Python Concepts - 4 Marks Answers
1) Explain types of function arguments.
Python functions support various types of arguments to provide flexibility:
1. **Positional Arguments**: Passed in the order of parameters.
Example:
def greet(name, age):
print(name, age)
greet('Alice', 25)
2. **Keyword Arguments**: Passed using parameter names.
greet(age=25, name='Alice')
3. **Default Arguments**: Have default values.
def greet(name, age=18):
print(name, age)
greet('Bob')
4. **Variable-length Arguments**:
- *args: Multiple positional args
- **kwargs: Multiple keyword args
def show(*args):
for i in args:
print(i)
2) Explain types of namespaces in python.
Namespaces are used to manage variable names to avoid conflicts.
Types:
1. **Built-in Namespace**: Includes built-in functions and exceptions.
Example: print(), len(), Exception
2. **Global Namespace**: Variables defined at top-level of a script or module.
x = 10 # global variable
3. **Enclosed Namespace**: For nested functions.
def outer():
a=5
def inner():
print(a)
Python Concepts - 4 Marks Answers
4. **Local Namespace**: Inside a function.
def func():
y = 20 # local variable
3) Explain how to handle exception in python programming.
Python provides a mechanism to handle exceptions using try-except blocks. This ensures the program doesn't crash.
Example:
try:
x = int(input('Enter number: '))
result = 10 / x
print(result)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('Division by zero error')
except ValueError:
print('Invalid input')
finally:
print('Execution completed')
try block contains risky code, except handles errors, finally executes cleanup code.
4) Explain try ---except block for exception handling in python.
The try-except block is used to catch and handle exceptions gracefully.
Syntax:
try:
# risky code
except ExceptionType:
# handling code
Example:
try:
a = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('Cannot divide by zero')
print('Program continues...')
Multiple except blocks can handle different exceptions. You can also catch all exceptions using except Exception.
5) How to create a user defined exception?
Python Concepts - 4 Marks Answers
User-defined exceptions are custom exceptions created by inheriting from the Exception class.
Example:
class NegativeValueError(Exception):
pass
def set_age(age):
if age < 0:
raise NegativeValueError('Age cannot be negative')
print('Age set to', age)
try:
set_age(-5)
except NegativeValueError as e:
print('Error:', e)
6) Differentiate between local variable and global variable.
Local Variable:
- Declared inside a function.
- Scope limited to the function.
Global Variable:
- Declared outside all functions.
- Accessible across all functions.
Example:
x = 10 # global
def func():
y = 5 # local
print('Local y:', y)
print('Global x:', x)
7) Explain various functions of math module.
The math module provides mathematical functions:
- math.sqrt(x): Returns square root
- math.pow(x, y): x raised to power y
- math.ceil(x): Rounds up
- math.floor(x): Rounds down
- math.pi: Value of pi
Python Concepts - 4 Marks Answers
- math.factorial(n): Factorial of n
Example:
import math
print(math.sqrt(16))
print(math.ceil(4.2))
8) Explain with program how to create user defined exception in python.
Step 1: Create a class inheriting from Exception
Step 2: Use raise statement to trigger it
Step 3: Handle using try-except
Example:
class AgeTooSmallError(Exception):
pass
def check_age(age):
if age < 18:
raise AgeTooSmallError('Age must be 18 or above')
print('Access granted')
try:
check_age(16)
except AgeTooSmallError as e:
print('Exception:', e)
