Half controlled Bridge Rectifier
silicon controlled recitifier
(a) Common cathode (b) Common anode (c) SCRs in single AC line
Common cathode is the most common which require single triggering sources to fire both the SCRs
without isolation
Common cathode and common anode can lose control for inductive load for improper triggering
pulses
SCRs in single AC line acts as half-controlled bridge with flywheel diode
Controlled Rectifier with Source Inductance
During the commutation angle µ all
the four thyristors conduct
Controlled Rectifier with Source Inductance
During the commutation angle µ all
the four thyristors conduct
Two-machine power system
For lossless line Active power is same throughout the line
Two-machine power system
Power flow can be controlled by
- Varying line impedance X
- Varying δ
- Varying voltage difference (Vs-Vr) by injecting series voltage that changes current
- Applying a voltage in the midpoint can also change power flow
Shunt Compensation
- Able to minimize overvoltage under light load condition
- Maintain voltage level under heavy load condition
Shunt Compensation
- Able to minimize overvoltage under light load condition
- Maintain voltage level under heavy load condition
Applying a voltage at the midpoint and in quadrature with
the line current can increase the transmittable power, but
at the expense of increasing the reactive power demand
Thyristor-controlled Reactor (TCR)
As long as the injected current is in phase quadrature with the line voltage, the
shunt compensator only supplies or consumes variable reactive power
If the gating of the switch is delayed by angle α with
respect to crest (or peak) Vm of the supply voltage
- Harmonic currents of low order appear.
- Passive filters are necessary to eliminate these
harmonics.
-Transformers with Y–delta connections are normally
the compensator can vary the impedance, used at the sending end to avoid harmonic injection
and hence the compensating current to the ac supply line.
Thyristor-controlled Reactor (TCR)
Thyristor-Switched Capacitor (TSC)
• Switch is operated to turn-on/off
the capacitor
• TSC should be switched when
voltage across it is zero (ZVS) else
non-zero dv/dt results in current
spikes, for which L is required
For
For transient-free switching, Negative terms of i(t) should be zero
Or
Capacitor must be charged to a voltage slightly higher than Vm prior to gating
Thyristor-Switched Capacitor (TSC)
As the current become zero
we turn off the switch
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
• The reactive elements of SVC are
connected to the transmission line
through a transformer to prevent the
elements to withstand full system
voltage
• Controller strategy aims to maintain the
TL voltage at a fixed level by adjusting
conduction angle
• Modular arrangement
• Lower controller burden
• Increased redundancy hence fault
tolerant
• Auxiliary input communication for
coordinated control
• Parameter setting
Static Compensator (STATCOM)
• Line voltage V in phase with
converter output voltage Vo and
equal, No exchange of reactive
power as current is zero
• Vo>V, the voltage drop across XL
results in leading current with
respect to voltage hence
capacitive effect
• Vo<V, the compensator draws a
lagging current and absorbs VARs
• Wide operating range, low rating
than SVC, superior capability to
handle system disturbances
Resonant Converters
Switch mode Inductive current switching
Hard Switching Waveforms One Inverter Leg
Higher losses
Device stress
Thermal management
EMI due to high dv/dt and di/dt
Rashid pg 634
Turn-on and Turn-off Snubbers
Reduces switch stress
Shifts the power loss from switch to snubber
