DR AKSHILESH DAS GUPTA INSTITUTE PROFFESIONAL
STUDIES
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
APPLIED PHYSICS ASSIGNMENTS
Paper Code: BS 105
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
Ms. Sadhna Name: SAKSHAM GUPTA
Physics Professor Enrolment No.: 07215611624
ADGIPS BTECH AIML-L
Q1 (a) What is the least separation between the wavelengths
that can be
resolved near 640 nm in the second order, using
diffraction grating that is 5cm wide and ruled with 32 lines
per millimetre?
ANS:-
λ=640nm
n (order)= 2
width of gerating = (ω) = 5m
no of lines per(mm) = 32x103
total no of line = 32x10x0.05 = 1600(N)
Δλ= t/(nxN)
Δλ= (640x10-3)/(2x1600)
Δλ= 2x10-10m = 0.2mm
Q1 (b) Differentiate between the Uniaxial negative and positive
crystals.
ANS:- Uniaxial Crystals: Crystals having a single optical axis are
called uniaxial crystals
Positive crystals :- Refractive index for extraordinary ray
(ne) is greater than ordinary ray (n0).
Negative crystals: - Refractive index of ordinary ray (ne) is
less than ordinary ray.
Q1 (c)
ANS:- Population inversion is a condition in which number of
electrons in a higher energy state exceeds the number in a
lower energy state. It can’t be achieved by methods such as
electrical discharge.
Q1(d)
ANS:- m=240
(m0) = rest mass of election.
Q2(a) Derive the expression for maxima and minima for thin
film of constant thickness with reflected light.
ANS:- Consider a thin film of uniform thickness (t) and R.I (μ)
On Reflected side, The ray of light R₁ and R2 will interfere.
The path difference between R₁ and R₂ is,
Δ = μ(BC + CD) – BG
BC = CD = t/cos r ...........(1)
Now, BD = (2t) tan r .......(2)
BM = BD sin i
BM = (2t) tan r sin i
Q2(b) In the Newton's Ring, diameter of the 4th and 12th dark
rings are 0.400 cm and 0.700 cm respectively. Calculate the
diameter of the 20th dark ring.
ANS:- Diameter of nth Done Ring
Dn = √n λ R
Where R = Radius of Curvature
D4 = 2√4 λ R
0.4 = 2 X 2√ λ R
√ λ R = 0.1
D20 = √20 λ R
= 2 x √20 x 0.1
= 0.2 x 4.472
= 0.8944
≈ 0.9 cm
Q2(c) Differentiate between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction.
ANS:-
Aspect Fresnel Diffraction Fraunhofer Diffraction
Diffraction observed
Diffraction that occurs
when the source and
when the source and
screen are effectively at
Definition screen are at finite
infinite distances or at
distances from the
large distances from the
diffracting object.
diffracting object.
Near-field diffraction Far-field diffraction (also
Type of
(also called near-field called far-field
Diffraction
diffraction). diffraction).
Distance The distance between The distance between the
Aspect Fresnel Diffraction Fraunhofer Diffraction
source, the obstacle (or
the light source, the
between slit), and the screen is
obstacle, and the
Source and large enough that the
screen is finite and
Screen rays can be considered
relatively small.
parallel.
The incident The incident wavefronts
wavefronts are are assumed to be plane
Wavefront
considered to be waves (parallel rays)
Approximatio
curved, and the effect that are almost flat by
n
of the curvature must the time they reach the
be taken into account. diffracting object.
Requires more complex Uses simpler
calculations involving approximations and leads
angular terms and to mathematical
Mathematical
taking into account the expressions based on
Treatment
variation in the phase Fourier transforms,
difference with assuming parallel light
distance. rays.
Observation is made at Observation is made at a
Position of
a near distance from far distance from the
Observation
the diffracting object. diffracting object.
The diffraction pattern The diffraction pattern is
Shape of can have complex usually simpler and
Diffraction shapes, often consists of well-defined,
Pattern requiring numerical predictable patterns like
methods to analyze. straight-line fringes.
- Diffraction around an - Diffraction through a
edge or obstacle. single slit or a diffraction
- Diffraction through grating when the screen
Examples
small slits where the is far away.
distance to the screen
is not very large.
The pattern may have
The diffraction pattern is
Size of the varying sizes
usually large and well-
Diffraction depending on the
defined when viewed
Pattern exact setup and
from a far distance.
distances involved.
Approximatio Involves the use of Involves Fourier
n Huygens' principle analysis and assumes
and Fresnel parallel rays to simplify
Aspect Fresnel Diffraction Fraunhofer Diffraction
integrals. calculations.
Q3(a) Define metastable state. Explain the working principle
and construction of He-Ne laser.
ANS:- Metastable State:
It is an excited state atom or molecule where the electron
remains for a longer time compared to other excited state it
has a relatively low lifetime before transitioning to a lower
energy state which is essential for achieving population
inversion and lasers.
Working principle of He-Ne laser:
It operates based on principle of stimulated emission
helium atoms
are excited by electrical discharge and discharge and
during collisions the collision they transfer energy to neon
atoms causing them to reach excited metastable state.
when these neon atoms return to lower energy state.
Construction:
It consist of a long glass tube filled with a mixture of
He & Ne gases.
Two minors are placed at each end one fully reflected
& one partially reflective(output coupler).
A high voltage power circle that excites the gas
mixture creating a population inversion and leading
to the emission of cohrent laser beam.
Q3(b) Explain the principle, construction and working of Nicol's
Prism.
ANS:- Principle of Nicol's Prism:
Nicol's prism is an optical device used to produce plane
polarized light from unpolarized light. It operates on
principle of .where an incident light beam is split into two
rays: ordinary ray (0 0 0-ray) and extraordinary ray (EEE-
ray).
Construction:
Made from a single crystal of calcite cut a specific
angle and canrla together with balsam.
The crystals cut diagonally to eliminate the ordinary
ray via total internal reflection allowing only the
extraordinary way to pass thoughts.
Working:
When unpolarised light enters the prism it splits into
000 ray and EEE ray the 000 ray is absorbed or
reflected due to total internal reflection while the EEE
ray passes through resulting in polarized light.
Q3(c) How many orders will be visible if the wavelength of an
incident radiation is 5000 underline overline A and number of
line on the grating is 2620 per inch?
ANS:- λ = 5000Å = 5000x10-10
No of lines = 2620
Lines per meter = 2620 x 39.37 = 103145.4
n = d/ λ
d = 1/103145.4
n = 1/103145.4 x 5000 x 10-10
n ≈ 1.94
maximum visible order is n
=1
Q4(a)
