DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Instructed By: Mr. G.V.D.Kumara
Group: Group 08
Name:
Group Members: Kumari, P.H.S.S.D.I.
Index No:
Madurawala M.A.S.N.
100317E
Liyanage, P.A
Department: Electrical Engineering
Lokuge, L.L.C.P.
Date of Performed: 19/01/2012
Date of submission: 02/02/2012
EXPERIMENT: Study of Distribution Systems
AIM: To determine the voltage distribution in a
1. Uniformly loaded distributor
2. Uniformly loaded radial distributor
3. Uniformly loaded ring main distributor
APPARATUS:
5 Models of Uniformly Loaded Distributors
2 Variacs
1 Digital Voltmeter
THEORY:
Voltage distribution along a uniformly loaded cable
Let the voltage at a point x distance away from the load is V(x) and the Voltage across a
small length dx to be dV.
Also let,
i = load per unit length of the cable
r = resistance per unit length of the cable
l = length of cable
I2
I1
V(x) dV
V1
V2
dx
x
() + () = (1 . ).
()
= (1 . ). .
0
[]()
1
. 2
= [1 .
]
2 0
() = 1 . 1 . +
.. 2
2
(1)
When = 1, () = 2 ,
2 = 1 . 1 . . +
..2
2
...(2)
From (1) and (2) equations
() = . . . ( . ) + ( ) + . ..(3)
If the second end is open circuited (dos not supply at that end) 2 = 0,
() = . . . +
..
1 =
(4)
We can use above (3) and (4) equations in our calculation.
When the uniformly loaded cable fed at one end we can use (4) equation for calculation. As
well uniformly loaded cable fed at both two ends we can use (3) equation for calculation.
Data:
Table of the loads and the lengths of the cables
Cable
Load(A/m)
Length(m)
1.05
400
0.48
500
0.72
750
1.55
340
1.05
340
Table of scale factors :Scale
Quantity
2.5 : 1
Voltage
220,000 : 1
Current
1/ 88,000 : 1
Resistance
Table of model value.
Model
No.of sections
Series
Shunt
resistance (k)
resistance
per section
(k)per section
0.5
330
1.1
330
1.1
220
0.5
220
0.5
330
Section length of model 1 = (cable length) / (no. of sections) = 400/7 = 57.14 m
Calculation of model 1 with one end is supplied 90V and the other end is open
circuited.
CALCULATIONS
Uniformly distributor fed at one end
Scale factor 2.5
90V 1
1
In system value V1=225V, equation for distribution is as follows
() = . . . +
..
= 1.05 Am , = 104 , = 400,
Then
V(x) = 225 104 1.05 400 x +
5
() = 225 0.042 + 5.25 10
when = 0
104 1.05
V1 = 225 0.042 0 + 5.25 105 02
= 225
when = 57.14m
V2 = 225 0.042 57.14 + 5.25 105 57.142
when = 114.29m
V3 = 225 0.042 114.29 + 5.25 105 114.292 = 220.88571V
= 222.77142V
when = 171.43m
V4 = 225 0.042 171.43 + 5.25 105 171.432 = 219.34285V
when = 228.57m
V5 = 225 0.042 228.57 + 5.25 105 228.572 = 218.14285V
when = 285.71m
V6 = 225 0.042 285.71 + 5.25 105 285.712 = 217.26571V
when = 342.86m
V7 = 225 0.042 342.86 + 5.25 105 342.862 = 216.77143V
when = 400.00m
V8 = 225 0.042 400.00 + 5.25 105 400.002 = 216.6V
Practical
Model(1)
Length of the
values
distributor(m)
90
225
225
89
57.14
222.75
222.77
88.1
114.29
221.25
220.89
87.1
171.43
219.5
219.34
86.5
228.57
218.5
218.14
86.2
285.71
216.75
217.29
85.8
342.86
215.75
216.71
85.5
400
215
216.60
Section
System
values(V)
Theoretically calculated
System values(V)
Uniformly distributor fed at both ends
Scale factor 2.5
90V 1
1
90V 2
In system value V1=225V, V2=225V distribution equation is as follows
() = . . . ( . ) + ( ) + .
where = 1.05 Am , = 104 , = 400,
1
Then
V(x) = 2 1.05 104 (x 2 400 x) + 225 (1 400) + 225 400
V(x) = 225 + 5.25 105 (x 2 400 x)
when = 0
V1 = 225 5.25 105 (02 400 0)
when = 57.14m
V2 = 225 5.25 105 (57.142 400 57.14)
when = 114.29m
V3 = 225 5.25 105 (114.292 400 114.29) = 223.29V
when = 171.43m
V4 = 225 5.25 105 (171.432 400 171.43) = 222.94V
when = 228.57m
V5 = 225 5.25 105 (228.572 400 228.57) = 222.94V
when = 285.71m
V6 = 225 5.25 105 (285.712 400 285.71) = 223.29V
when = 342.86m
V7 = 225 5.25 105 (342.86 400 342.86)
when = 400.00m
V8 = 225 5.25 105 (4002 400 400)
= 225V
= 223.97V
= 223.97V
= 225V
Practical
Theoretically
System
calculated System
values(V)
values(V)
225
225
89
57.14
223.5
223.97
88.1
114.29
222.75
223.29
87.1
171.43
222
222.94
86.5
228.57
222
222.94
86.2
285.71
223
223.29
85.8
342.86
223.75
223.97
85.5
400
225
225
Model(2)
Length of the
values
distributor(m)
90
Section
Uniformly distributed 3 load lines connected in Radial manner
n
Model 4
m
l
Model1
x
a
j
e
h
o
Model 5
p
q
Model1
s
Distance
section
From
fed(m)
Measured
System
value (V)
value(V)
t
Model 4
Distance
section
90
225
57.14
88.8
222
114.29
88.0
220
171.43
87.4
218.5
228.57
86.8
285.71
b
a
from fed
Measured
System
value(V)
value(V)
(m)
i
56.67
88.7
221.75
113.33
87.8
219.5
170
86.5
216.25
226.67
85.8
214.5
217
283.33
85.4
213.5
86.4
216
340
85.3
213.25
342.86
86
215
400
85.8
214.5
Model 5
Distance
section
from
fed(m)
Measured
System
value (V)
value(V)
56.67
88.4
221
113.33
87.8
219.5
170
87.5
218.75
226.67
86.8
217
283.33
86.7
216.75
340
86.7
216.75
Uniformly distributed 5 load lines connected in Ring manner
(g)
(h)
(f)
(i)
(e)
(j)
(d)
400m
Model 2
(c)
(b)
Model 1
(k)
500m
(a)
(l)
(m)
90V
340m
( ab )
Model 3
Model 5
( aa )
750m
Model 4
340m
(y)
(x)
(w)
(v) (u)
(t)
(s)
Model 1
Distance
Measured
System
(m)
Value(V)
Value(V)
57.14
87.8
219.5
114.29
86.0
215
171.43
84.3
210.75
228.57
82.6
206.5
285.71
81.3
203.25
342.86
79.9
199.75
400
78.8
197
Distance
Measured
System
(m)
Value(V)
Value(V)
525
76.5
191.25
650
74.9
187.25
775
73.4
183.5
900
72.3
180.75
Model 2
Section
(o)
(p)
(z)
Section
(n)
(r)
(q)
Model 3
Distance
Measured
System
(m)
Value(V)
Value(V)
1025
71.1
177.75
1150
70.7
176.75
1275
70.4
176
1400
70.6
176. 5
1525
71.1
177.75
1650
72.0
180
Section
Model 4
Measured
Syatem
value(V)
value(V)
1706.67
72.5
181.25
1763.33
73.8
184.5
1820
74.8
187
1876.67
75.1
187.75
1933.33
76.6
191.5
Measured
System
value(V)
value(V)
Section
Distance (m)
Model 5
section
Distance (m)
1990
78.8
197
2046.67
81.3
203.25
2103.33
83.3
208.25
2160
85.6
214
aa
2216.67
87.8
219.5
ab
2273.33
90.1
225.25
Lowest Voltage = 176V at point n
Maximum Percentage Voltage drop =
225176
225
100% = 21.78%
Uniformly distributed 5 load lines connected in Ring manner and with a tie line
(g)
(h)
(f)
(i)
(e)
(j)
(d)
400m
Model 2
(c)
(b)
Model 1
(k)
500m
(a)
(l)
(m)
90V
340m
( ab )
Model 3
Model 5
( aa )
750m
Model 4
340m
(y)
(x)
(w)
(v) (u)
(t)
(s)
Model 1
Distance
Measured
System
(m)
Value(V)
Value(V)
57.14
88.1
220.25
114.29
87.0
217.5
171.43
86.3
215.75
228.57
85.4
213.5
285.71
84.7
211.75
342.86
84.6
211.5
400
84.3
210.75
Distance
Measured
System
(m)
Value(V)
Value(V)
525
83.9
209.75
650
83.9
209.75
775
84.1
210.25
900
85
212.5
Model 2
Section
(o)
(p)
(z)
Section
(n)
(r)
(q)
Model 3
Distance
Measured
System
(m)
Value(V)
Value(V)
1025
86.1
215.25
1150
88.1
220.25
1275
90
225
1400
87.5
218.75
1525
85.6
214
1650
84
210
Section
Model 4
Measured
Syatem
value(V)
value(V)
1706.67
83.3
208.25
1763.33
83
207.5
1820
82.9
207.25
1876.67
83
207.5
1933.33
83.3
208.25
Measured
System
value(V)
value(V)
Section
Distance (m)
Model 5
section
Distance (m)
1990
84.1
210.25
2046.67
85.0
212.5
2103.33
85.7
214.25
2160
87.1
217.75
aa
2216.67
88.7
221.75
ab
2273.33
90.1
225.25
225207.25
100% = 7.89%
Lowest Voltage = 207.25V at point t
Maximum Percentage Voltage drop =
225
DISUSSION
Advantages and Disadvantages of Radial Type and Ring Type Distribution Systems
Radial Type Distribution Systems
Advantages
Low voltage reduction per distance
Economical in implementation
Adding up new customers is easy
Maintenance of the system is easy
Disadvantages
Voltage difference between the far end of the distribution line and the feeder may
become large
The end of the distributor near the substation gets heavily loaded.
This system depends on a single feeder and a single distributor. Thus a fault in any
one of above may cause interruption in supply to almost all the customers. If there is a
fault in the distributor all the customers who are after that point will have interruption in
supply.
Ring Type Distribution Systems
Advantages
Voltage reduction is higher than in radial systems.
If theres fault or maintenance in a certain point of the distributor other customers will
not be interrupted as they are supplied from two ends.
The System can be fed at several ends. Thus repairing a feeder will not cause an
interruption in supply.
Disadvantages
The system is costly than radial type systems.
Methods that can be used to improve the voltage profile in a distribution system
In Ring type systems Tie lines can be used to reduce the voltage drop. The locations
with lower voltages can be directly connected to the feeder using a tie line.
The ring type systems can be fed at several ends
Usage of suitable conductor material (low resistance and high conductance)
In Radial systems we can set up transformers to increase voltage
Capacitor banks can be used to provide reactive power.
Allowable Limits for Distribution Voltage and Frequency
Normal local domestic Distribution voltage is 230V single supply, under that condition
50Hz AC supply must be supplied to the local consumer
Allowable percentages
For Voltage : + or 6% from 230V
For Frequency : + or 1% from 50Hz
Usage of Underground cables and Overhead lines
Overhead lines
Underground cables
Economical because cables are of low
High cost (installation is expensive)
cost and installation costs are low
Safety is lower. Damages can be caused
High Safety. The cables are not
by bad weather and animals and trees in
uncovered to external environment.
the surrounding area etc.
Higher interference with communication low interference with communication
lines
lines
.
Life time is short due to exposure to
Long life time
adverse environmental conditions
Fault Identification is easier and hence Difficulty in locating the fault point. Thus
maintenance is easy.
maintenance is difficult.
Can be used for implementing long
Not economical to be used in long
distribution systems
distance distribution and because the
installation is difficult it will be almost
impossible
Voltage distribution of ring type system
l
m
Model 1
Distance (m)
57.14
114.29
171.43
228.57
285.71
342.86
400
Model 2
525
650
775
900
Model 3
1025
1150
n
o
p
1275
1400
1525
176
176. 5
177.75
1650
180
Section
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
H
I
j
k
Measured Voltage(V)
219.5
215
210.75
206.5
203.25
199.75
197
191.25
187.25
183.5
180.75
177.75
176.75
Model 4
r
s
1706.67
1763.33
181.25
184.5
1820
187
u
v
187.75
191.5
w
x
y
z
1876.67
1933.33
Model 5
1990
2046.67
2103.33
2160
aa
2216.67
219.5
ab
2273.33
225.25
197
203.25
208.25
214
Voltage distribution of ring type system with tie line
Model 1
Section
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
H
I
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
Distance (m)
57.14
114.29
171.43
228.57
285.71
342.86
400
Model 2
525
650
775
900
Model 3
1025
1150
1275
1400
1525
1650
Model 4
1706.67
1763.33
1820
1876.67
1933.33
Model 5
1990
2046.67
2103.33
2160
2216.67
2273.33
System
Voltage(V)
220.25
217.5
215.75
213.5
211.75
211.5
210.75
209.75
209.75
210.25
212.5
215.25
220.25
225
218.75
214
210
208.25
207.5
207.25
207.5
208.25
210.25
212.5
214.25
217.75
221.75
225.25
Radial type Distributor
section
h
g
f
e
d
c
b
a
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
Model 1
Distance
From fed(m)
0
57.14286
114.2857
171.4286
228.5714
285.7143
342.8571
400
Model 4
56.66667
113.3333
170
226.6667
283.3333
340
Model 5
56.66667
113.3333
170
226.6667
283.3333
340
System
value(V)
225
222
220
218.5
217
216
215
214.5
221.75
219.5
216.25
214.5
213.5
213.25
221
219.5
218.75
217
216.75
216.75
