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 PROGRAMMING IN JAVA
SYLLABUS
UNIT - I :
Introduction to Java: -History of Java, features of Java, getting started with Java.
Java programs:-Introduction of Application & Applets. Variables: -Variable
naming,
variable initialization, assign values, Rules of variables, Scope of variable.
Operators:
Arithmetic, Assignment, Unary, Comparison, Shift, Bit- Wise, Logical, Conditional,
New, Special, Relational. Data types:-Integers, Char, String, Float etc. Typecasting:
Tokens: -Java tokens Order of precedence of operators Streams: - Input and
output.

UNIT - II :
Creating a class & subclass: -Declaring a class, Naming class, Rules to assign Class
&
Subclass, Creating a new object, Class of an object. Data members: -Declaring
data
member, Naming variables, using class members. Methods: -Using data members,
Invoke a method, passing arguments to a method, calling method. Access
Specifier &
Modifiers: -Public, Private, Protected, Static & Final. Overloading: -Method
overloading, Constructor overloading. Java class library: - Different types of
classes.
Decision making & loops:-If-then-else, Switch,? : operator, While-loop, do-while
loop,
for. Array: -Creating an array, one-dimensional array, two-dimensional array.
String:
String array, string methods. Inheritance: -Single & multiple inheritances
Interfaces:
Defining interfaces, extending interfaces, implementing interfaces.

UNIT - III :
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Packages: -Java API packages, creating packages, accessing packages, adding a
class to
packages. Import statement: - Introduction & implementation of import
statement.
Applets:-Introduction to Applets & Application, how applets application are
different
creating An applet. Applets life cycle, designing a web page, creating an
executable
applet, running the applet, applet tags, passing a parameter to applet, HTML tag,
Converting applet to application. Threads:-Overview of threads, single & multiple
threads, lift cycle of threads, stopping & blocking threads, working with threads,
priority
to thread, synchronization. Exceptions & Errors:-Introduction, types of error,
exception,
syntax of exception, handling techniques, exception for Debugging.

UNIT - IV :
Event: -Event driven programming, handling an (AWT) events. Graphic class:
Introduction, the graphic classes, drawing & filling of lines, rectangle, circle &
ellipse,
arcs, polygons, text & fonts, creating a font class, font objects, text, coloring
object.
Streams:-Introduction, Abstract stream classes, file input & output.
AWI Applications: -Creating a GUI using AWT toolkit, using component class,
frames.
Components & Control: -Textfield, textarea class, label, button, choice, list,
checkbox,
class, and combo. Menus: -Creating a popup menus. Image: - Type of image,
Properties
of an image, Displaying an image. Layouts: -Using Window Listener interface,
Different
types of Layout, Layout manager, Flow manager, Grid manager. Container: -
Different
types of container (Frame, Dialog, Panel).

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UNIT ONE –
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Explain different types of operators supported in java.
S[2024,2018].
OR
2. What are different operator in java ? Explain conditional
operator with example. S[2023].
OR
3. Wrie different types of operators in java. Explain Bit-wise
operator with example. W[2019].
OR
4. List the operator supported by java explain bitwise
operator with example. W[2018].

Ans –
Types of Operators in Java –

1. Arithmetic Operators
 Used to perform mathematical operations.

Operator Description Example

+ Addition a+b

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 - Subtraction a-b

* Multiplication a*b

/ Division a/b

% Modulus a%b
(Remainder)

Example:

2. Assignment Operators -
 Used to assign values to variables.
Operator Description Example

= Assign a = 10

+= Add & assign a += 5 (a = a + 5)

-= Subtract & assign a -= 3 (a = a - 3)

*= Multiply & assign a *= 2 (a = a * 2)

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 /= Divide & assign a /= 2 (a = a / 2)

 Example:

3. Unary Operators
 Used with a single operand.
Operator Description Example

+ Positive value +a

- Negative value -a

++ Increment a++ or ++a

-- Decrement a-- or --a

 Example:

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4. Relational (Comparison) Operators
 Used to compare values.
Operator Description Example

== Equal to a == b

!= Not equal to a != b

> Greater than a>b

< Less than a<b

>= Greater than or a >= b

equal to

<= Less than or equal a <= b

to

Example:

5. Logical Operators
 Used to perform logical operations.
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 Operator Description Example

&& Logical AND (a > 5 && b < 10)

|| Logical OR (a>5 || b<10)

! Logical NOT !(a > b)

 Example:

6. Bitwise Operators
 Used for binary operations.
Operator Description Example

& Bitwise AND a&b

| BITWISE OR a|b

^ Bitwise XOR a^b

~ Bitwise ~a
Complement
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 << Left Shift a << 2

>> Right Shift a >> 2

 Example:

7. Ternary(Conditional) Operator -
 Short form of if-else statement.

 Syntax:

 Example:

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8. Instanceof Operator
 Checks if an object is an instance of a class.

 Example:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Explain the structure of java program with suitable
example. S[2024,2019,2018].
Ans –
Structure of a Java Program
 A Java program follows a specific structure that consists
of various components. Understanding the structure
helps in writing clean and efficient code.

Basic Structure of a Java Program

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Explanation of Java Program Components
Component Description

1. Package Declaration Declares a package

(optional). Used for
organizing related classes.

2. Import Statements Imports built-in or user-

defined packages (optional).

3. Class Declaration Every Java program must

have at least one class.
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 4. Main Method Execution starts from public
static void main(String[]
args).

5. Variable Declaration Declaring and initializing

variables.

6. Printing Output System.out.println() is used

for displaying output.

Example: Java Program with All Components

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Explanation of Example Program -
1. Package Declaration: Declares myPackage, grouping
related classes together.

2. Import Statement: Imports Scanner class from java.util

for user input.

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 3. Class Declaration: Declares ExampleProgram as the
main class.

4. Main Method: Execution starts from public static void

main(String[] args).

5. Variable Declaration: Uses Scanner to take user input.

6. Printing Output: Displays a welcome message based on

user input.

Expected Output

Explanation of Output -
 The program prompts the user: "Enter your name:"
 If the user enters "John", the program reads the input.
 It then prints: "Hello, John! Welcome to Java."
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Explain the concept of typecasting in java.
S[2024,2023],W[2019].
OR
7. Explain with example type casting and conversion in java.
W[2018].
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Ans –
Definition:
 Typecasting in Java is the process of converting one data
type into another. It is used when we need to store a
value of one type into another type of variable.

Types of Typecasting in Java –

1. Implicit Typecasting (Widening Conversion)

 Automatically done by Java.
 Converts a smaller data type to a larger data type.
 No data loss occurs.

 Example:

Output:

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2. Explicit Typecasting (Narrowing Conversion)
 Done manually using (type).
 Converts a larger data type into a smaller data type.
 May lead to data loss.

 Example:

Output:

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  Explanation: The decimal part 0.99 is lost during
conversion.

Real-World Example
 Implicit Casting: Assigning an integer (100) to a double
variable in a shopping cart system.

 Explicit Casting: Converting a product's price (double)

into an integer for discount calculations.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. What is variable ? Write rules for naming variable with
example. S[2023,2019].
Ans –
Definition:
 A variable in Java is a container that stores data values. It
acts as a named memory location where we can store,
modify, and retrieve data during program execution.

Rules for Naming Variables in Java -

1. Must start with a letter (A-Z or a-z), _ (underscore), or $
(dollar sign).

2. Cannot be a Java keyword (e.g., int, class, static are not

allowed).

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 3. Can contain letters, digits (0-9), _, and $.

4. Case-sensitive (Age and age are different variables).

5. Should be meaningful (e.g., studentName is better than

s).

6. No spaces allowed (use camelCase like firstName).

7. Should not start with a digit (e.g., 1name is invalid).

8. Follow camelCase convention (myVariable,

totalAmount).

Example: Valid & Invalid Variable Names –

Variable Name Valid/Invalid Reason

age ✅ Valid Starts with a letter

_name ✅ Valid Can start with _

$price ✅ Valid Can start with $

1student ❌ Invalid Cannot start with

a digit

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 class ❌ Invalid class is a Java
keyword

first Name ❌ Invalid No spaces allowed

my-variable ❌ Invalid Hyphens (-) are

not allowed

Example Java Program: Declaring Variables –

Output:

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Explain the feature of java in detail. S[2019,2018].
OR
10. What are the feature of java. W[2018].
OR
11. Explain the following feature of java :
I. Platform independent and portable.
II. Robust and secure. W[2019].
Ans –
Features of Java
 Java is a high-level, object-oriented, platform-
independent programming language designed to be
secure, fast, and reliable.

 Below are the key features of Java:

1. Simple -
 Java syntax is easy to learn and similar to C/C++ but with
simplified memory management.
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  It removes complex features like pointers, multiple
inheritance, and explicit memory allocation (malloc and
free in C).

 Example:

 Output: Value of a: 10

2. Object-Oriented
 Java follows the OOP (Object-Oriented Programming)
principles:

 Encapsulation – Data hiding using classes and objects.

 Abstraction – Hides implementation details from the

user.

 Inheritance – Allows reusability of code.

 Polymorphism – Enables a single function to behave

differently.

 Example:
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  Output: This is a Car

3. Platform-Independent -
 Java follows "Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA)".

 Java code is compiled into bytecode, which runs on JVM

(Java Virtual Machine) on any OS (Windows, Linux, Mac).

 Example:

4. Secure -

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  No explicit use of pointers, which prevents unauthorized
memory access.

 Automatic memory management (Garbage Collection).

 Bytecode verification to prevent malicious code

execution.

 Example:

5. Robust (Strong & Error-Free) -

 Java has automatic garbage collection to prevent
memory leaks.

 It has exception handling to catch runtime errors.

 Example: Exception Handling

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  Output: Cannot divide by zero!

6. Multithreaded -
 Java supports multitasking by allowing multiple threads
to execute simultaneously.

 It improves performance and efficiency.

 Example: Creating a thread

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  Output: Thread is running...

7. Distributed -
 Java can be used in distributed computing, allowing
applications to communicate over a network.

 Supports RMI (Remote Method Invocation) and web

technologies like Servlets, JSP.

8. High Performance -
 Java uses JIT (Just-In-Time Compiler) to convert
bytecode into machine code at runtime, making
execution faster.

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9. Dynamic and Extensible -
 Java supports dynamic memory allocation.

 It allows importing external libraries (JAR files)

dynamically.

 Example: Importing external packages

10. Portable -
 Java applications do not depend on system architecture
(e.g., 32-bit or 64-bit).

 The same Java program runs on different devices.

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12. Explain the OOP feature of java programming language.
W[2017].
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