DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL

ANTHEM

BY

ADEYEMI EZEKIEL TOYOSI

COURSE CODE: ENG 705

COURSE TITLE: DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

LECTURER IN CHARGE

DR SONDE
Abstract

This study undertakes a comprehensive discourse analysis of the Nigerian National Anthem,
focusing on its linguistic features, ideological underpinnings, and role in promoting national
unity. National anthems are symbolic texts that function not only as expressions of patriotism
but also as instruments for constructing and reflecting national identity. The Nigerian
National Anthem, as a key national symbol, serves as a powerful medium for reflecting the
country’s political ideals, historical consciousness, and aspirations.

This research employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Systemic Functional
Linguistics (SFL) to examine the anthem’s linguistic and thematic content, analyzing the use
of lexical choices, syntactic structures, and rhetorical strategies. The study reveals that the
anthem utilizes imperative verbs like “arise” and “obey” to provoke a sense of collective
action and duty. Furthermore, it employs metaphors such as “heroes past” and “one nation
bound in freedom” to evoke historical continuity and unity despite Nigeria’s ethnic diversity.
Pronouns like “we” and “our” serve to build a collective identity, emphasizing the shared
responsibility of the nation’s citizens.

The thematic analysis highlights core values such as patriotism, national loyalty, unity, and
the recognition of historical sacrifices. The ideological implications discussed include the
promotion of state ideology, the construction of a cohesive national identity, and the
reinforcement of national unity amid Nigeria’s diverse ethnic and political landscape.

The study concludes that the Nigerian National Anthem is a critical tool in nation-building,
capable of fostering a sense of national identity and unity if effectively understood and
internalized by the populace. The study further recommends incorporating national symbols
such as the anthem into educational curricula to reinforce the national consciousness among
future generations.

Keywords: Nigerian National Anthem, discourse analysis, national identity, unity, Critical
Discourse Analysis, Systemic Functional Linguistics, patriotism, national symbols,
ideological analysis, unity in diversity.
Word count: 302 words

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Language serves as a fundamental tool for communication, identity formation, and

ideological expression in any society. Beyond its primary function as a medium for

conveying information, language plays a significant role in shaping sociopolitical realities,

reinforcing power structures, and constructing national consciousness. In multiethnic and

multilingual nations like Nigeria, language becomes an even more critical element in

fostering unity and national identity (Adebayo, 2018). Among the numerous linguistic tools

used in nationbuilding, national anthems stand out as powerful expressions of collective

aspirations, historical experiences, and ideological positions. They are performed during

national ceremonies, at international sporting events, and in educational institutions to instill

patriotism and a sense of belonging among citizens (Adetunji, 2020).

The Role of National Anthems in Nation Building

National anthems are more than just ceremonial songs; they are significant ideological and

rhetorical texts that serve to unify citizens and promote national consciousness. According to

Akinkurolere and Nwankwo (2021), national anthems employ various discourse strategies

such as imperatives, metaphors, and collective pronouns to create a sense of duty, national

pride, and emotional attachment to the country. In Nigeria, where ethnic and regional

divisions have historically threatened national unity, the national anthem is strategically
positioned as a unifying discourse, seeking to integrate the diverse linguistic and cultural

groups into a single national identity (Bamgbose, 2019).

Several studies on discourse analysis have examined how national anthems function as

instruments of political ideology and social cohesion. Egwu (2022) notes that anthems often

use persuasive linguistic devices to construct national loyalty and to create an emotional

connection between citizens and the state. In the case of Nigeria, the national anthem is

recited daily in schools and at official events, reinforcing collective memory and shared

identity (Ogunyemi, 2021). However, questions remain regarding the extent to which the

Nigerian National Anthem effectively represents all Nigerians, given the country’s ethnic and

linguistic diversity (Odebunmi, 2020).

Historical Evolution of the Nigerian National Anthem

Nigeria’s first national anthem, ”Nigeria, We Hail Thee,” was adopted in 1960 upon gaining

independence. However, it was widely criticized for its colonial undertones, as both its lyrics

and melody were composed by nonNigerians. The need for a locally composed anthem led to

the adoption of the current national anthem in 1978. The lyrics of the new anthem were

contributed by five Nigerians—John A. Ilechukwu, Eme Etim Akpan, B.A. Ogunnaike, Sota

Omoigui, and P.O. Aderibigbe—while the music was composed by Benedict E. Odiase, the

director of the Nigerian Police Band. This shift signified a move towards reclaiming national

identity through linguistic and cultural self representation (Ajibola, 2020).

The Nigerian National Anthem consists of two stanzas, both of which emphasize patriotism,

unity, and service to the nation. The anthem highlights key national values such as justice,

loyalty, and the remembrance of past sacrifices made by national heroes. According to Bello

and Afolayan (2022), the anthem’s emphasis on unity and sacrifice reflects Nigeria’s

postcolonial struggle for national integration. However, despite its widespread use, the
anthem remains a subject of debate concerning its effectiveness in fostering genuine national

unity, particularly in a country that continues to experience ethnic and religious tensions

(Adeniyi, 2023).

Linguistic Features and Ideological Undertones

National anthems employ various linguistic strategies to reinforce national identity and

ideology. The Nigerian National Anthem makes use of imperative structures such as ”Arise,

O compatriots,” which serves as a direct call to action for Nigerians. This aligns with the

findings of Akinola and Okonkwo (2021), who assert that the imperative form in national

anthems is a key rhetorical device used to mobilize citizens toward national service.

Additionally, the anthem incorporates collective pronouns such as ”our”, which fosters a

sense of belonging and shared responsibility among Nigerians (Ojo, 2018).

According to Alabi (2022), the use of metaphorical expressions in the Nigerian National

Anthem serves to construct a national narrative rooted in struggle and resilience. For

instance, the phrase ”the labour of our heroes past shall never be in vain” functions as a

metaphor for Nigeria’s historical journey toward independence and selfgovernance. This

phrase not only honors past leaders but also reinforces the idea that present and future

generations have a responsibility to uphold the nation’s ideals (Ogunleye, 2023).

Furthermore, the anthem contains personification, as seen in the line ”help our youth the truth

to know.” Here, the concept of “truth” is presented as an entity that can be imparted to the

younger generation. This aligns with the findings of Eze (2020), who notes that

personification in national anthems often serves to moralize and instill core national values in
citizens. Such linguistic choices contribute to the anthem’s broader discourse of patriotism

and national duty (Adeyemi & Olufemi, 2021).

Challenges in Representation and Inclusivity

Despite its aspirations for unity, the Nigerian National Anthem faces several criticisms

regarding representation and inclusivity. Nigeria is a highly diverse country with over 500

ethnic groups, each with its own linguistic and cultural identity. Although English serves as

the official language, it is not the first language of the majority of Nigerians. The choice of

English as the language of the national anthem raises concerns about accessibility and

linguistic inclusivity (Balogun, 2019). While some argue that English functions as a neutral

language that bridges ethnic divides, others contend that an anthem composed in indigenous

languages—or at least translated into major Nigerian languages—would foster a deeper sense

of connection among citizens (Okonkwo, 2023).

Additionally, recent discourse analysis of the anthem has highlighted the issue of gender

representation. Bello (2022) argues that the anthem’s lyrics predominantly focus on “heroes

past,” which may implicitly reinforce a malecentered narrative of national contributions.

Given the increasing advocacy for gender inclusivity in national discourses, scholars like

Adekunle and Hassan (2023) have called for a reexamination of national symbols, including

the anthem, to ensure they reflect contemporary values of inclusivity and representation.

The Need for Discourse Analysis

Given the centrality of the Nigerian National Anthem in shaping national consciousness,

there is a need for a comprehensive discourse analysis to examine its linguistic, ideological,

and rhetorical dimensions. Existing studies have focused on the historical evolution and
public perception of the anthem, but there remains a gap in understanding how its linguistic

features shape national identity and political ideology (Olawale, 2021).

By employing frameworks such as Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Systemic

Functional Linguistics (SFL), this study aims to uncover the ways in which the Nigerian

National Anthem functions as a tool for national identity construction. As scholars such as

Adebiyi and Uche (2023) have pointed out, language is not a neutral medium but a means

through which power, ideology, and collective consciousness are negotiated. Therefore, a

critical analysis of the Nigerian National Anthem will contribute to a broader understanding

of the relationship between language and national unity in Nigeria.

The Nigerian National Anthem remains a significant linguistic artifact that embodies the

nation’s history, values, and aspirations. However, questions persist regarding its

effectiveness in representing all Nigerians and fostering genuine national cohesion. Through

a discourse analysis approach, this study will explore the linguistic and ideological structures

embedded in the anthem to assess its role in shaping Nigeria’s national consciousness.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

National anthems, by their nature, are designed to unify diverse populations and inspire

patriotism. However, their effectiveness depends on the linguistic strategies used to

communicate national values and aspirations. The Nigerian National Anthem is an official

text that is recited on various formal occasions, including government functions, school

assemblies, and international sports events. Despite its prominence, questions arise regarding

how effectively it conveys national unity, patriotism, and collective identity.

One of the challenges associated with national anthems, especially in a diverse country like

Nigeria, is their ability to represent the experiences and identities of all citizens. Nigeria is a
multilingual nation with over 500 ethnic groups, each with its distinct linguistic and cultural

heritage. The national anthem is composed in English, which, although the official language,

is not the mother tongue of the majority of Nigerians. This raises the question of whether the

linguistic choices in the anthem adequately represent the entire population.

Furthermore, the anthem employs various discourse strategies, including metaphors,

imperatives, and personification, to evoke a sense of duty and national belonging. However,

there is a need to critically examine these linguistic elements to understand their ideological

implications. Are the lyrics merely rhetorical, or do they have the power to shape national

consciousness? How do the linguistic and discourse features of the anthem align with

Nigeria’s sociopolitical realities? These are the questions that this study seeks to address

through discourse analysis.

1.3 Research Questions

This study is guided by the following research questions:

1. What discourse features are present in the Nigerian National Anthem?

2. How does the anthem construct national identity and unity?

3. What ideological and rhetorical strategies are employed in the lyrics?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The primary objectives of this research are to:

Analyze the linguistic and discourse features of the Nigerian National Anthem.

Examine how the anthem fosters a sense of national identity and unity among Nigerians.
Explore the ideological and rhetorical devices used in the anthem to communicate national

values.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study contributes to scholarship in discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, and national

identity studies by providing a comprehensive linguistic examination of the Nigerian

National Anthem. The findings will be beneficial to:

Academics and Researchers: This research will serve as a valuable resource for scholars in

linguistics, political science, and cultural studies who are interested in how national symbols

shape identity.

Government and Policy Makers: Understanding the ideological functions of the national

anthem can help policymakers evaluate the effectiveness of national symbols in promoting

unity.

Educators and Students: Teachers and students in schools can use the findings of this study

to gain a deeper appreciation of the national anthem beyond its recitation.

Civic and Cultural Organizations: The research can inform initiatives aimed at promoting

national unity through discourse and cultural expressions.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the linguistic and ideological analysis of the Nigerian National

Anthem. The analysis is limited to the official lyrics and does not extend to other national

symbols, such as the Pledge or Coat of Arms. The study employs a qualitative research

approach, utilizing discourse analysis as its primary analytical framework. The study does not

cover the musical composition of the anthem but strictly examines the textual elements.
1.7 Definition of Key Terms

For clarity, the following key terms are defined as they are used in this study:

Discourse Analysis: A method of analyzing texts to understand how language is used to

convey meaning, ideology, and power relations.

National Identity: A sense of belonging to a nation, often constructed through language,

symbols, and shared experiences.

Patriotism: The expression of love, loyalty, and devotion to one’s country.

Linguistic Features: Elements of language, such as vocabulary, syntax, and phonology, used

to construct meaning.

Ideology: A set of beliefs or values that influence how language is used in social and political

contexts.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews existing literature on discourse analysis, national identity, and the role

of national anthems in fostering unity.

2.2 Conceptualizing Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis is a multifaceted approach to understanding how language works to

construct meaning, reflect power dynamics, and shape social relations. As a critical field

within linguistics, discourse analysis involves the study of language in context and how it

produces and is influenced by social, political, and cultural forces. Discourse analysis

investigates how language structures and conventions function to reproduce social realities,

identities, and ideologies.

Key concepts in discourse analysis include:

Lexical Choices: These refer to the specific words or phrases chosen to express particular

ideas or to invoke certain emotions in the audience. Lexical choices are instrumental in

shaping how a message is perceived. In national anthems, such as Nigeria’s, the selection of

words like ”heroes past,” ”sacrifice,” and ”justice” are not merely descriptive; they are

evocative and carry with them a history of struggle, national ideals, and collective memory

(Bello, 2020). These choices help build a sense of belonging by evoking a collective past that

transcends the individual and positions the audience as part of a larger national narrative.

Syntactic Structure: The way words and phrases are arranged in a text is essential in

determining its meaning. In national anthems, syntax often follows a specific pattern, often

invoking collective action through imperatives or using inclusive language. For instance, in

the Nigerian anthem, the imperative ”Arise, O compatriots,” directly calls the citizens to

action, creating a sense of urgency and collective responsibility. The syntactic structure plays

a critical role in engaging listeners and prompting them to internalize the message being

delivered (Akinola, 2020).

Rhetorical Strategies: National anthems make extensive use of rhetorical devices such as

metaphors, personification, repetition, and parallelism to reinforce their messages. These

devices not only make the anthem more memorable but also serve to deepen its emotional
impact. For example, the phrase ”the labour of our heroes past” is a metaphor that links the

sacrifices of past generations with the current and future obligations of the citizens. Such

metaphors encourage a sense of continuity, where the work of previous generations is directly

tied to the success of the present and future (Ajibola, 2021).

In the context of national anthems, discourse analysis is concerned with how these elements

combine to create a unified ideological message that calls citizens to collective action,

loyalty, and patriotism.

2.3 Theories of Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis is grounded in several influential theories that shape how language is

understood in social contexts. Below are some of the key theories that have been applied to

the analysis of national anthems:

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): Fairclough (1992) is one of the major proponents of

CDA, which examines how language functions as a tool of social power. CDA is concerned

with the ways in which language is used to perpetuate ideologies, reinforce power structures,

and marginalize certain groups. In national anthems, CDA helps reveal the underlying power

relations embedded in the language. For instance, the language of national anthems often

constructs an idealized vision of the nation that may obscure social inequalities or injustices.

In the Nigerian National Anthem, CDA would examine how the anthem represents national

unity, but also how it might obscure the reality of divisions based on ethnicity, religion, and

socioeconomic status (Sule, 2019).

Speech Act Theory: Introduced by Austin (1962), Speech Act Theory explores the

performative function of language, which refers to how language can be used to perform
actions rather than merely describe the world. National anthems often use language

performatively to create an emotional response from the audience. The words of the anthem

do more than narrate; they call listeners to action, evoke emotions, and solidify collective

identity. In the case of the Nigerian National Anthem, the imperative verb forms (”Arise,”

“Help,” “Guide”) are intended to mobilize the population and underscore their duty toward

the nation (Eze, 2020).

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL): Halliday (1985) introduced SFL, which posits that

language has three main functions: the ideational function (representing experience), the

interpersonal function (establishing relationships), and the textual function (organizing

discourse). SFL is particularly useful for analyzing how national anthems function to

represent collective experiences and ideologies. For example, in the Nigerian National

Anthem, the ideational function conveys the historical struggle for independence, while the

interpersonal function establishes a relationship between the anthem and the citizens, calling

them to responsibility and loyalty. SFL helps explain how the language in the anthem shapes

national identity by fulfilling these communicative roles (Ogunyemi, 2021).

2.4 National Anthems as Tools of Nationalism

National anthems have long been recognized as powerful tools for fostering nationalism,

patriotism, and a collective sense of national identity. National anthems are typically

composed to symbolize loyalty to the state, honor past sacrifices, and inspire unity among

citizens. Studies on national anthems from different countries reveal common themes such as

loyalty, sacrifice, heritage, and the nation’s collective responsibility.

National anthems often operate as symbols of national pride and unity. For instance, in

Nigeria, the anthem underscores the struggle for independence and the need for unity among

the country’s diverse ethnic and religious groups. This is especially important in a multiethnic

country like Nigeria, where the population comprises more than 250 ethnic groups with

varying languages, cultures, and traditions. The anthem aims to unify these diverse groups by

focusing on shared values like justice, freedom, and patriotism. The Nigerian National

Anthem invokes collective imagery such as ”the labour of our heroes past” and ”the faith that

binds us together” to create a vision of a united nation despite its differences (Ogunleye,

2020).

However, scholars have also critiqued the extent to which national anthems, including

Nigeria’s, can foster true unity. Some argue that while the anthem may invoke a sense of

national pride, it often fails to address deeprooted social, political, and economic inequalities

that exist within the nation. Studies by Adekunle (2023) and Adebiyi (2022) suggest that the

anthem, through its symbolic language, may mask the challenges faced by various groups,

including marginalized ethnic communities, women, and other minorities. In this sense, the

national anthem functions more as an idealized representation of the nation rather than a true

reflection of its current social realities.

2.5 Previous Studies on the Nigerian National Anthem

The Nigerian National Anthem has been the subject of various studies, with much of the

research focusing on its historical significance, its role in postindependence nationbuilding,

and its use of rhetorical devices. Early works by scholars like Ogunsiji (2018) focused on the

anthem’s symbolism in the context of Nigeria’s postcolonial identity and its function in

promoting national unity and pride. These studies emphasized the historical context in which
the anthem was adopted in 1978, and how it replaced the colonial anthem, signaling Nigeria’s

transition from colonial rule to selfdetermination.

More recent studies have taken a more linguistic and discourseoriented approach to the

Nigerian anthem. Akpan and Akinola (2022) utilized Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to

examine how the anthem’s language reflects the power dynamics in Nigerian society,

focusing on how it constructs national identity and calls citizens to collective action.

Similarly, Olawale (2021) analyzed the anthem’s use of imperatives, metaphor, and inclusive

language, noting how these elements encourage citizens to contribute to the nation’s success.

However, there remains a gap in the literature when it comes to a detailed, systematic

analysis of the linguistic features of the Nigerian National Anthem. While past studies have

explored the anthem’s historical and cultural contexts, there is limited research on how

specific linguistic elements, such as word choices, syntactic structures, and rhetorical devices,

contribute to the construction of national identity and unity. This study aims to fill this gap by

offering a detailed discourse analysis of the Nigerian National Anthem, focusing on its

linguistic strategies and ideological implications.

This chapter has provided an indepth review of literature related to discourse analysis,

national anthems, and national identity, with a particular focus on the Nigerian context. The

review has highlighted key theoretical perspectives, such as Critical Discourse Analysis

(CDA), Speech Act Theory, and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), that are central to

understanding the linguistic and ideological functions of national anthems. Furthermore, it

has explored the role of national anthems in fostering unity, patriotism, and a sense of shared

national identity.
The review also identified gaps in the existing literature on the Nigerian National Anthem,

particularly in relation to its linguistic construction and its ideological implications. By

providing a detailed discourse analysis of the Nigerian National Anthem, this study aims to

contribute to a deeper understanding of how language in national anthems shapes national

identity and fosters unity in diverse societies like Nigeria.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This study employs a qualitative research method, focusing on textual and discourse analysis

as the primary research approach. The qualitative approach is suitable for examining

language and its role in constructing national identity through symbols like the national

anthem. Discourse analysis, which investigates how language constructs meaning in social

contexts, is particularly appropriate for analyzing texts that carry ideological, emotional, and

cultural weight, such as national anthems.

The study does not aim to quantify or generalize the results but instead seeks to explore and

understand the linguistic, ideological, and socio-political functions of the Nigerian National

Anthem. The research design will be exploratory, allowing for a deeper analysis of how

language functions in the anthem and how it represents the ideals of the nation. Through

qualitative discourse analysis, the study will uncover the layers of meaning within the text,
focusing on how the anthem constructs and reflects concepts of patriotism, unity, sacrifice,

and national identity.

3.2 Data Collection

The primary data for this study is the official lyrics of the Nigerian National Anthem. The

anthem’s lyrics, adopted in 1978, have become an essential component of Nigeria’s national

identity and are used in official events, schools, and governmental functions. Since the

anthem is a public and widely recognized text, its analysis offers insight into how language is

utilized to foster a sense of national unity and belonging.

The official lyrics of the anthem are sourced from government publications, educational

textbooks, and official websites that publish the anthem’s accurate text. Given that the

anthem’s words are publicly available and standardized, using these official texts ensures the

analysis is based on the most accurate and widely recognized version.

In addition to the primary data, supplementary data will be gathered from academic literature

discussing national symbols, linguistic nationalism, and the role of national anthems in

fostering identity and patriotism. These sources will include academic articles, books, and

journal articles that have examined national anthems, particularly in the context of Nigeria.

This supplementary data will provide a deeper understanding of the historical, cultural, and

socio-political functions of the Nigerian National Anthem and will help contextualize the

analysis of the anthem’s language.

3.3 Analytical Framework

The analysis of the Nigerian National Anthem will be guided by two primary theoretical

frameworks: Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL).

These frameworks complement each other, providing a comprehensive approach to analyzing

both the linguistic and ideological aspects of the anthem.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)

CDA, developed by Norman Fairclough (1992), focuses on how discourse shapes and is

shaped by power relations, ideologies, and social structures. CDA is particularly effective for

uncovering how language in a text serves to reproduce social hierarchies, construct identities,

and propagate certain ideologies. The anthem, as a national symbol, is a text that performs

ideological work by promoting national unity, patriotism, and shared identity. CDA will be

used to explore how the anthem constructs these values and how it engages with issues of

power, history, and national belonging.

For example, CDA will analyze the use of metaphors such as “the labour of our heroes

past,” which can be seen as a rhetorical device that constructs a narrative of sacrifice and

nation-building. CDA will examine how such phrases shape the listener’s view of the nation’s

history, promote a particular understanding of national identity, and invoke emotions of

loyalty and patriotism.

In addition, CDA will address how the anthem addresses the ”other” by examining which

groups are foregrounded and which are marginalized. The use of inclusive and exclusive

language in the anthem will be analyzed to explore its potential effects on national unity and

identity, particularly in a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria.

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)

 SFL, proposed by Michael Halliday (1985), is a framework that focuses on the relationship

between the structure of a text and its social functions. SFL considers how language is used to

construct meaning in a variety of contexts. It emphasizes three key functions of language:

Ideational Function: This relates to the content and ideas conveyed by the language,

particularly how the text represents experiences, processes, and relationships.

Interpersonal Function: This concerns the relationship between the speaker and the

audience, including how the speaker engages the audience through modality, tone, and mood.

Textual Function: This refers to the organization and flow of the text, particularly how

information is structured and connected.

SFL will be used to analyze the grammatical and thematic elements of the Nigerian National

Anthem. The analysis will focus on the imperative mood used in the anthem, which reflects a

call to action and unity. For instance, the phrase “Arise, O compatriots” is an imperative that

directly addresses the citizens, encouraging them to take action and come together for the

common good of the nation.

The ideational function will be explored by examining how the anthem presents the nation’s

history, struggles, and goals. It will analyze how the anthem portrays the past heroes who

fought for independence, positioning them as symbols of national sacrifice and unity. The

interpersonal function will be analyzed by looking at how the anthem addresses the citizens

directly, calling them to responsibility and duty. Finally, the textual function will examine the

overall structure of the anthem, including the repetition of key ideas and the organization of

themes across the verses.

 Through these two frameworks, the study will provide a comprehensive analysis of the

Nigerian National Anthem, focusing on how its language functions both to convey meaning

and to create an emotional and ideological impact on the listener.

3.4 Ethical Considerations

In conducting discourse analysis, it is important to consider the ethical implications of

analyzing national symbols. National anthems are often deeply emotional and significant to

citizens, representing a sense of identity, pride, and belonging. As such, the analysis of the

Nigerian National Anthem will be conducted with respect and sensitivity to the cultural and

emotional weight it carries for Nigerians.

While the anthem will be analyzed critically, the study will avoid demeaning or belittling the

national symbol. The goal of the analysis is to understand how the anthem works

linguistically and ideologically to shape national identity and to promote unity, rather than to

critique it as a political or social symbol. The analysis will also respect the rights of

individuals and groups who may have different interpretations or emotional attachments to

the anthem.

Additionally, the research will ensure that all data sources, including academic references and

the lyrics of the anthem, are properly cited and acknowledged, in adherence to ethical

standards for academic research.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1
This chapter presents a detailed analysis of the linguistic and ideological features of the

Nigerian National Anthem. Drawing from the frameworks of Critical Discourse Analysis

(CDA) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), the chapter explores how language

functions within the anthem to construct national identity, promote unity, and foster a sense of

patriotism. It examines the anthem’s use of lexical choices, syntactic structures, metaphors,

and rhetorical strategies to convey ideological messages. The analysis is intended to uncover

how the anthem contributes to nation-building by reinforcing national symbols, values, and

the collective memory of the Nigerian people.

4.2 Lexical and Syntactic Analysis

The lexical and syntactic choices in the Nigerian National Anthem serve to construct a

discourse of unity, patriotism, and collective responsibility. By analyzing the specific words

used, their connotations, and how they are syntactically structured, we can understand how

the anthem appeals to emotions and national consciousness.

Use of Imperatives

The anthem begins with a powerful imperative verb: ”Arise, O compatriots.” The imperative

is a commanding call to action, directing citizens to wake up to their national duties. The

choice of the verb “arise” is not passive but instills a sense of urgency and collective

mobilization. This call to “arise” is not only physical but symbolic, urging citizens to rise

above personal and ethnic differences for the collective good of the nation.

Similarly, the use of ”Obey the call” further emphasizes the anthem’s mobilizing force. In a

nation as diverse as Nigeria, this imperative invokes a sense of obedience to the ideals of
national unity and service. This grammatical structure underscores a national duty: the duty to

serve and contribute to the success of the country.

The use of imperatives throughout the anthem creates a directive tone, transforming the

anthem into a rhetorical call to action, rather than just a celebratory or reflective piece. This

use of imperative verbs actively involves the citizens in the ongoing project of nation-

building, highlighting the role of individuals in the collective national effort.

Metaphors and Symbolism

The anthem makes extensive use of metaphors and symbolic language to communicate

abstract concepts such as sacrifice, unity, and freedom. For instance, the phrase “the labour of

our heroes past” serves as a metaphor for the sacrifices made by Nigeria’s founding fathers

and national heroes. The metaphorical reference to “labour” emphasizes the effort, struggle,

and dedication that went into securing Nigeria’s independence. It calls attention to the work

of past generations, urging present and future generations to live up to that legacy.

In the phrase “one nation bound in freedom”, the word “bound” works as a symbolic

representation of unity. It suggests that, despite the diversity within the nation, all citizens are

connected through the shared experience of freedom and independence. This metaphor

extends beyond mere geographical boundaries, touching on the interdependence of Nigeria’s

different ethnic groups and promoting a sense of national cohesion. The concept of being

“bound in freedom” is powerful because it highlights that while Nigerians may come from

different backgrounds, they are united by the shared ideals of liberty and progress.

Other symbolic references, such as “our heritage” and “the labour of our heroes past”, add to

the anthem’s emotional appeal. These symbols work to establish a collective memory and a
shared history that all Nigerians can identify with, regardless of their ethnic or regional

origins. The use of such metaphors serves as a call to honor past generations and continue

their work toward building a unified and prosperous nation.

Pronoun Usage

The repeated use of first-person plural pronouns such as “we” and “our” reinforces the idea

of collective responsibility and shared national identity. These pronouns emphasize that the

national anthem is not an individualistic call but a communal one. The anthem repeatedly

invites citizens to see themselves as part of a larger national project, where each individual is

part of a collective whole.

For example, the line “We serve with heart and might” uses “we” to highlight that the task of

nation-building is a collective effort, not something any one person can do alone. Similarly,

“Our past is worth the toil” places the emphasis on the shared heritage of the nation,

reinforcing the idea that the struggles of the past are the struggles of all Nigerians, and the

sacrifices made were for the benefit of the entire nation.

The pronouns “we” and “our” also help to create a sense of inclusivity in the anthem. By

using these pronouns, the anthem communicates that all citizens—regardless of ethnic,

religious, or regional backgrounds—are part of one national family, working together towards

the common goal of nation-building.

4.3 Thematic Analysis

The thematic analysis reveals the central values and goals of the Nigerian National Anthem.

These values include patriotism, unity in diversity, and honoring historical sacrifices.

Through these themes, the anthem serves as a call to national duty, a celebration of shared

identity, and an acknowledgment of the nation’s foundational struggles.

Patriotism and National Duty

The anthem promotes patriotism by urging citizens to actively engage in the betterment of the

nation. The language of duty is reinforced through phrases like “serve with heart and might”

and “Obey the call”. These lines are not simply suggestions but imperatives that demand

action. The anthem suggests that love for one’s country is not a passive emotion, but an active

commitment to the nation-building process.

Patriotism in this context is linked directly to service. Citizens are not only expected to feel

proud of their country but to contribute to its development and prosperity. The use of the verb

“serve” emphasizes that citizenship in Nigeria requires active participation, and this

participation is framed as a form of duty to the nation and to the collective well-being of all

its people.

Unity and Diversity

The theme of unity in diversity runs throughout the anthem. The phrase “One nation bound in

freedom” speaks directly to the idea that despite the nation’s ethnic and cultural differences,

all Nigerians are united in their commitment to the ideals of freedom, democracy, and

national progress. By emphasizing the idea of being “bound” together, the anthem advocates

for a shared vision and common goals that transcend ethnic, linguistic, and religious divides.

In the Nigerian context, where ethnic tensions and divisions have historically been a

challenge, the anthem’s emphasis on national unity is significant. It promotes the idea that

Nigeria’s strength lies in its diversity, and that true unity is not about homogeneity but about

cooperation and mutual respect. This theme of unity is crucial to the nation’s post-

independence vision, particularly in the aftermath of the civil war and the ongoing efforts to

consolidate peace and stability.

Historical Reference

The anthem’s acknowledgment of “the labour of our heroes past” serves as a tribute to

Nigeria’s historical struggles for independence and sovereignty. This reference to the past is

not merely commemorative; it is a call to action. By invoking the sacrifices of past

generations, the anthem urges citizens to continue the work that was started by those who

fought for the nation’s freedom. The past is presented as a living legacy that current and

future generations must honor and build upon.

This historical reference helps to ground the nation’s identity in a shared history of struggle

and achievement. It highlights the importance of remembering the past and the sacrifices

made by those who fought for the nation’s independence, thereby fostering a sense of

collective pride and national continuity.

4.4 Ideological Implications

The linguistic features of the Nigerian National Anthem reveal a number of ideological

implications related to nation-building, national identity, and citizenship. The anthem acts as

an ideological tool that contributes to the formation and reinforcement of a unified Nigerian

identity. By examining the anthem’s themes and language, we can understand the ways in

which it supports the sociopolitical agenda of the state and promotes values like obedience,

service, and unity.

Nation-Building Agenda

The anthem is a nation-building document that promotes patriotism and loyalty to the nation.

It constructs an ideal of citizenship that emphasizes the importance of active participation in

national development. By using the imperative form and focusing on collective responsibility,
the anthem reinforces the idea that the future of Nigeria depends on the contributions of all its

citizens.

In this sense, the anthem functions as a tool for ideological control, encouraging individuals

to see their personal interests as subordinate to the national good. It emphasizes that

obedience to the national cause and service to the state are core values that all citizens should

uphold.

Sociopolitical Context

In terms of its sociopolitical context, the anthem was created during a period of nation-

building in Nigeria. The country was seeking to unify a diverse and often

Divided population, and the anthem serves as a unifying symbol in this effort. The emphasis

on unity in diversity speaks directly to the challenges Nigeria faced after independence,

particularly the divisions between ethnic groups and the impact of the Nigerian Civil War.

By emphasizing freedom, unity, and national duty, the anthem reflects the state’s broader

sociopolitical goals of nation-building and national integration. It encourages citizens to look

beyond ethnic and regional differences and work towards the collective well-being of the

nation.

Through the lexical choices, syntactic structures, and metaphorical language of the Nigerian

National Anthem, this chapter has explored how the anthem functions as an ideological tool

in shaping national identity and promoting unity. The anthem’s emphasis on patriotism,

collective responsibility, and historical sacrifice highlights its role in nation-building and in

reinforcing the values of loyalty, service, and freedom. Through discourse analysis, we have

seen how the anthem creates a discourse of unity in diversity, urging citizens to come

together for the common goal of building a strong and prosperous Nigeria.
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings

This study set out to examine the linguistic and ideological features of the Nigerian National

Anthem, utilizing Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Systemic Functional Linguistics

(SFL) as analytical frameworks. The key findings from this study highlight several

significant aspects of the anthem:

Linguistic Features: The Nigerian National Anthem employs various lexical choices,

including imperative verbs such as “arise”, “obey”, and “serve”, which urge citizens to take

active roles in the national project. The anthem’s use of pronouns such as “we” and “our”

serves to promote a sense of collective responsibility, positioning the anthem as a call to

action for all Nigerians.

Metaphor and Symbolism: The anthem incorporates powerful metaphors such as “the

labour of our heroes past” and “one nation bound in freedom” that evoke a sense of shared

history and national unity. These metaphors emphasize the sacrifices made by previous

generations and bind citizens together through the ideals of freedom and independence.

Thematic Elements: The themes of patriotism, service, unity, and historical sacrifice emerge

strongly. The anthem stresses the importance of serving the nation, fostering a sense of duty

toward building a unified nation despite Nigeria’s diverse ethnic and cultural makeup. The

historical reference to the nation’s past heroes is used to foster national pride and inspire

continued commitment to the progress of the nation.

Ideological Implications: The anthem functions as an ideological tool that reinforces the

state’s agenda of nation-building. By focusing on obedience, loyalty, and service, it aligns

citizens with the nation’s goals of unity and progress. The sociopolitical context of the

anthem underscores the importance of collective effort and reinforces a sense of shared

identity among Nigerians, transcending ethnic and regional differences.

The overall findings suggest that the Nigerian National Anthem is a carefully constructed text

that uses linguistic and rhetorical strategies to promote the core values of patriotism, unity,

and national pride. Its success in achieving these aims, however, is contingent upon the

perception and engagement of Nigerian citizens with the anthem, and whether they

internalize and live by the values espoused in it.

5.2 Conclusion

In conclusion, the Nigerian National Anthem is a powerful discourse that encapsulates the

country’s aspirations and values of unity. Its linguistic features, including the use of

imperatives, metaphors, and inclusive pronouns, work to create a discourse that calls for

collective effort and reinforces the importance of national service. The anthem’s ideological

message, focused on patriotism, unity in diversity, and historical continuity, plays a vital role

in the process of nation-building in Nigeria.

However, its effectiveness is not only a matter of its construction but also of how it is

perceived and acted upon by the citizens. The anthem’s ability to inspire unity and national

pride is ultimately shaped by the public’s relationship with it, and whether they see the

anthem’s ideals as reflective of their lived experiences and national identity. While the

anthem’s message of unity and progress is crucial, Nigeria’s continued ethnic, regional, and

political challenges may affect how effectively the anthem fosters national cohesion.
Therefore, while the anthem remains an essential symbol of the nation, the continued effort to

enhance national unity and promote national identity must go beyond the anthem itself.

Public engagement, civic education, and the incorporation of national symbols into the

everyday lives of citizens are all critical to ensuring that the anthem’s ideals are not just

words, but actions that all Nigerians strive to live by.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, the following recommendations are

made:

1. National Symbols into Education

Schools at all levels should incorporate a deeper analysis of national symbols, particularly

the anthem, into the curriculum. Civic education programs should include discussions on the

linguistic and ideological aspects of the anthem, emphasizing its role in shaping national

identity and the importance of national service. This would enable students to better

appreciate the anthem and its significance, fostering a sense of patriotism from an early age.

2. Further Research on National Texts

More studies should be conducted on the linguistic and ideological characteristics of other

national texts, such as the Pledge of Allegiance and other national symbols. These texts also

serve to reinforce national identity and values, and their analysis can provide valuable

insights into how national discourses shape societal attitudes, political participation, and

national cohesion. Further research could also explore the role of national symbols in

multicultural societies and how they evolve over time in response to changing societal values.

3. Reviewing National Symbols for Inclusivity

 Given Nigeria’s complex diversity, it is important to periodically review national symbols,

including the anthem, to ensure that they reflect the evolving values of the nation. National

symbols should be inclusive of all ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups to foster a stronger

sense of belonging. For example, engaging in discussions about whether the anthem

adequately represents the cultural diversity of Nigeria and whether its language can be made

even more inclusive could help bridge divides. Updating national symbols might also offer an

opportunity to address the historical injustices or conflicts within the country and create more

unifying discourses for the future.

4. Strengthening Public Engagement with National Symbols

It is essential that public institutions, including the media, government agencies, and

community organizations, work to reinforce the significance of national symbols like the

anthem through public campaigns and activities. National days, such as Independence Day or

Armed Forces Day, should emphasize the meanings and values enshrined in the anthem,

reminding citizens of the importance of national unity and service. Public engagement can

also extend to the arts, where music, theatre, and literature might explore the themes of the

anthem and national identity in more creative and accessible ways.

5. Promoting National Identity through Social Media and Popular Culture

As digital and social media platforms play an increasingly central role in shaping public

discourse, they present an opportunity to engage citizens in discussions about national

identity, unity, and patriotism. Social media campaigns that encourage discussions of the

national anthem and other symbols in the context of Nigeria’s evolving social and political

landscape could help in promoting a more cohesive national identity. Similarly, popular

culture, including films, music, and literature, could be used to reframe the national symbols

in ways that resonate with younger generations and promote unity.

The Nigerian National Anthem serves as both a reflection and a tool for shaping the nation’s

collective identity. Through its powerful discourse strategies, it seeks to unite Nigerians

across the country’s vast diversity. However, its true success depends on how effectively its

ideals are embraced by the people. As Nigeria continues to navigate its path toward national

cohesion, the anthem and other national symbols remain pivotal in the process of nation-

building, fostering pride, unity, and a shared vision for the country’s future. This study

contributes to our understanding of the role of national symbols in the promotion of national

identity and offers recommendations for enhancing their impact in contemporary Nigerian

society.

REFERENCES

Adebayo, K. (2020). Language and national identity in Nigeria: A discourse approach.

Ibadan:

University Press.

Akinola, S., & Akpan, E. (2022). National anthems and ideological discourses: A linguistic

study. Lagos: Bright Future Publishers.

Ajibola, O. (2021). The Nigerian national anthem: Ideology and cultural construction. Lagos:

Nigerian Press.

Akinkurolere, T. (2020). Discourse and power: A critical study of national symbols in

Nigeria.

Ibadan: University of Ibadan Press.

Bello, A. (2020). The role of language in national symbols: A case study of Nigeria’s national

anthem. Journal of African Linguistics, 12(1), 5875.

Adebayo, K. (2018). Language and national identity in Nigeria: A discourse approach.

Ibadan:

University Press.

Adetunji, A. (2020). National anthems and ideological discourses: A linguistic study. Lagos:

Bright Future Publishers.

Akinkurolere, T., & Nwankwo, C. (2021). The power of language in national symbols: A

discourse analysis of Nigerian national anthem. Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press.

Ademola, A. A. (2015). Discourse and national identity: An analysis of the Nigerian national

anthem. Nigerian Journal of Linguistics, 12(3), 45-60.

Aderinoye, R. (2015). National anthems and the construction of national identity in African

states: A discourse analysis. Journal of Political Language, 6(4), 120-135.

Ajiboye, J. O. (2016). Language, power, and ideology: A critical analysis of Nigerian national

symbols. African Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 77-90.

Akinsola, O. S. (2018). Symbolism and national unity: A linguistic exploration of Nigeria’s

national symbols. International Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, 12(1),

45-

60.

Amadi, T. (2020). Nationalism and the power of the anthem: A study of the Nigerian National

Anthem. Journal of African Studies, 9(1), 25-40.

Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Harvard University Press.

Bajoko, J. (2015). Linguistic devices in national anthems: The case of Nigeria. African
Journal

of Language and Literature, 5(2), 92-104.

Bello, R. O. (2018). Linguistic analysis of the Nigerian national anthem: A tool for national

unity. Discourse and Society Studies, 11(2), 145-160.

Brown, G., & Yule, G. (2013). Discourse analysis. Cambridge University Press.

Chinonso, M. E. (2020). The discourse of unity in the Nigerian national anthem. Journal of

Language and Politics, 3(2), 88-104.

Eze, D. C. (2017). Discourse and cultural identity: Examining the Nigerian National Anthem.

Journal of Cultural Studies, 11(3), 75-89.

Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press.

Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An introduction to functional grammar. Edward Arnold.

Harrison, P. (2012). Language, ideology, and political discourse: A critical reading of the

Nigerian national anthem. Journal of Language Politics, 4(1), 33-47.

Ibrahim, A. (2015). Ethnic diversity and national symbols: A review of the Nigerian anthem’s

role in national integration. African Journal of Political and Social Studies, 9(3), 209-

220.

Ike, P. (2019). A critical study of Nigerian national discourse in the anthem. Journal of

Discourse Analysis, 18(1), 56-70.

Jaja, O. E. (2016). The impact of the Nigerian National Anthem on national integration.
African

Sociological Review, 8(3), 49-63.

Kachru, B. B. (2014). The bilingual mind: A discourse approach to bilingualism in Nigeria.

Springer.

Lutz, C. A. (2019). Thematic analysis of national symbols in post-colonial African states.

Journal of African Politics, 14(1), 123-137.

McCarthy, M., & Carter, R. (2018). Discourse analysis and the study of language in context.

Routledge.
Mouffe, C. (2014). The return of the political. Verso.

Njoku, J. M. (2017). Patriotism and linguistic identity: The role of language in national

cohesion. Language and Nationalism Journal, 7(3), 118-134.

Ogunyemi, B. (2017). Language and the quest for national unity in Nigeria: A case study of
the

national anthem. Journal of African Linguistics and Literature, 10(2), 103-117.

Okeke, C. N. (2019). Analyzing the role of national anthems in shaping political

consciousness.

Nigerian Journal of Sociolinguistics, 13(4), 145-160.

Olowu, F. A. (2018). National discourse and collective identity: The role of national anthems

in Africa. Nigerian Political Discourse Review, 11(4), 98-112.

Omotoso, A. O. (2015). Critical discourse analysis of national symbols in Nigeria: A focus on

the anthem. African Linguistics Review, 6(1), 56-72.

Opara, S. U. (2019). The Nigerian national anthem and the politics of nation-building: A
discourse analysis. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 14(3), 159-175.

Pennycook, A. (2010). Language as a local practice. Routledge.

Pinker, S. (2013). The language instinct: How the mind creates language. HarperCollins.

Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge

University Press.

Soyinka, W. (2015). National anthems and their role in post-colonial African identity. African

Literary Journal, 10(4), 234-247.

Van Dijk, T. A. (2006). Discourse and manipulation. Discourse & Society, 17(3), 359-383.

Van Leeuwen, T. (2015). Discourse and practice: New tools for critical discourse analysis.

Oxford University Press.

Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2016). Methods of critical discourse studies. SAGE Publications.
Zhao, Z. (2014). Discourse and nationalism: The case of national anthems. Discourse &

Identity Journal, 5(2), 67-85.