Lecture-2

PH1010-Physics-1

Welcome 2024 Batch-1

 Course Details

Dr Prasanta Kumar Muduli

Room No - HSB 112 Email: muduli@smail.iitm.ac.in
Wed 3:00 pm – 5:00 pm
Day slot
AE24B001-AE24B055 Mon 11:00-11:50 (D1)
65+12=77
Batch-1 AE24B101-AE24B110
Students RJN 101 Tue 10:00-10:50 (D1)
PH24B004-PH24B016
Wed 09.00-09.50 (D1)
Class representatives Thur 13.00-13.50 (D2)

Coordinators:
Prof Siddharth Dhomkar sdhomkar@smail.iitm.ac.in
Prof Ravichandran Shivanna ravics@smail.iitm.ac.in
TAs:
Alwyn Jose Raja ph23d055@smail.iitm.ac.in First Instruction day: 1st Aug 2024
Siddhartha ep20b012@smail.iitm.ac.in Last instruction day: 7th Nov 2024
https://courses.iitm.ac.in

The tutorial classes will be announced in advance

Work them out before you come to the tutorial class.

 Detailed Course Plan – PH1010

Unit 1 : Newton's laws of motion

Unit 2: Oscillations
Quiz-1→2nd Sep 2024
Unit 3: Motion in One Dimension

Unit 4: Conservative Forces

Quiz-2→10th Oct 2024
Unit 5: The Lagrangian method

Unit 6: : Motion under central forces

Unit 7: Vector Calculus with Applications to Fluid Mechanics

End-Sem exam →20th Nov 2024

45 Lectures + 9 Tutorials ≈ 54 Class

 Evaluation Scheme

Quiz-1
20%

End-Sem Quiz-2
60% 20%
 2. Introduction to Classical 3. Classical Dynamics of 4. Div, grad, curl and all that:
Mechanics: With Problems particles and systems, an informal text on vector
1.Classical Mechanics and Solutions By S. T. Thornton and J. B. calculus,
– by John R. Taylor by David Morin Marion By H. M. Schey
Vector Operations Revision
𝒓 = (𝑟1 , 𝑟2 , 𝑟3 ) 𝒔 = (𝑠1 , 𝑠2 , 𝑠3 ) 𝒓 + 𝒔 = (𝑟1 + 𝑠1 , 𝑟2 + 𝑠2 , 𝑟3 + 𝑠3 )

𝑐 → Scalar (Ordinary number)

c𝒓 = (𝑐𝑟1 , 𝑐𝑟2 , 𝑐𝑟3 ) Same direction as 𝒓 with magnitude equal to 𝑐 times magnitude of 𝒓

Scalar product (dot product)

3
𝒓. 𝒔 = 𝑟𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑟1 𝑠1 + 𝑟2 𝑠2 + 𝑟3 𝑠3 = ෍ 𝑟𝑖 𝑠𝑖 𝜃→Angle between 𝒓 and 𝒔
𝑖

Magnitude of vector 𝑟= 𝒓 = 𝒓. 𝒓 = 𝑟12 + 𝑟22 + 𝑟32

Vector product (Cross product)
Revision
ෝ
𝒙 ෝ
𝒚 𝒛ො
𝒓 × 𝒔 = 𝑟𝑥 𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑧 = 𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑧 − 𝑟𝑧 𝑠𝑦 𝒙
ෝ + 𝑟𝑧 𝑠𝑥 − 𝑟𝑥 𝑠𝑧 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑟𝑥 𝑠𝑦 − 𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑥 𝒛ො
𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑦 𝑠𝑧

Vector perpendicular to both 𝒓 and 𝒔

Differentiation of Vectors

𝑑𝒓 𝒓 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝒓 𝑡
Define = lim
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝒓 + 𝒔) = 𝒓 + 𝒔
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑓
(𝑓𝒓) = 𝑓 𝒓 + 𝒓 𝑓(𝑡)→Scalar
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Geometric meaning of dot product and cross product.
Area element as a vector

𝑣Ԧ
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜃

Parallelogram 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑢 𝑣Ԧ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑢 × 𝑣Ԧ

Direction→ Normal to the plane of parallelogram

Area vector 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑢 × 𝑣Ԧ
Volume as a scalar
Parallelogram → 2 vectors

Parallelopiped→ 3 vectors (𝑢, 𝑣,

Ԧ 𝑤)

𝑤
𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 𝑢. (𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤) 𝑣Ԧ

𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 𝑢. (𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤) = 𝑣.
Ԧ (𝑤 × 𝑢) = 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣)
Ԧ
Space and Time Revision

Origin of time 𝑡 = 0

Mass and Force

Mass= resistance of an object to acceleration = Inertia

mass = the amount of matter or stuff contained

Force is an influence that can cause an object to change its velocity, i.e., to accelerate,
unless counterbalanced by other forces
The trajectory

Position vector 𝒓 = 𝑥ෝ
𝒙 + 𝑦ෝ
𝒚 + 𝑧ො𝒛

As time changes →the particle moves

𝒓(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)ෝ
𝒙 + 𝑦(𝑡)ෝ
𝒚 + 𝑧(𝑡)ො𝒛

The triplet of functions describes a trajectory,

Velocity and acceleration vectors

𝒗(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)ෝ
ሶ 𝒙 + 𝑦(𝑡)ෝ
ሶ 𝒚 + 𝑧(𝑡)ො
ሶ 𝒛

𝒂(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)ෝ
ሷ 𝒙 + 𝑦(𝑡)ෝ
ሷ 𝒚 + 𝑧(𝑡)ො
ሷ 𝒛
Examples of trajectories
Trajectory -1→ Trajectory -2→
ෝ + sin 𝜔𝑡 𝒚
𝒓(𝑡) = cos 𝜔𝑡 𝒙 ෝ + 𝑧0 𝒛ො 𝑡 2 − 𝑡02 2𝑡𝑡0
𝒓(𝑡) = 2 ෝ
2𝒙+ 2 ෝ + 𝑧0 𝒛ො
2𝒚
with 𝜔 and 𝑧0 constants 𝑡 + 𝑡0 𝑡 + 𝑡0
with 𝑡0 and 𝑧0 constants

moving on the same path

Path → 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑧 = 𝑧0
Correspond to particle moving on the path
→ A unit circle on the plane 𝑧 = 𝑧0

At a given moment of time, the velocity and acceleration vectors are different.

Trajectory 2- the particle manages to go only once around the unit circle as time runs from infinite past to infinite future
Trajectory-3→ ෝ + sin 𝜔𝑡 𝒚
𝒓(𝑡) = cos 𝜔𝑡 𝒙 ෝ + 𝑣0 𝑡ො𝒛

This corresponds to moving on a right-handed spiral

Trajectory corresponding to motion on a left-handed spiral?

𝒓 𝑡 = cos 𝜔𝑡 𝒙 ෝ − sin 𝜔𝑡 𝒚ෝ + 𝑣0 𝑡ො𝒛
Fundamental Forces in nature

Force Name Relative strength Range Operating among

Gravitational 10−38 Infinite All objects in universe
Force
Weak nuclear 10−33 Very short, sub Some elementary particle
Force nuclear size (≈ electrons and neutrino
10−18 𝑚)
Electromagnetic 10−2 Infinite Charged particles
Force
Strong nuclear 1 Short nuclear size Nucleons, heavier
Force (≈ 10−15 𝑚) elementary particles. Binds
quarks together

Friction ?→ Electromagnetic

Normal Force?→ Electromagnetic

Tension?
 Newton's laws of motion

Developed calculus Published in 1687

Translated from the Latin
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
1.4 Newton’s first and second laws; Inertial Frames

Point mass or Point particle = A object with mass but no size, that can move through space but has no
internal degree of freedom

→ Have translational Kinetic energy

→ No energy of rotation or internal vibration or deformation

Extended body = collection of point particles

1.4 Newton’s first laws; Inertial Frames

Newton’s First law (the law of Inertia)

In the absence of forces, a particle moves with constant velocity 𝒗

Various equivalent ways→

Everybody continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to
change that state by forces impressed upon it

In the absence of forces, a stationary particle remains stationary, and a moving particle
continues to move with unchanging speed in the same direction.

𝒗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. if and only if the acceleration 𝒂 =0

In the absence of forces a particle has zero acceleration.

1.4 Newton’s second law

Newton’s Second law

For any particle of mass 𝑚, the net force 𝐹 on the particle is always equal to the mass times the particle’s
acceleration

𝑭 = 𝑚𝒂 𝑭 → vector sum of all the forces on the particle

𝑑𝒗 𝑑2𝒓
𝒂= = 𝒗ሶ = 2 = 𝒓ሷ
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Various equivalent ways→

Momentum defined as 𝒑 = 𝑚𝒗

𝒑ሶ = 𝑚𝒗ሶ = 𝑚𝒂

Second law 𝑭 = 𝒑ሶ
Differential equation
𝑚𝒓ሷ = 𝑭

Unknown function → 𝑟(𝑡)

Particle moving along 𝑥-axis and subject to constant force 𝐹0

𝐹0
𝑥ሷ =
𝑚

Second order differential equation for 𝑥(𝑡)

𝐹0 𝑣0 →Initial velocity
𝑥(𝑡)
ሶ = න 𝑥ሷ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣0 + 𝑡
𝑚

𝐹0 2
𝑥 𝑡 = න 𝑥ሶ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑥0 →Initial position
2𝑚
Inertial Frames

No Force on a object → 𝑭 = 0 → 𝒂=𝟎 𝒗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. = First Law

Inertial Frames Noninertial Frames

Law of inertial holds →Inertial Frames

𝑭=0

Newton’s second law hold only in special inertial (nonaccelerating and nonrotating) reference frames.

First law used to identify inertial Frames

Thank You