GWH JMUN

2025
UNITED NATIONS HUMAN
RIGHTS COUNCIL
BACKGROUND
GUIDE

Agenda: Discussing extrajudicial

killings with an emphasis on ethnic
cleansing of minorities
 Letter from
the Executive
Board
Greetings Delegates,

It is with immense pleasure that we welcome you to the United Nations Human
Rights Council at the latest edition of Greenwood High Junior Model United
Nations. As your Executive Board, it is of our highest priority to ensure that
committee sessions consist of good quality debate and that each delegate leaves
with a deeper understanding of diplomacy. We are committed to providing you
with the necessary support and guidance to ensure that this conference is
productive and enables each and every one of you to learn something
substantive.

As delegates of the UNHRC, you are expected to debate, deliberate, and reach
a consensus on the agenda at hand. This year’s agenda focuses on an endearing
and harrowing issue: Discussing extrajudicial killings with an emphasis on
ethnic cleansing of minorities. Extrajudicial killings and ethnic cleansing are
egregious violations of human rights, and it undermines the fundamental
principles of humanity and international law. In the current world, minority
communities are often faced with targeted violence, systemic discrimination and
attempts to erase their cultural, religious, or ethnic identities. This
phenomenon, rather than a relic of history, is rather a reality that has been
fueled by both state and non-state actors.

Delegates, in this committee, we urge you to delve into the topic at hand
meticulously, try to understand the roles of prejudice, radical ideologies, and
global inaction. This background guide has been designed to help you get
started on your research. However, this document should not be your only
source of research. As the Executive Board, we are only here to guide the flow
of debate rather than intervene. Therefore, it is up to the delegates to make sure
that debate does not stagnate in committee.
 Letter from
the Executive
Board
The very essence of Model UN conferences and its associated experiences lies
within the ethos of diplomacy and the tireless pursuit of solutions that each and
every one of us must engage in. We request delegates to not treat these
conferences as a zero-sum game, Model UN conferences are collaborative
rather than competitive and we hope to see this same spirit during our
committee sessions. Please do not hesitate to contact us any time before or
during the conference. With that being said, we wish you all the best delegates,
research well, be confident, and we’ll see you at the conference.

Warm Regards,
Shreya Prakash - Chairperson (shreyaprakash365@gmail.com)
Muskaan Malik - Vice Chairperson (muskaanmalik010gmail.com)
Aditi Kureel - Moderator (aditi.kureel@gmail.com)
 RULes of
procedure
The procedure is as follows:
Roll Call: The committee will begin with a roll call, which is similar to
attendance being taken. A roll call is taken to establish a quorum (minimum
number of members required to begin a session) for the committee. The quorum
for the ACD shall be 1/3rd of the total strength.
Setting the Agenda: This is the first step to starting the discussion in the
committee – setting the agenda before opening the debate session. It mostly
takes place if there are 2 or more agendas to be discussed in the committee. In
case the committee has only one agenda to discuss, the agenda is adopted
automatically without any motion, which is the case at this MUN.

RULES GOVERNING DEBATE:

Motions: Various motions can be raised at the MUN Conference to formally
regulate the debate and systematically keep the flow of debate.
MOTION EXPLANATION AND PURPOSE:
Motion to Open Debate: This is the first motion of the session to start the
formal proceedings of the committee. This motion is generally passed at the
discretion of the Dias Members or the Chairperson.
Motion to Set Agenda: This motion is raised to set the agenda to be
discussed in the committee. This is raised in a situation when the committee
is dealing with two or more agendas. If there is only one agenda, it is
automatically adopted by the committee.
Motion to Open General Speakers’ List: This is the first step to establish the
Formal Debate on the agenda which has been set up for the committee.
This list is non-exhaustible and closes after the closing procedure of the
committee.
Motion to begin Moderated Caucus: This motion is raised to focus the
discussion on a specific topic within the mandate of the agenda. The
purpose of this motion is to discuss various important aspects of the agenda
in detail.
 RULes of
procedure
Motion to begin Unmoderated Caucus: This is a form of informal debate
which is not moderated by the Dias Members. In this type of debate, there
are no formal proceedings that are followed. It is raised for a particular
amount of time.
Motion to begin Voting Procedures: After the amendments are discussed
and voted on, the resolution is put to a vote. The Member States who voted
‘Present and Voting ’during the roll call may vote YES or NO on the
resolution. The member states who voted ‘Present ’may ABSTAIN from
voting on the resolution. The Observer Nations do not get voting rights on
the resolution.
Motion to Adjourn the Session: This motion is raised at the end of the
committee session to adjourn the session until the next meeting. It is passed
on a simple majority or at the discretion of the Chairperson.
Motion to Close Debate: This motion is raised when the committee is over
with the debating session and moves into the voting procedure for the Draft
Resolution.
Motion to Suspend Debate Session: This motion is raised to postpone all
the committee proceedings for the rest of the committee sessions. It is
usually raised at the end of the conference.

GENERAL SPEAKERS LIST (GSL):

The General Speakers List is opened following a motion raised by a delegate
and the subsequent approval of the Chair.
The Chair then recognizes a list of speakers who wish to speak in the GSL and
will have to sum up their country's stance on the agenda briefly agenda.
The default individual speaker’s time is set at 90 seconds, which may be altered
by raising a motion to alter the time. If the delegate has not used all the time
that has been allotted, the delegate may yield the remaining time to comments,
and questions, to another delegate or the Chair.
 RULes of
procedure
1. The delegate is not allowed to respond in retaliation to the comments made
in his/ her speech. Yield to questions allows any member of the committee
to ask questions on the speech made by the delegate to which the delegate
would be allowed to answer. Follow-up questions will be allowed only at
the discretion of the Dais.
2. Yield to another delegate allows another delegate to use the remaining time.
This time can be used by the other delegate to reinforce the points made by
the previous delegate.
3. Yield to the Chair simply means that the Chair would absorb the remaining
time.

MODERATED CAUCUS:
A Moderated Caucus is a debate format where delegates make short speeches
on specific topics. These specific topics are sub-agendas to the main agenda set
by the committee. Delegates raise a motion to start a Moderated Caucus for a
specific time period after which the Chair would recognize speakers to speak in
the Caucus.

UNMODERATED CAUCUS:
An Unmoderated Caucus, as the name suggests, is not moderated by the Dais.
Rules of the formal debate are suspended and delegates are allowed to freely
converse with other members of the committee. This time period is used by the
delegates to lobby amongst the committee members. An Unmoderated Caucus
is also used by delegates to work on working papers and Draft Resolutions.

TIME LIMIT ON SPEECHES:

All GSL speeches are by default set at 90 seconds but can be changed if
required. Moderated caucuses are raised by delegates and it is, therefore, their
duty to set the duration of the moderated caucus and the time allotted per
speaker. When a Delegate exceeds the allotted time, the Dais may call the
speaker to order.
 RULes of
procedure
POINTS:
Points are tools that can be used by delegates to increase their understanding of
the happenings of the committee.
POINT OF PERSONAL PRIVILEGE:
This point is raised only when a delegate feels personal discomfort.
Subsequently, the Chair will do everything in his power to address the
discomfort.
POINT OF ORDER (2 TYPES):
1. Factual Inaccuracy: If the speaker makes a factually incorrect statement.
2. Logical Fallacy: If the speaker makes a logically fallacious statement. For
these conferences, we will strictly not be entertaining a logical fallacy on any
statement.
POINT OF INFORMATION:
This point is raised by delegates when they have a question about the delegate’s
speech.
POINT OF PARLIAMENTARY INQUIRY:
This point is raised when a delegate has a question regarding the proceedings of
the committee such as a question regarding who the next speaker on the list is
or inquiring about how much time is left for the caucus to end.

RULES GOVERNING VOTING

ATTENDANCE VOTING/ROLL CALL
Attendance shall be conducted at the beginning of every session when a delegate
raises a motion to Roll Call after which every delegate in the committee must
vote either “Present” or “Present and Voting”.
1. Present And Voting: The delegate is not entitled to abstention on
substantive votes.
2. Present: A Delegate that is declared "Present" shall vote in favor, against, or
may abstain on any substantive matter.
 RULes of
procedure
PROCEDURAL VOTING
All delegates have one vote on a procedural motion. It is mandatory to vote on
all procedural motions and abstentions are not allowed. Votes on procedural
matters are expressed by simply raising their placards. A simple majority is
required for a procedural motion to pass.
SUBSTANTIVE VOTING
Votes that have the potential for action outside the debate, such as a vote on
Draft Resolutions, amendments, or motions that modify resolution content. All
delegates have one vote and members may either vote Yes, No, or Abstain.
Member States that have been declared as “Present and Voting” do not have
the option to Abstain.​​

DRAFT RESOLUTIONS
A draft resolution is a document that contains all the issues that the committee
wants to solve and the proposed solutions to those issues. It is the final
culmination of the debate at the conference. It’s usually completed and voted
upon during the last day of the conference.
For each draft resolution, there are sponsors and signatories
1. Sponsors - The delegates who have made a majority of the draft resolution
and lead their group/bloc
2. Signatory - The delegates who are interested in seeing the draft resolution
be tabled in the committee. Note: A delegate from a bloc can be a signatory
of a resolution of another bloc. 2/3rd of a committee need to be signatories
of a resolution for it to be displayed in committee

Clauses
There are two types of clauses in a draft resolution:
1. Pre-ambulatory Clauses - state all the issues that the committee wants to
resolve on this issue. It may state reasons why the committee is working on
this issue and highlight previous international actions on the issue.
 RULes of
procedure
1.
2. Operative Clauses - state the solutions that the bloc of the resolution
proposes to resolve the issue. The operative clauses should address the
issues specified in the pre-ambulatory clauses.

For voting on a draft resolution, a “motion to table resolution [name of the

resolution]” is raised. Once this motion passes, the sponsors will come up to the
front and present the draft resolution. Following this, there may be points of
information asked to the sponsors which they need to answer.
Amendments
Following this, there are amendments to the resolution. An amendment is a
statement that adds, deletes or changes an operative clause in a draft resolution.
A delegate that raises an amendment needs to specify the type of amendment
and what the amendment is by pointing out the precise article they want to
amend. There are two types of amendments:
1. Friendly Amendment - the sponsors agree with the amendment and the
change is made
2. Unfriendly Amendment - the sponsors disagree with the amendment. These
amendments need to be voted upon in committee and there needs to be a
2/3rd majority for an unfriendly amendment to pass.
Note: If 2/3rds of a resolution has been amended, then the resolution will be
scrapped entirely.
A sample draft resolution and the conventions for the format have been listed at
the end of this document.
 Introduction
to the
committee
The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) was established in 2006
with the purpose of protecting and preserving human rights throughout the
world, giving issues involving it the center stage, and enabling important
discussions that come up as a result. Hence, it intends to act as an international
medium via which pressing discourse regarding human rights issues can be had.

Composed of 47 elected Member States with a select number of seats equitably

dedicated to each of the five UN regional groups. Member States are elected
once every three years— when a term ends— allowing about a third of the
Member States to be renewed each term. Each Member State can serve a
maximum of two consecutive terms. Members are therefore committed to
maintaining the Council’s bottom line and as such, in the case of glaring and
immense violations of human rights, the General Assembly may vote to
suspend their membership. Furthermore, the Council has a bureau made up of
a president and four vice-presidents which represent a UN regional group each.

The UNHRC holds at least three regular sessions each year— February-March,
June-July, September-October— coming up to a total of ten weeks annually.
These sessions can range from three to five weeks depending on the programme
at work. In addition, a special session may be held at any time in the case that a
third of the Council’s Member States request one to address violations and
emergencies pertaining to human rights.

The UNHRC’s main bodies are:

The Universal Periodic Review (UPR)
A State-led mechanism that regularly monitors the human rights conditions
of United Nations Member States
The Special Procedures
Individuals or groups that aren’t employed by the UN but nonetheless
speak out about ideas and themes that concern human rights issues as
well as specific country situations
 Introduction
to the
committee
The Advisory Committee
Supplies the Council with vital expertise and advice on various human
rights issues that relate to various key themes
The Complaint Procedure
Enables people and organisations to call upon the attention of the
Council to various human rights issues

Additionally, the UNHRC also has mandated investigative bodies primarily in

specific situations of violations of human rights— except for the Expert
Mechanism to Advance Racial Justice and Equality in Law Enforcement—
receives quintessential support from the Office of the High Commissioner of
Human Rights which can be in the form of requesting designated experts who
document and report on human rights situations, calls upon expert
mechanisms, uses open-ended intergovernmental working groups and
establishes forums.
 Mandate of
the unhrc
The United Nations Human Rights Council is a principal intergovernmental
body, mandated by the United Nations General Assembly, tasked with
strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights worldwide. These
rights are established by bodies such as The Charter of the United Nations, The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Human Rights Laws
and Treaties. Established by the UN General Assembly Resolution 60/251 in
2006, the Council’s mandate encompasses key responsibilities:
Promotion of Human Rights: The Council is mandated to promote
universal respect for the protection of all human rights and fundamental
freedoms for everyone, without distinction of any kind.
Addressing Violations: It is responsible for addressing situations of human
rights violations, particularly gross and systematic violations, and making
recommendations to improve these conditions.
Forum for Dialogue: The UNHRC provides a platform for dialogue among
member states on various human rights issues, facilitating discussions that
can lead to resolutions aimed at upholding human rights standards.
Special Procedures: The Council has established mechanisms known as
"special procedures," which include independent experts and working
groups that monitor specific human rights issues or country situations.
These experts report on their findings and make recommendations to the
Council.
Universal Periodic Review (UPR): The UNHRC conducts the UPR
process, reviewing the human rights records of all UN member states. This
mechanism promotes accountability and encourages states to improve their
human rights practices.
Recommendations for Improvement: Through its sessions, the UNHRC
adopts resolutions that call upon states to take specific actions to uphold
human rights and protect vulnerable populations.
 Introduction
to the
agenda
Challenging the crux of the UNHRC’s purpose, extrajudicial killings and ethnic
cleansings are closely intertwined and unfortunately, ever-present issues that
have become especially relevant in the light of situations that have recently
gained prominence in the media. From Sudan to China, the persistence of such
a troubling issue has become a blot on attempts to preserve human rights
throughout the world, hence, bringing us to GWHJMUN UNHRC’s agenda at
hand.

Extrajudicial Killings or Executions:

Extrajudicial killings or executions are instances where entities in official
positions of authority intentionally kill persons without a legal framework
backing said killing. These killings can be enacted either by public entities such
as government authorities and their armed forces or private entities such as
militias, death squads, and similar non-state actors often targeting political
opponents and marginalised groups. Furthermore, another glaring point is
impunity arising from these killings due to them being tied to entities with
authority.

Due to their nature, finding a relatively accurate estimate of the absolute

number of lives lost or the impact created is often an onerous process that’s
sadly often out of the question. While innocence can be a subjective term, there
have been far too many cases where targets of these killings have been persons
uninvolved in the conflicts those enacting the killings attempt to tie them to,
especially in the case of the extremely unnecessary loss of life of children, time
and again, be it in Myanmar or the Philippines.

These killings are usually enabled by:

Ethnic, religious, and racial discrimination
Political instability and authoritarian suppression
Impunity and poor law enforcement and accountability
 Introduction
to the
agenda
Ethnic Cleansings:
Ethnic cleansings are instances when ethnical homogeneity is attempted to be
created by the use of often violent means to expel a population belonging to a
specific racial, ethnic, or religious group. While ethnic cleansing may frequently
be synonymous with genocide, it is important to note that expulsion from a
region does not equate to the elimination of a group which is what genocide
attempts to achieve. One such infamous example is that of the rampant and
ongoing offensive Israel has brought upon the Gaza Strip.

Their Impact:
Extrajudicial killings and ethnic cleansings blatantly and violently undermine
attempts at global cooperation and often violate various legally binding
documents such as those that make up the International Bill of Human Rights,
ICRED, and CEDAW, as well as documents that aren’t legally binding. Adding
on to this, such events can contribute to a growth in refugee flows to
neighboring countries, mass displacements, and other humanitarian crises, such
is the case with Egypt which hosts over 790,000 refugees, primarily from Sudan
and Syria.

Attempts to Directly Tackle the Issue:

By virtue of the nature of extrajudicial killings, many documents and
resolutions generally relating to human rights and the protection of human life
can be considered to cover this issue. However, in particular, the HRC appoints
a Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions, a
mandate established in 1982 and renewed most recently in 2023. In addition, the
Minnesota Protocol, last revised in 2016, acts as a manual for investigating such
killings. Additionally, the UN Principles on the Effective Prevention and
Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions is another
document of note that was recommended by the ECOSOC back in 1989.
 Definitions

Extrajudicial Killings
The intentional killing of individuals by state agents or other actors without
legal process or judicial oversight.

Vulnerable Communities
Groups or populations at greater risk of discrimination or harm due to
systemic inequalities, economic factors or marginalization. Examples
include refugees, ethnic minorities, women and indigenous peoples.

Arbitrary Arrests
Arrests carried out without evidence, legal justification, or adherence to due
process.

Marginalised Regions
Areas neglected economically, socially or politically, often due to
geographic remoteness or systemic discrimination. Such regions typically
lack access to essential services.

Crimes Against Humanity

Widespread or systematic attacks against civilian populations, including
acts such as murder, enslavement, torture or extermination.
This is defined in the ICC Rome Statute

Autonomous Regions
Geographical areas granted a degree of self-governance or political
autonomy, typically within a sovereign state. This is done based on the
principle of self determination
 Definitions

Due Process
A fundamental legal principle ensuring that individuals are afforded fair
treatment through a legitimate legal system before being deprived of life,
liberty, or property. It encompasses rights like a fair trial, legal
representation etc
Ethnic Cleansing
The persistent and systematic removal of ethnic or religious groups from a
specific territory through forcing displacement, violence or other measures.
This has been seen to be done to create a homogenous population of a
religion, race etc
 Legalities

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

Although the UDHR is not a legally binding document, it is a cornerstone
interpreting fundamental human rights. It was adopted by the UNGA in
1948 and has 30 articles which lay out the inherent rights and freedoms that
are applicable to all individuals regardless of gender, race, nationality etc
Some notable articles from the declaration include:
Article 3: Right to Life
Article 7: Equality Before the Law
Article 10: Right to a Fair Trial
The full document is linked in the reference links section

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

A legally binding document adopted by UNGA in 1976. It aims to protect
the civil and political Rights of all individuals within the jurisdiction of state
parties. It established a Human Rights Committee which oversees the
implementation of the ICCPR
Notable articles include:
Article 2(3): Right to an Effective Remedy
Article 6: Right to Life
Article 9: Right to Liberty and Security of Person
The full document is linked in the reference links section

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

Legally binding human rights instrument whose aim is to promote
understanding between all races and have countries implement measures and
frameworks to eradicate all forms of racial discrimination. Some of its
important articles include:
Article 2: State Obligations to Eliminate Racial Discrimination
Article 5: Equal Rights for All
Article 6: Right to Effective Remedy
The full document is linked in the reference links section
 Legalities

UNGA Resolution 77/218 (Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions)

Adopted on December 16, 2022
Some of its notable recommendations to Member States include:
Conducting impartial investigations into all suspected cases of extrajudicial,
summary or arbitrary executions
Reviewing and aligning their domestic practices and policies with their
international obligations
Recognizing the International Criminal Court(ICC) and cooperating with
them in gathering evidence, enforcement of sentences etc
The resolution is linked in the reference links section

ECOSOC Resolution 1982/35(Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or

Arbitrary Executions)
The resolution calls for the appointment of a Special Rapporteur on
extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, who would investigate and
report on violations of the right to life and arbitrary killings around the
world.
The mandate of the Special Rapporteur has been extended several times and
the most recent resolution about it is UNHRC resolution 53/04 in June
2023.

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC):

It provides a framework for prosecuting individuals responsible for these crimes
at the international level. Some of its important articles include:
Article 7: Defines crimes against humanity
Article 25: Individual criminal responsibility
Article 28: Establishes command responsibility
The full document is linked in the reference links section
Relevant ICC Cases
The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (2008)
The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda (2013)
The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga(2014)
 CASE
STUDIES
Myanmar
The Rohingya are a stateless predominantly Muslim ethnic group. They live
mainly in Rakhine State, bordered on the west by the Indian Ocean and
northwards by Bangladesh.
The community has suffered from discrimination and systematic denial of
rights such as movement, education and accessibility to health care.
The campaign against the Rohingya by the Myanmar military, known as
the Tatmadaw, was embarked upon in view of ARSA's attacks on police
outposts in late 2016. The military's operations soon escalated into
widespread violence.
Some of these refugees had undertaken treacherous journeys to Bangladesh
or all the way to Indonesia and Malaysia by sea.
The Cox Bazaar in Bangladesh is 1/3 comprised of Rohingya refugees and
extremely overcrowded, creating a challenge for the security agencies to
investigate cases of violence and extrajudicial killings.
This is perhaps one of the best-known examples of religiously based ethnic
cleansing, and it is up for a serious consideration comparing it to genocide.

China
Xinjiang, in the northwest of China, is home to the Uyghurs, a Turkic
ethnicity whose majority adheres to Islam.
According to the Chinese government, policies in Xinjiang are just anti-
terrorism and anti-extremism efforts to which it points out violence
incidents happening within this area as proofs.
"Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism" is a program initiated
by the Chinese government in May 2014 as an official effort to fight
terrorism, extremism and separatism within the Xinjiang Uyghur
Autonomous Region.
More than a million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities are estimated to
be kept behind locks in China in what they refer to as “vocational training
centre”.
 CASE
STUDIES
On July 2019, over two dozen governments submitted a letter to the
president of the Human Rights Council, asking "meaningful access" for the
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights to Xinjiang.
In retaliation, the Chinese government wrote a counter-letter signed by 50
countries such as Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, etc, as well.
States have also considered pursuing relevant criminal cases under the
principle of universal jurisdiction.

Afghanistan
Hazara people are Shia Muslims where there have been systemic racism and
attacks against the ethnic group that progressively got worse as the Taliban
took over
There have been massive killing sprees and bomb-blasts which targeted
Hazaras. There have also been attacks on mosques and schools.
Tajik, Uzbek and Turkmen people have also experienced ethnically-
targeted violence within specific regions during periods of conflict.
The Taliban security forces have used disproportionate force to quell
women demonstrating against Taliban policies, and arrested certain female
demonstrators without justification and for hours or even days.
The Taliban forces carried out killings and enforced disappearances of
former government officials and security members.
A report released in August 2023 by the UN Assistance Mission in
Afghanistan states there have been 218 extrajudicial killings, 14 enforced
disappearances and more than 144 instances of torture and mistreatment of
detainees since August 2021.

Phillipines
There has been a long standing War on Drugs in the Philippines. This was
initiated by the current president, Rodrigo Duterte and started in 2016.
 CASE
STUDIES
It is one of the most controversial uses of extrajudicial killing and wherein it
is the international community’s perspective that there is a significant effect
on the local communities, especially in the most marginalized ones.
When President Ferdinand Marcos Jr came to power in 2022, he promised
to put an end to this spree of state-sanctioned killings of alleged drug users
and sellers and focus on rehabilitation instead.
The ICC opened an inquiry in 2021 on the alleged crimes against the
humanity of the Philippines with its war on drugs.

Israel
Palestinians, mainly the ones in Occupied Palestinian Territories including
the West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem, form a vulnerable
community frequently impacted by extrajudicial killings
It has also been reported that Israeli forces are using a tactic referred to as
the “Shoot-to-Kill" policy on civilians which is a violent breach of the right
to due process
In 2018, the United Nations Human Rights Council established an
independent commission to investigate alleged human rights violations in
Gaza, particularly during the "Great March of Return" protests, where over
200 Palestinians were killed, including medics and journalists.
 QARMA (Questions
a resolution
must answer
What systemic political, social, or economic conditions perpetuate the
occurrence of extrajudicial killings against vulnerable communities, and
how can they be addressed?
What strategies and provisions are necessary to guarantee the
rehabilitation, restitution, and equitable access to justice for communities
impacted by extrajudicial killings?
What mechanisms can be implemented to ensure accountability for those
responsible for extrajudicial killings, particularly when the perpetrators
include state actors, law enforcement, or armed non-state entities?
How can preventive frameworks and mechanisms be developed or
strengthened to mitigate the risk of future extrajudicial killings, with a focus
on safeguarding high-risk regions?
What specific indicators or criteria should be used to determine whether an
instance of mass violence or targeting constitutes ethnic cleansing?
How can existing bodies such as the International Criminal Court (ICC)
and regional human rights courts be supported to address these crimes
effectively?
What measures can be implemented to ensure that states cooperate with
UN investigations and judicial processes without political interference and
how can the international community address situations where state
sovereignty is invoked to obstruct investigations and interventions?
What steps should be taken to ensure the protection and empowerment of
vulnerable minority groups in conflict zones and authoritarian regimes?
How can governments be incentivized or compelled to strengthen domestic
policies that safeguard the rights of minorities?
 REference Links

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):

https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/english
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR):
https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-
covenant-civil-and-political-rights
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination:
https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-
convention-elimination-all-forms-racial
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW):
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/cedaw.p
df
UNGA Resolution 77/218 (Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions):
https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n22/762/56/pdf/n2276256.pdf
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC):
https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf
Other Relevant Links:
https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-executions
https:/press.un.org/en/2007/gashc3895.doc.htm
https:/www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/12/myanmar-un-experts-urge-
course-correction-civilian-deaths-exceed-6000
https:/www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/10/7-october-un-experts-call-end-
violence-and-accountability-after-year-human
https:/www.ohchr.org/en/media-centre/news-situation-occupied-palestinian-
territory-israel-and-lebanon
https:/www.reuters.com/article/world/special-report-police-describe-kill-rewards-
staged-crime-scenes-in-dutertes-idUSKBN17K1NK/
https:/www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/19/break-their-lineage-break-their-
roots/chinas-crimes-against-humanity-targeting
https:/www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/08/international-community-must-
not-normalise-taliban-rule-afghanistan
https:/www.hrw.org/news/2022/07/07/afghanistan-taliban-execute-disappear-
alleged-militants
 Formatting
draft
resolutions
Format of a draft resolution:

Title of Draft Resolution

Committee Name
Committee Agenda

Sponsors: (maximum number provided by Chair)

Signatories: (minimum number provided by Chair)

Preambulatory Clauses
Preambulatory Clause Operative Word …. Preambulatory clause ,

Operative Clauses
Operative Clause Operative Word … operative clause:
a. Subpart 1,
b. Subpart 2;

Notes:
List of clause key words:https://www.wisemee.com/preambulatory-and-
operative-clauses/
You must ensure the key word is under the mandate of the committee (ex.
GA committees can’t use “demands”)
There will be a minimum number of preambulatory and operative clauses
provided
There is no maximum number of subparts for an operative clause
 Formatting
draft
resolutions
Exemplar Draft Resolution:

https://bestdelegate.com/model-un-made-easy-how-to-write-a-resolution/