Additional

Mathematics
4037 / 0606
Permutation & Combination

By
RAO ASADULLAH
 Probability :

Probability TFavorable outcomes

otal outcomes
permuta
tion
I phone > Passcode
- >
-
J digits and combinat
ious

that
What is the
probability you
correct to unlock
typed the password
the iPhone??

1
correct passcode >
- I

and
Total outcomes > -
permutation
combination

5
digits 0 38 9 5

- Password
-
↑
↓
without repetat
5 xyx3 x2x) = 5) i on

choices =
requirement = Factorial
>
-
order matters .
With Repeatation :

5x5x5x5x5 =
55

8! =
8x7x6 !

n ! = n (n 1) (n 2)(n 3) !
-
- -

(n+ 1)! = (n + 1)(n)(n 1) (n - -

2))

11 =
I
way
0 ! 1
=
10 ! = 10x9X8 !

10 ! = 10x9x8 +1x6 !

n ! = n(n 1)(n 2) (n 3) !
- - -

- = t
2
20 = 1 22
-

21 = 2

22

23
=
Y
I
= 8
 Permutation :

= 13
· order matters
· Number of ways is greater than combination.

·
~pr =) ! >
- It can be found.using
calculator as well

Here , n = number of choices 10x9x*x7x(x5x7+x)

10
requiremenal
~ =

! +
4! = 4x3x2x)
Examples :

· Password or Passcode
1I , 2nd
· or 3rd
position

Combination :
· Order doesn't matter
· Number of ways is less than permutation
·

( = - It be
can found.using
calculator as well

Here , n = number of choices

v =
requirement
Examples :
· Team Selection
· clothes food selection
,
 A ,
B ,
C , D and E

2 letter should be picked ,

where order matters

AB BA AC CA AD PA AE EA BC

CB BD DB BE EB CD DC CE EL

DE ED

20 words/ways of making two letters

word .
-

54 =
20

51
(5-2) !
= = 5x4x3!

!
3

20
order doesn't matter
=
When :

10 ways

ABC* =
10
=

F
ABC BAL BCA
ACB CAD
CBA =
 1! 1
-

O =
1 -

Homework :
 Factorial :
(Arrangement)
· When choices and requirements are

same .
(n r) =

The number of to arrangeIn

·
ways
chocies will be 'n !.
·

VDr =
n ! >
-
Factorial can be found using
calculator.
Example :

· 5
digits password to be
formed using
O , 5 , 6 , 9, 10 without repetation .

>
-
5x4x3x2x1 = 5!

54
n(n-1) (n-2) ! This be
n ! = -
> can
expanded
according to
requirement
Permutation & Combination
 7

5 (a) A 5-character password is to be formed from the following 10 characters.

Letters A B C X Y Z

Symbols * $ # &

No character can be used more than once in any 5-character password.

(i) Find the number of passwords that can be formed. [1]

(ii) Find the number of passwords that can be formed if the password has to contain at least one
symbol. [2]

(iii) Find the number of passwords that can be formed if the password has to start with two letters
and end with two symbols. [2]

(b) A team of 8 people is to be chosen from 5 doctors, 4 teachers and 6 police officers.

Find how many possible teams have the same number of doctors as teachers. [5]

© UCLES 2023 0606/13/O/N/23 [Turn over

 9

7 (a) A 6-digit number is to be formed using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Each digit can
be used only once in any 6-digit number. A 6-digit number cannot start with 0.

(i) Find how many 6-digit numbers can be formed. [1]

(ii) Find how many of these 6-digit numbers are divisible by 5. [3]

(b) A committee of 7 people is to be chosen from 6 doctors, 10 nurses and 8 dentists.

(i) Find the number of committees that can be chosen. [1]

24 = 346104

(ii) Find the number of committees that can be chosen if all the doctors have to be on the
committee. [1]

(iii) Find the number of committees that can be chosen if there has to be at least one dentist on the
committee. [2]

Dentist tal-11440
No :

ID and 6 others-BX*
= 334667
2D and 5 others
162 = 114 %
3D and other
· [Turn over
and 1 other
© UCLES 2023 0606/12/O/N/23

GD
7D
 ↑

5 (a) A 4-digit code is to be formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. No digit may be
used more than once in any code. A code may start with 0.

(i) Find how many codes can be formed. [1]

10 x9 x 8x]
lopy = 50 %

(ii) Find how many codes form an odd number. [1]

= 2520

a,
(iii) Find how many codes form a number greater than 1000. [2]

, XaP
(b) A team of 9 people is to be chosen from a group of 15 people. The group includes a family of 4
people who must not be separated. Find the number of teams that can be chosen. [3]

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↑
 6

5 DO NOT USE A CALCULATOR IN THIS QUESTION.

Find the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the curves y = 7x 3 - 7x 2 - 17x - 4 and
y = x 3 - 2x 2 - 4x - 16 . [5]

with brothers :
*
32 , X
e
= 220

Without brothers : + 1144

924
1226 =

6 A 4-digit code is to be formed using 4 different numbers selected from 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Find
how many possible codes there are if the code forms

(a) a number that is odd and greater than 5000, [3]

(b) a number greater than 5000 with a last digit that is prime. [3]

© UCLES 2022 0606/22/O/N/22

 15

11 A 5-digit code is to be formed using 5 different numbers selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Find how
many possible codes there are if the code forms

(a) a number less than 60 000 that ends in a multiple of 3, [3]

(b) an even number less than 60 000. [3]

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 11

(c) Find the area of the shaded region. [2]

9 A 6-character password is to be formed from the following characters.

Letters A B C D

Numbers 1 2 3 4

Symbols * # $ £

No character may be used more than once in any password.

(a) (i) Find the number of different 6-character passwords that can be formed. [1]

665280
14. =

(ii) How many of these 6-character passwords end with a symbol? [1]

"pjX4P1 = 221760

(b) Find the number of different 6-character passwords that include all the symbols, but do not start or
end with a symbol. [2]

= 134

© UCLES 2022 0606/13/O/N/22 [Turn over

 9

8 Marc chooses 5 people from 4 men, 4 women and 2 children.

Find the number of ways that Marc can do this

(a) if there are no restrictions, [1]

10 =
252
25

(b) if at least 2 men are chosen, [3]

other = Y(X &y

2 Men and 3 others = "(2x * (Men and
Omen
and 5other I
3 Men and Lothers =
Yux &
u men and I other Y(yx &
=
C

=
186

(c) if at least 1 man, at least 1 woman and at least 1 child are chosen. [3]

© UCLES 2021 0606/21/O/N/21 [Turn over

 7

6 (a) A 5-digit number is made using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. No digit may be used
more than once in any 5-digit number. Find how many such 5-digit numbers are odd and greater
than 70 000. [3]

84x4p,
9 M
= 1347x2 =
2688
I
Stark with 8:

- 3 5p x8p,
=

& =
1680

4368

-
S
S

(b) The number of combinations of n objects taken 3 at a time is 2 times the number of combinations
of n objects taken 2 at a time. Find the value of n. [4]

nc =
2XVCn !
n ! VI(n v) !
= 2xn ! -

3 ! (n -
3)! . (n
2 - 2) !

-3) ! C 3) ! (n
-

- =

m
n - L = S

u= 8
© UCLES 2021 0606/13/O/N/21 [Turn over
 9

8 (a) A 5-digit number is made using the digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9. No digit may be used more
than once in any 5-digit number. Find how many such 5-digit numbers are even and greater than
50 000. [3]

Start With 6.
e(p , x5p3X2p1 = 120
6
O
5
Y
6
6
7

9 Start with
5
5
%93p , = 180X3 (5,
540
----- = + 120= 660

(b) The number of combinations of n objects taken 4 at a time is equal to 6 times the number of
combinations of n objects taken 2 at a time. Calculate the value of n. [5]

= Gall
n= 11

© UCLES 2021 0606/12/O/N/21 [Turn over

↑
 7

6 A 4-digit code is to be formed using 4 different numbers selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Find
how many different codes can be formed if

(a) there are no restrictions, [1]

9
Py

(b) only prime numbers are used, [1]

Y
py
or 41 =
24

(c) two even numbers are followed by two odd numbers, [2]

442X5p = 270

(d) the code forms an even number. [2]

1344
843 x4p ,
=
8x1x6
8!
5!

© UCLES 2020 0606/23/O/N/20 [Turn over

 9

8 (a) Find the number of ways in which 12 people can be put into 3 groups containing 3, 4 and 5 people
respectively. [3]

(b) 4-digit numbers are to be formed using four of the digits 2, 3, 7, 8 and 9. Each digit may be used
once only in any 4-digit number. Find how many 4-digit numbers can be formed if

(i) there are no restrictions, [1]

54y =
120
(ii) the number is even, [1]

2p , x4pz = 48

(iii) the number is greater than 7000 and odd. [3]

↑

7 3 Total =
24 + 18

=
42
8 7
9 9
Start with 18
Start with' or9 !
b, x3pX3p = 18
I-I - = 24
© UCLES 2020 0606/12/O/N/20 [Turn over
24
, X34224
 6

5 (a) (i) Find how many different 4-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 9.
Each digit may be used once only in any 4-digit number. [1]

(ii) How many of these 4-digit numbers are even and greater than 6000? [3]

6 Y Starth with Ivory

2 6
9 Ep XYRX <p
,
= 48

Start with 6:

I, XYX1p , =
12. Go

65xn ! = 2(n - 1)x(n + 1) !

5 ! (n 5) ! 6 ! (n + 1 6) !
-
-

65xn ! = 2(n 1) x(n+1) !

-

51 (n-5) ! 6 ! (n 5) !
-

65xn !
= 2(n -
1) x(n 1)n ! +

5 !
6x5!
65x3 = n
- - 1

196 =
uh

© UCLES 2020 n = 14 0606/11/O/N/20

 7

(b) A committee of 5 people is to be formed from 6 doctors, 4 dentists and 3 nurses. Find the number
of different committees that could be formed if

(i) there are no restrictions, [1]

(ii) the committee contains at least one doctor, [2]

(iii) the committee contains all the nurses. [1]

© UCLES 2020 0606/11/O/N/20 [Turn over

 6

5 (a) (i) A gardening group has 20 members. A committee of 6 members is to be selected. Anwar and
Bo belong to the gardening group and at most one of them can be on the committee. How
many different committees are possible? [2]
· With Anwar :

12, x 12 = 8568x2

= 17136
Without Auror and Boi
+ 35700
182 = 18567

(ii) The gate for the garden has a lock with a 6-character passcode. The passcode is to be made
from

Letters G A R D E N
Numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9.

No character may be used more than once in any passcode.

Find the number of possible passcodes that have 4 letters followed by 2 numbers. [2]

64yx10p = 32400

© UCLES 2023 0606/23/M/J/23

 7

(b) (i) Given that n H 4 , show that (n - 3) # n C3 = 4 # n C4 . [2]

(ii) Given that n C3 = 5n , where n H 3, show that n satisfies the equation n 2 - 3n - 28 = 0 .

Hence find the value of n. [4]

© UCLES 2023 0606/23/M/J/23 [Turn over

 9

7 (a) Find the number of ways in which 14 people can be put into 4 groups containing 2, 3, 4 and
5 people. [3]

14 / * yx55 25225 20
,X =
.

(b) 6-digit numbers are to be formed using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Each digit may
be used only once in any 6-digit number. A 6-digit number must not start with 0. Find how many
6-digit numbers can be formed if

(i) there are no further restrictions [1]

&p Xapj
,
= 136080

(ii) the 6-digit number is divisible by 10 [1]

945x/p ,
=
15120

(iii) the 6-digit number is greater than 500 000 and even. [3]

Start with '6' 18 !

------
or

=
2 2
x Spy XYp
5 p,
= 13740
,
Y
Start with 151 out" or 191,
8

3p x8p , x 5p
, ,
= 2520

© UCLES 2023 =
0606/12/M/J/23
38640 [Turn over
 12

7 (a) A team of 8 people is to be chosen from a group of 15 people.

(i) Find the number of different teams that can be chosen. [1]

1518 =
0 !12 = 5435

(ii) Find the number of different teams that can be chosen if the group of 15 people contains a
family of 4 people who must be kept together. [3]

With
family "X"c =

With out family :

=

195
Ie8

(b) Given that (n + 9) # n P10 = (n 2 + 243) # n - 1 P9 , find the value of n. [3]

(n + 9)xn ! = (2 +243)x(n -1) !

(n- 10) ! (n-1-9) ! positive
(n + 9) xn(n integer
- 1) ! = (n +
+ 24)An 1) ! -

n 2 qn = n + 143

n = 243
E

u= 21

© UCLES 2023 0606/11/M/J/23

 6x5x4 + 3 +
(x)
6

6 (a) (i) A 5-digit number is to be formed from the seven digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Each digit can be
used at most once in any number and the number does not start with 0. Find the number of
ways in which this can be done. [2]

For P :

↓ 641 = 6
= 2160
6p
X6
Py
,
6py = 360
(ii) Find how many of these 5-digit numbers are even. [3]

I I
-

6
Sp ,
x5pX4p, Y

Go
=
14 %

(b) A team of 7 people is to be selected from a group of 9 women and 6 men. Find the number of
different teams that can be selected which include at least one man. [2]

No Men :
Op

92 = 36 IMen 6W = X9
24 5W
/x*5
To tali
3M YW

152 = 6735 -
36
YM 3W
= 6399 IM zW

GM Iw

© UCLES 2022 0606/21/M/J/22

 7

n 1
(c) (i) Show that C 3 + n C 2 = ( n 3 - n) for n H 3. [5]
6

n ! n ! n(n 1) (n+1)
+
-

3
3 ! (n 3) ! -
2! (n-2) !
1)
n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3) !
-
-

n(n -1)(n 2) !
(n(n2
+
- -

6 (n 3) ! 2(n 2) ! -

5(n3 n)
-

n(n
-1)[ 1) +

n(n
1)(n 2 3] +
-

n
(ii) Hence solve the equation C3 + n C2 = 4n where n H 3. [2]

(3- n) in
↓ =

n3 -n - 24n = 0

n3 -
25n = 0

n(u2 25) - = 0

n= 0n2 = 25

n= 5

© UCLES 2022 0606/21/M/J/22 [Turn over

 12

8 (a) A 6-digit number is formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. A number cannot start with 0
and each digit can be used at most once in any 6-digit number.

(i) Find how many 6-digit numbers can be formed if there are no further restrictions. [1]

XP
(ii) Find how many of these 6-digit numbers are divisible by 5. [3]

= Jo Yo
↓ ↓
<
p, X6Py X 2P/

(iii) Find how many of these 6-digit numbers are greater than 850 000. [3]

S 5

9 6

?
9

Start with 1810r19) :

2p, x4p, x64y

© UCLES 2022 0606/13/M/J/22
 10

8 (a) A team of 6 people is to be chosen from 10 people. Two of the people are sisters who must not be
separated. Find the number of different teams that can be formed. [3]

With sisters :

2(2x8 =
20

Without Sisters : + = 98

82 = 28

(b) A 6-character password is to be chosen from the following characters.

Digits 2 4 8
Letters x y z
Symbols * # !

No character may be used more than once in any password. Find the number of different passwords
that may be chosen if

(i) there are no other restrictions, [1]

94. = 60480

(ii) the password starts with two letters and ends with two digits. [3]

720
32x52x *
x
=

© UCLES 2022 0606/12/M/J/22

 13

(b) A team of 8 people is to be chosen from 12 people. Three of the people are brothers who must not
be separated. Find the number of different teams that can be chosen. [3]

With Brothers:

3(3X *
(5
=
126

With out brother :

+ 135

9c = 9

© UCLES 2022 0606/13/M/J/22 [Turn over

 9

7 (a) A committee of 8 people is to be formed from 5 teachers, 4 doctors and 3 police officers. Find the
number of different committees that could be chosen if

(i) all 4 doctors are on the committee, [2]

Y(yX82

(ii) there are at least 2 teachers on the committee. [3]

25 both 22 x
1
% =
210
35 50th
iT noth
55 solT and others > - 5c , X1c = 5

Or and bothers
Total- 5 =
12
195 5
(b) Given that n
P5 = 6 # n-1
P4 , find the value of n.
<y =

[3]
-

= 490
n ! =
Gx(n 1) ! -

(n -
5) ! (n 5) ! -

(n - 1 4) !
-

n(n 1) ! -
= GX(m 1) ! -

n = 6

© UCLES 2021 0606/13/M/J/21 [Turn over

 10

7 (a) A six-character password is to be made from the following eight characters.

Digits 1 3 5 8 9
Symbols * $ #

No character may be used more than once in a password.

Find the number of different passwords that can be chosen if

(i) there are no restrictions, [1]

(ii) the password starts with a digit and finishes with a digit, [2]

(iii) the password starts with three symbols. [2]

(b) The number of combinations of 5 objects selected from n objects is six times the number of
combinations of 4 objects selected from n - 1 objects. Find the value of n. [3]

"( =
6x (v)
n ! Gx(n 1) !
=
-

51 (n-5) ! Y ! (n 5) !
-

n(n - 1) ! = Gx(n 1) !-

5 ! 41
n = 30

ye

© UCLES 2021 0606/12/M/J/21

 7

6 (a) (i) Find how many different 5-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9.
No digit may be used more than once in any 5-digit number. [1]

(ii) How many of these 5-digit numbers are odd? [1]

+
54yx45 =

(iii) How many of these 5-digit numbers are odd and greater than 60 000? [3]

Start with (4).

(p, x4, X3p

· ,

9 Start with 16lor(8)

n
(b) Given that 45 # C4 = (n + 1) # n+1
C5 , find the value of n.
2p, x4X4p [4]
,

45x n ! (n + 1)x(n 1) !
+
=

7 ! (n - y)) 5! (n -u)!

45x!
= (n 1)(n 1)()
+ +

4 5 x X!
2
n +2 x+ ) = 225

n2 + 2n - 224 =0

n= 14 n = -
16 (Rejected)

© UCLES 2021 0606/11/M/J/21 [Turn over

45X x))
-
(n+) x(n+1) !
=

5!
-

(n-4) !
(n+ yxx)
 5

4 (a) (i) Find how many different 5-digit numbers can be formed using five of the eight digits
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 if each digit can be used once only. [2]

(ii) Find how many of these 5-digit numbers are greater than 60 000. [2]

(b) A team of 3 people is to be selected from 4 men and 5 women. Find the number of different teams
that could be selected which include at least 2 women. [2]

© UCLES 2020 0606/23/M/J/20 [Turn over

 5

4 (a) In an examination, candidates must select 2 questions from the 5 questions in section A and select
4 questions from the 8 questions in section B. Find the number of ways in which this can be done.
[2]

52 x8( = 200

(b) The digits of the number 6 378 129 are to be arranged so that the resulting 7-digit number is even.
Find the number of ways in which this can be done. [2]

634, = 3

↓
6 ! x3

5 The vectors a and b are such that a = ai + j and b = 12i + bj.

(a) Find the value of each of the constants a and b such that 4a - b = (a + 3) i - 2j. [3]

(b) Hence find the unit vector in the direction of b - 4a. [2]

© UCLES 2020 0606/21/M/J/20 [Turn over

 6

4 (a) (i) Find how many different 5-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8, if
each digit may be used only once in any number. [1]

(ii) How many of the numbers found in part (i) are not divisible by 5? [1]

(iii) How many of the numbers found in part (i) are even and greater than 30 000? [4]

(b) The number of combinations of n items taken 3 at a time is 6 times the number of combinations
of n items taken 2 at a time. Find the value of the constant n. [4]

© UCLES 2020 0606/12/M/J/20