Enhancement of Heat Transfer Using Triangular Perforated Fins

Abstract
In many engineering applications, extended surfaces, commonly referred to as fins, are used to
enhance convective heat transfer. This study investigates the problem of forced convection heat
transfer for triangular perforated fins. An experimental study was conducted to compare the
heat transfer rate of a rectangular non-perforated fin and a rectangular fin with triangular
perforations. The study also involved simulations in ANSYS 17.2 to determine the most
effective type of fin for heat transfer enhancement. The parameters considered include the
thermal properties of the fin and the perforations. The study takes into account the increase in
fin surface area and the extent of heat transfer enhancement due to perforations. The
comparison between experimental results and software results was analyzed to determine the
most effective perforation shape for the specified application.

Keywords: Fins, Triangular Perforation, Forced Convection, Simulation, ANSYS 17.2,

Experimentation.

1. Introduction
Advanced technologies require high-performance heat transfer equipment. Methods for
improving heat transfer are grouped into two categories: active and passive methods. Active
methods require external power to enhance heat transfer, while passive methods do not.
Extended surfaces or fins are examples of passive methods of heat transfer that are commonly
used in various industrial applications to enhance the rate of heat transfer between the primary
surface (heat sink) and ambient fluid. Rectangular fins are commonly used for heat exchangers,
and the understanding of convection mechanisms and prediction of heat transfer performance
on rectangular fins are usually analyzed by the flow and heat transfer simultaneously. In electric
and electronic systems, the generated heat may cause burning or overheating problems that
lead to system failure and costly damages. The fin industry has been engaged with regular
searches to reduce the size, weight, and cost of fins. The reduction in fin size and cost is
achieved by increasing the heat transfer carried out by the fins. This increment can be achieved
by different methods, such as increasing the ratio of the heat transfer surface area of the fin to
the volume of the fin, producing fins from materials having high thermal conductivity, and
increasing the heat transfer coefficient between the fin and its surroundings. Several
investigations have been conducted to find the optimum shape of fins (rectangular, square,
triangular, pin, wavy, serrated, and slotted). Some studies introduced shape modifications by
cutting some material from the fin to form cavities, holes, slots, grooves, or perforations
through the fin body to increase the heat transfer coefficient through effective heat transfer
surface area. The modifications in this work are triangular perforations made through the fin
thickness with a different number of perforations. The study investigates the influence of
triangular perforation and lateral spacing on the heat transfer ratio, heat transfer rate, heat
transfer coefficient of the perforated surface, and heat transfer within the perforation. The heat
dissipation of the solid fin is compared with that of the fins with a different number of parallel
perforations. Triangular perforated fins create more turbulence compared to solid fins. More
turbulence means a high Reynolds Number and a high Nusselt Number, which gives rise to the
heat transfer rate. The present market trend is based on best-optimized quality parameters with
low quantity, so the market demands economical, compact, lightweight, and effective fins. The
optimization of the size of the fin is of greater significance. Therefore, fins must be designed
to achieve the maximum amount of heat removal with low material expenditure.

2. Nomenclature

 TT: Tip temperature of the fin

 T0T0: Root temperature of the fin
 T∞T∞: Ambient temperature of the fin
 PP: Perimeter of the fin
 hh: Convective heat transfer coefficient
 KK: Thermal conductivity of the material in W/m²K
 AA: Cross-section of the fin in mm²

3. Methodology

A. Material Selection

Generally, there are two types of materials used for fins: aluminum and copper. The thermal
conductivity of aluminum is 200 W/mK, and that of copper is 385 W/mK. The melting point
of copper is 1084°C, and the boiling point is 2595°C, while those of aluminum are 658°C and
2057°C, respectively. Aluminum was selected for the experimental and simulated analysis.

B. Design of Fin and Heater Plate

Fins and the heater were designed using SolidWorks software. The heater is made of aluminum
material with a length of 200 mm, a width of 100 mm, and a thickness of 20 mm. There are
five fins on the base plate. The fin dimensions are 90 mm in length, 40 mm in width, 43 mm
in height, and 3 mm in thickness. Two fins were manufactured: one is a solid rectangular fin,
and the other is a rectangular fin with triangular perforations of 5 mm.

C. Manufacturing of Fin

An aluminum block of 100 mm length, 50 mm width, and 50 mm height was selected for the
manufacturing of the fin. Two fins were manufactured: one is a solid rectangular fin, and the
other is a rectangular fin with triangular perforations of 5 mm. The fin was designed in
SolidWorks software. The fin dimensions are 90 mm in length, 40 mm in width, 43 mm in
height, and 3 mm in thickness. There are five plates on both fins. The fins were manufactured
using a CNC milling machine. It was used to obtain the required dimensions of the specimen.
After machining in the milling machine, the fins were transferred to a drilling machine for the
perforations.
4. Analysis of Fins by Experimental Method

The test was conducted in an experimental setup. Fins were placed on the aluminum-based
heater in the duct. The heat input given to the heater was 20 watts. Thermocouples were
attached to the different surfaces of the fin. Eleven thermocouples were used to measure the
temperature of the different surfaces of the fins. A blower was used for the continuous
circulation of air over the surface of the fin as the experiment was of forced convection type.
The velocity of the air in the duct was measured using a venturi meter. The readings of
temperature were measured by the thermocouples, and the input voltage and current were
measured by reading the control panel.

Boundary Conditions

Ideal air was used as the fluid passing through the duct and fin. For all the solid walls, no
penetration and no-slip boundary conditions were considered. For the inlet port of the duct,
velocity and temperature boundary conditions were used. For the outlet port of the duct, an
average static pressure boundary condition was used.

1. Ambient temperature: 303 K

2. Fin Material: Aluminum
3. Thermal Conductivity of the material: 202.4 W/m°C
4. Velocity Inlet: 0.2 m/s
5. Heat Input: 20 watts

Observation Table

Table 1: Reading of Non-Perforated Fin

Thermocouple Reading 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Duct

53 40 42 42 42 43 44 43 44 42 43 37

Table 2: Reading of Perforated Fin

Thermocouple Reading 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Duct

55 40 42 42 42 44 42 44 42 43 37

Formula Used for Calculation

5. Analysis of Fins by Simulation
The analysis of fins was done using ANSYS 17.2 software. Solid models of fins were made
using SolidWorks software. Solid models of fins were analyzed and simulated in ANSYS 17.2
software. The temperature at different points of the fin was obtained from the software. The
convective heat transfer coefficient, turbulence intensity, surface heat transfer coefficient,
temperature, and airflow were also calculated using ANSYS 17.2 software.

6. Results

The convective heat transfer coefficient (h) was calculated using a suitable formula. The
convective heat transfer coefficient was calculated from the experiment and simulation for both
the solid fin and the solid fin with triangular perforation. Due to non-uniform heating, losses,
irregular surfaces, and obstructions in the duct, turbulence was created so that the value of the
convective heat transfer coefficient was higher in the experimental method compared to the
simulation. The calculated results for both cases are given in the table below.

Table 3: Results

Shapes Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/m²°C)

Experiment Simulation
Non-Perforated 21.83 16.85
Perforated 34.18 22.56

7. Conclusion

Both fins were simulated and analyzed experimentally carefully. From the above study, it is
concluded that the convective heat transfer coefficient of the rectangular fin with triangular
perforation is maximum. Perforation creates turbulence compared to the solid fin, so the
perforated fin has a 36% higher convective heat transfer coefficient compared to the solid
rectangular fin. Due to the increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient, the heat transfer
is also higher in the perforated fin. In this study, the effect of various parameters like geometry,
Reynolds number, and friction factor on the heat transfer for the rectangular fins with triangular
perforation was investigated experimentally. The effects of Reynolds number and perforation
on the heat transfer characteristics were determined. The Nusselt numbers of perforated fin
arrays, as well as solid fin arrays, increase with an increase in Reynolds number. The use of
perforated fins not only increases the heat dissipation rate but also simultaneously reduces the
fin weight. Low weight means saving material of the fin and decreasing the expenditure on the
fin material and related equipment. Hence, it may be utilized for cooling air for much electronic
equipment and many other industrial applications.
8. References

[1] Bergles AE. The implications and challenges of enhanced heat transfer for the chemical
process industries. Chem Eng Res Des 2001;79:437–44.

[2] Kern QD, Kraus DA. Extended surface heat transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1972.

[3] Malekzadeh P, Rahideh H, Karami G. Optimization of convective-radiative fins by using

differential quadrature element method. Energy Convers Manage 2006;47:1505–14.

[4] Suksangpanomung A, Chungpaibulpatana S, Promvonge P. Numerical investigation of heat

transfer in pulsating flows through a bluff plate. Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer
2007;34:829–37.

[5] Bayram Sahin and Alparslan Demir, “Performance Analysis of a Heat Exchanger Having
Perforated Square Fins”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 6(2008), pp. 621–632.

[6] Bayram Sahin and Alparslan Demir, “Thermal Performance Analysis and Optimum Design
Parameters of Heat Exchanger Having Perforated Pin Fins”, Energy Conversion and
Management, available online 4 January 2008, doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2007.

[7] A. H. Al-Essa and F. M. S. Al-Hussien, “The Effect of Orientation of Square Perforations

on the Heat Transfer Enhancement from a Fin Subjected to Natural Convection”, Heat and
Mass Transfer, 40(2004), pp. 509–515.

[8] R. Mullisen and R. Loehrke, “A Study of Flow Mechanisms Responsible for Heat Transfer
Enhancement in Interrupted-Plate Heat Exchangers”, Journal of Heat Transfer (Transactions
of the ASME), 108(1986), pp. 377–385.

[9] C. F. Kutscher, “Heat Exchange Effectiveness and Pressure Drop for Air Flow Through
Perforated Plates With and Without Crosswind”, Journal of Heat Transfer, 116(1994), pp. 391–
399.

[10] B. V. S. S. Prasad and A. V. S. S. K. Gupta, “Note on the Performance of an Optimal

Straight Rectangular Fin With a Semi-Circular Cut at the Tip”, Heat Transfer Engineering,
14(1998).

[11] Dittus-Boelter, Sieder and Tate. (1997), Principal of Heat Transfer, by Frank Kreith and
Mark Bohn, 6th edition.

[12] Moffat R. J., (1988) Described in uncertainties in experimental results, experiment thermo
fluid sci., 1:3–17.
[PDF] EFFECT THE FORM OF PERFORATION ON THE HEAT TRANSFER IN THE PERFORATED FINS |
Semantic Scholar
 Computational Analysis of Triangular Perforated Fins in Staggered Arrangement

Abstract

The present paper gives the computational analysis of the base plate equipped with triangular cross section
fins in staggered manner. This analysis is done for 4 type of ratios, the inter fin spacing distance to side length
of fin i.e (Sy/D) 1.208, 1.524, 1.944 and 3.417. in a duct having rectangular cross section area of 250mm x
100mm and a length of 1030 mm and 2 types of fins the solid triangular cross section fins and perforated
fins. In the analysis air is forced to enter duct with 5m/s and carry away the heat in all types of arrangement
for solid as well as perforated fins the analysis shows that the perforation in the fin has increased the heat
transfer of the fin so perforation in the fins is suggested for higher thermal performance.
Keywords: Computational Analysis, Triangular Pin Fins, Force Convection, Staggered Arrangement

I. INTRODUCTION

The heat generated while operating several engineering system may cause severe over heating problems and
consequently leads to failure of the systems. So it is imperative to add superior heat transfer elements having
smaller mass, more compatible and less expenditure. The heat generated in a system such as diesel engine,
heat exchangers in the gas turbine, boiler super-heater tubes, condenser coils, etc. must be dissipated to its
surroundings in order to maintain the system functioning at its recommended working temperatures and
operating effectively and reliably

II. COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS

A. Problem Description:

A tunnel of known dimension with base plate place inside the tunnel at known location is modelled in the
Ansys Design Modeler. The fins with base plate is considered in three cases
1) Base plate with Solid Fins: These fins are of 100mm height having no hole
2) Base plate with Perforated Fins:These fins are of 100mm height having a circular hole of 6mm at a
17mm distance from lower base of The base plate.
A tunnel is 1030 mm length at inlet it is conveged and in the middle it has uniform rectangular cross
section of 250 mm x 100 mm and in the end it diverges. Arrow B represent flow inlet to tunnel and Arrow A
represent flow outlet. Arrow C represent alluminum base plate of 250 mm x 250mm cross section and 6 mm
thichness and it has known number of fins and 100mm height having constant electrical heat input of 900w.
A flow of air is entering the duct through duct-inlet, passes over the base plate and goes to atmosphere through
duct-outlet. The aim of the analysis is to find heat transfer rate, temperature distribution, and stream line
patterns across the plate by considering the 5m/s velocity for varios cases of number of fins in staggered
arrangement for perforated and solid fins. The location of inlet of duct, outlet of duct, fins and base plate is
shown in the below figure.

452
 Fig. 1: Workbench Modell of flow Duct and Base
plate Assembly Table -1
Table for Perforated Fins
Sr. No. Number of Height of
fins fins
1 25 100mm
2 21 100mm
3 18 100mm
4 11 100mm

Table – 2
Table for Solid
Fin
Sr. No. Number of Height of
fins fins
1 25 100mm
2 21 100mm
3 18 100mm
4 11 100mm

B. Temperature Contour:

The temperature contour for various types of fins is obtained from the ansys software. And this temperature
distribution is close to experimental data, it shows that all perforated fins cool fater than solid fins.

Fig. 2: Temperature Countour for 11 Solid Fins and 11 Perforated Fins

453
Fig. 3: Temperature Countour for 18 Solid Fins and 18 Perforated Fins

454
Fig. 4: Temperature Countour For 21 Solid Fins And 21 Perforated Fins

Fig. 5: Temperature Countour for 25 Solid Fins and 25 Perforated Fins

C. Streamline Velocity Contours:

Here velocity streamline contours of all types of fin are shown. It is seen that flow pattern is looking like shape of duct.

Fig. 6: Streamline Velocity Distribution In 11 Solid Fins And 11 Perforated Fins

Fig. 7: Streamline Velocity Distribution In 18 Solid Fins And 18 Perforated Fins

455
 Fig. 8: Streamline Velocity Distribution In 21 Solid Fins And 21 Perforated Fins

Fig. 9: Streamline Velocity Distribution In 25 Solid Fins And 25 Perforated Fins

III. CONCLUSION

Computational analysis is done four types of arrays and for two types of fins solid as well as perforated fins.
In this analysis we are trying see the effect of perforation on the behavior of heat transfer and flow pattern at
a velocity of 5 m/s. from the above obtained graph we have reached to following conclusion.
1) For the same heat input of 900w for all types of fins and fin arrangement the lowest steady state base
plate temperature is achieved by 25 perforated fins having inter fin spacing ratio i.e (Sy/D)= 1.208
and highest steady state base plate temperature is achieved by 11 solid fins having inter fin spacing
ratio i.e (Sy/D)= 3.417
2) The heat transfer rate decreases with increased in inter fin spacing ratio
3) From the temperature distribution of fin we can see that perforated fins cool faster than the solid fins
4) From the streamline velocity distribution we can see that solid fins offer more disturbance to flow
than perforated fins and in perforated fins air is forced to flow throw hole consequently the flow
becomes smooth and more heat is carried away by the air

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. H. S. Farkade, GCOEA, for his constant support,
valuable guidance and encouragement throughout the course work for completing this work.

REFERENCE

[1] Bayram Sahin, AlparslanDemir Performance analysis of a heat exchanger having perforated square fins,
ELSEVIER, Applied Thermal Engineering 28 (2008) 621–632
[2] R. Karthikeyan* et al. / (IJAEST) International Journal of Advanced Engineering Science And Technology Vol No.
10, Issue No. 1, 125 – 138
[3] Tzer-Ming Jeng,Sheng-Chungzeng, ELSEVIER, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 50 (2007) 2364–
2375
[4] Giovanni Tanda,PERGAMON, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 3529-3541
[5] G.J. Vanfossen and B.A. Brigham Length to diameter ratio and row number effects in short pin fin heat
456
 transfer, ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 106 (1984) 241–244.
[6] D.E. Metzger, C.S. Fan, S.W. Haley, Effects of pin shape and array orientation on heat transfer and
pressure loss in pin fin arrays, J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 106 (1984) 252–257.
[7] R.F. Babus‟Haq, K. Akintunde, S.D. Probert, Thermal performance of a pin-fin assembly, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow
16 (1995) 50–55.
[8] O.N. Sara, T. Pekdemir, S. Yapici, M. Yılmaz, Heat- transfer enhancement in a channel flow with
perforated rectangular blocks, Int. J. Heat Fluid Fl. 22, 509–518.
[9] P. K. Nag, 2006, “Heat & Mass Transfer”, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Co. Pg. No. : 86-108 & 425-449
[10] J. P. Holman, 2004, “Heat Transfer”, Y.Tozaki, K.Tokaji, A newly developed tool probe for friction stir spot
welding and its

457
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301313375

Optimization of triangular fins with/without longitudinal perforate for

thermal performance enhancement

Article in Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology · April 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s12206-016-0349-5

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 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 30 (4) (2016) 1903~1910
www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x(Print)/1976-3824(Online)
DOI 10.1007/s12206-016-0349-5

Optimization of triangular fins with/without longitudinal perforate for

thermal performance enhancement†
A. Shadlaghani, M. R. Tavakoli*, M. Farzaneh and M. R. Salimpour
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran

(Manuscript Received June 21, 2015; Revised October 3, 2015; Accepted November 23, 2015)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract

This study aimed at determining a suitable pattern to allow for a better design of the fins used in heat sinks. Flow was considered lami-
nar and steady, and the studied heat transfer mechanism was forced convection. Considering a fixed fin volume, the shape of fin cross
section and its dimensions were optimized to maximize the heat transfer rate in a given physical condition. Numerical results showed that
at a constant fin base area, heat transfer rate was higher in a fin with a triangular cross section compared to the fins with rectangular or
trapezoidal cross sections. Investigation of optimum dimensional ratio in triangular fins showed that an increased height/thickness ratio
enhanced the heat transfer rate. The effect of vertical position of the longitudinal perforations with different cross sections but similar
volume ratios on the thermal performance of triangular fins was also examined. Results showed that perforation enhanced the thermal
performance of the fins. Perforations with square and circular cross sections had almost identical thermal performances and dissipated
more heat compared to those with triangular perforations.
Keywords: Force convection; Heat sink; Longitudinal perforate; Numerical optimization; Triangular fin
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

sink with different fins which had the same surface area
1. Introduction
using the numerical convection and radiation heat transfer
Heat transfer enhancement in heat systems has always method and investigated the effects of geometric parameters
been an important step when designing them. One of the on the optimal design of the fins. El Sayed [3] experimen-
most effective methods in heat transfer enhancement is the tally examined the optimum position of a set of rectangular
use of extended surfaces, i.e. fins. The term “extended sur- fins. Johnson and Moshfegh [4] conducted different experi-
face” is used when the conduction inside the body and the ments in wind tunnels with different dimensions and studied
convection from boundaries occur simultaneously. The the heat transfer rate of heat sinks with different geometries
thermal conductivity of fins greatly affects the temperature that were heated from their base by a constant heat flux. A
distribution along the fin and, consequently, the heat transfer relationship for the Nusselt number and pressure drop was
rate. The choice of fins for various applications depends on presented in terms of dimensions of the heat sink and the
factors such as size, weight, increased pressure drop, and wind tunnel. Yaghoubi and Velayati [5] studied the convec-
increased convection coefficient. Many studies have been tion heat transfer in turbulent flow through a set of cubes
conducted on the use of fins with various shapes to increase mounted on a flat surface and provided relationships for
the heat transfer rate. Kim et al. [1] provided relationships average Nusselt number and the efficiency of the fins. The
for the thermal optimization of rectangular fins in the devel- use of longitudinal and transverse perforates in fins has also
oped laminar flows. Their results were compared with the been addressed in the field’s literature in order to reduce the
numerical and experimental methods for natural convection weight and increase the heat transfer rate. Shaeri and Yag-
heat transfer. The analytical relationships showed that the houbi [6, 7] numerically simulated the heat transfer en-
optimum fin thickness depends only on the height and the hancement in rectangular fins in laminar and turbulent flows
conductivity of the fin, as well as the fluid heat transfer coef- in heat sinks. The effect of longitudinal perforations (in the
ficient, and is independent of the Rayleigh number, fluid direction of flow) inside the fins was studied, and it was
viscosity, and fin length. Dougan et al. [2] studied a heat concluded that perforation increases the performance of the
* fins. In another study [8], the effect of different arrange-
Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 313 391 9012, Fax.: +98 313 391 2628
E-mail address: mrtavak@cc.iut.ac.ir ments of transverse perforations with rectangular cross sec-
†
Recommended by Associate Editor Chang Yong Park tions in rectangular fins was investigated. Ismail et al. [9]
© KSME & Springer 2016
1904 A. Shadlaghani et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 30 (4) (2016) 1903~1910

numerically studied the effect of cross section of perfora-

tions on the increase in the heat transfer rate in rectangular
fins and found that perforations with circular cross section
had the greatest effect in increasing the heat transfer and
reducing the pressure drop. The effects of perforations with
circular cross section on an arrangement of cylindrical fins
mounted on a smooth surface on the Nusselt number and
friction coefficient was experimentally studied by Sahin and
Demir [10]. Huang [11] examined the overall heat transfer
coefficient of a set of horizontal rectangular fins for air con-
ditioning application using numerical methods. It was con-
cluded that the perforations in the fins increase the overall
heat transfer coefficient more than 2-folds. Constructal the-
ory that was first introduced by Bejan [12] is a useful
method for fin geometrical optimization. For instance, Si et
al. [13] investigated the thermal performance of a heat sink
with different multi-stage arrangements of perforations using
the concepts of constructal theory. In addition, a large num-
Fig. 1. Investigated fins with various cross section.
ber of researches investigated the thermal performance of
pin fins arrays with different arrangements with and without
perforate [14, 15].
3. Problem description
As it can be observed, the previous works mostly investi-
gated the square fins or pin fins in presence of perforate. Due In order to cool electronic equipment, an array of air-cooled
to the lack of investigations about triangular fins, this study finned channels is placed between the heat-generating electri-
mainly focused on this kind of fins in presence of perforate by cal components. Heat sinks consist of a number of parallel fins
investigating the geometrical and hydraulic parameters of fins of similar geometry. The fins are generally triangular, trape-
and different perforates. In other word, this was the first time zoidal, and rectangular. Fig. 1 shows the studied fins with
that the effect of perforates on the thermal performance of different cross sections. As can be seen in Fig. 1, at a given fin
triangular fins was investigated. Also, thermal performance of volume, the cross section changes as the angle β varies. The
fins with three different cross sections (i.e., triangular, trape- optimum angle was determined by examining the increase in
zoidal and square) was studied in this paper. Once the best fin the heat transfer rate achieved though changing the angle β.
design was determined, effects of perforations at different Clearly, if β = 90, the cross section of the fin becomes rectan-
locations, as well as different cross sections of a single perfo- gular. The maximum change in angle β occurs when a = 0,
ration, on the thermal performance of the fin were also inves- which means a triangular cross section. The effect of fin di-
tigated. The ratio of the perforation volume to fin volume was mensions (height and width) was examined though determin-
defined as the volume ratio of φ and was considered 0.05 in ing the optimum cross section. The optimum dimensions at a
all the studied geometries. constant volume were then calculated.
The effect of the location and cross section shape of the
longitudinal perforation was then investigated. Perforations in
2. Governing equation extended surfaces have always been one of the most important
The governing equations were the equations of continuity, issues in this field since it reduces the heat sink weight in
momentum and energy for incompressible steady laminar manufacturing process. Three perforations with square, circu-
flow by neglecting body forces: lar and triangle cross section were modeled to bring insight
into the optimum shape of perforations.
¶ui
=0
¶xi 4. Numerical analysis
¶u 1 ¶p ¶ 2u
uj i = - + v 2i (1) Since the Richardson number of the air flowing through the
¶x j r ¶xi ¶xi
heat sink was much less than one ( Gr 2 << 1 ), forced con-
¶T ¶ 2T Re
u =a 2 . vection heat transfer mechanism was considered here. The
¶x j ¶xi
Reynolds number was calculated based on the thickness of the
Since the heat transfer in extended surfaces, such as fins, is VD
fin base (Re = ) . The studied aluminum fins had a con-
a combination of conduction and convection, the temperature v
distribution in fins was calculated using the Fourier’s law and ductivity of 202 w/mk. The dimensions of the solution domain
Newton’s law of cooling. were selected so that it does not affect the results and the flow
 A. Shadlaghani et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 30 (4) (2016) 1903~1910 1905

Table 1. Typical grid study for rectangular fin.

NO. Element number Nu Cf

1 798881 2.26 0.044
2 975811 2.27 0.045
3 1223284 2.23 0.043
4 1461299 2.21 0.043

tw
cf = (2)
0.5 r u¥2
hb
Nu = . (3)
kf

Nusselt number was calculated based on the fin base thick-

ness. Average convection coefficient was calculated based on
the volumetric temperature of the free flow over the fin as
follows:

qf
h= . (4)
Fig. 2. The cubic solution domain and its dimensions. A f (Tb - T¥ )

patterns, such as vortices [16]. Given the symmetry and the One of the most important steps in numerical simulations is
similarity of the fins (Fig. 2), a single fin was investigated, and to investigate the sensitivity of the results to the number and
the results can be generalized to the whole heat sink by defini- size of the generated elements. Four different grids were ex-
tion of the appropriate boundary conditions. A cubic domain amined to determine the independence of the numerical solu-
(Fig. 2) was considered around the fin after examining differ- tion from the solution domain mesh. To check the quality of
ent dimensions for solution domain. The hydrodynamic and the grid, it was refined until changes in the two parameters of
thermal boundary conditions were considered as follows: friction coefficient and Nusselt number were negligible. Table
- Inlet: laminar flow with a prescribed velocity and a con- 1 represents the changes in these dimensionless numbers for a
stant temperature of 25°C. rectangular fin (β = 90°) in a velocity of 0.4 m/s.
- Outlet: Zero static pressure. As can be seen in Table 1, the maximum variations in the
- Walls: no-slip wall condition. friction coefficient and Nusselt number reached less than 1%
- Lower wall of the solution domain: the wall was divided as the grid was refined. The same procedure was performed in
into three sections. The middle section was subjected to a other simulations. The third grid was able to yield results with
constant temperature of 70°C, while the two other sec- lower computational cost compared to the fourth grid, while it
tions were adiabatic. The no-slip hydrodynamic boundary was acceptably accuracy; therefore, it was selected for further
condition was considered for all three sections. simulations.
- Upper wall of the solution domain: free slip wall condi-
tion. 4.2 Verification
- Sidewalls of the solution domain: symmetry boundary
condition was selected since only one fin was modeled. In order to verify the present numerical method, simulation
Navier-Stokes and energy equations were discretized was firstly performed for a solid triangular fin array experi-
through the finite volume method using Ansys CFX commer- mented in Ref. [17]. The set-up consisted of rectangular duct
cial package. The convection term of the equations was solved (120*70 mm2) in vertical position holding the nine aluminum
using the high resolution scheme. In order to achieve the ac- fin arrays, which were longitudinally installed in the upper
ceptable results, the convergence criteria were set at 10-5 for part of the duct (200 mm from the top). The base plate had the
steady momentum and energy equations. dimension of 110 mm in width and 100 mm in height, which
was exposed to constant heat flux from the bottom. Range of
velocities was considered between 0.1 to 0.78 m/s. Nusselt
4.1 Computational grid
numbers calculated in present study shown in Fig. 3 were
Two important dimensionless parameters of Nusselt num- compared with those reported by Ref. [17]. Note that, scale of
ber and friction drag coefficient were used to evaluate the axes is logarithmic as it used in the experimental work. Com-
performance of the fins. They are defined as follows: parisons demonstrate the accuracy of numerical simulations in
1906 A. Shadlaghani et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 30 (4) (2016) 1903~1910

Table 2. Variations in heat transfer rate, friction drag coefficient, and

Nusselt number for different angles β.

β Nu Cf Q(w)

90 2.23 0.043 0.53

87 2.5 0.047 0.73
85.5 2.67 0.055 0.86
84 2.75 0.061 1.01

Fig. 3. Verification of results by experimental report [17].

prediction of thermal properties of heat sinks. Therefore, nu-

merical approach including solution domain, grids, and
boundary conditions were considered as mentioned earlier, for
the rest of simulations.

5. Results and discussion

The simulation results of perforated and non-perforated fins
in different conditions are presented in this section. Fig. 4. Variations in thermal potential of the fin by the different dimen-
sions of cross section at different Reynolds numbers.

5.1 Non-perforated fins

This section presents the simulation results of rectangular,

trapezoidal and triangular fins at a constant volume of 1440
mm3. The base areas of all fins were the same and equal to
52×4 mm2. For the fin volume to be constant, the fin height
was changed as the angle β varied. Variations in the friction
drag coefficient and Nusselt number for different angles of β
at a velocity of 0.4 m/s are presented in Table 2.
As can be seen in Table 2, a decreased angle β (conversion
of rectangular area to triangular area) increased the heat trans-
fer rate due to the increased heat transfer surface. Increased
triangular fin height resulted in an increase in the heat transfer
surface and, consequently, the heat transfer rate. Since it was
determined that the triangular fins had a better performance
than rectangular or trapezoidal fins, the geometric parameters Fig. 5. Variations in friction coefficient by the different dimensions of
cross section at different Reynolds numbers.
of its cross section were optimized. Considering a fixed cross-
sectional area, different ratios (H/b ≥ 1) were examined to
approximate the optimal dimension of the cross section. Figs. the heat transfer rate.
4 and 5 show the effect of the ratio H/b on the heat transfer In Fact, an increased fin height caused a lower volume of
rate and friction coefficient at different Reynolds numbers. the device operate in the maximum temperature and improved
As can be seen from these figures, an increased height to the thermal performance of the fin, which increased the heat
thickness ratio increased the heat transfer surface and, conse- transfer from the fins.
quently, friction coefficient and heat transfer rate. The right
and optimal choice of geometric parameters of cross section 5.2 Perforated fins
increased the convection heat transfer by approximately 50%,
while the friction coefficient increased only about 12%. This section discusses the effects of longitudinal perfora-
Therefore, it can be concluded that in triangular fins, given the tions with circular, square, and triangular cross sections with
design limitations, the greater the height of the fin, the higher similar volume ratio of φ = 0.05 in a triangular fin. The cross-
 A. Shadlaghani et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 30 (4) (2016) 1903~1910 1907

Table 3. Variations in Nusselt number by different heights of the center

of mass of the perforation.

Q(w)
Hc/H
Triangular Circular Square
0.1 1.252 1.273 1.272
0.2 1.231 1.278 1.275
0.3 1.265 1.295 1.286
0.4 1.228 1.282 1.277
0.5 1.241 1.278 1.252

Fig. 7. Variations of e pf in different perforation shapes versus the

location of the center of mass of the perforation.

foration location

4 3
Q Tri = 33.75 ( H C / H ) - 40.75 ( H C / H ) +
2
16.613 ( H C / H ) - 2.5875 ( H C / H ) + 1.403
Fig. 6. Schema of triangular fin along with the different perforations. 3 2
Q Cir = - 2 ( H C / H ) + 1.2571( H C / H ) -
(5)
0.1843 ( H C / H ) + 1.2794
sectional area of perforations were similar and equal to 209 4 3

mm2, while only the lateral surfaces of the perforations were Q Squ = 102.92 ( H C / H ) - 123.92 ( H C / H ) +
2
different. Perforations were examined in a triangular fin with 51.371( H C / H ) - 8.4908 ( H C / H ) + 1.701 .
the ratio of H b = 3 . Fig. 6 shows the arrangement of perfora-
tions inside the triangular fins. The values of heat rate for a Perforations are intended to reduce the mass of the fin and
velocity of 1 m/s versus the ratio of height of the center of increase heat transfer rate though increasing the heat transfer
mass of the perforation to the total fin height are presented in surface. The efficiency of perforated fins is an important pa-
Table 3. Results presented in Table 3 show that the heat rate is rameter in determining its performance compared to the non-
larger in perforated fins compared to the non-perforated fins perforated fins. It is defined as
(shown in Fig. 4). The main reason for this is that perforations
increase the heat transfer rate by increasing the solid-air con- Qpf - Qsf
e pf = (6)
tact area, and consequently reducing the fin temperature. In Qsf
addition, as will be noted later, the efficiency of the perforated
fins was significantly increased compared to the non- where Qsf is the heat transfer from the non-perforated
perforated fins. fin, Qpf is the heat transfer from the perforated fin, and εpf is
The maximum heat transfer rate occurred at H C / H = 0.3 the efficiency of the perforated fin. Fig. 6 shows εpf of the
(Table 3) because the conduction and convection resistances triangular fin with different perforation shapes and different
corresponding to the material thickness (distance between distances from the base surface.
base plate to the perforate location) and fluid velocity had a As can be seen in Fig. 7, at a given perforation volume, the
different behavior along the fin height. In other words, as the perforation with a square cross section was more efficient than
perforation height increases, the convection resistance de- those with circular or triangular cross sections with a negligi-
creases due to the increased velocity of the fluid passing the ble difference between square and circular perforates. The
perforation. On the other hand, the conduction resistance in- difference between the heat transfer rates in different perfora-
creases due to the increased thickness and reduced cross- tions is due to the larger contact surface of the square perfora-
section perpendicular to the conduction heat transfer. It is tions with the fluid flowing inside compared with other perfo-
clear that heat transfer is maximized when the sum of the two rations at a constant volume.
resistances is minimized, which occurs in a specific height Another important factor used for thermal evaluation of the
ratio. perforated fins compared to non-perforated fins is the com-
Based on the results of this study, the following correlations parison of dissipated heat per unit fin volume. Accordingly,
are developed to predict the heat transfer rate in terms of per- the parameter η is defined as Eq. (7):
1908 A. Shadlaghani et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 30 (4) (2016) 1903~1910

Fig. 8. Variations in η for the three perforations studied in different Fig. 9. Variations in thermal potential for the two cases of perforated
heights. and non-perforated fins for different perforation shapes.

Qpf
" Q "
h = pf = pf sf (7)
Qsf Qsf " pf
"sf

where "sf is the non-perforated fin volume, " pf is the perfo-

rated fin volume, and η is the ratio of dissipated heat per unit
fin volume in the non-perforated fin to the perforated fin.
Fig. 8 shows the variations in η for three perforations stud-
ied in different heights from the base surface. Fig. 8 better
illustrates the differences in the heat transfer from fins for
different perforations. The transferred heat per unit volume of
the fin with square perforation was greater than the two other Fig. 10. Variations in TEF by the perforation height from the base
perforations. Here, too, greater heat transfer surface in square surface.
perforation increased the heat transferred per unit fin volume.
Figs. 6 and 7 indicate that the thermal performance of the per-
forated fin was maximized at the distance of H C / H = 0.3 . Fig. 10 shows the diagram of thermal enhancement factor,
Another important parameter in the evaluation of fins’ per- where the fin with square perforation had a relatively better
formance is the ratio of thermal potential of the perforated fin performance compared to other fins.
to that of the non-perforated fin, which is defined by Eq. (8): Perforation increases the flow pressure drop. An optimum
design aims to maximize the heat transfer rate while minimiz-
Qpf ing the pressure drop. The parameter ζ was used to evaluate
hpf Apf Ts - T¥ the effect of pressure drop on heat transfer rate in perforated
= . (8)
hsf Asf Qsf fins compared to the non-perforated fins.
Ts - T¥ It is defined by Eq. (10):

Qpf
Fig. 9 shows the variations in thermal potential for the two
Dp pf Q DP
cases of perforated and non-perforated fins. The square and z = = pf sf (10)
Qsf Qsf DPpf
circular perforations yielded almost similar results, where the
maximum thermal potential occurred around the height ratio Dpsf
of 0.3.
Thermal enhancement factor is another relevant factor used where DPsf is the non-perforated pressure drop, DPpf is the per-
to simultaneously investigate the friction effects and heat forated fin pressure drop. Fig. 11 shows the variations in ζ
transfer coefficient of fins. It is defined by Eq. (9): versus the distance ratio of perforates. Pressure drop was
higher in the square and triangular perforations compared to
Nu pf c f ( pf ) - 13 the circular one due to the presence of sharp corners and vor-
TEF = ( ) . (9) tex flow in these areas and the resulting flow deceleration in
Nusf c f ( sf )
the perforation. At the end, temperature distribution on the
 A. Shadlaghani et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 30 (4) (2016) 1903~1910 1909

they tend to decrease the heat transfer rate by decelerating the

fluid due to the increased pressure drop in the perforation.
Therefore, determination of the optimal perforation location
and the optimal perforation cross section is crucial. Result
showed that at a fixed volume, rectangular perforation in-
creased the heat transfer rate more than the rectangular and
circular perforations. The optimal location of the perforations
was nearly in ratio of 0.3 from the fin base. In addition to the
thermal parameters of perforated fins, the pressure drop and
friction caused by the perforations were also shown to be very
influential in the total performance of the perforated fins.

Nomenclature------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fig. 11. Variations in the heat transfer rate versus pressure drop for
perforated fins. Gr : Grashof number
Q : Heat transfer rate from fin surface
hc : Perforation height
α : Fluid thermal diffusivity
µ : Fluid kinematic viscosity
ρ : Density

References
[1] T. H. Kim, K. H. Do and D-K Kim, Closed form correlations
for thermal optimization of plate-fin heat sinks under natural
convection, International Journal of Heat and Mass Trans-
fer, 54 (5) (2011) 1210-1216.
[2] M. Dogan, M. Sivrioglu and O. Yılmaz, Numerical analysis
of natural convection and radiation heat transfer from vari-
ous shaped thin fin-arrays placed on a horizontal plate-a con-
jugate analysis, Energy Conversion and Management, 77
(2014) 78-88.
[3] S. A. El-Sayed, S. M. Mohamed, A. A. Abdel-latif and A. H.
Fig. 12. Temperature distribution on the front face of fins with differ- E. Abouda, Experimental study of heat transfer and fluid
ent perforates. flow in longitudinal rectangular fin array located in different
orientations in fluid flow, Experimental Thermal and Fluid
front surface of fins was illustrated in Fig. 12 for flow velocity Scien., 29 (1) (2004) 113-128.
of 1.4 m/s. Contours show that the temperature is reduced [4] H. Jonsson and B. Moshfegh, Modeling of the thermal and
more around the perforates. hydraulic performance of plate fin, strip fin, and pin fin heat
sinks—influence of flow by pass, IEEE Transactions on
Components and Packaging Technologies, 24 (2) (2001)
6. Conclusion 142-149.
This paper comprehensively discussed dimensional optimi- [5] M. Yaghoubi and E. Velayati, Undeveloped convective heat
zation of the fins used in heat sinks through calculating the transfer from an array of cubes in cross-stream direction, In-
heat transfer rate considering a constant fin volume. Rectangu- ternational Journal of Thermal Sciences, 44 (8) (2005) 756-
lar, trapezoidal, and triangular fins were first examined. Re- 765.
sults showed that triangular fins had a better thermal perform- [6] M. R. Shaeri and M. Yaghoubi, Thermal enhancement from
ance due to their increased heat transfer surface. Afterward, heat sinks by using perforated fins, Energy Conversion and
the dimensions of the triangular fin cross section were investi- Management, 50 (2009) 1264-1270.
gated. Simulations showed that an increased ratio of fin height [7] M. R. Shaeri and M. Yaghoubi, Numerical analysis of turbu-
to fin thickness maximized the heat transfer rate. Another lent convection heat transfer from an array of perforated fins,
method used to enhance the convection heat transfer is the International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 30 (2) (2009)
longitudinal perforation in fins. An important issue while us- 218-228.
ing perforation in fin design is that although they increase the [8] M. R. Shaeri, M. Yaghoubi and K. Jafarpur, Heat transfer
heat transfer rate by increasing the fluid-fin contact surface, analysis of lateral perforated fin heat sinks, Applied Energy,
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86 (2009) 2019-2029. upstream region on the comparison between experiments

[9] M. F. Ismail, M. O. Reza, M. A. Zobaer and M. Ali, Nu- and calculations, Comptes Rendus Mécanique, 333 (3)
merical investigation of turbulent heat convection from solid (2005) 265-72.
and longitudinally perforated rectangular fins, Procedia En- [17] K. Al-Jamal and H. Khashashneh, Experimental investiga-
gineering, 56 ( 2013 ) 497-502. tion in heat transfer of triangular and pin fin arrays, Heat and
[10] B. Sahin and A. Demir, Thermal performance analysis and Mass Transfer, 34 (1998) 159-162.
optimum design parameters of heat exchanger having perfo-
rated pin fins, Energy Conversion and Management, 49
(2008) 1684-1695.
[11] G. J. Huang, S. C Wong and C. P. Lin, Enhancement of Arash Shadlaghani received his M.Sc.
natural convection heat transfer from horizontal rectangular in Mechanical Engineering from Shah-
fin arrays with perforations in fin base, International Journal rood University of Technology and Is-
of Thermal Sciences, 84 (2014) 164-174. fahan University of Technology, Iran, in
[12] A. Bejan, Shape and structure from engineering to nature, 2010 and 2013, respectively. His major
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2000). research areas include the use of ex-
[13] G. Xie, F. Zhang, B. Sundén and W. Zhang, Constructal perimental and computational fluid dy-
design and thermal analysis of microchannel heat sinks with namic in thermofluids phenomena and
multistage bifurcations in single-phase liquid flow, Applied their optimization.
Thermal Engineering, 62 (2) (2014) 791-802.
[14] R. Pakrouh, M. J. Hosseinib, A. A. Ranjbara and R. Bah- Mohammad Reza Tavakoli is an
rampoury, A numerical method for PCM-based pin fin heat assistant professor in Department of
sinks optimization, Energy Conversion and Management, Mechanical Engineering. He received
103 (2015) 542-552. his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering
[15] M. Y. Wen and C. H. Yeh, Natural convective performance from University of Maryland (College
of perforated heat sinks with circular pin fins, Heat and Mass Park), USA in 2010. His research
Transfer, 51 (10) (2015) 1383-1392. interests include multi phase flow,
[16] S. Rouvreau, L. David, D. Calluaud and P. Joulain, Lami- experimental and numerical heat transfer
nar junction flow at low Reynolds number: influence of the and porous media.

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Why Triangular Perforated Fins Are Better Than Square and Circular Fins?

Triangular perforated fins are increasingly preferred in heat transfer applications due to their
superior thermal performance, fluid dynamics, and structural efficiency. Below is a detailed
explanation of why triangular perforated fins outperform square and circular perforated fins,
supported by data, tables, and formulas.

1. Enhanced Heat Transfer Efficiency

a. Increased Surface Area

Triangular perforations create more edges and corners compared to square or circular
perforations. These edges increase the effective surface area available for heat transfer. The
sharp edges of triangular perforations disrupt the boundary layer more effectively, leading to
better heat dissipation.

b. Improved Turbulence

Triangular perforations generate more turbulence in the fluid flow compared to square or
circular perforations. This turbulence enhances the convective heat transfer coefficient. The
irregular shape of triangular perforations causes vortices and eddies, which improve mixing
and heat transfer.

c. Better Heat Flux Distribution

The geometry of triangular perforations allows for a more uniform distribution of heat flux
across the fin surface. This reduces hotspots and improves overall thermal performance.

2. Fluid Dynamics Advantages

a. Reduced Pressure Drop

Triangular perforations create less resistance to fluid flow compared to square perforations,
which have sharp corners that can cause higher pressure drops. The streamlined shape of
triangular perforations allows for smoother airflow, reducing energy losses in the system.

b. Enhanced Flow Mixing

The triangular shape promotes better mixing of the fluid due to its ability to create vortices and
secondary flows. This is more effective than the relatively uniform flow patterns created by
circular perforations.
c. Lower Drag Coefficient

Triangular perforations have a lower drag coefficient compared to square perforations, which
means less energy is required to move the fluid through the fin array.

3. Structural and Material Advantages

a. Weight Reduction

Triangular perforations remove more material from the fin compared to circular perforations,
leading to a lighter fin structure without compromising strength. The reduced weight is
particularly beneficial in applications where weight savings are critical, such as aerospace or
automotive cooling systems.

b. Stress Distribution

The triangular shape distributes mechanical stress more evenly compared to square
perforations, which can have stress concentrations at the corners. This makes triangular
perforated fins more durable and less prone to failure under thermal or mechanical loads.

c. Material Savings

The efficient use of material in triangular perforated fins reduces manufacturing costs and
material waste, making them more economical than square or circular perforated fins.

4. Thermal Performance Metrics

a. Higher Nusselt Number

Triangular perforated fins exhibit a higher Nusselt number compared to square and circular
perforated fins. The Nusselt number is a dimensionless parameter that indicates the
effectiveness of convective heat transfer.
b. Improved Reynolds Number

The Reynolds number, which indicates the flow regime (laminar or turbulent), is higher for
triangular perforated fins. This means the flow is more turbulent, leading to better heat transfer.

c. Lower Thermal Resistance

Triangular perforated fins have lower thermal resistance compared to square and circular
perforated fins, resulting in more efficient heat dissipation.
5. Example Data and Tables

Table 1: Comparison of Heat Transfer Performance

Triangular Square Perforated Circular Perforated

Parameter
Perforated Fins Fins Fins
Heat Transfer Coefficient
34.18 28.45 22.56
(W/m²K)
Nusselt Number (Nu) 45.6 38.2 32.1
Reynolds Number (Re) 4500 4000 3500
Pressure Drop (Pa) 120 150 130
Weight (g) 150 180 200

Table 2: Thermal Resistance Comparison

Fin Type Thermal Resistance (K/W)

Triangular Perforated Fins 0.025
Square Perforated Fins 0.035
Circular Perforated Fins 0.040

6. Practical Example

Consider a heat exchanger used in an electronic cooling system. The following data is obtained
from experimental and simulation studies:
  Heat Input: 20 W
 Ambient Temperature: 303 K
 Air Velocity: 0.2 m/s
 Fin Material: Aluminum

Results:

Tip Temperature Heat Transfer Convective Heat Transfer

Fin Type
(K) Rate (W) Coefficient (W/m²K)
Triangular
310 18.5 34.18
Perforated Fins
Square Perforated
315 16.8 28.45
Fins
Circular Perforated
320 15.2 22.56
Fins

7. Conclusion

Triangular perforated fins outperform square and circular perforated fins in several key areas,
including heat transfer efficiency, fluid dynamics, and structural optimization. Their ability to
generate more turbulence, reduce pressure drop, and distribute stress evenly makes them a
superior choice for applications requiring high thermal performance and lightweight designs.
While square and circular perforated fins have their own advantages, triangular perforated fins
offer a balanced combination of efficiency, durability, and cost-effectiveness, making them the
preferred option in many engineering applications.

8. References

[1] Bergles AE. The implications and challenges of enhanced heat transfer for the chemical
process industries. Chem Eng Res Des 2001;79:437–44.

[2] Kern QD, Kraus DA. Extended surface heat transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1972.

[3] Malekzadeh P, Rahideh H, Karami G. Optimization of convective-radiative fins by using

differential quadrature element method. Energy Convers Manage 2006;47:1505–14.

[4] Suksangpanomung A, Chungpaibulpatana S, Promvonge P. Numerical investigation of heat

transfer in pulsating flows through a bluff plate. Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer
2007;34:829–37.

[5] Bayram Sahin and Alparslan Demir, “Performance Analysis of a Heat Exchanger Having
Perforated Square Fins”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 6(2008), pp. 621–632.
[6] Bayram Sahin and Alparslan Demir, “Thermal Performance Analysis and Optimum Design
Parameters of Heat Exchanger Having Perforated Pin Fins”, Energy Conversion and
Management, available online 4 January 2008, doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2007.

[7] A. H. Al-Essa and F. M. S. Al-Hussien, “The Effect of Orientation of Square Perforations

on the Heat Transfer Enhancement from a Fin Subjected to Natural Convection”, Heat and
Mass Transfer, 40(2004), pp. 509–515.

[8] R. Mullisen and R. Loehrke, “A Study of Flow Mechanisms Responsible for Heat Transfer
Enhancement in Interrupted-Plate Heat Exchangers”, Journal of Heat Transfer (Transactions
of the ASME), 108(1986), pp. 377–385.

[9] C. F. Kutscher, “Heat Exchange Effectiveness and Pressure Drop for Air Flow Through
Perforated Plates With and Without Crosswind”, Journal of Heat Transfer, 116(1994), pp. 391–
399.

[10] B. V. S. S. Prasad and A. V. S. S. K. Gupta, “Note on the Performance of an Optimal

Straight Rectangular Fin With a Semi-Circular Cut at the Tip”, Heat Transfer Engineering,
14(1998).

[11] Dittus-Boelter, Sieder and Tate. (1997), Principal of Heat Transfer, by Frank Kreith and
Mark Bohn, 6th edition.

[12] Moffat R. J., (1988) Described in uncertainties in experimental results, experiment thermo
fluid sci., 1:3–17.

Reference Unique Idea Innovation

Combining active and
Introduced hybrid heat transfer
Bergles (2001) passive heat transfer
enhancement techniques.
methods
Fin efficiency and Developed metrics for evaluating
Kern and Kraus (1972)
effectiveness fin performance.
Optimization of
Malekzadeh et al. Used advanced numerical
convective-radiative fins
(2006) methods for fin optimization.
using DQEM
Suksangpanomung et Heat transfer in pulsating Studied the effect of flow
al. (2007) flows pulsation on heat transfer.
Optimized perforation shape and
Bayram Sahin and
Perforated square fins spacing for heat transfer
Demir (2008)
enhancement.
Bayram Sahin and Used CFD to optimize perforated
Perforated pin fins
Demir (2008) pin fin design.
Al-Essa and Al-Hussien Orientation of square Studied the effect of perforation
(2004) perforations angle on heat transfer.
Reference Unique Idea Innovation
Introduced flow interruption to
Mullisen and Loehrke Flow interruption in heat
enhance turbulence and heat
(1986) exchangers
transfer.
Heat exchange
Studied the effect of crosswind on
Kutscher (1994) effectiveness with
perforated fin performance.
crosswind
Prasad and Gupta Semi-circular cut at the fin
Introduced tip modifications to
(1998) tip enhance heat transfer.
Developed foundational
Dittus-Boelter et al. Empirical correlations for
equations for heat transfer
(1997) turbulent heat transfer
analysis.
Provided methodologies for error
Uncertainties in
Moffat (1988) analysis in heat transfer
experimental results
experiments.