Organisation of Plant Tissues and

Chapter
1 Growth
NOTES
1.1 Organisation of Plant Tissues 14. It has a thicker cell wall compared to the parenchyma
cell wall.
1. Permanent tissues are the mature tissues that
have undergone differentiation or is undergoing 15. It provides mechanical support and elasticity to
differentiation. plants.

2. There are three types of permanent tissues which are 16. Sclerenchyma tissue consists of dead cells when
epidermal tissues, ground tissues and vascular tissues mature.
that function differently. 17. It has the thickest cell wall among all the ground
Types of plant tissues tissues.
18. It provides support and mechanical strength to
mature plant parts. These tissues also help in the
Meristematic tissues Permanent tissues transport of water and nutrients in plants.
Apical meristematic Epidermal tissues 19. Vascular tissue contains xylem and phloem.
tissues
Ground tissues 20. Xylem is formed from the dead cells that do not
Lateral meristematic contain cytoplasm.
tissues Vascular tissues
21. It has a cell wall lined with lignin.
3. Epidermal tissue coats the outer surface of the 22. Xylem consists of xylem vessels that are elongated,
stems, leaves and roots of young plants. hollow and connected to each other from root to leaf.
4. The walls of epidermal cells exposed to air are 23. This allows xylem to transport water and mineral salts
covered with a waxy and waterproof layer known as from the roots to all parts of the plant.
cuticle.
24. Phloem consists of companion cells and sieve tubes.
5. Cuticles reduce water loss through evaporation
(transpiration process), protect leaves from 25. It is formed from living cells, which is sieve tubes
mechanical injury and prevent pathogen attack. with the presence of cytoplasm.

6. Ground tissue has three types of tissues, which 26. The sieve tube does not have organelles such as
are parenchyma tissue, collenchyma tissue and the nucleus and ribosome because it decompose as it
sclerenchyma tissue. matures.

7. The parenchyma tissue is the simplest living cell and 27. Sieve tubes are arranged from end to end to form an
has not undergone differentiation. elongated and connected tube structure.

8. It has the thinnest cell wall. 28. Phloem transports sugars from the photosynthesis
from leaves to storage organs such as roots, fruits and
9. The parenchyma tissue that is in a turgid state tubers.
provides support and maintains the shape of the
herbaceous plant.
1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth
10. It is involved in photosynthesis and helps in storing
starch and sugar as well as involved in gaseous 1. Meristematic tissue is a living tissue that does not
exchange. differentiate and is responsible for plant growth.

11. It is involved in the repair and regeneration of plant 2. Apical meristematic tissue are present at tip of shoot
tissues as well as in the vascular system. and root while the lateral meristematic tissues are
vascular cambium and cork cambium.
12. Collenchyma tissue consists of living cells and when
3. The tip of shoot and the tip of root in plant can
mature, will become flexible cells.
be divided into three zones of cell growth, which
13. It has a cell wall made of pectin and hemicellulose. are zones of cell division, cell elongation and cell
differentiation.

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 6. Secondary growth occurs to most eudicots and
Shoot apical
meristem a small number of monocots to increase the
Zone at the shoot tip
circumference or diameter of the stems and roots.
Zone of cell division
Zone of cell elongation 1.3 Growth Curve
1. There are three types of plants, which are annual
Zone of cell differentiation plants, biennial plants and perennial plants.
2. Below are the growth curves for annual plants and
biennial plants.
Matured tissue
(a) Growth curve of annual plants

Zones at the root tip Dry mass

Matured tissue
50
Stored food Die
Zone of cell differentiation 40
is used
30
Zone of cell elongation 20
10
Zone of cell division 0
5 10 15 20 25
Root cap Time (Week)

4. The growth in these zones is primary growth of the (b) Growth curve of biennial plants
plant. Dry mass
Growth of plant
First growth Second growth
season season
Primary growth Secondary growth
5. Primary growth is the growth that occurs after
germination and is experienced by all plants to
increase the length of the stems and roots. Time (Week)

PAPER 1
Each question has four different answers A, B, C and D. For each question, choose one answer only.
1.1 Organisation of Plant Tissues 3. Which of the following are types of ground tissue?
I Tracheid tissue III Xylem tissue
1. Which type of tissue carries out cell division to enable II Collenchyma tissue IV Sclerenchyma tissue
plant growth? A I and II C II and IV
A Ground tissue B I and III D III and IV
B Vascular tissue
C Meristem tissue 4. Tracheid and sclerenchyma cells can be found in the
D Epidermal tissue A vascular cambium C phloem
B cork cambium D xylem
2. Why does a plant need vascular tissues? HOTS Applying
A To reduce water loss. 5. All the plant tissues below have lignified cell walls
B To transport water, mineral salts and to provide support and mechanical strength to plants,
photosynthetic products in plant. except
C To cover the plant surface. I collenchyma tissue III xylem vessels
D To store food in the plant. II parenchyma tissue IV sclerenchyma tissue
A I and II C II and IV
B I and III D III and IV
2
Question 2:
SOS TIP

Vascular tissues contain xylem tissues and phloem tissues.

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 6. Adam is studying Biology in school. He cuts a leaf Which of the following is true about the
and examines the cross section of the leaf using a phenomenon? HOTS Analysing
microscope. He observed that there are many loosely A Cell division occurs.
packed cells and the cells have thin cell walls with a B Vacuolation occurs.
large number of chloroplasts. What are these cells? C Differentiation occurs.
HOTS Analysing D Photosynthesis occurs.
A Collenchyma cells C Sclerenchyma cells
B Parenchyma cells D Tracheids 10. All of the following are the processes in primary
growth of plant, except HOTS Analysing
7. Which of the following shows the cambium? A forms primary vascular tissues
Epidermis B enables a plant to increase its height
A C enables the formation of secondary xylem cells
B for support
Endodermis Pericycle D regenerates damaged part of a plant body
C
Cortex D 11. Diagram 4 shows the cross section of a
dicotyledonous stem.
Diagram 1
P
1.2 Meristematic Tissues and
Growth

8. Diagram 2 shows the cells at the root tip of a green

plant. HOTS Applying
I III
Diagram 4
Why the structure P is important to plant?
A It transports sucrose.
B It transports mineral ions.
II IV C It divides actively to increase the number of cells.
D It transports water.

12. Which of the following is involved in the production

of cork?
A Apical meristem C Cork cambium
Diagram 2 B Vascular cambium D Secondary xylem
Which of the tissues are present at the root tip of a
green plant? 13. Diagram 5 shows a longitudinal section of the root of
A I and II C II and IV a plant.
B I and III D III and IV

9. Diagram 3 shows a phenomenon which happens after Zone III

a period of time. The plant cell changes from A to B.
Plasma H 2O Zone II
membrane
Cell wall Zone I
Root cap
Diagram 5
What cells are present in Zone I? HOTS Applying
A B A Mesophyll cells C Xylem vessels
B Phloem D Meristematic cells
Diagram 3
3
Question 6:
SOS TIP

These cells are not lignified.

Question 13:
This zone is to increase the number of new cells.

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 14. Diagram 6 shows the root tip of a plant. 18. Which of the statement is false about primary and
secondary growth?
A Primary growth occurs in all plants.
A B Primary growth is carried out at the apical
meristem but secondary growth is carried out by
B the lateral meristem.
C When a plant carries out secondary growth, it
C stops its primary growth.
D Primary growth helps in the increment of plant
D
height and secondary growth helps to increase the
Diagram 6 girth of the plant.
Which part undergoes the elongation process?
19. Which of the following statement is true about the
15. Which meristematic tissue helps the woody plant to secondary growth of a plant?
increase its girth? A Bark, periderm and lenticels are formed.
A Apical meristem C Primary meristem B Epidermis and cortex are formed.
B Lateral meristem D Ground meristem C The plant does not show annual rings.
D Growth is longitudinal.
16. Diagram 7 shows a cross section of a dicotyledonous
stem which is undergoing secondary growth. 20. Why the primary growth is important to non-woody
HOTS Applying plants? HOTS Applying
Cork cambium A It allows the plants to grow radially.
B Primary xylem provides support to the plants.
C Primary phloem provides mechanical support to
W the plants.
X D Primary phloem transports water and minerals to
Y the cells in the plants.
Z
21. Which of the following is not the similarity between
Diagram 7 primary and secondary growth of plants?
What are the cells W, X, Y and Z? A Both types of growth increase the size of the
plants.
W X Y Z B Both types of growth occur in woody plants.
C Both types of growth involve cell division by
A Secondary Secondary Primary
Cambium meiosis.
phloem xylem xylem
D Both types of growth involve cell division by
B Secondary Secondary Primary mitosis.
Cambium
xylem phloem xylem
C Primary Secondary Secondary 22. Which of the following is the importance of annual
Cambium ring?
xylem phloem xylem
I It provides knowledge about plant’s fertility.
D Primary Secondary Secondary II It is used to indicate that the plant grows in a
Cambium
xylem xylem phloem winter or summer place.
III It is used to calculate the age of plants.
17. Among the structures listed, which of the following IV It makes the furniture look attractive and can be
form the bark of plant? used as a decorative item.
A Epidermis and cork A I and II
B Epidermis and cortex B I and III
C Cork and cortex C II and IV
D Cork and pericycle D III and IV

4
Question 16:
SOS TIP

Secondary growth is carried out to add new xylem and phloem.

Question 20:
Think of the functions of the primary vascular tissues

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 23. Which part of the plant is used to make this apparatus? 28. Diagram 9 shows a type of tree.
HOTS Analysing

Diagram 8
Diagram 9
A Xylem
B Spongy cambium Which group of plants is the tree above classified
C Cortex into? HOTS Applying
D Phloem A Annual plant C Perennial plant
B Biennial plant D Long lasting plant
24. Which of the following timbers can be produced from
the forest trees in the tropical rainforest in Malaysia? 29. Diagram 10 shows the growth curve of a paddy plant.
I Rubber III Shorea Dry mass (g)
II Mangrove IV Chengal
A I and II C II and IV
50
B I and III D III and IV
40 Q
P
30
25. What are the uses of resins and oils produced by the
20
plants?
10
A Used to make varnish
0
B Used to make toys 5 10 15 20 25
C Used to make drinks Time (Week)
D Used to make decorative items
Diagram 10
What happens during stages P and Q? HOTS Analysing
1.3 Growth Curves
P Q
26. Which of the following plants are annual plants? A The plant loses its The plant does not carry
I Paddy plant III Red carrot plant leaves. out photosynthesis.
II Watermelon plant IV Hibiscus plant B The plant loses its
The plant loses water.
A I and II C II and IV branches.
B I and III D III and IV C The stored food
in the seed is used The plant dies.
27. Which of the following statements are true about during germination.
biennial plants? D The plant loses The plant does not carry
I Biennial plants complete two seasons, namely water. out photosynthesis.
growth and reproduction.
II Biennial plants complete two seasons, namely
30. Which of the following statement describes the
germination and growth.
growth curve of grass?
III Examples of biennial plants are cabbage and
silver cock’s comb. A Grass is an annual plant.
IV Examples of biennial plants are pumpkin trees B Grass and watermelon plant have the same
pattern of growth curve.
and hibiscus trees.
C Grass has two sigmoid curve shapes in its growth
A I and II
curve.
B I and III
D Grass is able to flower and bear fruits several
C II and IV
times.
D III and IV
5
Question 23: Question 29:
SOS TIP

It is related to the soft, inner bark. Think of the process undergone by the plant.
Question 28: Question 30:
Think of the life of this tree. Determine which group of plant the grass is classified into.

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 PAPER 2
Section A
Answer all questions.
1. Diagram 1 shows the primary growth in a root.

Diagram 1
(a) What type of growth occurs at the parts of the plant in Diagram 1? [1 mark]

(b) Name the zones labelled P, Q and R. [3 marks]

(c) (i) Based on Diagram 1, state the importance of the process that occurs at Q zone. HOTS Applying [1 mark]

(ii) Name two types of cells in zone Q. [2 marks]

2. An experiment was carried out to determine the zone of cell elongation in the root of a germinating seed. The root
of the seedling was marked with a 1 mm interval using a marker. The marks were observed after 3 days. Diagram 2
shows the marks before and after the experiment.

P
Before After
Diagram 2

(a) What is the importance of the structure labelled P? HOTS Evaluating [1 mark]

6
Question 1:
SOS TIP

(c) The cells absorb water.

Question 2:
(a) Note that this is the first part of the root.

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 (b) (i) Sketch a graph to show how the dry mass of a germinating seed changes with time. [3 marks]

(ii) Explain your graph in (b)(i). HOTS Evaluating [3 marks]

3. Diagram 3 shows two types of vascular tissues.

P Q
Diagram 3
(a) Name tissues P and Q. [2 marks]

(b) Name the process that increases the number of cells in tissues P and Q. [1 mark]

(c) Explain the adaptations of tissues P and Q which are related to their transportation functions. HOTS Evaluating
[2 marks]

(d) Tissue P can also provide mechanical support to the plant. How does tissue P helps in this function?
HOTS Evaluating [2 marks]

7
Question 2:
SOS TIP

(b) Observe and analyse the graph you sketched.

Question 3:
(c) Think about the structures of tissues P and Q.
(d) Think about the special structure of tissue P.

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 4. Diagram 4 shows a few types of plant.

W X Y

Diagram 4
(a) Classify the plants above (using the alphabet) into the correct category below. [3 marks]
(i) Annual plant –
(ii) Biennial plant –
(iii) Perennial plant –
(b) (i) Based on plant X, sketch the growth curve of plant X with dry mass (g) against time (week) in the space
provided below. [2 marks]

(ii) Explain the growth pattern of the growth curve you sketched in (b)(i). HOTS Evaluating [2 marks]

Section B

5. Diagram 5.1 shows the longitudinal section of a stem of plant.

Zone P

Zone Q

Zone R

Diagram 5.1
(a) Describe the characteristics of the cells in zone P. [4 marks]
(b) Based on Diagram 5.1, explain the growth process of the stem in zones P, Q and R. HOTS Evaluating [6 marks]

8
Question 4:
SOS TIP

(b) (ii) Understand the growth pattern of the growth curve of plant X. Explain the pattern according to the shape of the curve.
Question 5:
(b) Determine the different zones at the stem, then explain the content of each zone.

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 (c) Diagram 5.2 shows the cross section of stems A and B of two dicotyledonous plants.
Epidermis
Pith
Cortex
Phloem
Xylem
Vascular cambium

A Bark B
Diagram 5.2
(i) Primary growth is occurring at stem A. Secondary growth is occurring at stem B. Explain the differences in
structure between stems A and B. HOTS Evaluating [6 marks]
(ii) Diagram 5.3 shows the growth curve of a perennial plant.
Height (m)

Time (Year)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Diagram 5.3
Explain the growth pattern of the plant. [4 marks]

6. (a) How do we determine the age of a woody plant? HOTS Evaluating [10 marks]
(b) Halim observed that plants can grow continuously. Explain by stating the regions of a plant which are involved
in continuous growth. [5 marks]
(c) Ms. Chang is a botanist. She suggests to farmers that the mango trees need to be trimmed. Using your biology
knowledge, justify Ms. Chang’s suggestion. HOTS Creating [5 marks]

Section C

7. (a) State the definition of growth and explain it. [2 marks]

(b) Samuel is a biologist who is studying the growth of animals and plants. He carried out an investigation on the
growth of grass and a grasshopper.
(i) After the investigation, he found out some differences between the growth of grass and grasshopper. If you
are Samuel, explain the differences between the growth of grass and grasshopper. HOTS Creating [5 marks]
(ii) One month later, Samuel carries out another investigation about the growth of paddy plant. If you are
Samuel, what kind of graph do you expect to get for the growth of paddy plant? Sketch this graph and
explain the graph you sketched. [8 marks]
(iii) Samuel carried out the investigations on the growth in height of plants. There is another parameter that is
more suitable to be used in the measurement of plant growth. Suggest another suitable parameter and justify
your answer. HOTS Evaluating [5 marks]

9
Question 5: (c) Think about the apical and lateral stem on the plants.
SOS TIP

(c) (i) Think about the characteristics on each of the growing process Question 7:
and then make a comparison. (b) (i) Think about the type of growth in grass and grasshopper.
Question 6: (iii) You can measure another parameter, other than height for an
(a) Think about the incident that occurs at the stem of the woody plants organism. Think of the benefits of this parameter.
every year.

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 Reinforcement and Assessment of Science Process Skills
for Paper 3 (Practical Test)

1. You have to carry out an experiment to observe the zone of cell division, zone of cell elongation and zone of cell
differentiation at the root tip of a seed.

No. Materials and apparatus

1 Mung bean
2 Aceto-orcein dye
3 Acetic acid
4 Blade
5 Distilled water
6 Ethanol
7 Glass slide
8 Cover slip
9 Light microscope
10 Dropper
11 Mounting needle

(a) Plan the procedure of your experiment using the apparatus and materials provided. [4 marks]
(b) Draw the observation of tip of root and label the zone of cell division, zone of cell elongation and zone of cell
differentiation of the root. [4 marks]
(c) Explain how you determine the zones that you labelled in (b). [3 marks]
(d) (i) What is the colour of the aceto-orcein dye? [1 mark]
(ii) Why is aceto-orcein dye needed in this experiment? [1 mark]
(e) A fume chamber is needed for you to carry out this experiment. Explain why. [2 marks]

10
SOS TIP

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