o Inbertunce ad Vzîaton:

Rindple cobich dec coH

eenettcS Tt S a bronch o biole
studs nhe i tona and varsiaton
he
pasesdr
INHERI TENCE: The chanactes which pass om
to he otprid
VARIATION : The deqree by chtch erogey che
fom thefs paoEntS.
Hu mans kneo Boro a early au 8000
1000 B.C: that f t e Causes vasiaion coa
bidden Sexal epsoduction.

Genes :

chsoGO9es.
ce Fathor
J. Mendel : He has ben grsed
eego eenetics
Gene c

’ Hybidi Sation ExperisgntP;sun Sattvron (edyde pe)

> Experimets -13S6- 1863.

propeted 3 ldo ef hettonco

1865- His c0k publi she

19 D0 Deusie CornerS, Von Ts emak.

Mendel's cook.
CIndepende nty edi scouesed
* Wby did Mendel Selet pea plant 9

ConhasHng Char acteys

Annucl plants

Cots pspduce Jovo numbes Seedg

Hoo did Mergdel got
He COas mntioing popes Te Cord - Expement
ecod, TeSu t.
He applied expesineot ule o
Dpplicoton t sttsti cal
saplngs.
* Why did Mendel eoosk
He uSed natheoah cal tools in Brolog
Jack

No physi col poDef tos extsteca e factos

Contrasttng Tatt Studied y. Mede
S.No. chasacteas Contusting Trort
DOntodnt Recessive
1 Steo Tal Doarf
Aoer Colour Violet obrte
3. Hower pesiio,. Teroal
Pod Shape Iotlated Consticedl
Pod Co louy
yalltow.
G.Seed shape Round
Seod Colou.
Winklod
yellow eroeen
 3

INHERI TANCE) (OF) ONEGEND) : MONOHyBPID CROSS

When a CrOSS s 0de beueen tuo plst wh
Chatcte

Mesde expesne t to sho he îoheitunco of One gone

Mendel CI0SSd
Obtained all tall pltnts the

hasactey 9s dofne st OVer

that

Characte
tound that both tal!
plants
polRnated Fj ta
’ He Sel ot 31
and daaf plantr appeased in the atto
.

Tal
Dwasf
Phenotgpe
eenotpe
eametel
Tt - Ta (Heteso24gou)
Ranne
stq u d e

Tgesation b y
B f # S
S h
e e t i s t

CoOSse Tt X Tt S ed
s evoep
l ed

Whe Fi ig Se l o a lRde n n e t

Eamete

Tall : DOaT.
Pheroiyeic 3: 1
TT: Tt : t

Schesnattc epregetation of ose

Rsnett squdre

Note: denote Fesoae

Male
 L

Thene ave

The gnotypte to
horno 2ygu tal (TT), 1l f tha
hete2yg duoot (t)
1:
homoygu
1 o e
Condysed to the tor m l 4he binomilexpricn
(ax +lby) #hat ha the gamatj bednng gnes Tor
equal requn y ct 1g.
The expression

4JaT + 1)aX (2la Tt1/a )

Mesdel Selt- polindted the Fa plam:

G tound hat doar Fa plamt Cortnd to
doart plan +2
bat
-44
Homo2yau
 Mendel's 1¢ 1 daws:
’ Based on bis obses vohon s gtne Rohentona
Mesnde Propefed qemesa aos. These laws ae caled
te Pincple
dao et Dosninance and he Second law or dao of Segteqot

Dofinonce
) Charaters ae Cortsolled by disCsete ts collec FaGorS.
99) Facors occurs palrs.
dissflay pat tactors One roe oabes of he patr
1) I a
domfnates (clo fnant)he othes (TecessPue).
The lau co)ace s ueed to exploin ttha
ex preSS? o one ef the paental charates n 0
Po the Fi he expressfo of both ?
nonohybd CIOSS

3:1 Obtoned at
he Fa. It ao explatn be prop0rto
the Fa

blending that ooth the

* The alleles do not show asy Fa g'nesiob)
ChadeTS a TeCOered
One e hese s not Se at the Fi tag
thoug
the pdents Corrtoto teo all duio gomet forn
’Thoug
. ationhe tacos 9r alabe ef a pafr Seqegoe
each othos Such gdmete eCele only ose cthe
too tactoss.
ho9oerous 2Ygou parent produ cel au qdmates that
’ Þ
heteno2ygo one produ cu to Kiydt
qanees each haUng onome dllele coth
Dusing
equc prortio
garet
Inshort,
fon0toS,e
tgh
to
ueog
e o
(ost
e epavate e t e f

allales

to oVe
 (Exapto dew)
LNcoMPLETE, DOMINANCE) Dorsfnana
Tncosput Dosisana)
itt othes pltstf,9+ enf
ling othe
cd a phenctye that dió rot
fund 4het sohne he
Colour f9 ha ftocer
Ex:)1The Iheitana o loees
sp). four 'o' dock plant
nun
Aotbi
(Snaptsagen tnu-brtecing Stcoered
(MubtIIS jalapc) Tn a CnosS betuern (),-thu F1
colfe- Hooene d plass
(ER) tu -boeehng Self polkrtrd tha
Hhe -wau
(R5 cou Ank when
Fa
1 7)hite
Hese the genotyp tos wee exacty
CsDSs,
Co but tte
any nendaian m0ncbubsd
ex cept in
dofrant
pherotyorc sa Hos bad changed too the 3:1
Concluded h t RadR) co
:NCeSSfue aho. It uÂS
donant oVer
not complLtely Rr as pfak m(RP) ed
pos?bk -o
ishingurth
or) wbf-te.
Red x wbite.
Phenohy :
RR
eenotype
P-gneration : R- Pik Prmk(Hetew?ygu
Sel cro SSed
wben F1 1S R
Ro X

R
RR Rs
R
Red Pink
R
Pink bte
 Red:Pnk: WHte
uio 1:a;1
PhenotyeYc uio 1:9: 1
Gemotypi RR Ra

(Co-DoMINANCE): cobese tho Fi -elerobled

Inbertuna
eher ef hu o Co-doroindna
But, 45 the Couse
('ncomplete dorm?nane.
gemeratHon nesenble both parsents.
he Fi-
Example : group in Human belng
blood
ABO - blood
gone.
ABo -blcod qroup Contlled by I bau
The Plasma membUeef the ed blood Gli suge
polymers , Contollecd by he gee
leles
The gene I ha 3
siMghtly cit on et Sugyay
I¢ I alledes pp dua
The Tf
cobf Le allole'3 des mot poodu &dny Sugo
p0SSegse
iSnS,eah pesfo)
Humane ane diploid cats
the thea T'goe allelas.
ay two e OVes?, otther coy
Ih IE ase Coropletely cooninamt
(bece ? doe! not
exprese! Cbecau
Wheo Jh 1a present osly Th expregfes
psoduu asy Suga). togetter hey expreser
But cohern IhT e present
yees Sugr
Hesa, red blood as baue both P B ypes Suqass.
Sina. hu ou theL cAlele fas.aleles, a toto e six
the Hursndn ABO blood type.
dtft-gotypes el the 4phenotypr)
Alele ob)
Parent -1 Paset -Q eenotype Blood types
eflrpstng
H
IB
H IAIB AB
H
N I
T8 IA AB

T8 J8 T88 B
H
TB B
H

thas too alD.

Muliple alelisi One gene haung
CsosS
TLde betuen F hybfde
Test Crooss ? Tt pS the

Ortth eCS?Ve pasent,

To omt m the F1 cu ho02

X The e l t el test cEfS s hat So l ef the plan

So ot the pl ae duod i he
Tbts othrm hdt Fi-hyb di s
hteog! F-bylbtd Racesive. paent.

Rest
Wo
Ýolet
LMolet whtte +The genotyphic1:1f phe noty
-bybrtd? aoe Heteso24g
 9
(rsoSs

* It belps to whethes he osganfsm ts homou

heteo2ygo
pedrctig
( dao ef Mendel
* daw t Independet alotment
Tbrs law states that
yod seqe ga tion of ore
paty of Characters ?S odepemdrst of the othes pars s
IDthybo
o td
oss m a d

handter s. 9 S

c o D S S

(Tuo eene Tnhertana): (1hyloid cooss). b

l h e

c
e

Oth
t

u
w e c n

When a plant s produ ting oUmd f yeuoo - t i n g

Coloused seed s roosSed Dihyb

produing vce inkle f ghe oloured Sesd

the F1 bybrfd produe round yetlo w
Colouse d Sedi Ths todicate!that ,atleles tor yetlao (y):s
dor ndnt OVer greer y f allele tor ound (R) 2s doraing
- t ovens

when the F1 bybida

Sel -Coossed to obtain F&
geresuho au the tour typel ef ploa CLe obtoinad Such
Round Yellow (9), ound goeer 3),
winkle yellow
(3) f winkle gleen (Dtn the io 9:3:31
The
1::1 !a4.81:4.
gnotyorc
Tbe saho et 9!3:2:1 cd be deied aLs a
Covnbindh'on Sefe
qree wfth g 0und!1 wnnkle. his
desivation
Cam ko writte a follow s:
(3 Rournd! 1 inke). (3 yelouw!1 een)= 9 Round yel ow,
3Roun d grees, 3 Yeuooinkle yeloc, 1 winkle gree.
 Two ne Tobet4na Scheandic "*epeemtution!

P Gene Yation:
Roud yeloe
Cectype RRYY

eaoeteg

Rousd ytco (Hetesoaygo)

Whem is Sel csoS sed

Rou nd Yelow Roud yellow

eame te (Ry

Ry
ot Ry
RY
RRYY RRY Ryy R
Rousd yellce Round- Roumd Roun
Yellow yelow. yellco.

RRYY RR Rry R
Ry Round
yellaw
Rownd RoLund-
yellouo
Round

Rrsyy
Rousd Round- Winkle- wsikle
yelloo yelow. yellow Yellow

Rasnd Ry
Rousd
yellow

Stio 9:3: 3:1

Pherotyprc Roud: Round : wtkle : w01nkle
yelloo yellow

erenotypte ato 1 :1'94:N:1:Q:

Note: whon the tegt Conducted betoee

wfth t double eceg3?ue paemtH, au the 4
plat
yeuoo, Tound
winKl qRoan ae olbtined rn the
hu utio a
ae het o2yg 1'11:1
That Comrnl
Fhybide
 ’ It wa prppeed bu Walte Sutton and Thepdose
Bovev 190
by
They OOrKe out he CronfoTne Tnovene t
"50elosS due to
t durng
advananet o(SCopy.

and
behauror ef gene and wied ChoonOrne 50veToest
do expla Mendel's laws.
OccuTS paiss.
The homoses as cwel o
The t 0 alele qeme par ae located on hornologou
bowologous chomotonel,
Sutton f Boves argued hat he patring and Separ
- aton e a pao ChGOUSe cOOuld laod to the
Segregait a pafr tacors tey CLied.
’ Stto wfted the
ation cofth Mendella)Knowledge ChrsornoTn al Segreg
Pfngple Called t the
T
Chomosomd
During
Theoy Ihei tn a'.
pafrs Co aphae mereS- I, the tuwo
e eoch ottes netpbae plate hsonone
at the
ndependentty
Seqregote
omOLOSD al heory obertanassort tn
dapendaty.
prroved TH Morgam ¢ hts
y nhenftana cOa
Da experinentally
Lndependet assostment Colleaquus
Pbssbilfty-I ChopDOes
MelgRS- I
Melos95-1
possrbiIfty -I Praplha3e Praphale
eer

MereRS -L
eern
Anaphae Pnaphae
 19.
A Cornpurí Son be toren tha behaviour o Cro"405reS

S No. Chomeomes
1.0ccuS I pofss

at tte tne 9.
a Segreqt at
3 goei
2 tor rsaton Such forrrrotop only
ca that only one e each
potr8 S trasftted toa
garete
gete.
3. Indipendent pafrg Se 3 One patr Seqrege
independndly edh others. independently another
patr.
theony t Intestana cccu expeinerstally
psoved by T.H Mosgan (Tbomu Hust Morqas) and ts
Co leaqua.
Suftable toy Such
Tnelanogas*, cohfch coese townd vey
Stuce.
DoSopbla tos expensfnerts:

>hey ould be o Sfrople syhetc nodiu fn the

iabosotug
Coronpue
’A Could po du ce a lorge

Therse coA a cloars di esentatton et he sexel The

eally disttnqurshable.

hat Cor b Sear co?th low poers rRCSOSCOpes.