Bataan Heroes College

Module No. 2

STRAIN
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

ENGR. CHRISTIAN P. CARLOS

Department Engineering and Architecture
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MODULE 2: SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRAIN

Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied
force, to the original length.

𝛿
𝜀 =
𝐿

where δ is the deformation and L is the original length, thus ε is dimensionless.

STRESS – STRAIN DIAGRAM

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Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)

From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a straight
line. Hooke's Law states that within the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to
strain or

𝜎 ∝ 𝜀 𝑜𝑟 𝜎 = 𝑘𝜀

The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young’s Modulus and
is equal to the slope of the stress – strain diagram. Then,

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀

Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original
shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may be developed such that
there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely removed.

Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding
without any increase in load.

Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength.

Rapture Strength
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the breaking
strength.

AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the tress is proportional to strain and is given by

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀

since σ = P / A and εe = δ / L, then P / A = E δ / L. Solving for δ,

𝑃𝐿 𝜎𝐿
𝛿 = =
𝐴𝐸 𝐸
To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-sectional area,
and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit. If however, the cross sectional area is not

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uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a differential length and
applying integration.

Stiffness, k

Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting displacement. It
has the unit of N/mm.
𝑃
𝑘 =
𝛿
Sample Problem #1

A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of
steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod.

Given:
A = 300 mm2
L = 150 m
P = 20 kN
W = 7850 kg/m3
E = 200 × 103 MN/m2
Required:
Total elongation of the rod (δ)

SOLUTION:

Let 𝛿 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝛿1 = 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝛿2 = 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝛿 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2

**solve the 𝛿1 first by using the formula of axial deformation**

𝑃𝐿
𝛿1 =
𝐴𝐸

**simplify the values, make the unit homogenous**

𝑘𝑔 1𝑚 3 𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑃 = 𝑊 = 7850 𝑚3 (1000 𝑚𝑚) (9.81 𝑠2 ) [300 𝑚𝑚2 (150 𝑚) ( )]
1𝑚
𝑃 = 3465.3825 𝑁
𝐿 = 75 𝑚 (1000 𝑚𝑚) = 75 000 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 300 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸 = 200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

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**substitute the computed values to the formula of axial deformation**

3465.3825 𝑁 (75000 𝑚𝑚)

𝛿1 = = 4.33 𝑚𝑚
300 𝑚𝑚2 (200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

**next, solve the 𝛿2 by using the formula of axial deformation**

𝑃𝐿
𝛿2 =
𝐴𝐸

**simplify the values, make the unit homogenous**

Where: 𝑃 = 20 𝑘𝑁 ≈ 20 000 𝑁
𝐿 = 150 𝑚 (1000 𝑚𝑚) = 150 000 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 300 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸 = 200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

**substitute the computed values to the formula of axial deformation**

20 000 𝑁 (150000 𝑚𝑚)

𝛿2 = = 50 𝑚𝑚
300 𝑚𝑚2 (200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

**compute for the value of the total deformation by summing up the 𝛿1 and 𝛿2 **

𝛿 = 4.33 𝑚𝑚 + 50 𝑚𝑚 = 54.33 𝑚𝑚 answer

Sample Problem #2

A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the weight of
the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi and the total
elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi.

Given:
L = 30 ft
P = 500 lbs
σ = 20 ksi
δ = 0.20 in
E = 29 × 106 psi

Required:
Diameter (D)

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SOLUTION:

Based on maximum allowable stress:

**calculate the value of diameter by substituting the given values**

𝑃
𝜎 =
𝐴

𝑙𝑏𝑠 500 𝑙𝑏𝑠

20 000 = 1
𝑖𝑛2 𝜋𝑑 2
4

𝑑 = 0.1784 𝑖𝑛
Based on maximum allowable deformation:

**calculate the value of diameter by substituting the given values**

𝑃𝐿
𝛿 =
𝐴𝐸

12 𝑖𝑛
500 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (30 𝑓𝑡 × 1 𝑓𝑡 )
0.20 = 1
4
𝜋𝑑 2 (29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑑 = 0.1988 𝑖𝑛

Therefore, use 𝑑 = 0.1988 𝑖𝑛 answer

**use the larger diameter because if the smaller diameter is used it will not satisfy the allowable
deformation**

For Checking:

**substitute the computed larger diameter in the allowable deformation equation**

500 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (30 𝑓𝑡 × 12 𝑖𝑛)

1 𝑓𝑡
𝛿 = 1𝜋(0.1784 𝑖𝑛)2 (29 × 106
4
𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝛿 = 0.2483 𝑖𝑛 > 0.20 𝑖𝑛

**when smaller diameter is used, the deformation will be greater than its allowable the result
will be FAIL**

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Sample Problem #3

A steel tire, 10 mm thick, 80 mm wide, and 1500.0 mm inside diameter, is heated and shrunk
onto a steel wheel 1500.5 mm in diameter. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.30, what torque
is required to twist the tire relative to the wheel? Neglect the deformation of the wheel. Use E =
200 GPa.

Given:
t = 10 mm
w = 80 mm
d = 1500.0 mm
f = 0.30
E = 200 GPa

Required:
Torque (T)

SOLUTION:

**compute the axial force P which is equal to T using the formula for axial deformation**
𝑃𝐿
𝛿 =
𝐴𝐸

Where: 𝛿 = 𝜋(1500.5 − 1500) =

0.5𝜋 𝑚𝑚
𝑃 = 𝑇
𝐿 = 1500𝜋 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 10(80) = 800 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸 = 200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

**substitute the simplified values of the given**

𝑇 (1500𝜋 𝑚𝑚)
0.5𝜋 𝑚𝑚 =
800 𝑚𝑚2 (200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

𝑇 = 53 333.33 𝑁

**use summation of forces horizontal to solve for internal pressure substitute the equation of F
= pA, the area to be used is the perpendicular to the force F that shown in the figure to be the
rectangle (1500 x 80) **
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𝛴𝐹𝐻 = 0 → = ←
𝐹 = 2𝑇
𝑝 (1500 𝑚𝑚 )(80 𝑚𝑚) = 2(53 333.33 𝑁)
𝑝 = 0.8889 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

**calculate the total normal force, N by multiplying the internal pressure to the contact area
between tire and wheel**

Total normal force, N

𝑁 = 𝑝 × 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑁 = 0.8889 𝑀𝑃𝑎 × 𝜋(1500.5 𝑚𝑚)(80 𝑚𝑚)
𝑁 = 335 214.92 𝑁

**calculate the friction resistance, f by multiplying

the coefficient of friction to the total normal force, N**

Friction resistance, f
𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁 = 0.30 (335 214.92 𝑁)
𝑓 = 100 564.48 𝑁 ≈ 100.56 𝑘𝑁

**to finally solve for the value of torque simply multiply the calculated friction resistance to the
half of the diameter of the wheel which is 1500.05**
1
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑓 × 2 (𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙)
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 100.56 𝑘𝑁 × 0.75025 𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 75.44 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 answer

Sample Problem #4

An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial loads applied at the
positions shown in the figure. Compute the total change in length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.

Given:
A = 0.5 in2

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E = 10 × 106 psi

Required:
Change in length (δ)

SOLUTION:

**use the equilibrium of forces**

P1 = 6000 lbs tension

P2 = 1000 lbs compression
P3 = 4000 lbs tension

**compute the total change of length of the bar by getting the sum of the deformations formed by
the bar using the formula of axial deformation. Use tension as positive and compression as
negative**
𝑃𝐿
𝛿 =
𝐴𝐸

𝛿 = 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 + 𝛿3

12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛
6000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (3 𝑓𝑡 × ) 1000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (5 𝑓𝑡 × )
1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡
𝛿 = −
0.5 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖) 0.5 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
12 𝑖𝑛
4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (4 𝑓𝑡 × )
1 𝑓𝑡
+
0.5 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝛿 = 0.0696 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔) answer

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Sample Problem #5

Solve the Problem #4 if the points of application of the 6000 lbs and the 4000 lbs forces are
interchanged.

Given:
A = 0.5 in2
E = 10 × 106 psi

Required:
Change in length (δ)

SOLUTION:

**use the equilibrium of forces**

P1 = 4000 lbs compression

P2 = 11000 lbs compression
P3 = 6000 lbs compression

**compute the total change of length of the bar by getting the sum of the deformations formed by
the bar using the formula of axial deformation. Use tension as positive and compression as
negative**
𝑃𝐿
𝛿 =
𝐴𝐸

𝛿 = − 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 − 𝛿3
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12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛
4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (3 𝑓𝑡 × ) 11000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (5 𝑓𝑡 × )
1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡
𝛿 =− −
0.5 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ) 0.5 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
12 𝑖𝑛
6000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (4 𝑓𝑡 × )
1 𝑓𝑡
−
0.5 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝛿 = − 0.19248 𝑖𝑛 ≈ 0.19248 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔) Answer

Sample Problem #6

A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in the figure. Axial
loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an
overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in the
bronze and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent
buckling. Use Est =
200 GPa, Ebr = 83
GPa, and Eal = 70
GPa.

Given:
δ = 3.0 mm
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; Est = 200 GPa
𝜎𝑏𝑟 = 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; Ebr = 83 GPa
𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; Eal = 70 GPa

Required:
Largest value of P

SOLUTION:

**calculate equilibrium forces P shown in the figure based on the materials used on the bar
using allowable stress equation. Substitute the given values**

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Based on allowable stresses:

Steel:
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑃 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (480 𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑃 = 67 200 𝑁 ≈ 67.2 𝑘𝑁

Bronze:
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 𝜎𝑏𝑟 𝐴𝑏𝑟
2𝑃 = 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (650 𝑚𝑚2 ) = 78 000 𝑁
𝑃 = 39 000 𝑁 ≈ 39 𝑘𝑁

Aluminum:
𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 𝜎𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑎𝑙
2𝑃 = 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (320 𝑚𝑚2 ) = 25 600 𝑁
𝑃 = 12 800 𝑁 ≈ 12.8 𝑘𝑁

**calculate the force P using the allowable deformation equation. Steel and aluminum are both
tension/lengthens consider positive and the bronze is compression/shortens consider negative.
Substitute the given values, make the unit homogenous to solve for the value of P**

Based on allowable deformation:

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡 − 𝛿𝑏𝑟 + 𝛿𝑎𝑙

𝑃 (1000 𝑚𝑚) 2𝑃 (2000 𝑚𝑚)

3 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑁
− 𝑁
480 𝑚𝑚2 (200 000 ) 650 𝑚𝑚2 (70 000 )
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2
2𝑃 (1500 𝑚𝑚)
+ 𝑁
320 𝑚𝑚2 (83 000 )
𝑚𝑚2

1 𝑚𝑚 2 𝑚𝑚 3 𝑚𝑚
3 𝑚𝑚 = ( − + )𝑃
96 000 𝑁 26 975 𝑁 22 400 𝑁
𝑃 = 42 733.52 𝑁 ≈ 42.73 𝑘𝑁

Therefore, use 𝑃 = 12.8 𝑘𝑁 Answer

**use the smaller P as the largest value because when the larger value of P is used, the
allowable stress of aluminum and bronze will FAIL. It will not satisfy the given allowable stress.
For checking, substitute the larger value of P to the equation of bronze and aluminum**

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Sample Problem #7

The rigid bar ABC shown in the figure is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod at B.
Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is limited to 30
ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not exceed 0.10 in.

Given:

Required:
Largest load (P)

SOLUTION:

**use summation moment at A to solve the value of P at end (see illustration), substitute the
formula for Pst to get a value then substitute the given values of stress and area**

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Based on maximum stress of steel rod:

𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0
5𝑃 = 2𝑃𝑠𝑡
𝑃 = 0.4𝑃𝑠𝑡
𝑃 = 0.4𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑃=
0.4[30 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (0.50 𝑖𝑛2 )]
𝑃 = 6𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Based on movement at C:
**use ratio and proportion of the triangle shown in the illustration to form an equation of the
deformation of steel rod then substitute the given values, make the unit homogenous**
𝛿𝑠𝑡 0.1
=
2 5

𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 0.04 𝑖𝑛

𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝐿
= 0.04 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝐸

12 𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑠𝑡 (4 𝑓𝑡 × )
1 𝑓𝑡
= 0.04 𝑖𝑛
0.50 𝑖𝑛2 (29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 12 083.33 𝑙𝑏𝑠

**use summation moment at A again, to calculate the value of P at end with respect to the
movement of steel rod**
𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↻ = ↺
5𝑃 = 2𝑃𝑠𝑡
𝑃 = 0.4𝑃𝑠𝑡
𝑃 = 0.4 (12 083.33 𝑙𝑏𝑠)
𝑃 = 4833.33 𝑙𝑏𝑠 ≈ 4.83 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Use the smaller value, P = 4.83 kips Answer

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**use the smaller P as the largest value because when the larger value of P is used, the
allowable stress of steel rod will FAIL. It will not satisfy the given allowable stress **

Problem #8

The following data were recorded during the tensile test of a 14-mm-diameter mild steel rod. The
gage length was 50 mm.

Plot the stress-strain diagram and determine the following mechanical properties: (a)
proportional limits; (b) modulus of elasticity; (c) yield point; (d) ultimate strength; and (e)
rupture strength.

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SOLUTION:

Area, 𝐴 = 0.25𝜋 (142) = 49𝜋 𝑚𝑚2

Length, L = 50 mm
Strain = Elongation/Length
Stress = Load/Area

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FROM STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM:

a) Proportional Limit = 246.20 MPa answer

b) Modulus of Elasticity
E = slope of stress-strain diagram within proportional limit
E = 246.20/0.0012 = 205 166.67 MPa = 205.2 GPa answer
c) Yield Point = 270.24 MPa answer
d) Ultimate Strength = 441.74 MPa answer
e) Rupture Strength = 399.51 MPa answer

EXCERCISES:

Problem #1

The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig. P-213, is horizontal before the
load P is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 kN.

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Problem #2

The rigid bars AB and CD shown in Fig. P-214 are supported by pins at A and C and the two
rods. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is
limited to 5 mm. Neglect the weights of all members.

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Problem #3

A uniform concrete slab of total weight W is to be attached, as shown in Fig. P-215, to two rods
whose lower ends are on the same level. Determine the ratio of the areas of the rods so that the
slab will remain level.

Problem #4

The following data were obtained during a tension test of an aluminum alloy. The initial
diameter of the test specimen was 0.505 in. and the gage length was 2.0 in.

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Plot the stress-strain diagram and determine the following mechanical properties: (a)
proportional limit; (b) modulus of elasticity; (c) yield point; (d) yield strength at 0.2% offset; (e)
ultimate strength; and (f) rupture strength.

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS

When the reactive forces or the internal resisting forces over a cross section exceed the number
of independent equations of equilibrium, the structure is called statically indeterminate. These

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cases require the use of additional relations that depend on the elastic deformations in the
members.

Sample Problem#1

A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of a cast iron 5 mm thick.
Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total of 0.8 mm in the length of 2 m. For
steel, E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron, E = 100 GPa.

Given:
𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 100 𝐺𝑃𝑎

Required:
Load P

SOLUTION:

**based on the problem required, the load to be computed will compress the combine bar at a
total of 0.8 mm, that’s why the deformation to be used on both bars is 0.8 mm**

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𝑃𝐿
𝛿 =
𝐴𝐸

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.8 𝑚𝑚

For cast iron

**compute the load P for the cast iron, substitute the given values to the formula of deformation
to get the value of P**
𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 (2000 𝑚𝑚)
0.8 𝑚𝑚 = 1 𝑁
{ 𝜋 [(60𝑚𝑚)2 − (50𝑚𝑚)2 ]}(100 000 )
4 𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 11 000𝜋 𝑁

For steel

**compute the load P for the steel, substitute the given values to the formula of deformation to
get the value of P**
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 (2000 𝑚𝑚)
0.8 𝑚𝑚 = 1 𝑁
[ 𝜋 (50 𝑚𝑚)2 ](200 000 )
4 𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 50 000𝜋 𝑁

**use summation forces vertical to solve for the total load P, get the sum of two force P**

𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 0

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑃 = 11 000𝜋 𝑁 + 50 000𝜋 𝑁

𝑃 = 61 000𝜋 𝑁

𝑃 = 191.64 𝑘𝑁 answer

Sample Problem#2

A timber column, 8 in. × 8 in. in cross section, is reinforced on each side by a steel plate 8 in.
wide and t in. thick. Determine the thickness t so that the column will support an axial load of

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300 kips without exceeding a maximum timber stress of 1200 psi or a maximum steel stress of
20 ksi. The moduli of elasticity are 1.5 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 for timber, and 29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 for steel.

Given:
A = 8 in × 8 in
P = 300 kips
𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1200 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ; 𝐸𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1.5 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 ; 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Required:
Thickness (t)

ILLUSTRATION:

SOLUTION:

**first, equate the deformation formula of steel and timber to get an equation their stresses**

𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 𝛿𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
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𝜎𝐿 𝜎𝐿
(𝐸) = ( )
𝑠𝑡 𝐸 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐿 𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐿
=
29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 1.5 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

**use the maximum value of timber stress to equate in the formed equation to check
the safety of steel stress when maximum timber stress is used**

𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1200 𝑝𝑠𝑖

1.5𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 29(1200 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 23 200 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ≈ 23.2 𝑘𝑠𝑖 > 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 . ; (𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘!)

**use the maximum value of steel stress to equate in the formed equation to check the safety of
timber stress when maximum steel stress is used**

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖

1.5𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 29𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

1000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
1.5 (20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 × ) = 29𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
1 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1034.48 𝑝𝑠𝑖 < 1200 𝑝𝑠𝑖 . ; (𝑜𝑘!)

**therefore, use 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1.03 𝑘𝑠𝑖 to get the value of thickness, use
summation forces vertical then equate the stress formula of F (which can be consider as P),
substitute the given values and the computed stresses**

𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 0

𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 + 𝐹𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 300 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 300 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 [4(8𝑡)] + 1.03 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠(8 𝑖𝑛)2 = 300 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝑡 = 0.365 𝑖𝑛 answer

Sample Problem#3

A rigid block of mass M is supported by three symmetrically spaced rods as shown in the figure.
Each copper rod has an area of 900 𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝐸 = 120 𝐺𝑃𝑎 ; and the allowable stress is 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

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The steel rod has an area of 1200 𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 ; and the allowable stress is 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Determine the largest mass M which can be supported.

Given:
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 900 𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 1200 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 120 𝐺𝑃𝑎 ; 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝜎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Required:
Largest Mass (M)

SOLUTION:

**first, equate the deformation formula of copper and steel to get an equation their stresses**

𝛿𝑐𝑜 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡

𝜎𝐿 𝜎𝐿
(𝐸) = ( )
𝑐𝑜 𝐸 𝑠𝑡

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𝜎𝑐𝑜 (160 𝑚𝑚) 𝜎𝑠𝑡 (240 𝑚𝑚)

𝑁 = 𝑁
120 000 200 000
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2

10𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 9𝜎𝑠𝑡

**use the value of allowable steel stress to equate in the formed equation to check the safety of
copper stress when allowable steel stress is used**

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎

9
𝜎𝑐𝑜 = (140 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
10

𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 126 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎 . ; (𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘!)

**use the value of allowable copper stress to equate in the formed equation to check the safety of
steel stress when allowable copper stress is used**

𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎

10
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = (70 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
9

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 77.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 . ; (𝑜𝑘!)

**therefore, use 𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎and 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 77.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎 to get the largest value of mass, use
summation forces vertical then equate the stress formula of P, substitute the given values and the
computed stresses**

𝛴𝐹𝑉 = 0

2𝑃𝑐𝑜 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝑊

2(𝜎𝑐𝑜 𝐴𝑐𝑜 ) + 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝑀𝑔

𝑚
2[70 𝑀𝑃𝑎(900 𝑚𝑚2 )] + 77.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎(1200 𝑚𝑚2 ) = 𝑀 (9.81 )
𝑠2

𝑀 = 22 358.4 𝑘𝑔 answer

Sample Problem#4

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The composite bar in the figure is firmly attached to unyielding supports. Compute the stress in
each material caused by the application of the axial load 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠.
Given:
𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Required:
Stress in each material (𝜎𝑠𝑡 &𝜎𝑎𝑙 )

SOLUTION:

**use summation forces horizontal to get an equation of 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 **

𝛴𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 50 000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑅1 = 50 000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 − 𝑅2

**use equation of deformation to form an equation then substitute the given values to the
formula**

𝛿𝑎𝑙 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 𝛿

𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
(𝐴𝐸 ) = ( )
𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑡

𝑅1 (15 𝑖𝑛) 𝑅2 (10 𝑖𝑛)

=
1.25 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖) 2.0 𝑖𝑛 (29 × 106
2 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑅2 = 6.96𝑅1

**substitute the solve equation of 𝑅1 with relation to 𝑅2 to solve for the value of 𝑅2 **
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𝑅2 = 6.96(50 000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 − 𝑅2 )

7.96𝑅2 = 348 000
𝑅2 = 43 718.59 𝑙𝑏𝑠

**substitute the computed 𝑅2 and the given values to the stress formula to get the stress value**
𝑅2 433718.59 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = =
𝐴𝑠𝑡 2.0 𝑖𝑛2

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 21 859.30 𝑝𝑠𝑖 answer

**substitute the solve equation of 𝑅2 in the equation of 𝑅1 with relation to 𝑅2 to solve for the
value of 𝑅1 **
𝑅1 = 50 000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 − 43 718.59 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑅1 = 6281.41 𝑙𝑏𝑠

**substitute the computed 𝑅1 and the given values to the stress formula to get the stress value**
𝑅1 6281.41 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝜎𝑎𝑙 = =
𝐴𝑎𝑙 1.25 𝑖𝑛2

𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 5025.12 𝑝𝑠𝑖 answer

Sample Problem#5

Referring to the composite bar in Problem#4, what maximum axial load P can be applied if the
allowable stresses are 10 ksi for aluminum and 18 ksi for steel.

SOLUTION:

**use equation of deformation to form an equation of steel stress in relation to aluminum stress
then substitute the given values to the formula**

𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 𝛿𝑎𝑙 = 𝛿

𝜎𝐿 𝜎𝐿
(𝐸) = (𝐸)
𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑙

𝜎𝑠𝑡 (10 𝑖𝑛) 𝜎𝑎𝑙 (15 𝑖𝑛)

=
29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 4.35𝜎𝑎𝑙

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**calculate steel stress using the allowable aluminum stress (𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 10 𝑘𝑠𝑖)to check the safety
of steel stress when aluminum stress is used**

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 4.35 (10 𝑘𝑠𝑖)

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 43.5 𝑘𝑠𝑖 > 18 𝑘𝑠𝑖 . ; (𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘!)

**calculate aluminum stress using the allowable steel stress (𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 18 𝑘𝑠𝑖)to check the safety
of aluminum stress when steel stress is used**

18 𝑘𝑠𝑖 = 4.35𝜎𝑎𝑙
𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 4.14 𝑘𝑠𝑖 < 10 𝑘𝑠𝑖 . ; (𝑜𝑘!)

**Therefore, use 𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 4.14 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 18 𝑘𝑠𝑖 then use summation forces horizontal to
solve for the value of P by summing up the value of 𝑅1 &𝑅2 , substitute the equivalent formula for
R using the formula of stress then substitute the given values**

𝛴𝐹𝐻 = 0

𝑃 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝑃 = 𝜎𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑎𝑙 + 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝑃 = 4.14 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (1.25 𝑖𝑛2 ) + 18 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (2.0 𝑖𝑛2 )

𝑃 = 41.17 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 answer

Sample Problem#6

The two vertical rods attached to the light rigid bar in the figure are identical except for length.
Before the load W was attached, the bar was horizontal and the rods were stress-free. Determine
the load in each rod if W = 6600 lb.

Given:
W = 6600 lb

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Required:
Maximum Load, P

SOLUTION:

**use summation moment at pin support to get an equation of 𝑃𝐴 &𝑃𝐵 **

𝛴𝑀𝑝𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 0
4𝑃𝐴 + 8𝑃𝐵 = 10 𝑓𝑡 (6600 𝑙𝑏𝑠)
𝑃𝐴 + 2𝑃𝐵 = 16 500 𝑙𝑏𝑠 ∙ 𝑖𝑛 → (1)

**by ratio and proportion of the triangle formed (see illustration above) get the equivalent
formula of the formed equation of deformation of A & B, cross multiply, cancel the AE then you
can get an equation of 𝑃𝐴 &𝑃𝐵 **
𝛿𝐴 𝛿𝐵
=
4 8

𝛿𝐴 = 0.5𝛿𝐵

𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
(𝐴𝐸 ) = 0.5 ( )
𝐴 𝐴𝐸 𝐵

𝑃𝐴 (4 𝑖𝑛) 0.5𝑃𝐵 (6 𝑖𝑛)

=
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

𝑃𝐴 = 0.75𝑃𝐵

**using equation (1) substitute the solve value of 𝑃𝐴 in terms of 𝑃𝐵 to get the values of 𝑃𝐴 &𝑃𝐵 **

0.75𝑃𝐵 + 2𝑃𝐵 = 16 500 𝑙𝑏𝑠 ∙ 𝑖𝑛

𝑃𝐵 = 6000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 answer
𝑃𝐴 = 0.75 (6000 𝑙𝑏𝑠)
𝑃𝐴 = 4500 𝑙𝑏𝑠 answer
EXERCISES:

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Problem#1

A reinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial compressive load
of 300 kN. Determine the required area of the reinforcing steel if the allowable stresses are 6
MPa and 120 MPa for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use Eco = 14 GPa and Est = 200
GPa.

Problem#2

The rigid platform in the figure has negligible mass and rests on two steel bars, each 250.00 𝑚𝑚
long. The center bar is aluminum and 249.90 𝑚𝑚 long. Compute the stress in the aluminum bar
after the center load 𝑃 = 400 𝑘𝑁 has been applied. For each steel bar, the area is 1200 𝑚𝑚2
and 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎. For the aluminum bar, the area is 2400 𝑚𝑚2 and 𝐸 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

Problem#3

The assembly in the figure consists of a light rigid bar AB, pinned at O, that is attached to the
steel and aluminum rods. In the position shown, bar AB is horizontal and there is a gap, Δ = 5
mm, between the lower end of the steel rod and its pin support at C. Compute the stress in the
aluminum rod when the lower end of the steel rod is attached to its support.

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 Bataan Heroes College

Problem#4

The composite bar in Fig. P-247 is stress-free before the axial loads 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are applied.
Assuming that the walls are rigid, calculate the stress in each material if 𝑃1 = 150 𝑘𝑁 and
𝑃2 = 90 𝑘𝑁.

Problem#5

Solve Problem#4if the right wall yields 0.80 mm.

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