Sec1

Matrices: types,
Definition, operations
Conclusion:
1) Matrix : arrangement of elements ( numbers , variables )in rows and
columns such that the position of each element has a meaning
2) a) Matrix denoted by capital letter : A , B , X , ……….
b) Order of matrix : m × n such that m : number of rows , n : number of
columns , (𝒎 , 𝒏) ∈ 𝑵
Example: 𝑨𝟏 = (𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 ) → order 𝟏 × 𝟑
𝟏
𝑨𝟐 = (𝟐) → Order 𝟑 × 𝟏
𝟑
𝒙 𝟏 𝒎=𝟐
𝑨𝟑 = ( ) → Order 𝟐 × 𝟐
𝒚 𝟑 𝒏=𝟐
3) Element denoted by small letter: a , b , c , x , ………….
A) aij : express position of element in matrix → 𝒊 → row , 𝑱 → column
𝟏 𝒙 𝟐
A=(𝟑 𝒚 𝟓) → 𝒂𝟏𝟐 = 𝒙 , 𝒂𝟑𝟏 = 𝟔 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 = 𝒚 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 = 𝟓 , 𝒂𝟑𝟑 = 𝒛
𝟔 𝟐 𝒛
4) To express Matrix with element in the same time.
𝑨𝟏 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝒊 = 𝟏 , 𝒋 = 𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝟑 → 𝑨𝟏 = (𝟏 𝟐 𝟑)
𝟏
𝑨𝟐 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝒊 = 𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝟑 , 𝒋 = 𝟏 → 𝑨𝟐 = (𝟐)
𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝑨𝟑 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝒊 = 𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝒋 = 𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝟑 → 𝑨𝟑 = ( )
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
5) Some types of matrices :
a) Row matrix → contain 1 row → 𝑨 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝒊 = 𝟏 of order 1 × ……….
b) column matrix → contain 1 column → 𝑨 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝒋 = 𝟏 of order ………× 1
c) square matrix → of order 𝒎 × 𝒏 ∶ 𝒎 = 𝒏 → 𝑨 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝑰 = 𝒋
d) Zero matrix denoted by 𝑶𝒎𝒏 → 𝑨 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟎 ∀𝒊 , ∀𝒋 → any order

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e) Diagonal matrix : square matrix all elements are zero except element of
𝒂 𝟎 𝟎
main diagonal at least one of them not equal zero → (𝟎 𝒃 𝟎)
𝟎 𝟎 𝒄
𝒅𝒆𝒇
→ 𝑨𝒎×𝒏 , 𝒎 = 𝒏 , 𝑨 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟎 , 𝒊 ≠ 𝒋 if 𝑰 = 𝒋 at least one of them ≠ 𝟎

f) Uni matrix 𝚰 : diagonal matrix each element of main diagonal = 1 → 𝑨𝒎×𝒏 ,

𝒎 = 𝒏 , 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟎 , 𝒊 ≠ 𝒋 , 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟏 , 𝒊 = 𝒋
g) Matrix transpose 𝑨𝒕 : A of order 𝒎 × 𝒏 → 𝑨𝒕 of order 𝒏 × 𝒎
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝑽.𝑰.𝑷
𝒕
→ 𝒆𝒙 ∶ 𝑨 = (𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 ) → 𝑨 = ( 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖) , → (𝑨𝒕 )𝒕 = 𝑨
𝟕 𝟖 𝟗 𝟑 𝟔 𝟗
→ 𝑨 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 → 𝑨𝒕 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋
h) Symmetric matrix :square matrix : A is symmetric if 𝑨𝒕 = 𝑨

𝒂𝒊𝒋 = −𝒂𝒋𝒊 , → means element are symmetric around main diagonal.

i) Skew symmetric matrix: square matrix ,𝑨 = −𝑨𝒕

𝒂𝒊𝒋 = −𝒂𝒋𝒊 , 𝒊 ≠ 𝒋 , 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟎 , 𝒊 = 𝒋 means element of main diagonal are zeros

6) Equality of two matrices : 𝑨 = 𝑩 < 𝑨of order 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒏𝟏 ,

𝑩 Of order 𝒎𝟐 × 𝒏𝟐 if and only if 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 , 𝒏𝟏 = 𝒏𝟐 → same order ,
𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒃𝒊𝒋 ∀ 𝒊 , 𝒋 →the corresponding elements are equals
7) 𝑲𝑨 = 𝑲𝒂𝒊𝒋 ∀ 𝒊 , 𝒋
8) We can take common factor among all the elements of matrix
9) 𝑨 ± 𝑩 is possible If 𝑨 , 𝑩 are in the same order
10) 𝑨𝒕 + 𝑩𝒕 = (𝑨 + 𝑩)𝒕

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Example 1 : write the type and order of each of the following matrices
𝟑
𝟏 −𝟏
1) ( ) 2) (𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟕) 3) (𝟒)
𝟎 𝟐
𝟓
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
4) ( ) 𝟓) ( ) 5) ( )
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟏

Example 2 :

𝟏𝟓 −𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎
𝑨 = ( 𝟐𝟎 −𝟏𝟎 𝟕 ) → −𝟓𝑨 = ……………………
−𝟐 𝟏 𝟑

Example 3 : Find the transpose .

𝟎 −𝟏 √𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏
1) ( ) 2) (𝟏) 3)( 𝟐 𝟑)
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟓
𝟐 −𝟒 𝟕
𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
−𝟑 𝟒
4) ( ) 5) (𝟏 −𝟐 𝟔) 6) (𝟑 𝟔 𝟗)
𝟐 −𝟏
𝟒 𝟖 𝟏𝟐
Example 4 : write all the following elements of matrices :
1) 𝑨 = (𝒂𝒊𝒋), 𝒊 = 𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝑱 = 𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝟑
2) 𝑩 = 𝒃𝒊𝒋 , 𝒊 = 𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝟑 , 𝑱 = 𝟏
3) 𝑪 = 𝒄𝒊𝒋 , 𝒊 = 𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝑱 = 𝟏 ,𝟐

Example 5 : If : 𝑨 = 𝒂𝒙𝒚 for each 𝒙 , 𝒚 ∈ {𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝟑} find 𝑨 : 𝒂𝒙𝒚 = 𝒚 − 𝒙

, Find 𝑨𝒕

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Example 6 :

𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓 𝟒 𝟐𝟓 𝟒
a) IF ( )=( ) , Find the value of 𝒙 and 𝒚
𝟑 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝒚 + 𝟏𝟖
𝒂+𝒃 𝒂−𝒃 𝟗 −𝟑
b) IF ( )=( ) , Find a , b , c , d
𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒅 𝟕 𝟓
𝟐 −𝟑 𝟐𝒅 −𝟏
c) IF 𝑨 = ( ),𝑩 = ( ) , Where 𝑨 = 𝑩𝒕 . Find d , e
−𝟏 𝟒 𝟑𝒆 𝟒
𝟓 𝟐𝒚 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒙
d) IF 𝑨 = ( 𝒛 + 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒛 + 𝟑 ) is symmetric. Find the value of 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛
𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 𝟖 𝟎
𝟎 −𝟐𝒙 −𝟓
e) IF 𝑩 = ( 𝒛 + 𝟔 𝟎 𝟑𝒛 ) is a skew symmetric. Find the value of 𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝟑𝒚 + 𝒙 𝟔 𝟎

Example 7 : show symmetric or skew symmetric

𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
a) (−𝟏 𝟎 𝟑) b) ( 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓)
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟓 𝟔
−𝟓
𝟎 −𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟒 𝟐
𝟓 𝟏
c) (−𝟏 𝟐 𝟔) d) 𝟐
𝟎 𝟐
𝟒 𝟔 𝟓 𝟏
−𝟏
𝟎
( 𝟐 )

Example 8 :
𝒕
𝟏 𝟐√𝟑
𝟑 𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝟔𝟎𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟎𝒐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟔𝟎𝒐
( ) = √𝟑 𝟏
𝒙 𝟐𝒚 , Find X , Y , Z
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝒐 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝒐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎𝒐 𝟐

(𝟏 √𝟑 𝒛 )

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Example 9 : complete or choose

1) Matrix 𝑨 of order × 𝟑 , number of elements of matrix A is ………………

2) Matrix 𝑩 of order × 𝟏 , ∴ 𝑩𝒕 of order ……………..
3) 𝑨 of order 𝟑 × 𝟐 , ∴ 𝟐𝑨 of order ………………….
𝟑 −𝟐 𝟕
4) 𝑨 = ( ) , 𝑩 = 𝑨𝒕 , ∴ 𝒂𝟏𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑𝟏 = ………………..
𝟓 −𝟒 𝟐
𝟒 𝒙 𝟒 𝒛 𝒕 𝒚 𝒙
5) ( )=( ) ,∴( ) is a …….……… matrix
−𝟏 𝒚 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝒛
6) 𝑨 is a row matrix and 𝒂𝒙𝒛 = 𝟓 , 𝒙 = ………………
7) 𝑨 is skew symmetric matrix of order 𝟑 × 𝟑 , ∴ 𝒂𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑𝟑 = …………..
8) 𝑨 is a matrix of order 𝒎 × 𝒏 where 𝒎 < 𝒏 , number of it's elements = 3 ,
𝑩 of order 𝒏 × 𝟐 , number of elements of matrix 𝑩 = ……………
𝟐
9) (𝒙 𝟑 ) = (𝟒 𝟑) , 𝒙 = …………..
𝟏 𝒙+𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚
10) ( ) = 𝟑𝑰 , ∴ 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 + 𝑳 = …………..
𝒛 𝒍
11) 𝑨 is diagonal matrix of order 𝟑 × 𝟑 , 𝒂𝒙𝒚 = 𝟓 , ∀ 𝒙 = 𝒚 , ∴ 𝑨 = …………

a) 𝑰 b) 𝟓𝑰 c) 𝟓𝟎 d) 𝟎

12) 𝑨 is symmetric and skew symmetric in the same time , ∴ 𝑨 = ……………..

a) 𝑰 b) 𝟎 c) diagonal matrix d) row matrix

13) 𝑨 is a matrix of order 𝟑 × 𝟒 , row contains ………………….. elements

𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄+𝒇
14) (𝒅 𝒆 𝒇) 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒌𝒆𝒘 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 , ∴ = ………………
𝒅+𝒙+𝒚+𝒛
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
15) 𝒂𝒙𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝟑 × 𝟐 , 𝒂𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 , 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒓𝒐𝒘 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 = 𝒌𝟐 , 𝒌 =……
16) 𝑨 of order 𝒎 × 𝒏 , 𝑨𝒕 of order (𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏) × (𝒏 − 𝟏), ∴ 𝒎 + 𝒏 = …………….

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𝟏+𝒊 𝟏−𝒊 𝒂 𝒃
17) ( )=( ) , 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 = 𝟏 , 𝒙 = …………..
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏 𝒄 𝒅
𝟑 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
18) ( )−( ) = 𝟎 , ∴ 𝒙 + 𝒚 = ……………..
−𝟐 − 𝒙 𝟒 𝒙+𝒚 𝒚+𝟐
19) 𝑨 , 𝑩 are the same order 𝒎 × 𝒏 , ∴ matrix 𝑨 − 𝟐𝑩 of order …………….
𝟑 −𝟒 ….. ….. 𝟏 𝟎
20) ( ) + 𝟐(… . . … . .) = ( )
𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
−𝟒 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟕 𝟕
21) 𝑨 = ( ) ,𝑩 = ( ) , 𝑪 = ( ) , ∴ 𝑨 + 𝑩 = ………… , 𝑨 + 𝑪 = …………
−𝟑 −𝟕 𝟖 −𝟏 𝟒
−𝟒 −𝟐 𝟓 𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟒
22) 𝑿 = ( 𝟑 𝟔 ) , 𝒀 = ( 𝟎 −𝟐 ) , 𝒁 = ( −𝟑 𝟐 ) , ∴ 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 = …………….
𝟎 𝟒 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟔 𝟎
𝒂 𝟑 𝒂 𝒅 𝒄 𝟑
23) 𝟐 ( ) = 𝟑( ) − 𝟒( ) , ∴ 𝒂 =…….. , 𝒃 =……… , 𝒄 =…... , 𝒅 =………
𝟔 𝒃 𝒄 −𝟐 𝟎 𝒂
24) 𝑨 is square matrix , (𝑨 − 𝑨𝒕 ) is
a) symmetric b) skew symmetric

c) zero matrix d) diagonal matrix

25) 𝑨 is a matrix of order 𝟑 × 𝟑 : 𝒂𝒚𝒛 = 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 , B is a matrix of order 𝟑 × 𝟑 :𝒃𝒚𝒛 =

𝒛 − 𝒚 , ∴ 𝑨 + 𝑩 = …………..

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Matrices: types,
(Definition, notation, types, properties
Operations (addition,subtraction)
Conclusion:
1) Definition: notation:
a) Matrix : arrangement of elements in rows and columns in ( )
b) Matrix denoted by capital letter: ex 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪, 𝑿
c) order of matrix “mxn”: depend on number of rows(m), number of columns(n)
d) Element denoted by small letter: a , b , c , x , ………….
𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒔 (𝒊)
e) position of element depend on [
𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 (𝒋)
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
𝒆𝒙 →A=(𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 )
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
2) types of matrices:
a) Row matrix :𝑨𝟏×𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏𝒋 = (𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏𝟒 … . 𝒂𝟏𝒏 )
𝒂𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝟏
b) Column matrix : 𝑨𝒎𝟏 = 𝒂𝒎𝒋 = 𝒂𝟑𝟏 → 𝒎 = 𝒊, 𝒏 = 𝒋 = 𝟏
.
(𝒂𝒎𝟏 )
c) Zero matrix: “𝑶”𝒎×𝒏 → 𝑶𝒎×𝒏 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋, 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟎 ∀𝒊 , ∀𝒋 all elements are zeroes
d) square matrix : 𝑨𝒎×𝒏 𝒎 = 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝑰 = 𝒋
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
•𝑨𝟐×𝟐 (𝒂 𝒂 ) or (𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 )
𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
Main diagonal
Main diagonal

• any element ∈ main diagonal in the form 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝑰 = 𝒋

e) Diagonal matrix: square matrix 𝑨𝒎×𝒏 𝒎 = 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝑰 = 𝒋

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• All elements are zeroes except elements of main diagonal at least one of
them ≠ 𝟎
𝑨𝒎×𝒏 𝒎 = 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝑰 = 𝒋 , 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟎, 𝑰 ≠ 𝒋 , at least one of 𝒂𝒊𝒋 ≠ 𝟎 𝑰 = 𝒋

f) unit matrix “I”: diagonal matrix all elements are zeroes except elements
of main diagonal all of them= 𝟏
𝑨𝒎×𝒏 𝒎 = 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , 𝑰 = 𝒋 , 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟎, 𝑰 = 𝒋 , 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟏, 𝑰 = 𝒋
g) matrix transpose "𝑨𝒕 ":

•𝑨𝒎×𝒏 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 → 𝑨𝒕 𝒏×𝒎 = 𝒂𝒋𝒊

•(𝑨𝒕 )𝒕 = 𝑨
h) symmetric matrix: square matrix, elements of main diagonal
are zeroes.
•𝑨 = 𝑨𝒕 → 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = −𝒂𝒋𝒊
•𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟎, 𝒊 = 𝒋
3) properties:
a) equality of two matrices:
•𝑨𝒎×𝒏 = 𝑩𝒎×𝒏 → same order
•𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒃𝒊𝒈 → ∀𝒊 , ∀𝒋 →corresponding elements are equals
𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝒃𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
b) KA=KaiJ ∀𝒊 , 𝑱 [
𝒘𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔

4) operation (addition-subtraction)

• 𝑨 ± 𝑩 is possible if 𝑨, 𝑩 are in the same order

5) 𝑨𝒕 + 𝑩𝒕 = (𝑨 + 𝑩)𝒕