the Orient, the best governed city in the Far the director of the Constabulary. "It matters
East... The new found Garden of Eden... not that of late the director of Constabulary
What’s happened to this city anyway? has been urging greater and greater
Aforetime a mosquito was almost as rare as restrictions of the license to carry arms... All
the dodo... But now there are mosquitoes that matters...is that the official have a
everywhere. Their name is legion. Vampires chance to show that he is somebody and
they are, turning our former delectable and must be respected," the editorial continued.
ambrosial nights into hells of torment and
nightmares of unrest. What’s going to be ●​ Through this biting commentary, the Free
done about it? How long is our municipal Press criticized the motivations behind the
board going to emulate Rip Van Winkle...?” law, suggesting that it was less about public
safety and more about the legislators' desire
●​ This commentary underscores the for respect and authority. The editorial
disillusionment with the perceived regression underscored the irony of empowering
in public health standards and governance, politicians with firearms while simultaneously
emphasizing the anxiety surrounding the urging stricter regulations for ordinary
resurgence of public health threats in a city citizens, illustrating the tension between
that had once seen substantial improvement. personal dignity and public responsibility in

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 governance. ●​ However, the editorial also recognized the
impermanence of such glory. The joyful
celebrations and the accolades that
THE RETURNING STUDENT: accompanied their homecomings were
El Estudiante Vuelve temporary, as the reality of adulthood soon
April 6, 1929 loomed. The piece concluded with a
poignant reminder of life’s inevitable
●​ In the 1920s, Manila evolved into the challenges: "Nor do student days and these
national hub for university education, joyful homecomings last forever. All too soon
resulting in a yearly ritual that celebrated comes the stern battle of life with its trials
students returning to their hometowns after and sorrows and tribulations. So, carpe
graduation. This event was significant not diem, and be joyful while we may."
only for the students but also for the
communities that awaited their return. Those ●​ This reflection encapsulated not just the
who had earned their degrees often triumph of education, but also the bittersweet
transitioned into civil service positions in the nature of life’s transitions, urging readers to
cities, but during their summer breaks, they cherish the happiness of the moment before
returned to their villages, now imbued with a facing the realities and demands of adult life.
sense of urban sophistication.

●​ The Philippines Free Press vividly captured BROTHERS UNDER THE SKIN:
this annual phenomenon in a 1929 editorial, Hermanos En El Fondo
describing the returning student as "the June 18, 1938
cynosure of all eyes, the observed of all
observers, a king in his own right, a sort of ●​ During the 1930s, as social conflict and
collegiate Caesar." Dressed in the latest socialist ideologies took root in Central
fashions and exuding confidence gained Luzon, the Philippines Free Press found
from their education, these students became itself compelled to tackle serious social
symbols of aspiration and achievement. issues in its provincial reporting instead of
Their attire—their clothes, shoes, and even the lighter, more trivial matters it had
the way they wore their hats—served as a previously covered. One notable editorial
standard of elegance that others in the barrio titled "Brothers Under the Skin," published in
admired and sought to emulate. light of Jose Rizal's upcoming birthday,
called on Filipinos to rise above social
●​ The editorial highlighted how the students’ discord and to treat one another with
mannerisms, from their walk to their overall fairness and respect. This appeal resonated
composure, became subjects of fascination in a period marked by the deepening effects
for their peers. The underlying message was of the Great Depression, which exacerbated
clear: immersed in adoration and admiration, existing inequalities and hardships faced by
these students often perceived themselves the rural population.
as superior, akin to conquering heroes
returning from battle. The Free Press ●​ As economic conditions deteriorated,
acknowledged this phenomenon as peasants in Central Luzon became
fundamentally human, stating, "For after all increasingly vocal, organizing strikes and
the student, like the rest of us, is human, and demonstrations to demand tenancy reforms.
all of us expand in an atmosphere of These protests were a response to the harsh
homage and hero-worship." realities of land tenancy, where many
agricultural laborers lived under precarious

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 conditions amid the privilege of landlordism. after the U.S. Congress declared war on
However, the landlords in Pampanga, Tarlac, Germany. In this cartoon, artist Fernando
and Nueva Ecija provinces were resistant to Amorsolo portrays a wise and handsome
these calls for reform. In a bid to suppress Uncle Sam, leading a cheerful and loyal little
the growing discontent, they resorted to Juan down the path to war. This imagery
violent measures, employing goon squads to symbolizes not just alignment with America
intimidate and repress the striking workers but also a sense of shared purpose and
and their supporters. camaraderie.

●​ This stark contrast between the desperate ●​ This shift in representation was reflected in
calls for justice from the peasantry and the the political landscape, as House Speaker
brutal opposition from landowners illustrated Sergio Osmeña recognized the prevailing
the rising tensions in Philippine society mood of American loyalty among Filipinos. In
during this tumultuous period. The Free an unprecedented move, he suspended the
Press's shift to reporting on such urgent independence campaign in favor of
social issues reflected a broader supporting the United States during the
acknowledgment of the need for reform and conflict. Osmeña's commitment included
the importance of addressing the inequities offering 25,000 Filipino troops, a destroyer,
that lay at the heart of the social unrest. and a submarine to the American cause,
Such articles contributed to the ongoing illustrating the lengths to which he and
discourse about social justice in the others were willing to go to demonstrate
Philippines, highlighting the struggles of the loyalty.
marginalized and the urgent need for
substantive change in response to the ●​ Despite the Philippines experiencing
economic and social crises of the time. significant poverty at the time, Osmeña
successfully orchestrated a nationwide
loyalty drive that yielded impressive
The Loyalty of the Filipinos results—$20 million in U.S. war bond sales
April 14, 1917 and $500,000 in donations to the Red Cross.
This period marked a complex interplay of
●​ World War I marked a significant shift in the patriotism and colonial allegiance, revealing
perception of the United States among the evolving dynamics of identity, loyalty, and
Filipinos, resulting in an outpouring of political aspiration within the Filipino
pro-American sentiment that altered Uncle populace during a time of global conflict. The
Sam's image in the media. Prior to the war, romanticized image of Uncle Sam,
Uncle Sam was often depicted in a negative reconfigured to symbolize protection and
light in cartoons, especially in the years alliance, served to galvanize nationalistic
1907-08, where he was portrayed as a sentiment while simultaneously highlighting
grotesque figure—satanic, with exaggerated the intricate relationships between colonial
Caucasian features like a large nose, fanged subjects and their colonial powers.
teeth, and a crooked smile.

●​ However, during and post-war, these THE LATEST: LO ULTIMO

depictions transformed notably, especially in October 14, 1933
the nationalist newspaper The Independent.
One of the most striking examples is the ●​ The struggle over the acceptance or
cartoon titled "The Loyalty of the Filipinos," rejection of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting (H-H-C)
published on April 14, 1917, just ten days independence bill dominated Philippine

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 politics in 1933, creating deep divisions risked losing public support from Filipinos
among the nation’s leaders. The bill, aimed frustrated by the continuous denial of their
at granting the Philippines greater autonomy, independence.
had initially garnered support when Senator
Sergio Osmeña and Speaker Manuel Roxas ●​ In November 1933, Quezon embarked on a
successfully lobbied the U.S. Congress for new mission to Washington, returning five
its passage in 1932. However, Senator months later with a bill that was essentially
Manuel L. Quezon, concerned about losing the same as the previous one but renamed.
his leadership position and fearing that his This strategic move positioned him favorably,
rivals would return as heroes, spearheaded allowing him to emerge as a hero in the
the opposition against the bill. ongoing struggle for independence. By the
time of the June 1934 legislative elections,
●​ When Osmeña, Roxas, and Quezon Quezon had successfully crushed his rivals
returned from Washington in June 1933, the and solidified his leadership, ensuring his
political rivalry intensified. Quezon's faction dominant role in Philippine politics for the
took decisive actions, such as ousting Roxas remainder of the decade. His adept
as House Speaker in July and replacing him maneuvering highlighted not only the
with the loyalist Quintin Paredes. Tensions complexities of political power but also the
escalated further when Osmeña and broader aspirations for independence among
supporters at the University of the the Filipino people during a crucial period of
Philippines, including President Rafael their history.
Palma and Arts Dean Maximo Kalaw,
backed the H-H-C bill. In retaliation, Quezon
reduced the university's budget by one-third,
leading to the resignation of Palma and
Kalaw, and subsequently replacing Palma
with Law Dean Jorge Bocobo.

●​ Additionally, as the media landscape shifted,

with the Roces family's Times
Vanguardia-Taliba chain supporting Osmeña
and the H-H-C bill, Quezon retaliated by
raising ₱300,000 among his supporters to
buy out Vicente Madrigal’s
Debate-Mabuhay-Herald chain, and
appointed Carlos P. Romulo as the new
editor-in-chief. This consolidation of media
control helped Quezon advance his agenda.

●​ Through these ruthless political tactics and

reprisals against his opponents, Quezon
gradually dismantled the opposition. In
October 1933, the Philippine Legislature,
now firmly under his control, voted to reject
the H-H-C bill. While this was seen as a
victory for Quezon, it also posed significant
risks. Had he failed to negotiate a better bill
upon returning to the United States, he
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 FILIPINO GRIEVANCES AGAINST GOVERNOR
and William Cameron Forbes, to assess
WOOD
Filipino compliance with the conditions
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND outlined in the Jones Law. The mission's
findings were devastating—they exposed
●​ The political landscape in the Philippines corruption and inefficiencies within the
experienced a significant transformation after government that had intensified during the
American colonial rule began in 1898, Harrison era, undermining the argument for
marked by the persistent Filipino demand for Filipino readiness for independence. Quezon
independence. Initially, American officials and his fellow Nacionalista Party members
sought to pacify local sentiments by reacted strongly to the report, perceiving it
appointing Filipino politicians to key as a direct insult to their leadership and
government roles, hoping that such gestures competence.
would diminish the desire for independence.
However, this strategy evolved with the ●​ With Leonard Wood appointed as governor
appointment of Francis Burton Harrison as general in 1921, many Filipino politicians
governor general and the passage of the hoped for a brief tenure. Instead, Wood
Jones Law in 1916, which articulated remained in office until his death in 1927,
America’s commitment to granting the during which time he implemented strict
Philippines independence once a stable oversight of local officials, vetoed various
government was firmly established. Although legislative bills, and reinforced the authority
no specific timeline was given, this promise of the governor general at the expense of
was seen as a monumental achievement, Filipino agency. This period saw the rise of
especially by prominent leaders like Manuel discontent among Filipino officials,
L. Quezon and Osmeña. culminating in the Cabinet Crisis of 1923.

●​ The Jones Law facilitated the Filipinization of ●​ The tipping point came on July 21, 1923,
the government, allowing Filipino politicians when Governor General Wood decided to
to occupy most positions within the reinstate Ray Conley, a police official
administration while maintaining a few key accused of corruption. Mayor Ramon
roles for Americans. This led to increased Fernandez and Justice Secretary José P.
local governance, with Filipino governors Laurel sought an investigation, but Wood
overseeing 45 provinces and mayors running instead established a board that ultimately
more than 800 municipalities. The acquitted Conley. This decision infuriated
establishment of a bicameral Congress local officials, who viewed it as a denial of
meant that more Filipino representatives their authority and respect. Quezon, Roxas,
could actively participate in policy-making, and other prominent politicians resigned in
with Quezon serving as Senate President solidarity with Fernandez and Laurel,
and Osmeña as House Speaker. Filipino emphasizing that Conley’s acquittal was not
leaders began to demonstrate their a reflection of innocence but rather of
capabilities in governance, strengthening the favoritism toward an American official.
belief that independence was within reach.
●​ Governor Wood’s attempts to placate the
●​ However, the political landscape shifted discontented officials failed, leading to a
dramatically with the defeat of the further erosion of trust and respect for his
Democrats in the 1920 presidential election. administration. In a strategic move to
The new Republican administration under maintain their influence, Quezon and his
President Warren Harding sent the allies communicated with President Harding,
Wood-Forbes mission, led by Leonard Wood outlining their grievances and plans to send
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 a delegation to the U.S. to address the shift away from the promises made. The
governor general’s administrative overreach. protest outlines a series of grievances and
actions taken by Wood that were seen as
●​ Ultimately, the conflict highlighted the usurpations and arbitrary decisions which
deepening rift between American authority curtailed Filipino autonomy.
and Filipino aspirations for self-governance,
showcasing the struggles for power, respect, Key points raised in the protest include:
and the quest for independence that USURPATION OF AUTHORITY:
characterized this tumultuous period in ●​ The protest accuses Wood of nullifying
Philippine history. The frustrations expressed existing laws and assuming powers that
by Filipino officials echoed the broader belong to other government bodies, such as
national sentiment of disillusionment with the the Board of Control, which was established
colonial administration and the ongoing fight to manage government interests in private
for recognition and autonomy. corporations.

INTERFERENCE WITH LEGISLATIVE POWER:

THE TEXT ●​ Wood’s vetoes of essential laws for public
welfare and the replacement of local
●​ The document presented is a powerful and legislative advisers with military personnel
formal protest against the actions of the then undermined the constitutional framework and
Governor-General of the Philippines, the autonomy legally granted to Filipinos.
Leonard Wood, detailing the grievances of
Filipino leaders regarding his administration's CORRUPTION ALLEGATIONS:
authority and his perceived overreach. ●​ The protest highlights the perceived
Approved by the Commission on corruption and patronage practices that
Independence on November 17, 1926, it became prevalent during Wood's
reflects the deepening discontent among administration, which were outlined in
Filipino officials who felt that their rights and previous investigations and reports,
the promises made by America for their undermining the competence of Filipino
eventual independence were being politicians.
undermined.
PROMOTING AMERICAN INTERESTS:
●​ The protest opens with a historical context, ●​ It criticizes Wood's actions as favoring
emphasizing that over twenty-five years had American business interests over the
passed since the Philippines came under developmental needs of the Philippines,
American sovereignty, which was initially imperiling local economic stability and
framed as a benevolent act aimed at self-sufficiency.
promoting self-governance and
independence for the Filipino people. DISREGARD FOR GOVERNANCE
Filipinos were committed to fulfilling the STRUCTURES:
conditions set by the Americans, hoping to ●​ The protest underscores the violation of due
see their aspirations for independence process and the legislative procedures
realized. established by the Organic Act, illustrating
how Wood's actions threatened the
●​ Initially, the first two decades of American separation of powers, a key tenet of any
governance saw cooperation between constitutional government.
American and Filipino officials. However, the ●​ Appeal to American Conscience: The Filipino
arrival of Governor-General Wood led to a leaders express a sense of loyalty and
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 respect for the American people, appealing
to their sense of justice and urging them to
recognize the negative implications of
Wood's policies for Filipino aspirations.

→ Through this protest, Filipino leaders articulated

their growing frustration and demand for recognition
of their rights and autonomy. The document serves
not only as a historical account of this period but
also reflects the broader struggle for independence,
self-determination, and the complex dynamics of
American colonial rule in the Philippines. The
protest is a crucial articulation of Filipino political
aspirations, rights, and the desire for respect and
recognition in the face of colonial governance

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 CORAZON AQUINO SPEECH
the People Power Revolution.
Speech of Her Excellency Corazon C. Aquino
President of the Philippines
A CALL FOR DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES:
During the Joint Session of the United States
●​ Aquino communicates her belief in the
Congress
necessity of democracy and participation in
[Delivered at Washington, D.C., on September 18,
electoral processes—even under fraudulent
1986]
conditions. She stresses that engagement in
KEY FACTORS democracy was crucial to awaken and
measure the citizens' collective strength.
→ This powerful address, delivered by Corazon
Aquino, the first female president of the Philippines, RESURRECTION OF DEMOCRATIC
heralds a poignant moment in the nation's history INSTITUTIONS:
following the ousting of the dictatorship of Ferdinand ●​ Upon assuming the presidency, Aquino
Marcos. Aquino's speech reflects her personal focuses on restoring and safeguarding
journey intertwined with the collective struggle of the democratic governance. She stresses the
Filipino people for democracy, justice, and national importance of constitutional rule and the
dignity after the assassination of her husband, protection of civil rights, casting her
Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr., a prominent opposition government as a product of the people's will
leader. and a promise to uphold peace without
sacrificing democracy.
KEY THEMES AND MESSAGES:
PERSONAL SACRIFICE AND NATIONAL ECONOMIC CHALLENGES:
IDENTITY: ●​ Aquino acknowledges the significant
●​ Aquino begins by recounting her emotional economic crises facing the Philippines,
turmoil following her husband’s exacerbated by a massive foreign debt
assassination and the profound impact it had incurred during the Marcos regime. She
on the nation. She emphasizes how his asserts the need for international assistance
death, despite being a personal tragedy, and cooperative dialogue to heal and rebuild
galvanized the Filipino people into action and the nation while respecting its democratic
restored their faith in the possibility of aspirations.
freedom.
APPEAL TO AMERICAN ALLIANCE:
THE SPIRIT OF DEMOCRACY: ●​ The address resonates with a plea for
●​ Aquino highlights Ninoy Aquino's enduring support and understanding from the United
commitment to democracy in the face of States, emphasizing that true freedom was
dictatorial oppression. She speaks about his fought for by the Filipino people themselves
ordeal in prison and his refusal to capitulate and that their democratic journey requires
to the regime, illustrating his symbolic role as nurturing rather than scrutiny.
a beacon of hope for the restoration of
democratic values. VISION FOR THE FUTURE:
●​ Aquino expresses hope and determination
COLLECTIVE AWAKENING: for a Philippines rebuilt on the foundations of
●​ The speech marks a significant turning point democracy, justice, and economic stability.
for the Philippines; it depicts the She envisions her leadership as one that
transformation of national shame into a honors the sacrifices made by ordinary
collective resurgence. The assassination of Filipinos who yearn for not only a political
Ninoy became a rallying point that united the transformation but also a better quality of life.
people against tyranny, ultimately leading to
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 → Aquino’s speech embodies the essence of
resilience, hope, and the undying spirit of a nation
ready to reclaim its narrative of freedom. It calls
upon both the Filipino people and the international
community, particularly the United States, to
recognize and support the newly restored
democracy in the Philippines as a model of
resilience and commitment to human rights and
dignity. The address is a testament not only to her
husband’s legacy but also to the collective
empowerment of a nation that endured tyranny and
emerged resolute in its quest for freedom.

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 RAIDERS OF THE SUM SEA
regain control over the region.
INTRODUCTION
Cultural Resistance and Slave Raiding:
→ The documentary "The Raiders of the Sulu Sea" ●​ The documentary notes that slave raiding
dives into the historical context of 18th-century existed prior to Spanish colonization but
coastal Philippines, portraying the fierce resistance became more prominent with foreign
of indigenous raiders against colonial powers, intervention. The term "Moro," used by the
particularly the Spanish. It presents a nuanced Spanish to label various local groups,
perspective on these raiders, suggesting that they highlights the colonial view that
were not merely pirates but defenders of their misrepresented the complexity of local
culture and way of life in the face of foreign societies.
oppression.
Muslim Groups Involved:
IMPORTANT FACTORS: ●​ The documentary outlines the involvement of
Portrayal of Raiders: specific Muslim groups such as the
●​ The raiders of the Sulu Sea are depicted as Balangingi-Samal, Illanuns, and Tausugs in
skilled and organized fighters, challenging both piratical and retaliatory activities. These
the narrative that paints them as barbaric factions often allied against colonial forces,
pirates. Instead, the documentary posits that demonstrating a united front against
these individuals were indigenous people perceived oppression.
protecting their traditions from colonial
incursions. Rejection of Pirate Label:
●​ It argues that describing these raiders as
Historical Context: "pirates" is misleading, as their actions were
●​ The documentary sets the scene in the often sanctioned by sultanates and framed
Southern Philippines, particularly around as defenses against colonial occupation
Zamboanga City, a significant Spanish rather than simple banditry.
military outpost established to control the
region. The city, fortified by Fort Pilar, played Religious Dynamics:
a crucial role in Spanish attempts to curb ●​ The competition between Islam and
raids from local Muslim factions. Christianity forms a backdrop to the conflict,
with the documentary suggesting that both
Conflict Between Sultans and Spaniards: sides manipulated religious sentiments to
●​ The conflict is exemplified by King Dalasi of justify their actions and further their political
Maguindanao, who led an assault on Fort ambitions.
Pilar, representing the organized resistance
of the Sulu and Maguindanao Sultanates Impact of Colonialism:
against Spanish colonial forces. Despite the ●​ The film examines how Spanish colonialism
Spanish forces being well-armed, they faced not only threatened the local religious
significant challenges due to being landscape but also aimed to establish trade
outnumbered and outmaneuvered by the dominance in the region. This economic
raiders. motivation underlined the colonial project,
which sought to control resources and
Spanish Military Response: eliminate competition.
●​ After an initial defeat, the Spanish employed
steamships from England as part of their Long-term Consequences:
military strategy, indicating the technological ●​ The ongoing conflict led to significant
advancements they sought to exploit to cultural, political, and social ramifications
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 that shaped the history of the Philippines, RETALIATION AND RELIGIOUS JUSTIFICATION:
influencing national identity and the legacy of ●​ The actions of the Moros are depicted as
colonial resistance. retaliatory efforts sanctioned by their
sultanates, grounded in a higher purpose
→ "The Raiders of the Sulu Sea" challenges aligned with Islam. This illustrates the
viewers to reconsider the narratives surrounding intertwining of religious beliefs and national
colonial encounters. By reframing the actions of the identity in their resistance efforts.
raiders as a form of cultural and political resistance
rather than mere piracy, the documentary sheds SPANISH COLONIAL INTERESTS:
light on the complexity of historical interactions in ●​ The film portrays the Spaniards as primarily
the Philippines, offering a perspective that highlights motivated by commercial interests and the
the importance of agency among indigenous desire to propagate Christianity. These
populations during periods of foreign domination. objectives exacerbated tensions in the
The film ultimately highlights the enduring struggles region, leading to resistance from local
of marginalized groups in asserting their identity and populations who sought to protect their way
autonomy in the face of colonial oppression. of life.

SLAVE RAIDING AND REGIONAL TRADE:

KEY ELEMENTS ●​ The documentary emphasizes that
slave-raiding was intricately linked to a larger
●​ The documentary film on the resistance of network of trade within Southeast Asia. The
the Moro people against Spanish-American struggle over resources and trade routes
colonial forces presents a significant contributed to the conflicts between the Moro
narrative that reshapes the understanding of people and colonial forces.
the historical dynamics in the Southern
Philippines. It emphasizes the resilience and CULTURAL ARTIFACTS AND TRADE:
agency of the Moro people, showcasing their ●​ Artifacts found in places like Butuan City,
struggle not merely as acts of piracy or indicating extensive trade connections with
rebellion but as organized resistance against other civilizations, further support the
foreign occupation. narrative of the Moro as skilled seafarers
and traders who played a significant role in
MISREPRESENTATION OF THE MORO PEOPLE: the regional economy long before colonial
●​ The film challenges the characterization of encroachment.
the Moro as pirates or rebels, instead
framing them as indigenous people engaged ECONOMIC AND RELIGIOUS
in a formidable resistance against colonial IMPOVERISHMENT:
oppressors. This perspective seeks to ●​ It addresses the aftermath of Western
acknowledge their cultural and national colonial governance and ongoing armed
identity. conflicts, stressing how these dynamics led
to the economic and religious
SIGNIFICANT ATTACK BY KING DALASI: marginalization of Muslim areas in the
●​ The documentary highlights the December 8, Philippines.
1720, attack led by King Dalasi as a pivotal
moment in the historical conflict between the
Moro sultanates and the Spanish forces,
showcasing the courage and strategic
capabilities of the Moro warriors.

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 THE THREE MUSLIM TRIBES
→ The documentary highlights the resilience of the
BALANGINGI-SAMAL TRIBE Moro people and the complexities of their struggles
during the colonial period. By reframing the narrative
ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUP: around resistance, cultural identity, and the impact
●​ The Balangingi, or Northern Sama, are of globalization and colonialism, it sheds light on the
identified as an ethnolinguistic group residing rich tapestry of history in the Southern Philippines. It
in the Greater Sulu Archipelago and coastal challenges simplistic narratives and encourages a
regions of Mindanao. They are characterized deeper understanding of the interplay between
by their maritime culture and adaption to indigenous cultures and colonial forces, offering
their coastal environment. valuable insights into the enduring legacy of these
historical dynamics.
MARITIME RAIDING TRADITION:
●​ The film traces the history of the Samal
Balangingi as a group that specialized in ILLANUN PEOPLE
state-sanctioned maritime raiding during the Also called Iranun and Ilianon
early 19th century, which was part of the
regional trade and warfare system in ILLANUS
Southeast Asia. This aspect highlights the ●​ Also called Iranun and Ilianon
intricate relationship between their identity
and maritime practices. The Illanun people are an indigenous group in the
Philippines with rich cultural and linguistic ties to
IMPACT OF SPANISH RESETTLEMENT their neighbors, particularly the Maranaos and
POLICIES: Maguindanaons. This close relationship highlights
●​ The documentary discusses the significant their shared heritage, while distinct historical
impact of Spanish resettlement policies on developments have influenced their contemporary
the Samal-Balangingi community, examining identity.
how forced migrations influenced their
cultural and social life. This policy disrupted Cultural and Linguistic Connections
their traditional ways of living, yet it LINGUISTIC AFFILIATION:
reinforced their communal identity. ●​ The Illanun language belongs to the
Austronesian family, closely related to the
CULTURAL IDENTITY AND MIGRATION: Maranao language. This indicates a shared
●​ The narrative explores the relationship linguistic and cultural background, which
between maritime raiding, slavery, and reflects their longstanding interactions and
forced migration, suggesting that these mutual influences through trade,
experiences contributed to the emergence of intermarriage, and communal ties.
new ethnic identities and diasporas. It ●​ The linguistic ties suggest that the Illanuns,
challenges conventional notions of culture Maranaos, and Maguindanaons share
and ethnicity, which were often oversimplified common historical narratives, storytelling,
by colonial perspectives. and oral traditions, though each group has
its unique expressions of culture.
REEVALUATION OF HISTORICAL NARRATIVES: CULTURAL SIMILARITIES:
●​ By focusing on the history of the ●​ The Illanun people share various cultural
Samal-Balangingi, the film invites a critical practices, values, and social structures with
reevaluation of how history and cultures are the Maranaos and Maguindanaons. These
narrated, contesting the static and linear similarities can be seen in aspects such as
portrayals imposed by colonial powers. traditional governance, kinship systems, and
social customs, contributing to a rich regional

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 tapestry of cultural identity. inhabit Jolo, Indanan, Siasi, and Patikul in
Sulu (ARMM), with additional settlements in
Geographic Distribution Zamboanga del Sur and Cotabato, extending
HABITAT AND COMMUNITIES: to Malaysia, where their population exceeds
●​ The majority of Illanuns reside along the 110,000.
coastline in several towns in Maguindanao ●​ The name Tausug comes from "tau" (person)
Province, including Nulingi, Parang, and "suug" (the old name of Jolo Island).
Matanog, and Barira. The current generation of Tausugs is
●​ They also inhabit areas along the Iliana Bay believed to be descended from various
coast, north of the Pulangi River mouth, ethnic groups that migrated to the Sulu
extending to Sibugay Bay in Zamboanga del archipelago. Traditionally, the Tausug are
Sur and even parts of Borneo. This sailors, pearl divers, and traders, with their
geographical spread speaks to their ancestral homelands characterized by
historical maritime culture and the vigorous tidal currents flowing from the Sulu
importance of coastal environments in their and China Seas to the Celebes Sea, earning
way of life. them the name "people of the current."

Historical Context and Identity ●​ As the first group in the archipelago to

PIRACY AND MARITIME CULTURE: convert to Islam, the Tausug have a
●​ The term "Illanun," derived from Malay reputation for unparalleled courage, often
meaning "pirate," reflects a historical reality referred to as Tau Maisug or "brave people."
where Illanuns were seen as formidable They are proud Muslims known for their
seafarers and raiders in the Southeast Asian fierce resistance against Spanish
waters. Their reputation as fierce pirates conquerors. For 300 years, they engaged in
contributed to their cultural identity, which nearly continuous warfare against the
was marked by bravery, seafaring skills, and Spaniards, which only ended when the
resilience against foreign dominance. Spaniards left the Philippines. The Tausug
●​ While this pirate identity has historically been consider themselves superior to other
framed negatively by colonial narratives, it Philippine Muslims and maintain a combative
also symbolizes a form of resistance against lifestyle, viewing retreat from a fight as
intrusions into their territorial waters and way shameful.
of life.
DECLINE OF MARANAO CONTACT:
ANCIENT MARINE VESSELS OF THE MOROS
●​ Following the departure of Spanish colonial
forces, the interactions between the LANONG
Maranao and Illanun peoples diminished.
This reduction in contact may have led to ●​ The lanong is a large outrigger warship used
diverging cultural practices and identities as by the Iranun and Banguingui people.
each group navigated the post-colonial ●​ It can reach up to 30 meters (98 feet) in
landscape, adapting to new social and length with 6-meter-wide hounds, each
political realities. equipped with cannons mounted at the bar,
and has two biped shear masts that double
as boarding ladders.
TAUSUG TRIBE ●​ The vessel features 24 oars on each side,
rowed by captured slaves, serving as their
●​ The Tausug are the dominant ethnic group in flagships.
the Sulu archipelago, recognized for their ●​ A lanong could carry 100 to 150 men,
political and religious institutions. They including the captain, soldiers, slaves to row,
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 and captured local slaves for navigation in Pangajava, Garay, or Lanong warships.
unknown waters. ●​ Among Malays, this type of boat serves as a
●​ These ships were specialized for naval war boat or passenger boat.
battles and widely used for piracy and slave ●​ Raiding fleets use salisipans as auxiliary
raids from the mid-18th century to the early vessels.
19th century throughout Southeast Asia. ●​ These boats were utilized to gather
●​ Large lanongs were inaccurately referred to manpower and ships from friendly raiding
by the Spanish as joangas or juangas. bases along the way, eventually forming a
●​ The name "lanong" is derived from "Lanun," fearsome, organized sea force.
an exonym of the Iranun people.
ANCIENT WEAPONS OF THE MOROS
GARAY KALIS/KRIS

●​ The garay is a traditional native warship of ●​ The kalis, also known as kris, is a type of
the Banguingui people. double-edged Filipino sword often
●​ It serves as a fast-attack boat for the Samali characterized by a "wavy" section. Its
tribes. double-edged blade is suitable for both
●​ Constructed from bamboo wood and nipa cutting and thrusting.
palm, it can carry more than 100 sailors. ●​ This sword is over 300 years old and was
●​ The ship measures 25 meters in length and used during the Spanish colonization period.
6 meters in width, equipped with hounds for ●​ It served as a weapon for warfare and
power storage and a cannon at the barrel. servility.
●​ It has 30 to 60 oars on each side, making the ●​ The kalis measures 2 meters in length and
garay faster than any other sea-going vessel was carried into battle not only by slave
of its time. raiders but also by nobles and high-ranking
●​ Between the 18th and 19th centuries, they officials of the Southern Sultanates.
were commonly used for piracy by the ●​ Its double-edge blade allows for easier
Banguingui and Iranun people against slashing and penetration to the bone, making
unarmed trading ships and raids on coastal it difficult to pull out once embedded.
settlements surrounding the Sulu Sea. They
are smaller, faster, and more maneuverable
boats that replaced the juangas. BARONG
●​ The name "garay" means "scattered" or
"wanderer" in the Sama language of the ●​ The barong (or barung) is a sword used by
Banguingui. Tausug warriors, recognized for its thick
blade.
●​ It is a deadly weapon with a single-edged,
SALISIPAN leaf-shaped blade made of a thick type of
steel.
●​ The salisipan is also known as kakap. ●​ The barong is 1 meter long and was utilized
●​ It is a canoe-shaped boat that sometimes in hand-to-hand combat to neutralize
features outriggers. Spanish firearms.
●​ This type of boat is often used by the Iranun ●​ This weapon is used by Muslim Filipino
and Banguingui people for piracy and raids ethnolinguistic groups, such as the Tausug,
on coastal areas. Sinama, or Yakan, in the Southern
●​ Salisipans are usually part of fleets that Philippines.
accompany larger motherships, such as
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 KAMPILAN His notable work, “A History of the
Philippines,” explores the history and culture
●​ The kampilan is the longest sword used by of the Philippines through the lens of three
the Illanuns. cultural communities: Moros, Indios, and
●​ It is a heavy, single-edged sword featuring Infieles.
two horns projecting from the blunt side of
the tip, used to pick up the head of a
decapitated body. PROF. BARBARA WATSON ANDAYA
●​ The kampilan has a distinct profile, with a
tapered blade that is broader and thinner at ●​ An Australian historian born on June 7,
the tip than at its base, sometimes featuring 1943, she focuses on the history of
a protruding spikelet along the flat side of the Indonesia and Maritime Southeast Asia, with
tip and a bifurcated hilt representing a extensive research in women's history and
mythical creature's open mouth. the localization of Christianity in the region.
●​ Measuring about 36 to 40 inches (90 to 100
cm) long, it is larger than most other Filipino
swords. DR. JULIUS BAUTISTA

●​ Currently a Senior Lecturer at the

ARMOR Department of Southeast Asian Studies at
the National University of Singapore and
●​ The armor is made from carabao horn and affiliated with the Religion and Globalization
features a steel plate molded to fit the body, in Asian Contexts Cluster at Asia Research
held together by chain mail. Institute.
●​ While it can deflect blows from a sword, it is
ineffective against firearms.
HALMAN ABUBAKAR
AUTHORS AND NARRATORS
●​ A Tausug town councilor of Jolo, Sulu, and a
ICELLE GLORIA DURANO BORJA ESTRADA member of the educated Abubakar Clan. He
emphasizes that attacks on Spanish forces
●​ Born in Zamboanga City, she is a were a reaction to colonial imposition and
7th-generation direct descendant of Vicente promotes indigenous martial arts "Silat"
Alvarez, a hero during the Spanish-American alongside the historic significance of Tausug
War. She is a member of the National bladed weapons as a form of self-defense.
Commission on Museums, President of the He also resents the characterization of Moro
Mindanao Association of Museums, and has as "pirates" in Western colonial narratives
worked as a curator of art museum exhibits and Filipino historiography.
in the Philippines and abroad.

DR. MARGARITA “TINGTING” R. COJUANGCO

DR. SAMUEL KONG TAN
●​ Dr. Margarita “Tingting” R. Cojuangco is a
●​ A Samal-Tausug-Chinese Filipino from Siasi, Filipino politician, philanthropist, and
Sulu, he is a published author and previously socialite.
served as Chairperson of UP Diliman’s ●​ She is recognized for her humanitarian
Department of History and Executive projects and efforts within Muslim
Director of the National Historical Institute. communities.
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 ●​ Dr. Cojuangco is also notable for her ●​ On the first day of the war, the
involvement in the peace talks with the Moro Filipino-American defenders were at a
National Liberation Front. disadvantage, as most USAFFE planes were
destroyed in the surprise attack on Clark
Field. Japanese planes later demolished the
LEGACY OF HEWES
U.S. navy base at Cavite. Filipino and
The story of Bartaan and Corregidor
American pilots attempted to engage the
YEAR 1941 superior Japanese air force with outdated
Prelude to War in the Philippines aircraft.

●​ Before World War II became a traumatic ●​ As the Japanese gained control, the defense
reality in the Philippines, the country was a of the Philippines fell to ordinary soldiers,
colony of the United States, marking the end many of whom were unaware of the harsh
of a period called “peace time.” After five realities of war.
years under American tutelage in the
Philippine Commonwealth, life had ●​ December 22nd: The Japanese landed in
progressed peacefully with institutions, Aparri, Vigan, and Legaspi, targeting airfields
infrastructure, and industry developing. before moving toward Lingayen Gulf. Few
landings were seriously challenged because
●​ As war loomed, European colonial powers MacArthur initially believed they were
and the U.S. praised patriotism. After the diversionary.
U.S. opposed Japan's invasion of China, it ●​ General Douglas MacArthur was the military
became clear that the two military powers adviser and placed in command of the
were on a collision course, with the USAFFE (United States Army Forces in the
Philippines likely on Japan's target list. Far East). He called reserve officers and
Despite the danger, many believed Japan men to active duty for last-minute training.
would not challenge the U.S. military might,
leading to a false sense of security among Notable Figures:
Filipinos. ●​ Captain Jesus Villamor, a courageous
Filipino pilot, earned the Distinguished
July 1941: Service Cross for his daring exploits.
●​ Japan took over Southern French Indochina,
prompting a sharp U.S. response that War Plan Orange:
included freezing Japanese assets and ●​ An old defensive plan implemented by
imposing an oil embargo. MacArthur called for the withdrawal of
USAFFE troops in Luzon to the Bataan
December 8, 1941: Peninsula and Corregidor to deny the enemy
●​ Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl access to Manila and its strategic harbor.
Harbor, quickly followed by bombings in Troops were expected to hold out until
Baguio and Davao, dragging the U.S. and reinforcements arrived.
the Philippines into World War II. ●​ To prevent civilian casualties and damage,
●​ Thousands of volunteers, many without Manila was declared an open city, cleared of
military training, rushed to enlist. Those military personnel. President Manuel
already in uniform began constructing Quezon, along with his family and select
defensive positions on key beaches where cabinet members, evacuated to Corregidor.
the Japanese might land, as General
Douglas MacArthur planned to stop the New Year's Day of 1942:
enemy. ●​ All USAFFE forces in Luzon entered Bataan,
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 23丨Cram & Care Club
 confident that it was only a matter of time FIRST MAIN LINE
before reinforcements would arrive.
●​ The defense in Bataan stretched from
Mauban (I CORPS) to Abucay (II CORPS),
YEAR 1942 with the western section defended by the
first corps and the eastern section by the
January 2, 1942: second corps.
●​ The Japanese occupied Manila. General ●​ Among the 80,000 Filipino-American forces
Masaharu Homma, the commander of the were 60,000 battle-hardened Japanese
Japanese 14th Army, was given 50 days to troops. The Japanese held the upper hand
conquer the Philippines. However, as long as due to superior arms, logistics, and control
USAFFE forces held Bataan and Corregidor, over air and sea.
he could not achieve his mission. ●​ General Vicente Lim, commander of the 41st
Division of the Abucay line and the first
●​ To buy time for an active defense on Bataan, Filipino graduate of West Point, faced
USAFFE forces established delaying lines repeated attacks from the Japanese on the
on the main roads leading to the peninsula, east side of the Abucay line but the 41st
tasked with stalling the Japanese advance, Division held firm.
which they did with heroic passion. ●​ Inside Manila Bay, Philippine boats patrolled.
Ramon A. Alcaraz noted a battle with nine
●​ Richard Gordon recounted how Major James planes that resulted in some downed aircraft.
Joseph Donovan found a way to get rid of ●​ Despite their efforts, the USAFFE units could
the Japanese by circling a sugar cane field not stop Japanese forces from breaching the
and setting it on fire, which forced the Abucay line, forcing the Bataan defenders to
Japanese out into a vulnerable position. withdraw to their second and final defensive
position.
●​ Despite exhaustion from a prolonged
withdrawal, the 21st Division in Pora and the
71st Division in Layac, supported by SECOND MAIN LINE
Philippine Scouts’ artillery, managed to slow
down the enemy war machine. ●​ The Japanese launched multiple attacks on
the Orion-Bagac line, suffering heavy losses.
●​ Sergeant Jose Calugas, stationed at Layac General Homa sent a battalion by boat to
Junction, sprang into action after one of his land behind the American forces,
unit's guns was hit by Japanese tanks. He emphasizing the need to hold Orion Bagac.
moved forward under enemy fire and ●​ USAFFE units ferociously defended their
mobilized his unit over two days. For his position, resulting in the annihilation of
exceptional bravery, he was awarded the Japanese attackers. Jose Tando was a
U.S. Congressional Medal of Honor, notable Philippine Constabulary Captain
becoming the only Filipino recipient of this during this battle.
award in WWII. ●​ As the second line was forming, Japanese
infiltrators broke through, consolidating their
●​ After enduring a long withdrawal to Bataan, position and threatening the Bataan
the defenders felt it was time to stand firm defenders. Venicio L. Jalandoni described
and confront the enemy directly. the chaos of jungle warfare.
●​ American tanks were utilized, but the dense
jungle made it hard to locate Japanese
positions. Igorot troops from the 11th Division
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 24丨Cram & Care Club
 helped wipe out infiltrating Japanese units in FINAL OFFENSIVE:
the battles of the pockets. ●​ By April 1942, weakened by hunger and
●​ By mid-February 1942, despite Fil-Am disease, USAFFE troops continued to hold.
victories, General Homa recognized the On April 3, the Japanese launched their final
resolve of Bataan defenders, who had offensive, aiming for Mt. Samat to split
inflicted substantial casualties on Japanese USAFFE lines.
forces. With 2,275 Japanese soldiers killed ●​ Although physically weakened, the
and 4,049 wounded, Homa decided to pull defenders fought fiercely against relentless
back and await reinforcements. Japanese attacks, which included heavy
artillery bombardments and aerial bombings.
JAPANESE PROPAGANDA AND MORALE: ●​ Despite attempts to mount a counterattack,
●​ The Japanese resorted to propaganda in an the frontlines eventually collapsed. General
attempt to break Filipino morale, but the King decided to surrender the entire Bataan
defenders remained motivated, especially forces to the Japanese.
after learning about Erlinda, a young Filipina
victimized by Japanese soldiers. AFTERMATH OF SURRENDER:
●​ USAFFE headquarters boosted morale ●​ On Corregidor, the Voice of Freedom
through broadcasts from the Voice of broadcasted the fall of Bataan, leading to
Freedom in Corregidor, but false claims of emotional responses among defenders. The
reinforcements misled the soldiers as reality Japanese faced an overwhelming logistical
set in regarding their dire conditions. challenge with over 66,000 Filipino and more
●​ Food and medicine were scarce. Soldiers than 10,000 American troops as prisoners of
resorted to eating iguana, snakes, and even war.
horses. President Quezon, frustrated by ●​ Survivors described the harsh conditions
American inaction, proposed immediate they faced while in captivity, as personal
Philippine independence. belongings were confiscated by Japanese
●​ U.S. President Roosevelt disapproved of this forces.
proposal, leading to Quezon's sarcastic
remark about American priorities.
●​ As isolation became apparent, Quezon and DEATH MARCH
General McArthur were evacuated from the Pows and The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
country, with McArthur promising to return.
●​ The Japanese devised a plan to gather
TRANSITION OF COMMAND: Prisoners of War (POWs) in Mariveles and
●​ General Jonathan Wainwright took command Balanga, marching them to San Fernando,
of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Pampanga. From there, they boarded cargo
while Major General Edward King led the trains to Capas, Tarlac, for a final walk to the
Bataan forces. The Filipino and American O'Donnell prison camp, resulting in a
troops faced breaking points but gained staggering 100-kilometer march.
recognition for their determined defense. ●​ Many POWs never made it to the camp; over
●​ British Prime Minister Winston Churchill 400 officers and men from various USAFFE
praised Filipino soldiers, and President units were forcibly assembled by the
Roosevelt commended their dedication to Japanese near the Pantingan River.
democracy, but troops needed food, ●​ The death march was brutal, with POWs
ammunition, and air support that never given meager rations and deprived of water,
arrived, while the Japanese received leading to many dying along the roadside.
reinforcements. Those who fell out of line or delayed the
march were bayoneted by the Japanese.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 25丨Cram & Care Club
 ●​ Townspeople along the route showed YEAR 1944
solidarity by tossing food and water to the
prisoners and aiding some in their escape. ●​ General Douglas McArthur returned with the
●​ At San Fernando rail station, surviving allied forces.
prisoners realized that their ordeal was far ●​ The battles of Bataan and Corregidor have
from over, with estimates suggesting that been surrounded by historical myth; some
more than 15,000 Filipinos and Americans view them as defeats, while others argue
died or escaped during the death march. they were unnecessary. However, thousands
●​ The fall of Bataan left Corregidor isolated, of Filipinos, regardless of their status, fought
yet the defenders continued to resist despite valiantly against incredible odds to defend
the odds. their country.
●​ Eliseo D. Rio remarked on the significance of
JOSE ABAD SANTOS Bataan, highlighting the spirit of the Filipino
●​ a courageous Supreme Court Justice, soldier.
refused to collaborate with the enemy, ●​ Emilio C. Aquino emphasized the importance
inspiring others to defy the Japanese. of loyalty to the nation.
●​ His son, Jose Abad Santos, Jr., shared a
heartbreaking account of his father's
execution. EYEWITNESS
Accounts of the Defenders of Bataan and
MAY 5, 1942: Corregidor
●​ The Japanese launched their invasion of
Corregidor after a month of bombardment. ●​ Felix T. Pestana: Lt. Headquarters Corps,
●​ Despite heavy losses inflicted by the PA Air Corps
defenders, the Japanese established a ●​ Emilio C. Aquino: Sgt., 1st Coast Artillery
beachhead with overwhelming air and Regiment
artillery superiority. ●​ Ricardo A. Foronda: Lt. 1st Coast Artillery
Regiment
MAY 6, 1942: ●​ Ramon A. Alcaraz: Q-Boat Commander,
●​ General Wainwright was forced to surrender Offshore Patrol
Corregidor, just 27 days after Bataan fell. ●​ Manuel T. Yan: Lt. 1st Regular Division
●​ The POWs were marched through the ●​ Richard Gordon: Lt. 31st Infantry Regiment
streets of Manila to Bilibid Prison and later ●​ Edmundo F. Nolasco: M/Sgt. 2nd Regular
taken to Camp O’Donnell to join their Division
comrades from Bataan. ●​ Eliseo D. Rio: Lt. 1st Regular Division
●​ Survivors described the dire conditions at ●​ Floro Henson: Lt. Quarter Master Service,
O'Donnell, with overcrowding, disease, and HPA
high mortality rates. ●​ Isabelo Castro: Lt. 1st Regular Division
●​ The fall of Bataan and Corregidor marked ●​ Augusto R. Cosio: Pvt. 2nd Regular
the end of organized resistance against the Division
Japanese, but guerrilla movements ●​ Jose R. Austria: Lt. 21st Division
continued to fight across the country, ●​ Lester I. Tenney: S/Sgt., 192nd Tank
maintaining the spirit of patriotism. Many Battalion
guerrillas were veterans from Bataan and ●​ Edwin P. Ramsey: Lt. 26th Cavalry
Corregidor, constantly harassing occupation Regiment
forces. ●​ Fred Baldassare: Historian / Son of Bataan
Veteran
●​ Venicio L. Jalandoni: Lt. 71st Division
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 26丨Cram & Care Club
 ●​ Karl H. Houghton: Lt. 31st/51st Division
●​ Jesus T. Mendoza: Lt. 71st Medical
Battalion
●​ Marcial N Moral: Lt. 51st Infantry Division
●​ Juan A. Sanchez: Pvt. 21st Division
●​ AL. McGrew: Cpl. 60th Coast Artillery
Regiment
●​ Jose Abad Santos, Jr.: Lt. Junior Aide to
President Quezon
●​ Dr. John Harold Browe: 12th Medical
Battalion, Philippine Division

→ Through the accounts of these patriotic Filipinos

and American soldiers who fought bravely, the
documentary revisits the events of World War II,
starting from the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii, and the Philippines shortly after. It
chronicles the battles in Bataan and Corregidor, as
well as the harrowing Death March, highlighting the
extraordinary courage and sacrifice that shaped this
saga in Philippine history, leaving a lasting legacy of
heroes that will always be remembered

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 27丨Cram & Care Club

 FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES
locations. The island was known as Zuluan,
●​ The issue in this event in history is the
and the area was rich in natural resources.
question of, “Where did the first mass really
During their week-long stay, the captain
take place in the Philippines, is it in the
provided care for the sick. The group
traditional Limasawa, or is it in the claimed
observed local customs, including the attire
Masao in Butuan?”
of the indigenous people, who had distinctive
●​ This excerpt from the accounts of Antonio
tattoos and used cocoanut oil for protection
Pigafetta, chronicler of the Magellan
against the sun.
expedition, refers to events from the arrival of
Magellan and his men, including Pigafetta, on
●​ On March 25, the captain-general nearly
the shores of Homonhon in Samar (referred to
drowned but was rescued. A few days later,
in history as the event of the discovery of the
they anchored near another island and met
Philippines) on March 16, 1521, to the
more natives. Despite initial distrust, gifts
celebration of the mass on March 31, and up to
were exchanged, and a king visited their
the day before Magellan proceeded to Cebu on
ship. The king offered food, and they formed
April 6, 1521.
a bond, with promises of friendship. Further
●​ These records are significant in dealing with
interactions involved sharing knowledge
the controversy on where the First Mass in the
about their cultures and resources available
Philippines was held, whether it was in
in the region.
Limasawa or in Masao in Butuan.
●​ On Easter Sunday, they celebrated mass
READ THE EXCERPT HERE:
with the local kings participating. The
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1iLyxEIxt3KG-Kg
captain-general erected a cross as a token
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of goodwill and signed treaties for peace and
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cooperation. They learned about local
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enemies and discussed further cooperation
azQ
against them. The king of Mazaua later
asked for assistance in gathering food,
KEY FACTORS OF THE EXCERPT requesting a delay in their departure.

●​ On March 16, 1521, a group arrived at ●​ During their stay, cultural exchanges
Zamal (Samar), and the captain-general continued, with natives using items for barter
decided to land on an uninhabited island and showcasing their unique customs and
nearby for safety, rest, and water. Tents were foods. The new island discovered, Mazaua,
set up for the sick, and a pig was killed for was rich in gold and other resources, with
food. On March 18, a boat with nine men the people displaying distinct rituals and
approached, and the captain-general practices.
instructed everyone to remain silent. The
chief greeted him happily, and they ●​ Ultimately, they navigated their way toward
exchanged gifts, including food from the Zubu, on April 7, where they planned to meet
natives like fish, palm wine, and fruits. The the king and buy food. The captain used
locals communicated that they would return intimidation tactics upon arrival, leading to
with more food. negotiations about tribute and trade,
reflecting the challenges of establishing
●​ Cocoanuts were described as a crucial relationships with the local leaders.
resource for the natives, providing water,
food, and materials for various uses. The
natives were friendly, sharing names and
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 28丨Cram & Care Club
 FIRST CRY OF THE REVOLUTION
He was imprisoned at Fort Santiago and,
●​ The primary sources 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of Unit
during an investigation, told Francisco Olive,
3 are accounts pertaining to the first cry for
the Spanish investigator, that the “Cry”
●​ freedom that has either took place in Bahay
occurred at “Balintawak on Wednesday,
Toro, Pugad Lawin or Biyak na Bato. The
August 26, 1896.” However, later, with a
sources present different versions that would
fading memory and without consulting
give light to, not only where such first cry took
written documents of the Philippine
place, but equally important is to the realization
Revolution, he wrote his Memoirs of the
of the struggle of the men and women of the
Revolution, claiming the “Cry” was at Pugad
Katipunan and their resolve to put an end to
Lawin on August 23, 1896.
oppression and injustice. The sources also
highlight the primary contribution of the hero
●​ He stated that the first refuge for Andres
and revolutionary leader Supremo Andres
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio
Bonifacio of starting the fight against the
Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del
Spanish colonial masters.
Rosario, and himself was Balintawak, where
→ 3.8. Pio Valenzuela, Cry of Pugad
the first five arrived on August 19, and he
Lawin, (Zaide 8, pp.301-302)
arrived on August 20, 1896. On August 22,
→ 3.9. Santiago Alvarez, Cry of Bahay
1896, about 500 members of the Katipunan
Toro, (Zaide 8, p. 303)
met at the house and yard of Apolonio
→ 3.10. Gregoria de Jesus, Version of
Samson at Kangkong, where views were
the First Cry, (Zaide 8, p. 305)
exchanged but no resolutions were debated.
→ 3.11. The Guardia Civil’s Report on
It was at Pugad Lawin, in the house,
the Cry of Balintawak (Zaide 8, p.
store-house, and yard of Juan Ramos, son
→ 3.12. Guillermo Masangkay, Cry of
of Melchora Aquino, where over 1,000
Balintawak, (Zaide 8, pp. 307)
members of the Katipunan met on August
23, 1896, to discuss whether to begin the
READ THE ARTICLE HERE:
revolution against the Spanish government
●​ https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1iLyxEIxt
on August 29, 1896. Only one man, Teodoro
3KG-Kgvtd-6w4oVbopnRWuU0?fbclid=IwZXh0
Plata, Bonifacio’s brother-in-law, protested
bgNhZW0CMTEAAR0YiQvH-zS1HQyqkK-jX-b
against the war. Others present included
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Enrique Cipriano, Alfonso Pacheco, Tomas
em_L6u5WxJwiqD4QXbS_t7azQ,
Remigio, and Sinforoso San Pedro. After the
tumultuous meeting, many attendees tore
3.8. PIO VALENZUELA, CRY OF PUGADLAWIN their cedula certificates and shouted “Long
live the Philippines! Long live the
●​ The controversial “Cry of Pugad Lawin,” Philippines!”
confirmed by no other eyewitness than Dr.
Pio Valenzuela, is the second version of the
first rally of the Katipunan, which Valenzuela SANTIAGO ALVAREZ
himself also described in a first version as Cry of Bahay Toro
the “Cry of Balintawak.” He recounted the
first version when events were still fresh in ●​ The “Cry of Bahay Toro” (August 24, 1896)
his memory, after he fled to Biñan, Laguna, was written by Santiago Alvarez, a
for safety due to the revolutionary outbreak. prominent Katipunan warlord from Cavite,
Valenzuela took advantage of Governor who is the son of Mariano Alvarez and a
General Ramon Blanco’s amnesty relative of Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of
proclamation and returned to Manila on Andres Bonifacio. Unlike Masangkay,
September 3, 1896, surrendering to Blanco. Samson, and Valenzuela, Alvarez was not

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 29丨Cram & Care Club

 an eyewitness to the historic event, so his Katipunan had spread throughout the
version is not equal in weight to those given Philippine Archipelago, and when its
by actual participants. Although Alvarez was existence was discovered and some
in Cavite at the time, his version of the first members arrested, they returned to
“Cry” is as follows: Caloocan. However, as they were closely
watched by Spanish authorities, Andres
●​ On Sunday, August 23, 1896, as early as 10 Bonifacio and other Katipuneros left town
o’clock in the morning, about 500 after a few days. This is when the uprising
Katipuneros gathered at the barn of began, marked by the first cry for freedom on
Kabesang Melchora (Melchora Aquino) in a August 25, 1896. While she was with her
place called Sampalukan, barrio of Bahay parents, she learned through friends that the
Toro, ready to join the “Supremo” Andres Spanish were coming to arrest her. At eleven
Bonifacio and his men. o’clock that night, she fled town secretly
through the rice fields to La Loma, intending
●​ On Monday, August 24, 1896, around 1,000 to return to Manila. She was treated like an
Katipuneros were present. The “Supremo” apparition, as in every house where she tried
decided to hold a meeting inside the big to rest, she was driven away for fear of the
barn, which began at 10 o’clock in the people’s safety. Later, she discovered that
morning. The meeting adjourned at noon the occupants of the houses she visited were
amidst loud cries of “Long live the Sons of seized, punished, and some even exiled;
the Country” (Mabuhay ang mga Anak ng one was her uncle whom she had visited that
Bayan)! night to kiss his hand, and he died in exile.

GREGORIA DE JESUS THE GUARDIA CIVIL’S REPORT ON THE CRY OF

Version of the First Cry BALINTAWAK

●​ One of the participants in the drama of the ●​ The Guardia Civil’s Report on the “Cry of
Philippine Revolution of 1896 was Gregoria Balintawak” (August 25, 1896) notes that
de Jesus, the wife of Supremo Andres Captain Olegario Diaz, the Spanish
Bonifacio, known as the “Lakambini of the commander of the Guardia Civil Veterana of
Katipunan.” She was the custodian of secret Manila, investigated the discovery of the
documents, seals, and some weapons of the Katipunan and included findings on the site
Katipunan, constantly risking her life to and date of the first rally of the Revolution.
safeguard them. After the outbreak of the According to his report, the first “Cry”
Revolution in August 1896, she went to live occurred at Balintawak on August 25, 1896.
with her parents in Caloocan while Bonifacio
and his men gathered in the hills of ●​ The report states that after the conspiracy
Balintawak for the war of liberation. When was discovered, Bonifacio and his followers
warned that the Spanish authorities were hurriedly fled to Caloocan. On August 23,
coming to arrest her, she fled to Manila and 1896, Bonifacio moved to the barrio of
later joined her husband in the mountains, Balintanac (Balintawak), followed by 200
sharing the hardships and sacrifices of a men from Caloocan. On August 24, they
patriot’s life with him. were attacked by the Guardia Civil on the
outskirts of the town and retreated to their
●​ According to her version of the First “Cry,” it hiding places. The Supreme Council called
occurred near Caloocan on August 25, 1896. for a large meeting to be held the next day,
She stated that the activities of the August 25, in Balintawak, attended by more
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 30丨Cram & Care Club
 than 5,000 members. Cabanatuan, Cavite, and Morong (now
Rizal) were also present.
●​ The meeting began with a discussion about
the new situation and the ongoing arrests.
Some members were inclined to surrender to
the Spanish authorities, but Bonifacio
strongly opposed this and advocated for
taking up arms immediately. When put to a
vote, Bonifacio’s proposal was approved by
an overwhelming majority, demonstrating his
strong influence. Orders were then sent out
to Manila, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, and other
provinces for the Katipuneros to strike at
dawn on Sunday, August 30th.

GUILLERMO MASANGKAY
“The Cry of Balintawak”

●​ The historic first rally of the Philippine

Revolution of 1896 took place at the rustic
barrio of Balintawak, a few kilometers north
of Manila, on August 26, 1896, according to
the eyewitness account by Katipunan
General Guillermo Masangkay, who was a
childhood friend of Bonifacio. This date and
site were later officially adopted by the
government during the early years of the
American regime, after consulting surviving
Katipuneros and prestigious historians. A
monument depicting the event was erected
near the site, funded by donations from the
people, and was inaugurated on September
3, 1911.

●​ In his memoirs, General Masangkay

recounts the “Cry of Balintawak,” stating that
on August 26, 1896, a large meeting was
held in Balintawak at the house of Apolonio
Samson, the cabeza of that barrio of
Caloocan. Among those who attended were
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del
Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Briccio Pantes,
Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Enrique
Pacheco, and Francisco Carreon, all of
whom were leaders of the Katipunan and
part of the board of directors of the
organization. Delegates from Bulacan,

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 31丨Cram & Care Club