Table of Contents

1.01 Basics of Geometry

1.02 Basic Constructions
1.03 Honors Activity Part A
1.04 DBA
1.05 Logical Reasoning
1.06 Introduction to Proofs
1.07 Line and Angle Proofs
1.08 Module 1 Practice Test
1.09 Module 1 Test (2 parts)

2.01 Translations and Reflections

2.02 Rotations
2.03 Rigid Motions and Congruence
2.04 Triangle Proofs
2.05 More Triangle Proofs Activity
2.06 Quadrilateral Proofs
2.07 Honors Activity Part B
2.08 Module 2 Practice Test
2.09 DBA
2.10 Module 2 Test (2 parts)

3.01 Dilations
3.02 Similarity
3.03 Triangles and Similarity
3.04 Honors Activity Part C
3.05 Triangle Congruence and Similarity
3.06 Applications of Congruence & Similarity
3.07 DBA
3.08 Module 3 Test
3.09/3.10 Segment Practice Exam and Exam (2 parts)
 Geometry - Module 1 Help Sheet
● Undefined terms, point, line and plane, are used as foundational elements in defining other
“defined” terms, such as angle, ray, etc.
● A postulate is considered a known fact. Examples include:
○ Through any two points there is exactly one line.
○ If two distinct planes intersect, then they intersect in exactly one line.
○ If parallel lines have a transversal, then corresponding angles are congruent.
○ If two lines intersect, then they intersect in exactly one point.
● Theorems must be proven to be true. Examples include:
○ All right angles are congruent.
○ Pythagorean Theorem: In a right triangle the sum of the square of the legs of the triangle
are equal to the square of the hypotenuse a2 + b2 = c2

Special Geometry Symbols Constructions

≅ Congruent (polygons, angles, segments) Segment Copy Segment Bisector

= Equal (measurements)
≈ Approximately, used when rounding
∼ Similar (polygons)
° Degrees, units angles are measured with
∠ Angle
∥ Parallel
⟂ Perpendicular Angle Copy Angle Bisector
AB Segment
AB Line
AB Ray

HONORS only Constructions

Special Angle Relationships
Inscribed Square Inscribed Equilateral
Triangle & Inscribed
1 & 2 are adjacent angles (180°)*
Regular Hexagon
1 & 4 are vertical angles (≅)
1 & 5 are corresponding angles (≅)
4 & 6 are same-side interior angles (180°)
1 & 7 are same-side exterior angles (180°)
4 & 5 are alternate interior angles (≅)
1 & 8 are alternate exterior angles (≅)

*Adjacent angles do not have to be supplementary

Logic Statements
Type of Conditional
Converse Inverse Contrapositive
Statement statement

an assertion that a statement created the inverse of a a statement in the

states an event is by switching around statement is the opposite order of an
dependent upon the hypothesis, or statement in the original statement
Definition another event "front," and the same order with both with both parts
occurring; in the form conclusion, or "back," parts negated negated
of "if, then" of the original
statement

Formula If p, then q If q, then p If not p, then not q If not q, then not p

If today is Monday, If today is a school If today is not If today is not a

Example then today is a school day, then today is Monday, then today is school day, then
day. Monday. not a school day. today is not Monday.
 1.01: Basics of Geometry
📼 Watch Video, click here

Key Ideas
● The undefined terms of geometry are those terms that are needed to define all other terms.
● For these types of terms, mathematicians use a general description of their meaning rather
than a formal definition.
● These 3 terms share a unique quality in that they are immeasurable, which is a coincidence
since the term geometry literally means “earth measurement”!

Undefined Terms

Point Line Plane

A point is a location without A stream of points with no A flat surface that extends
size dimension, labeled width or depth. Named by indefinitely in 2
with a capital letter. the 2 points on the line dimensions. Named by 3
with a 2 pointed line above points within the point,
it or by a lowercase letter. which are called coplanar.

What is Geometry?
Did you know that geometry has a literal translation of "earth measuring?" Geo—means Earth (think
Geography!) and—metri means to measure. Think of it as measuring and understanding everything
around you. But keep in mind that measuring does not always involve numbers.
 1.01
Defined Terms
Term Definition Picture

Line segments are denoted by

the points with a line without
Line segment arrows above it. Line segments
are lines that end.

Rays are lines that continue

from a certain point infinitely,
Ray denoted by 1 arrow above the
points

When 2 rays meet, a vertex is

formed, named with one capital
letter (the corner where the rays
Vertex meet).

An angle is the meeting of 2

noncollinear rays, denoted by
∠ABC, ∠CBA, or simply ∠B
Angle

Lines that will never meet

because they have the same
slope, denoted by ||
Parallel Lines

Lines that intersect at right

angles, denoted by c⊥d.

Perpendicular Lines

the set of all points in a plane

that are an equal distance from
a given point, the center.
Circle Named by center point, circle P
or ⊙P
 1.01
📼 Watch Video, click here
Postulates Theorems

Postulates are pieces of information that are Theorems are pieces of information that seem
accepted as facts. They DO NOT need to be true but MUST BE PROVEN using the
proven. postulates.

You will use postulates, definitions, and

undefined terms to prove the theorems true.

Through any two points Connecting two points can

Postulate

there is exactly one line. be related to distance.

Points

The shortest distance

between two points is a
straight line.

If two lines intersect, then If you have two lines, they

Lines Postulate
Intersecting

they intersect in exactly one can only intersect in one

point. point.

If they intersect at more

than one point, either one is
not a true line, or they are
the same line.

If two distinct planes Remember, planes and

Planes Postulate

intersect, then they intersect lines are infinite, pictures

Intersecting

in exactly one line. make them seem finite, but

they all go on forever.
Their intersection creates a
line Think of two walls meeting!
The line is created where
the walls meet.

Through any three It is not possible for lines to

Coplanar Points

noncollinear points, there is intersect at more than one

Postulate

exactly one plane. If you point.

have 3 points that are NOT
on the same line, they will Coplanar figures are two
still lie in the same plane! dimensional and have
length and width.
 1.01
Having trouble identifying defined, undefined, postulates, and theorems?

✍Check out this practice, click here.

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How do defined terms and undefined terms relate to each other?

Undefined terms are used to describe defined terms, and are the basis for many postulates.
● What is the difference between a postulate and a theorem?

Postulates are given facts, and theorems must be proven using postulate in conjunction with
defined and undefined terms.
 1.02: Basic Constructions
📼 Watch Video, click here
Congruent geometric figures have all of the same measurements.
● Congruent segments have the same length, and congruent angles have the same angle
measure.
● In geometry, when you show two figures as congruent, you use the sign ≅, which means
"congruent to."
● Remember - pictures are not always to scale in geometry! Just because they look congruent,
doesn’t mean they are congruent.
○ Look for measurements, tick marks, or other identification to justify if figures are
congruent.

Congruent Not-Congruent

📎 For more examples, click here

Copying a Segment by Hand

📼 Watch Video, click here
Online compass
1. Draw a ray with 1 endpoint

2. Open compass width of given segment, lock in place.

3. Place compass on endpoint of ray and swing an arc that intersects the ray

The intersection of the ray and the arc is the second endpoint of the new segment that is
4.
congruent to the given segment
 1.02
Copying a Segment with Technology
📼 Watch Video, click here
Technology Constructions - Geogebra
1. Create segment AB

2. Draw point C

3. Create circle C with a radius equal to segment AB

4. Draw point D on circle C

5. connect points C and D with a segment

6. Segment CD is congruent to AB

Bisecting a Segment by Hand

📼 Watch Video, click here
Online compass
1. Place the compass on one of the endpoints and open it more than halfway

2. Swing an arc above and below the segment

Keeping the compass locked, place the compass on the other endpoint and make arcs that
3.
intersect the first set of arcs

4. Mark the points of intersection and connect with a segment.

Bisecting a Segment with Technology

📼 Watch Video, click here
Technology Constructions - Geogebra
1. Create segment AB

2. Draw point C anywhere on AB

Create circles A and B which will have radii equal in length to either AC or BC, whichever is
3.
longer

4. Mark the points of intersection between circles A and B. Label these points D and E

5. Create line DE
 1.02
📼 Watch Video, click here
Acute Obtuse Straight Right

Less than 90 degree Greater than 90 degree 180 degree angle 90 degree angle
angle angle

Copying an Angle by Hand

📼 Watch Video, click here
Online compass
1. Draw a ray with one endpoint. This endpoint will be the vertex of the new angle.

Place the compass on the vertex of the given angle, and swing an arc that intersects both rays
2.
of the given angle

Place the compass on the vertex of the new angle, and swing an arc similar to the first one you
3.
created.

4. Open the compass to the width of the intersection points of the rays and arc of the given angle.

Place the compass on the intersection point of the ray and arc of the new angle, and swing
5.
another arc that intersects the first.

6. Draw a through the new vertex and the intersection point of the two arcs.

7. This second ray creates an angle that is congruent to the given one.
 1.02
Copying an Angle with Technology
📼 Watch Video, click here
Technology Constructions - Geogebra
1. Create ray AB.

2. Create ray AC.

3. Create ray DE.

4. Create circle A with the same radius as segment AB.

5. Mark the point of intersection between circle A and ray AC. Label this point P.

6. Create circle D with the same radius as segment AB.

7. Mark the point of intersection between circle D and ray DE. Label this R.

8. Create circle R with the same radius as the distance between points B and P.

Mark the points of intersection between circle R and circle D. Label these points S and T.
9.
Create ray DS. ∡RDS is a copy of ∡BAC.

Bisecting an Angle by Hand

📼 Watch Video, click here
Online compass
1. Place the compass on the vertex of the angle

2. Swing an arc that intersects both rays of the angle

3. Mark the intersection points of the rays and the arc

4. Place the compass on one of those intersection points, and draw an arc inside the angle

Keeping the compass at the same width, place the compass on the second intersection point
5.
and swing an arc that intersects the first

Mark the intersection point of the two arc, and draw a ray from the vertex through this
6.
intersection point
 1.02
Bisecting an Angle with Technology
📼 Watch Video, click here
Technology Constructions - Geogebra
1. Create ray AB

2. Create ray AC

3. Create point D on segment AB

4. Create circle A with radius AD

5. Mark the point of intersection between circle A and ray AC. Label this point E

6. Create circles D and E with radii equal in length to the distance between points D and E

7. Mark the points of intersection between circles D and E. Label these points F and G

8. Create line FG

9. Line FG bisects ∡BAC

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How do you construct congruent segments, segment bisectors, angles, and angle
bisectors using tools such as a compass and straightedge?
Using a compass helps to create circles and angles, and straight edges allow the easy
connecting of points to create rays and lines.

● How do you know that each of these constructions is valid when it is made with a
compass and straightedge?
Because it relies on postulates to prove that it is correct.

● How can technology be used to complete constructions?

Digital resources make it easier to model the shapes necessary.

✍ EXTRA PRACTICE for 1.01-1.02

After you have completed the notes for this lesson, go to the
assessments tab in your course and complete the 1.02 Basics
Constructions Quiz.
 1.03: Honors Activity Part A
HONORS ONLY- This lesson is for honors students only. If you are not taking this
course for honors credit, you may skip this lesson.

Construct an Inscribed Equilateral Triangle by Hand

📼 Watch Video, click here
Online compass
1. Using your compass, construct a circle of any arbitrary radius.

2. Keep your compass at the width equal to the radius of the circle.

Place your compass at any point on the circle and draw an arc that intersects the circle being
3.
careful not to change the width of the radius.

Keeping the compass at the width equal to the radius, move your compass to where the new arc
4.
intersects the circle and draw a second arc that intersects the circle.

Repeat this process so that there are 6 arcs along the circle, each time moving your compass so
5.
that it is on the newly created intersections of the new arc and the circle.

Using your straightedge, connect every other arc until a triangle is formed. The sides of this
6.
triangle will be equal.

Construct an Inscribed Equilateral Triangle with Technology

📼 Watch Video, click here
Technology Constructions - Geogebra
1. Create circle A with point B on circle A.

2. Draw line AB.

3. Mark the points of intersection between circle A and line AB. Label these points B and C.

4. Create circle C with radius AC.

5. Mark the points of intersection between circle C and circle A. Label these points D and E.

6. Draw segments BE, ED, and DB.

7. Polygon BED is an equilateral triangle.

 Construct an Inscribed Square by Hand
📼 Watch Video, click here
1.03
Online compass
1. Using your compass, construct a circle of any arbitrary radius.

Using your compass, draw the diameter of the circle going through the center point from edge to
2.
edge.

Place your compass on one end of this diameter and open the compass to greater than half the
3.
length of the diameter.

4. Create an arc above and below this diameter.

Keeping this same compass width, place the compass at the other end of the diameter and draw
5.
an arc above and below the diameter.

With your compass, connect the intersecting arcs above the diameter with the intersecting arcs
6. below the diameter. This is the second diameter and acts as a perpendicular bisector to the first
diameter.

Find the 4 points where the two diameters intersect the circle and connect those 4 points with
7.
your straight edge. This quadrilateral has all equal sides and 90˚ angles.

Constructing an Inscribed Square with Technology

📼 Watch Video, click here
Technology Constructions - Geogebra
1. Create circle A with point B on circle A.

2. Draw line AB.

3. Mark the points of intersection between circle A and line AB. Label these points B and C.

4. Create point D anywhere on segment BC.

Create circles B and C, which will have radii equal in length to either BD or CD, whichever is
5.
longer.

6. Mark the points of intersection between circles B and C. Label these points E and F.

7. Draw line EF.

8. Mark the points of intersection between line EF and circle A. Label these points G and H.

9. Draw segments BG, GC, CH, HB.

10 Polygon BHCG is a square.

 1.03
Construct an Inscribed Regular Hexagon by Hand
📼 Watch Video, click here
Online compass
1. Using your compass, construct a circle of any arbitrary radius.

2. Keep your compass at the width equal to the radius of the circle.

Place your compass at any point on the circle and draw an arc that intersects the circle being
3.
careful not to change the width of the radius.

Keeping the compass at the width equal to the radius, move your compass to where the new arc
4.
intersects the circle and draw a second arc that intersects the circle.

Repeat this process so that there are 6 arcs along the circle, each time moving your compass so
5.
that it is on the newly created intersection of the new arc and the circle.

Using your straightedge, connect every arc until a hexagon is formed. The sides of this hexagon
6.
will be equal.

Construct an Inscribed Regular Hexagon with Technology

📼 Watch Video, click here
Technology Constructions - Geogebra
1. Create circle A with point B on circle A.

2. Create circle B with radius AB.

3. Mark the points of intersection between circles A and B. Label these points C and D.

4. Create circle C with radius AB.

5. Mark the points of intersection between circles A and C. Label these points B and E.

6. Create circle E with radius AB.

7. Mark the points of intersection between circles A and E. Label these points C and F.

8. Create circle F with radius AB.

9. Mark the points of intersection between circles A and G. Label these points E and G.

10. Draw segments BC, CE, EF, FG, GD and DB.

11. Polygon BCEFGD is a regular hexagon.

 1.03
Inscribed Inscribed
Inscribed square
regular hexagon equilateral triangle
● Starts with a diameter ● Uses the radius ● Uses the radius
measurements. measurements.
● Construct the
perpendicular bisector ● Connect all 6 arcs ● Connect every other arc
on the diameter (from
1.02 lesson - bisect a
line segment)

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How do you construct a regular polygon inside of a circle?

o
● How can technology be used to complete constructions?
o
1.04: Discussion Based Assessment

You have reached the Module 1 DBA.

This DBA will cover lessons 1.01 - 1.02 (if you are in
honors, it will cover 1.03 as well).
Please reach out to your teacher to schedule a day/time to
complete your DBA.

You may continue moving forward in the meantime.

Module 1 DBA Study Guide

Module 1 Review Video

Module 1 Review Practice

Segment 1 Reference Sheet

Table of Contents
 1.05: Logical Reasoning
📼 Watch Video, click here
● Logical reasoning or deductive reasoning is an important part of geometry. In geometry, you are
often given facts about a geometric figure, and you use these facts to reach conclusions.
● The conclusions that you draw about those figures may be based on definitions of figures and
postulates.
● Logical arguments that are used to make a definite statement in geometry are known as informal
proofs

Deductive reasoning: is the process of drawing logical conclusions from given statements.
Why is this important? With logical reasoning, you can learn how to debate a topic to prove a point of
view.

Conditional Statements
A statement that can be written in if -then form.
The hypothesis is the phrase immediately following the word if.
The conclusion is the phrase immediately following the word then.

Example: If a quadrilateral is a square, then it has four right angles.

Hypothesis: A quadrilateral is a square
Conclusion: It has 4 right angles

Original conditional statement: If it is an orange, then it is a fruit.

Hypothesis: It is an orange Conclusion: It is a fruit

Converse Inverse Contrapositive

Formed by reversing the Negate the hypothesis and Negate both statements
hypothesis and conclusion conclusion. Switch the hypothesis and
(Write the opposite for both parts conclusion.
of the statement)

If it is a fruit, then it is an orange. If it is NOT an orange, then it is If it is NOT a fruit, then it is NOT
NOT a fruit. an orange

Is this a valid statement? Remember that if the conditional

statement was a true statement,
In this case we can provide then the contrapositive will be
counterexamples that show this true.
statement is false.
Both the conditional and
A counterexample is an contrapositive are true
example that proves that a statements. They are logically
statement is false. equivalent

KEY IDEA: If you find a counterexample to dispute the statement, then the statement is not valid.
 📼 Watch Video, click here 1.05
Biconditional Statement
When a conditional statement and its converse Biconditionals combine the conditional statement
are true, they can be written as a single and the converse statement with the phrase "if
biconditional statement that qualifies as a and only if."
definition.
Mathematicians often abbreviate this phrase with
"iff" when writing.

All definitions can be written as biconditionals.

For example: A triangle is an equilateral triangle if and only if all three sides are equal in length.

📼 Watch Video (examples 1), click here

✍ Write out the examples, click here
📼 Watch Video (examples 2), click here
✍ Write out the examples 2, click here

Type of Conditional
Converse Inverse Contrapositive
Statement statement

an assertion that a statement created the inverse of a a statement in the

states an event is by switching around statement is the opposite order of an
dependent upon the hypothesis, or statement in the original statement
Definition another event "front," and the same order with both with both parts
occurring; in the form conclusion, or "back," parts negated negated
of "if, then" of the original
statement

Formula If p, then q If q, then p If not p, then not q If not q, then not p

If today is Monday, If today is a school If today is not If today is not a

Example then today is a day, then today is Monday, then today school day, then
school day. Monday. is not a school day. today is not Monday.

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How can you find the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a statement?
○ By flipping the orders of the hypothesis and conclusion, and making them true or false.
● How can logical reasoning be used to determine if two statements are logically equivalent when
writing proofs?
○
● How can you judge the validity of arguments and give counterexamples to disprove statements?
○

Table of Contents
 1.05
📼 Watch Video 3, click here

Write the converse, inverse, contrapositive, and the biconditional of the following conditional
statement:
If two angles are vertical angles, then they are congruent
Determine if the statements are valid.

Converse Inverse

To write the converse, switch the hypothesis and To write the inverse, negate both the hypothesis
conclusion, and the conclusion.

If two angles are congruent, then they are If two angles are NOT vertical angles, then
vertical angles. they are not congruent.
This is NOT valid. This is NOT valid.

Contrapositive Biconditional

To write the contrapositive, switch the hypothesis

To write the biconditional, write the original
and the conclusion and negate both. hypothesis. Write if and only if, then write the
conclusion.
If two angles are NOT congruent, then they are Two angles are vertical angles if and only if
NOT vertical angles. they are congruent.
This is valid. This is NOT valid. It is only valid if the conditional
and its converse are also valid.

Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the following conditional statement:

If M is the midpoint of segment AB, then AM = MB

Converse Inverse

If AM = MB, then M is the midpoint of segment If M is NOT the midpoint of segment AB, then
AB. AM does not equal MB.

This is not valid. M could be the vertex of an This is a valid statement.

angle.

Contrapositive Biconditional

If AM does not equal MB. then M is NOT the AM = MB, if and only if M is the midpoint of
midpoint of segment AB. segment AB.

This is a valid statement. This is a valid statement.

 1.05

📼 Watch Video, click here

Practice 1: Practice 2:
Conditional statement: If two angles form a Write the converse of the following conditional
linear pair, then the angles are supplementary. statement:

If two angles form a linear pair, then the angles

Is the statement valid? If not, give a are supplementary.
counterexample. If angles are supplementary, then they form a
linear pair.
Yes, the statement is valid. Two angles that
form a linear pair sum to 180 degrees, which Is the converse valid? If not, give a
means they are supplementary angles. counterexample.
The converse is NOT valid. 2 non-adjacent
angles that form 180 degrees without being
connected would not form a linear pair.

Practice 3: Practice 4
Write the inverse and contrapositive of the The following conditional statement and its
following conditional statement: converse are both valid.

If the sum of the measures of two angles equals Conditional statement: If the sum of the
90°, then the angles are complementary. measures of two angles equals 90°, then the
If the sum of the measures of 2 angles does angles are complementary.
NOT equal 90 degrees, then the angles are
NOT complimentary Converse: If two angles are complementary, then
the sum of the measures of the angles equals 90°.
If 2 angles are NOT complimentary, then the
sum of the measures do NOT equal 90 What is the biconditional statement?
degrees.
Then determine the validity of the inverse and The sum of the measures of 2 angles equals
contrapositive. 90 degrees IF and ONLY IF the angles are
The inverse is valid. complimentary. (TRUE)
The contrapositive is valid, and is logically
equivalent to the conditional statement.
 1.06: Introduction to Proofs
📼 Watch Video, click here
What is a Proof? A proof is a series of steps, with justifications, that verifies a theorem
or relationship exists.
Types of Proofs

Two-column proof Shows the steps and the why behind each one with STATEMENTS and REASONS

Paragraph proof Explains the rationale for each step using complete sentences in paragraph form.

Flow-chart Proof Statements and justifications are written using a diagram to resemble a map.

Algebraic Properties (review from Algebra 1)

Addition property of equality Adding the same number to both sides of the equation.

Subtraction property of equality Subtracting the same number from both sides of the equation.

Division property of equality Dividing both sides of an equation by the same number.

Multiplication property of equality Multiplying both sides of an equation by the same number.

Commutative Property of Addition Rearrange terms so that like terms are next to one another

What goes into a proof?

● The beginning of a proof will always include the given information of the problem
statement and will go as the first step.
● Each statement in the proof will be followed by the justification you are using to make
the statement. When you read a proof, you will see a “domino effect.”
● Each subsequent statement is the effect of some action or term that was applied in the
previous statement.
● The last statement of any proof will always be what you are trying to prove, with the
appropriate justification.
● Remember that no matter what type of proof you have decided on using, both parts of
each step are required.
 1.06
📼 Watch Video, click here

Simplify the following expression, and in paragraph form, identify the properties
used in each step.
4(x3 - 5x + 2) - 3(3x2 + 4x -1)
Mathematical Statement Justification
4(x3 - 5x + 2) - 3(3x2 + 4x -1) Given
4x3 - 20x + 8 - 9x2 - 12x + 3 Distributive Property
4x3 - 9x2 - 20x - 12x + 8 + 3 Commutative Property of Addition
4x3 - 9x2 - 32x + 11 Combine Like Terms

Paragraph Proof (of the example above)

To simplify the expression 4(x - 5x + 2) - 3(3x2 + 4x -1), first use the distributive property to distribute
3

the 4 and -3. The expression becomes 4x3 - 20x + 8 - 9x2 - 12x + 3. Then, use the commutative
property of addition to rearrange the terms so that the like terms are next to one another. The
expression becomes 4x3 - 9x2 - 20x - 12x + 8 + 3. Finally, combine like terms to get the simplified
expression of 4x3 - 9x2 - 32x + 11.

More Examples of Algebraic Proofs

📼 Watch Video (examples 1), click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

📼 Watch Video, click here

What does it mean to justify something?

1. Prove that it’s true

2. Show your work
3. Show the steps you took to get to that conclusion
4. You have proof to back up your statements
 1.06
Test your knowledge - True or False

Use this
construction to
answer all of the
questions - True
or False

1. ∠KAG and ∠GAH are adjacent angles. TRUE

2. ∠KAG and ∠GAH are complementary angles. TRUE
3. ∠GAH and ∠JAI are vertical angles. FALSE

m<KAG = 45 degrees
 1.06
5.

HA + AJ = HJ
2x - 4 + 3x - 16 = 30
5x - 20 = 30
5x = 50
x =10
 1.06
If KC is a bisector of ∠JKL, what is the m∠JKL? Justify your answer.

Statements Justification

Ray KC is a bisector of ∠JKL

∠JKC ≅ ∠CKL

2x + 9 = 3x − 17

9 = x − 17

26 = x

∠JKC =61 ∠CKL = 61

m∠JKL = 122°

→ Keep in mind that ____________________ is not a justification.

📼 Watch Video, click here

Geometric Properties
Reflexive property of Congruence Shows that something is congruent to itself, ABC ≅ ABC

Transitive Property of Congruence If A ≅ B, and B ≅ C, then A ≅ C.

Segment Addition Postulate If B is between A and C, the measure of line segment AB plus
line segment BC equals the measure of line segment AC.

Definition of Midpoint A point that divides a segment into 2 equal parts.

Angle Addition Postulate If S is in the interior of of PQR, mPQS + mSQR = mPQR.

Definition of Congruence If mAB = mBC, then AB≅BC and if AB≅BC then mAB = mBC.

Algebraic Properties
Reflexive property of Equality Shows that something is equal to itself. a = a

Transitive Property of Equality For real numbers a, b, and c, if a = b and b = c, then a = c

Addition Property of Equality For real numbers a, b, and c, if a ≅ b, then a + c = b + c.

Substitution Property of Equality For real numbers a, b, and c, then a can replace b in any
equation, and likewise for b.
 1.06
📼 Watch Video, click here

Midpoint Example

M is the midpoint of BC. If BC = 10, find BM.

BM = MC = ½(BC)

½ BC = 5, therefore BM = 5.

Angle Addition Postulate Example

Find x and then the measure of each angle.

2x+5+x=41
3x+5=41
3x=36
x=12
2x+5 = 29

In the Florida Keys, there is a 2.2-mile-long pedestrian bridge that stretches out into the ocean.
It is a favorite spot among families and outdoor enthusiasts who walk, run, bike, skate, and
watch sunrises and sunsets along the bridge.
A family parks their car at point B and travels out 1.6 miles to a viewpoint to watch the sunset.
If they continue moving to the other end and then turn around and go back to the car, how
much farther will they travel?
Step 1:
Draw a picture to represent the problem you
are solving.
Step 2: BV + VE = BE
Use the segment addition postulate to write an
equation relating the lengths.
Step 3: 1.6 + VE = 2.2
Substitute the known values into the equation VE = 0.6
and solve.
The family will travel 2.8 miles after sunset.
 1.06
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Special Types of Angles

Angles that add up to 90 degrees. 70° + 20° = 90°

Complementary →Angles can be either adjacent or

Angles nonadjacent.

Angles that add up to 180 degrees. 130° + 50° = 180°

Supplementary →Angles can be either adjacent or

Angles nonadjacent.

Two angles that share a side but ∠ABD and ∠CBD share side and
have no interior points in common. have no interior points in common.

Adjacent Angles

Two adjacent, supplementary angles Angles 1 and 2 make a straight line

that has a 180° measure.

Linear Pair

Supplementary angles that are Angles 1 and 2 are formed by the

created when two lines intersect. intersection of two lines and share
→ These angles share a vertex but a vertex. They do not share any
do not have sides or interior points in sides or interior points.
common.

Vertical Angles
 1.06
More Examples of Algebraic Proofs
✍ Write out the examples, click here

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

How can you express a clear and coherent argument visually or in writing?

Table of Contents
 1.07: Line and Angle Proofs
📼 Watch Video, click here
Vertical Angles Theorem

What it says: What is means: Why it's important:

Vertical angles are congruent When two lines intersect, or Vertical angles are helpful
cross, the angles that are when you are trying to find
across from each other (think the value of angles that are
mirror image) are the same across from each other
measure. (vertical).

Proving the Vertical Angle Theorem

→ Prove that ∠1 ≅ ∠3
Statements Justification
m∠1 + m∠2 = 180° Definition of supplementary angles

m∠2 + m∠3 = 180° Definition of supplementary angles

m∠1 + m∠2 = m∠2 + m∠3 Transitive property of equality

m∠1 = m∠3 Subtraction property of equality

∠1 ≅ ∠3 Definition of congruent angles

IMPORTANT Notice it did not say 1 is congruent to 3 because they are

vertical angles. Remember that when proving a theorem, you cannot
use the relationship identified by the theorem.
 1.07
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Parallel Lines Cut By a Transversal Angle Relationships

Transversal - a line that intersects 2 or more other lines

Congruent Angle Pairs Supplementary Angle Pairs

Vertical Angles Same Side Interior Angles
∠1 & ∠3 ∠4 & ∠5
∠2 & ∠4 ∠3 & ∠6
∠5 & ∠7
∠6 & ∠8
Alternate Interior Angles Same Side Exterior Angles
∠3 & ∠5 ∠2 & ∠7
∠4 & ∠6 ∠1 & ∠8
Alternate Exterior Angles Supplementary Angles
∠1 & ∠7 ∠1 & ∠2
∠2 & ∠8 ∠2 & ∠3
∠3 & ∠4
Corresponding Angles ∠1 & ∠4
∠1 & 5 ∠5 & ∠6
∠2 & ∠6 ∠6 & ∠7
∠3 & ∠7 ∠7 & ∠8
∠4 & ∠8 ∠5 & ∠8
 1.07
📼 Watch Video, click here

Corresponding Angles Theorem

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

The corresponding angles ∠1 ≅∠ 5

If a transversal intersects two are the angles on the same
parallel lines, then side of the transversal and in ∠2 ≅∠ 6
corresponding angles are the same position. They also
congruent. ∠3 ≅∠ 7
happen to have equal
measures. ∠4 ≅∠ 8

Why it’s important: When you can identify angles as congruent, you can figure out which ones are equal in
measure with just minimal information.

Proving the Corresponding Angle Theorem

→ Given the diagram above, prove that ∠AGE ≅ ∠CHE
Statements Justification
AB || CD Given

Points E, G, H, and F all lie on the same line. Given

m∠EGF = 180° Definition of a straight angle

m∠AGE + m∠AGF = m∠EGF Angle Addition Postulate

m∠AGE + m∠AGF = 180° Substitution property of equality.

m∠CHE + m∠AGF = 180° Same-Side interior angles theorem.

mA∠GE + m∠AGF = m∠CHE + m∠AGF Substitution property of equality.

m∠AGE + m∠AGF − m∠AGF = m∠CHE + m∠AGF − Substitution property of equality.

m∠AGF
m∠AGE = m∠CHE Subtraction policy of equality

∠AGE ≅∠ CHE Definition of congruency.

 📼 Watch Video, click here
1.07
Alternate Interior Angle Theorem

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

When a transversal, the line ∠3 ≅∠5

If a transversal intersects two that cuts through, intersects
parallel lines, then alternate with two parallel lines, it ∠4 ≅∠6
interior angles are congruent. creates eight angles, four of
which are on the inside, or
interior, of the parallel lines.
The angles that are diagonal
from each other are
congruent, or have equal
measures.

Why it’s important: It's important to know that no matter where that transversal cuts, as long as the lines
are parallel, those alternate interior angles will be congruent.

Proving the Alternate Angle Theorem - FLOW CHART

→ Given the diagram, prove that ∠AGF ≅ ∠EHD

∠AGF and ∠EGB

AB ∥ CD
are vertical angles.

Given Given

∠AGF ≅ ∠EGB. ∠EGB ≅ ∠EHD

Vertical Angles Corresponding

Theorem Angles Theorem

∠AGF ≅ ∠EHD

Transitive Property
of Equality

Proving the Alternate Angle Theorem - TWO COLUMN

→ Given the diagram, prove that ∠AGF ≅ ∠EHD
Statements Justification
AB || CD Given

∠AGF and ∠EGB are vertical angles Definition of vertical angles

∠AGE ≅ ∠EGB Vertical angle theorem

∠EGB ≅ ∠EHD Corresponding angle theorem

∠AGF ≅ ∠EHD Transitive property of equality

 1.07
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Alternate Exterior Angle Theorem

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

Alternate means opposite ∠1 ≅∠7

If a transversal intersects two sides, so the angles are on
parallel lines, then alternate opposite sides of the ∠2 ≅∠8
exterior angles are transversal. Exterior means
congruent. outside, so more specifically,
this theorem is stating that
the opposite, outside angles
are congruent, or have the
same measure.

Why it’s important: This theorem helps you identify values for other angles if you are given only certain
information.

Same Side Interior Angle Theorem

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

If you think about it, you ∠4 + ∠5 = 180°

If a transversal intersects two know that corresponding
parallel lines, then same-side angles are congruent. Picture ∠3 + ∠6 = 180°
interior angles are the angles being laid on top
supplementary. of each other. Now you know
that ∠3 and ∠7 match up,
as do ∠2 and ∠6. You know
that ∠2 and ∠3 are
supplemental because they
are adjacent along a line. So
just think of it as substituting
the different angles to figure
out which ones are
supplemental and which
ones are congruent.

Why it’s important: When you are trying to find out measures of angles, these types of theorems are
very handy.
 1.07
Summary of Proofs
Two-column Paragraph Flow-chart
● Statements are listed in To help justify each statement, ● Statements are written in
the left column. use terms such as: boxes.
● Reasons or justifications ● Reasons or justifications
● because
are listed in the right are underlined
● since
column. underneath the statement
● by
they support.
● Use arrows to connect
appropriate statements
together.

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

How do you prove that vertical angles are congruent?

How do you prove theorems behind two parallel lines cut by a transversal?

- If two lines are cut by a transversal so the alternate exterior angles are congruent, then the
lines are parallel. If two lines are cut by a transversal so the consecutive interior angles are
supplementary, then the lines are parallel.

Table of Contents
 1.08: Module 1 Practice Test
Please go to Lesson 1.08 and fill out your notes for the 1.08 Geometry Foundations
Review and Practice test. - There are no videos for this lesson review.

Undefined Terms: Line, Point, Plane

Defined Terms Angle, Perpendicular Lines, Parallel lines, Line Segment, Ray, Vertex, Circle

Online compass
Constructions: (list the steps or find these in previous lesson. Write down where to find
this information.

Copy a Segment

1. You are given a segment with two endpoints.

2. Draw a ray with one endpoint.
3. Open the compass to the width of the given segment.
4. Place the compass on the ray’s endpoint and swing an arc that intersects the ray.
The intersection point of the ray and arc is the second endpoint that makes the
new line segment congruent to the given one.
Copy an Angle
1. You are given an angle.
2. Draw a ray with one endpoint. This endpoint will be the vertex of the new angle.
3. Place the compass on the vertex of the given angle and swing an arc that
intersects both rays of the given angle.
4. Place the compass on the vertex of the new angle and swing an arc similar to the
first one you created.
5. Open the compass to the width of the intersection points of the rays and arc of the
given angle.
6. Place the compass on the intersection point of the ray and arc of the new angle
and swing another arc that intersects the first.
7. Draw a ray through the new vertex and the intersection point of the two rays.
8. This second ray creates an angle that is congruent to the given one.
Bisect a Segment
1. You are given an angle.
2. Place the compass on the vertex of the angle.
3. Swing an arc that intersects both rays of the angle.
4. Mark the intersection points of the rays and arc.
5. Place the compass on one of those intersection points and draw an arc inside the
angle.
6. Keeping the compass at the same width, place the compass on the second
intersection point and swing an arc that intersects the first. Mark the intersection
point of the two arcs and draw a ray from the vertex through this intersection
point.
 1.08
Inscribed Hexagon

Inscribed Equilateral Triangle

Honors Only

Inscribed Square

Geometric Properties Definitions

Reflexive Property of Equality Midpoint

Transitive Property of Equality Congruence

Addition Property of Equality Complementary Angles

Subtraction Property of Equality Supplementary Angles

Reflexive Property of Congruence Linear Pair

Transitive Property of Congruence Vertical Angles

Adjacent Angles

What is a Postulate? What is Theorem?

Points Postulate- Vertical Angles theorem –

Intersecting Lines Postulate- Corresponding Angles theorem-

Intersecting Planes Postulate Alternate Interior Angles Theorem-

Coplanar Points Postulate- Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem-

Segment Addition Postulate- Same Side Interior Angles theorem-

Angle Addition Postulate-

Linear Pair Postulate-

Table of Contents
 1.09: Module 1 Test

Module 1 DBA Study Guide

Module 1 Review Video

Module 1 Exam Review Video

Module 1 Review Practice

Segment 1 Reference Sheet

Online Compass

Honors Resources

Table of Contents
 Geometry - Module 2 Help Sheet
Transformation Rules Triangle Theorems
Rigid motion: size and shape remain the Triangle sum theorem: the angles in a triangle add to 180°
same
Isosceles triangle theorem: the base angles of an
Translatio Moves up, down, left, or right isosceles triangle are congruent
n Example: (x,y)➡(x+1, y-2) Converse: If the base angles are congruent, the
Moves right 1 and down 2 triangle is isosceles

Equidistance of a point on a perpendicular bisector of a

Reflection X-axis (y=0): (x,y) ➡ (x, -y)
segment: a point that lies on the perpendicular bisector of
Y-axis (x=0): (x,y) ➡ (-x, y)
a segment, is equidistant from the endpoints of the
line y=x: (x,y) ➡ (y, x)
segment
Rotation 90° cw (270° ccw): (x,y) ➡ (y, -x) Midsegment of a triangle theorem: a segment connecting
CW = clockwise
CCW = counter 90° ccw (270° cw): (x,y)➡(-y, x) the midpoints of two sides of any triangle is parallel to the
CW
180°: (x,y) ➡ (-x, -y) 3rd side and ½ its length

Triangle inequality theorem: the sum of any two sides of

Triangle Congruence Postulates a triangle is greater than the length of the 3rd side

Side-Side-Side (SSS):
Centers of Triangles
Circumcenter Incenter Centroid Orthocenter
Side-Angle-Side (SAS): Perp. Angle Medians Altitudes
bisectors bisectors

Angle-Side-Angle (ASA):

D is the center
G is center of of the inscribed
Angle-Angle-Side (AAS): circumscribed circle
circle (equidistant to Divides median
(equidistant to the sides of the in a 2:1 ratio
the vertices) triangle)

Hypotenuse-Leg (HL):
Distance Formula
CPCTC: corresponding parts of congruent
triangles are congruent (used after you prove 2 D = √(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 , where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are coordinates
triangles are congruent)

Properties of Quadrilateral
Parallelogram Rectangle Square Rhombus Trapezoid Kite

-Opposite sides -Opposite sides -Opposite sides -Opposite sides -One pair of -Two pairs of
are equal and are equal and are parallel are parallel opposite sides adjacent sides
parallel parallel -All sides are -All sides are is parallel are equal
-Opposite -All angles are equal equal -The -One pair of
angles are equal (right -All angles are -Opposite midsegment is opposite angles
equal angles) equal (right angles are parallel to the are equal
-Diagonals angles) equal bases and half -One diagonal
bisect each -Diagonals the sum of the bisects the
other bisect bisect bases other
-Consecutive each other & -Diagonals are
angles are sup. are perpendicular
perpendicular
 2.01: Translations and Reflections
📼 Watch Video, click here
● A transformation in mathematics is when a figure changes in some way. Its _________,
_____________, and/or _________ may change.
● Transformations can be rigid or nonrigid, or a combination of both.
○ A rigid motion is the action of taking an object and moving it to a different location without
altering its shape or size.
● When a transformation occurs, the original figure, or pre-image, is ___________ to generate the
new transformed figure, or ______________.
● This mapping is indicated with an arrow. For example, if a pre-image is Δ ABC and the image is
Δ A'B'C', point A maps to (or corresponds with) point A', point B maps to point B', and point C
maps to point C'. This can be written as:
A → A'
B → B'
C → C'

Note: the image will often use the same letters as the ___________ but with a ______ mark in the top
right corner. The letters with the tick marks are called ________. The letter A' in the image is read
“______________”

📼 Watch Video, click here

A translation can be defined as the movement of a figure from one location to another without a
change in shape, size, or orientation.

Translations As Functions
The frog starts out at point (0, 0) on the coordinate grid. It then hops 3 spaces to the right and 2
spaces up.
This can be represented by saying (______,_____).
This can be treated like a function, also known as a _________________, by plugging in the original
x- and y-coordinate values, or the input values, which will generate a new coordinate, or the output
value.
 2.01
Vectors
● Translations can also be represented using vectors.
● Vectors describe objects in motion.

Vector Notation:
● Not a ray - a ray has one endpoint and extends infinitely in one direction.
●
● A vector has a _________ length.
● The vector begins at point A, or _________point, indicated by the tail of the vector.
● Point B is the ____________ point -tip of the arrow(where the segment ends).

Translations are rigid transformations. The location of the figure changes during the transformation,
but the shape and size do not.

📼 Watch Video, click here

To determine the translation rule between Δ ABC

and Δ A'B'C', you will count the coordinates
between the corresponding points. Remember, the
triangle has only been moved from one location to
another. Therefore, point A corresponds with A';
point B corresponds with B'; and point C
corresponds with C'.
A → A'
B → B'
C → C'
 2.01
1. Count the coordinates between A and A’. Start with the
x-coordinate. You will always count left or right first.
2. Next count up or down for the y-coordinate.

x-coordinate y-coordinate

moving to right,add to x moving up, add to y

moving to the left, subtract moving down, subtract from

from x y

Did A move left or right to get to A’? A moved _____ unit to the _______ to reach A’

Did A move up or down to get to A’ A moved _____ units down to reach A’

Write this translation as a rule: You can define the translation of Δ ABC to
Δ A'B'C' as (x, y) → (x + ___, y − _____)

Remember: This translation rule applies to all the The rule maps ΔABC (the preimage) to image, Δ
coordinates! Check by applying the rule for B to B’ A'B'C.
and C to C’. (maps just means moves when we talk about
transformations)

KEY IDEA: All sets of points in the preimage have to follow the same translation rule. If one set of
points does NOT follow the rule, the figures are NOT CONGRUENT!

📼 Watch Video (extra examples), click here

Translations are:
● Rigid motions - the angles and side lengths stay the _________, only the location has
changed.
● The preimage and image in a translation are _____________
● If you draw vectors from corresponding points from the preimage to the image, all of the
vectors (segments) are ___________.
● This is because every coordinate of the preimage moved the ________ _________ amount
on x and y when you translated the preimage.

More Examples of Translations

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✍ Write out the examples, click here
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 Reflections 2.01
📼 Watch Video, click here

A ____________ is a transformation where the

_____________ image of a figure is shown directly
opposite, or across a ____________________.

Notice that both figures are the ___________________ and

size.

The segment lengths and angle measures have

__________________

Therefore, quadrilateral ABCD is congruent to quadrilateral

A'B'C'D’. Reflections, along with translations, are types of
__________________.
Think of a reflection as flipped over a line of reflection.

The line of reflection is a unique line that is

from the corresponding vertices of the pre-image and image.

It is also ________________ to the line that connects these corresponding vertices.

If a line is drawn connecting A and A', then that line will be to the line of
reflection and the intersection of the two lines will be the of A and A'.

Reflection Rules
X-Axis Y-Axis Line y=x
Another way to say it Same as reflecting across Same as reflecting
(What is the equation the line y=0 across the line x=0
of the line?)

Transformation Rule (x , y) → ( , ) (x , y) → ( , ) (x , y) → ( , )

Example A(-5,-3) → A’ ( , ) A(-5,-3) → A’ ( , ) A(-4, 3) → A’ ( , )

📼 Watch Video, click here

Notice that each point is the away from the as its corresponding point.

For example, if point A is 4 units away from the line of reflection, point A' is _______________ from the
line of reflection but on the _____________.

**When reflecting over a horizontal or vertical line, you will need to determine how far a point is from the
line of reflection. Use the value to reflect over the line.
 2.01

Graphing Horizontal and Vertical Lines

Vertical lines Horizontal lines
Equation will always be x = (the x-coordinate Equation will always be y = (the y-coordinate
where the line crosses the x axis) where the line crosses the y-axis)

Reflections Across The Diagonal Lines

You must first find the _______________slope
of the line of reflection.
You will use this slope to find corresponding
points.

Continue using the ________________ slope of

the line of reflection to plot a point that is
___________________ to the distance between
point A and the line of reflection.

This point is A', or

________________________.
 2.01
📼 Watch Video, click here

The hexagon has been The hexagon has been reflected over What reflection is shown in
reflected using the rule the y-axis. figure 3? What is the rule?
(x, y) → (x, −y) What is the rule: ________________

Reflections are:
● Rigid motions - the angles and side lengths stay the ________, only the location has changed.
● The preimage and image in a reflection are ___________.
● If you draw vectors from corresponding points from the preimage to the image, you wind up with
a series of _________________ ______________. This is because corresponding points are
the same distance away from the line of reflection.

More Examples of Reflections

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✍ Write out the examples, click here
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📼 Watch Video, click here
 2.01
Cumulative Practice
📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How are translations and reflections represented as a function?

● What is the relationship between translations, reflections, and rigid motion?
● How do rigid motions affect a given figure?

✍Extra Practice for 2.01

Table of Contents
 2.02: Rotations
📼 Watch Video, click here
A translation occurs when a figure moves, or slides, from one location to another.
A reflection is a mirror, or flipped, image of a figure.

The definition of a rotation in geometry is ______________________________________________

When a figure rotates 360°, it has completed one full rotation

Rotation rule:
Remember, clockwise means turning to the right (as in the direction the hands on a clock spin), and
counterclockwise means turning to the left (the opposite direction as the hands on a clock.)

90˚ clockwise 90˚ counterclockwise 180˚ rotation

(same as 270˚ counterclockwise) (same as 270˚ clockwise)

(x, y) → (y, −x) (x, y) → (−y, x) (x, y) → (−x, −y)

If you create an angle with the vertex at the origin,

one ray passing through a point on the pre-image,
and the other ray passing through its
corresponding point on the image, the _________
of ______________ is shown with the appropriate
degree measure.

The act of rotating, or turning, a figure does not

change its _________ or ____________.
Therefore, the pre-image is congruent to the
rotated image.

The orientation of a rotated image is also

___________________. If a pre-image is named
in a clockwise manner, the image will also be
named in a clockwise manner.
 Practice - Hexagon GRAVEL is shown on the coordinate plane. If hexagon GRAVEL is rotated 90°
2.02
clockwise around the origin, what are the coordinates of G’R’A’V’E’L’?

90° clockwise
Pre-Image Image
(x,y) -> ( , )

G ( 1,-2)
R (3,-3)
A ( 3,-5)
V ( 1,-6)
E(-1,-5)
L (-1,-3)

It is important to remember that rotations are rigid motions. The pre-image and image are congruent, and
their size and shape are not altered. The image preserves distance or betweenness of points. Rotations,
translations, and reflections are rigid transformations

📼 Watch Video, click here

Rotations as Functions
Rotation rules act as functions where the coordinates of the pre-image are the input values and the
coordinates of the image are the output values.

Figure 1 shows a hexagon rotated The hexagon has been rotated What rule can be used to
using the rule (x, y) → (y, −x ) since it 90 degrees counterclockwise. show this rotation?
is a clockwise rotation of 90 degrees. What rule can be used to show
This means that you will need to take this rotation?
the opposite of the x-coordinate, and
then switch the positions of the new x-
and y-coordinates. Notice that if you
draw the arcs of rotation, you wind up
with a series of concentric circles. As
mentioned earlier, a rotation is a rigid
motion. The size and shape of the
original figure has not changed.
 2.02
📼 Watch Video, click here
A SEQUENCE OF ROTATIONS
What if you need to perform more than one rotation on a figure in a sequence?
First complete a 180° rotation on triangle XYZ, then a 270° counterclockwise rotation.

** 270 Degrees counterclockwise is the same as _________ clockwise

CC = counterclockwise

Preimage 180˚ Image 270˚ CC Final image

X (-4, 5)

Y (-2, 2)

Z (-6, 2)

Type of Rotation Pre-image Image

90° clockwise (x,y) (y, -x)

90° counterclockwise (x,y) (-y, x)

180° (x,y) (-x, -y)

270° clockwise (x,y) (-y, x)

270° counterclockwise (x,y) (y, -x)

 2.02
Examples of Rotations
📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

A transformation that includes a rotation could also include a translation or a reflection. Take a look at a
few practice problems to see these types of transformations.

📼 Watch Video, click here

If triangle EFG is translated according to the rule (x, y) → (x−2,
y−7) and then is rotated 180° clockwise, where are the vertices
of the new triangle?

1. apply the translation rule to triangle EFG.

2. Apply the 180 degree rotation rule to triangle E’F’G to
find triangle E’’F’’G’’.

Preimage x-2, y - 7 Image 180˚ Final image

rotation

E(-5, 6) E’( , ) E’’( , )

F(0, 9) F’( , ) F’’( , )

G( -1, 3) G’( , ) G’’( , )

If the rectangle MATH is reflected across the x-axis and rotated 90° clockwise, where
are the vertices located?
Preimage reflect across Image 90˚ clockwise Final image
x-axis

M (1, 7) M’ ( , ) M’’ ( , )

A (1, 1) A’ ( , ) A’’ ( , )

T (6, 1) T’ ( , ) T’’ ( , )

H (6, 7) H’ ( , ) H’’ ( , )
 2.02
Cumulative Practice
📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here
📼 Watch Video, click here

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How are rotations represented as a function?

● What is the relationship between a rotation and a rigid motion?
● How can a sequence of transformations map a figure onto itself?

✍ Extra Practice for 2.02

Table of Contents
 2.03: Rigid Motions & Congruence
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Congruent figures have corresponding __________

side lengths and corresponding congruent angle
measures.

Corresponding Parts
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The two triangles below each have _______
parts — _______ sides and _______
angles—that are --labeled.

That means there are a total of twelve parts

to keep track of!

_____________ of parts can be shown by _____ or ____ marks, which are tiny lines or curves that
notate which parts are __________.

Understanding how to identify corresponding parts will help you as you evaluate congruence in figures
that have been translated, reflected, or rotated.
 2.03
Triangle Congruence Postulates
📼 Watch Video, click here
What it means What it says What it looks like
If the corresponding sides of
one triangle are congruent to
the corresponding sides of
SSS another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.

If two sides and the included

angle of one triangle are
congruent to two sides and
SAS the included angle of
another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.

If two angles and the

included side of one triangle
are congruent to two angles
ASA and the included side of
another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.

If two angles and a

non-included side of one
triangle are congruent to the
corresponding two angles
AAS and corresponding
non-included side of a
second triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.

If the hypotenuse and a

leg of a right triangle are
congruent to the
hypotenuse and the
HL corresponding leg of
another right triangle,
then the two right
triangles are congruent.
 2.03
The following are not triangle congruence postulates:

AAA is not a congruence postulate. Three SSA is also not a congruence postulate.
corresponding congruent angles cannot prove
two triangles congruent.At least one side is
required to anchor the actual size of the triangle.

You can also use some classic formulas to help establish congruent angles and sides. Let's look at a
few tips and tricks to help you establish congruent parts.

Distance Formula Distance between two points postulate

This is going to help when you have triangles on a When two points on a coordinate plane have the
coordinate plane, and you can identify the same x or y values, the distance between them is
coordinates where the vertices appear. determined by subtracting the differing values (x
or y) and taking the absolute value

Reflexive Property Slope Formula

You can see that when a diagonal is drawn in the This is going to help when you have triangles on a
quadrilateral above, two triangles are formed. coordinate plane and you can identify the
They actually share a side: the diagonal itself. So, coordinates where the vertices appear. Parallel
if you needed to use that shared side as a lines have the same slope, m. If you know two
congruent side, you could use the reflexive lines are parallel, you can use what you know
property to state that 'FH≅ FH by the reflexive about angle relationships to prove angles are
property'. congruent.
 Determining Congruence in Transformations 2.03
📼 Watch Video, click here
Translations Reflections Rotations

The two triangles can be seen The two triangles can be seen The two triangles can be seen
as translations of one another. as reflections of one another. as rotations of one another. The
Each point in triangle ABC has Each point in triangle ABC has x and y values in each
been shifted 2 spaces down and been shifted the same number of coordinate have switched
3 to the right to form a new spaces to the reflecting line (the positions, and the new
triangle, DEF. This is known as a y-axis) as it is to the new x-coordinate is the opposite of
rigid motion since the side triangle, DEF. This is also known the original to create a new
lengths and angle measures as a rigid motion since the side triangle, DEF. Triangle ABC has
have not changed. Only the lengths and angle measures been rotated 90 degrees
position of the triangle has have not changed. Only the counterclockwise. This, too, is
changed, making triangle ABC orientation of the triangle has known as a rigid motion since
and triangle DEF congruent to changed, which makes triangle the side lengths and angle
each other. ABC and triangle DEF congruent measures have not changed.
to each other. Only the position of the triangle
has changed, making triangle
ABC and triangle DEF congruent
to each other.

Key Idea: If you can find the transformation or sequence of transformations that maps a preimage to
the image, the figures are congruent.

A costume designer is creating a set of wings for a costume. The wings must be identical. He would
like for one wing to be a reflection of the other. A sketch of his design is shown on the coordinate
plane. (use the middle picture above)

m∠ABC = m∠DEF These corresponding angles are both marked as

18.43 degrees.

Find length of A to B, d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2] Find length of D to E, d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2]
d= d=

Find length of B to C, d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2] Find length of E to F, d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2]
d= d=

ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF by __________ You have shown that the triangles are congruent
by using the information that AB ≅ DE, BC ≅ EF,
and ∠ABC = ∠DEF.
Practice 1 2.03
📼 Watch Video, click here
Translation - Show these two triangles are
congruent using SSS (Hint: try using the distance
formula)

A ( ___ , ___ ) C ( ___ , ___ ) D ( ___ , ___ ) F ( ___ , ___ )

d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2] d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2]
d = √[( - )2 + ( - )2] d = √[( - )2 + ( - )2]
d = √[( )2 + ( )2] d = √[( )2 + ( )2]
d = √[ + ] d = √[ + ]
d=√ d=√
d≈ d≈

A ( ___ , ___ ) B ( ___ , ___ ) D ( ___ , ___ ) E ( ___ , ___ )

d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2] d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2]
d = √[( - )2 + ( - )2] d = √[( - )2 + ( - )2]
d = √[( )2 + ( )2] d = √[( )2 + ( )2]
d = √[ + ] d = √[ + ]
d=√ d=√
d≈ d≈

B ( ___ , ___ ) C ( ___ , ___ ) E ( ___ , ___ ) F ( ___ , ___ )

d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2] d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2]
d = √[( - )2 + ( - )2] d = √[( - )2 + ( - )2]
d = √[( )2 + ( )2] d = √[( )2 + ( )2]
d = √[ + ] d = √[ + ]
d=√ d=√
d≈ d≈

Using the distance formula, you see that AB ≅ DE, BC ≅ EF, and AC ≅ DF, so the two triangles are
congruent by SSS.
Practice 2 2.03
📼 Watch Video, click here
Rotation -Show these two triangles are congruent
using ASA ( hint: try using the distance formula )

∠ABC = _____° ∠DEF = _____°

A ( ___ , ___ ) B ( ___ , ___ ) D ( ___ , ___ ) E ( ___ , ___ )

d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2] d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2]
d = √[( - )2 + ( - )2] d = √[( - )2 + ( - )2]
d = √[( )2 + ( )2] d = √[( )2 + ( )2]
d = √[ + ] d = √[ + ]
d=√ d=√
d≈ d≈

∠BAC = _____° ∠EDF = _____°

Using the marked angles, you see that ∠ABC = ∠DEF and ∠CAB = ∠FDE. We also know that AB ≅
DE, so the two triangles are congruent by ASA.
Practice 3 2.03
📼 Watch Video, click here
Reflection - Show these two triangles are
congruent using SAS ( hint: try using the distance
formula )

A ( ___ , ___ ) B ( ___ , ___ ) D ( ___ , ___ ) E ( ___ , ___ )

d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2] d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2]
d = √[( - )2 + ( - )2] d = √[( - )2 + ( - )2]
d = √[( )2 + ( )2] d = √[( )2 + ( )2]
d = √[ + ] d = √[ + ]
d=√ d=√
d≈ d≈

∠ABC = _____° ∠DEF = _____°

B ( ___ , ___ ) C ( ___ , ___ ) E ( ___ , ___ ) F ( ___ , ___ )

d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2] d = √[(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2]
d = √[( - )2 + ( - )2] d = √[( - )2 + ( - )2]
d = √[( )2 + ( )2] d = √[( )2 + ( )2]
d = √[ + ] d = √[ + ]
d=√ d=√
d≈ d≈

Using the marked angles, you see that ABC = DEF. We also know that AB ≅ DE, BC ≅ EF, so the two
triangles are congruent by SAS.
 2.03
Congruence Practice
📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

CPCTC
📼 Watch Video, click here
CPCTC is an acronym for ________________________________________________.
In other words, once you have proven that two ____________ are __________, you
have proven that their corresponding ______are _________, as well.
CPCTC is another shortcut that helps you avoid proving 12 parts congruent!

Proving Equidistance
📼 Watch Video, click here
Let CD be a perpendicular bisector of AB. CD is a unique line in that it
forms a 90° with AB and it also splits AB into halves.
There is a theorem that states any point on CD is equidistant, or the
same distance away, from points A and B.
Given: CD is a perpendicular bisector of AB Prove: Point C is equidistant from point A and B

Statements Reasons (Justifications)

1. CD is a perpendicular bisector of AB 1.

2.AE ≅ EB 2.

3.AEC = 90° 3.
BEC = 90°

4.AEC ≅BEC 4.

5. Draw AC and CB 5.

6.CE ≅ CE 6.

7.ΔAEC ≅ ΔBEC 7.

8.CA ≅ CB 8.

9.CA = CB 9.

10.Point C is equidistant from points A and B. 10.

 2.03
Extra Practice
📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How do you connect the ideas of congruence and rigid motion?

● How does the criteria for triangle congruence (ASA, SAS, AAS, and SSS) follow from the definition
of congruence in terms of rigid motions?

● What does it mean for two shapes to be congruent?

● How do you prove that a point on a perpendicular bisector is equidistant from the endpoints of the
segment it intersects?

Table of Contents
 2.04: Triangle Proofs
GeoJeopardy Practice
✍ Write out the examples, click here

📼 Watch Video, click here

Triangles can be classified based on ___________ or based on __________, and there is a direct
relationship between the congruency of the sides and the angles of a triangle.

A triangle can be classified based on its angles. It can be right, acute, obtuse, or equiangular.

Right Acute Obtuse Equiangular

Contains one 90° angle All three angles are One angle that is All three angles equal
less than 90° greater than 90° 60°

A triangle can also be classified based on its sides. It can be scalene, isosceles, or equilateral.

Scalene Isosceles Equilateral

No congruent sides Two congruent sides All three sides congruent

● Scalene triangles do not have any congruent ______ and, therefore, have no congruent
_______
● Isosceles triangles have ______ congruent sides and, therefore, have ______ congruent
angles.
● Equilateral triangles have _______congruent sides and _______ congruent angles.
● This is because the number of congruent sides within a triangle is DIRECTLY ____________ to
the number of congruent angles.
● The __________ side will always be positioned across from the ____________ angle and the
_________ side across from the ________ angle.
 2.04
Identifying Triangles Practice
✍ Write out the examples, click here

📼 Watch Video, click here

Triangle Sum Theorem

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

When you add all of the

The sum of the measures of angle measures of a triangle
the angles in a triangle is together, the sum will always
180°. be _______.

Why it’s important: Once you know this, you can find the measure of a missing angle when you’re given
one or two of the other angle measures. This is also helpful when constructing triangles because you will
need to know what the measures of the angles can be before you construct them

Prove the sum of the angles in ΔTRI, shown below, total 180°.

Statement Reason

Draw line AN parallel to TR By Construction

m∠AIT + m∠RIT + m∠RIN = m∠AIN

∠AIT ≅ ∠ITR

∠RIN ≅ ∠TRI

m∠ITR + m∠RIT + m∠TRI = m∠AIN

∠AIN = 180°

m∠ITR + m∠RIT + m∠TRI = 180

 2.04
Triangle Inequality Theorem

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

When you add the length of AB + BC > AC or 10 + 15 > 22

The sum of the sides of a two sides of a triangle, you BC + AC > AB or 15 + 22 > 10
triangle is always larger than will get a value AC + AB > BC or 22 + 10 > 15
the length of the third side. ____________ than the
length of the _________
side.

Why it’s important: The converse of this is also true. The converse states that a triangle cannot be
constructed if any one side of the triangle is longer than the sum of the other two.

📼 Watch Video for examples, click here

📼 Watch Video, click here

Hinge Theorem

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

The sides opposite each

f two triangles have two angle are related. The larger
congruent corresponding the angle - the longer the
sides, and the included angle side!
of the first triangle is larger
than the included angle of
If m∠Y is greater than m∠Q,
the second triangle, then the
then XZ is greater than PR.
third, opposite side of the first
triangle will be Notice that when angle Q is
_____________ than the smaller than angle Y, then side
third, ____________ PR will be smaller than side
__________of the second XZ. The opposite is also true.
triangle. If angle Y is smaller than angle
Q, then side XZ will be smaller
than side PR.

Why it’s important: Even though these triangles are not congruent, there is still valuable information that
can be gathered in terms of how the parts relate to one another.
 2.04
📼 Watch Video, click here
Isosceles Triangle Theorem

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

The two _________ angles

If two sides of a triangle are are equal in measure. But
congruent, then the angles remember, the base angles
opposite those sides are do not have to be at the
congruent. bottom of the triangle. If AB ≅ BC then ∡C ≅ ∡A.

They are the angles adjacent The congruent sides of an

to the unequal side of the isosceles triangle are called
triangle. the _______. If side AB is
congruent to side BC, then
In an isosceles triangle angle C is congruent to angle
where all three sides are A.
equal, also known as an
equilateral triangle, then all The third angle that is not
three angles will be equal as congruent to the other two is
well. called the _________
___________

Why it’s important: You know the triangle is symmetrical if you fold it in half. This theorem is also good to
know because you really only need the measure of one angle to find the other two.

Find the measure of angle C.

Solution: m∠C = 64°

To find the measure of angle C, we need to know the measure of

angle B. According to the Isosceles Triangle Theorem, side AC is
congruent to side BC; therefore, the measures of angles A and B
are congruent. So, the measure of angle B is also 58°. Now we
can use the triangle sum theorem to solve for the measure of
angle C:
180° − 58° − 58° = 64° = m∠C.
 2.04
Proving the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
In ΔRST, shown below, RS ≅ TS. Prove that
∠RTS ≅ ∠TRS.

RS ≅ TS according to the given information.

Using a compass and straightedge, construct US

as an angle bisector of ∠RST.

________is congruent to __________ by the

definition of an angle bisector.

________ is congruent to _______ by the

Reflexive Property of Equality.

ΔRSU is congruent to ΔTSU by the

______________Postulate.

Therefore, ∠RST ≅ ∠TRS by

_______________(Corresponding Parts of
Congruent Triangles are Congruent).
 2.04
Proving the Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem

Key Idea: The converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem states that given two
congruent angles of a triangle, the sides opposite these angles will be congruent.
Let's use ΔOLN, where ∠OLN ≅ ∠LNO to prove the converse.

Given: In ΔOLN, ∠OLN ≅ ∠LNO

Prove: OL ≅ ON

Statement Reason

∠OLN ≅ ∠LNO

Draw OE as a perpendicular bisector to LN

m∠LEO = 90°

m∠NEO = 90°

LE ≅ EN

∠LEO ≅ ∠NEO

ΔOLE ≅ ΔONE

OL ≅ ON
 2.04
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

How do you prove each of the following theorems using either a two-column, paragraph,
or flow-chart proof:

● Triangle Sum Theorem

● Triangle Inequality Theorem
● Isosceles Triangle Theorem
● Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem

✍ Extra Practice for 2.03 - 2.06

Table of Contents
 2.05: More Triangle Proofs Activity
Midsegment of a Triangle Theorem

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

The segment connecting the The segment connecting the JO ∥ RN

midpoints of two sides of a midpoints, inside a triangle, JO = 1/2RN
triangle is parallel to the third which is parallel to the base is
side and its length is equal to exactly half of the length of the
half the length of the third triangle’s base.
side.

Why it’s important: It allows us to solve for sides of a triangle or other segments in a triangle easily if certain
criteria exist.

A midsegment is a segment where both endpoints lie at the midpoint of two opposite sides of a
figure.

📼 Watch Video for the proof, click here

📼 Watch Video, click here

Solve for x.

Write an equation:
 2.05
Special Segments and Centers of Triangles
The center of a triangle is not the same as the center of a circle. Because there is such a wide
variety of triangle types, as discussed earlier in this module, triangles do not possess just one
center.

📼 Watch Video, click here

Parts of a Triangle
Part Centroid Orthocenter Incenter Circumcenter
Medians are drawn Altitudes are Angle bisectors Perpendicular
from the midpoint of drawn from each are drawn from bisectors intersect
each side to the vertex of the each vertex, each side of the
opposite vertex. triangle and splitting the angle triangle at a 90°
Constructed intersect the at that vertex in angle at that side’s
by: opposite side, two, to the midpoint.
which may be opposite side.
extended, at a 90°
angle
The centroid The orthocenter The incenter The circumcenter
represents the point represents the represents the represents the
of intersection point of point of point of
between the three intersection intersection intersection
medians. between the three between the three between the three
altitudes. angle bisectors. perpendicular
Properties The centroid will bisectors.
The orthocenter The incenter will
always lie inside the
can appear inside, always lie inside The circumcenter
triangle.
outside, or on the the triangle. can appear inside,
triangle. outside, or on the
triangle.

Parts of a Triangle
Part Centroid Orthocenter Incenter Circumcenter

Obtuse
triangle

Right
triangle
 2.05
We can see from the chart that depending on the type of triangle and depending on the center, the points
of concurrencies will vary.
● The orthocenter and circumcenter fall _______ of the triangle for an ___________ triangle.
● The orthocenter and circumcenter fall _____the actual triangle for a _________ triangle.
● The incenter and centroid will always fall ___________ the triangle for all triangle types.
● In an Isosceles triangle, the four centers fall on the triangle's line of symmetry
● In an equilateral triangle, not pictured in the table, all four centers merge at one point inside the
triangle

📼 Watch Video, click here

The Centroid Theorem

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

The centroid of a triangle is The point formed by the

located two-thirds of the way medians is exactly two-thirds
from a vertex to the midpoint of the distance from the
of the opposite side of the vertex to the midpoint of the
triangle. opposite side.

AO = ⅔AF OF = ⅓AF

BO = ⅔BD OD = ⅓ BD

CO = ⅔CE OE = ⅓CE

Why it’s important: The centroid of the triangle is referred to as the ‘center of mass’ or ‘balance point’ of the
triangle. The theorem shows the special relationships which exist with the centroid and the triangle.

If AF = 9, and CE = 11.4, what are the lengths of

AO and EO?
 2.05
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How do you prove each of the following theorems using either a two-column, paragraph, or
flow-chart proof?
o Midsegment of a Triangle Theorem
o Concurrency of Medians Theorem
● How do you use theorems about triangles to solve problems?

Attend the 2.05 live lesson

OR
Complete the 2.05 activity
independently

Table of Contents
 2.06: Quadrilateral Proofs
📼 Watch Video, click here
● A ______________ is a ____________figure with ______________ or more straight sides.

● Quadrilaterals, or polygons that have __________ sides and __________ vertices or corners.

Properties of Parallelograms

Both pairs of opposite The diagonals Both pairs of Consecutive angles are
sides are __________ _________ each other _________ angles are _______________
and ___________. congruent.

📼 Watch Video, click here

Proving Opposite Sides Congruent

Given: Quadrilateral PARL is a parallelogram.

Prove: AP≅LR, AR≅LP
 2.06
Proving Opposite Angles are Congruent
Given: Quadrilateral PARL is a parallelogram
Prove: ∡PAR ≅ ∡RLP and ∡APL ≅ ∡LRA

Statements Reasons
Quadrilateral PARL is a parallelogram.

PA∥LR, AR∥PL

Extend each side of the parallelogram and place

a point on each extension.

∡PAR ≅ ∡EPA

∡EPA ≅ ∡RLP

∡PAR ≅ ∡RLP

∡APL ≅ ∡PLZ

∡PLW ≅ ∡LRA

∡APL ≅ ∡LRA

📼 Watch Video, click here

If angle CBE measures 40° and ABCD is a

parallelogram, what is the measure of
angle ADC?
 2.06
📼 Watch Video, click here
Proving Diagonals Bisect
Given: Quadrilateral PARL is a
parallelogram.
Prove: Diagonals PR and AL bisect one
another.
 2.06
📼 Watch Video, click here
ABCD is a parallelogram.

📼 Watch Video, click here

A new neighborhood park is planned in the shape of a
quadrilateral.
The diagonals are walking paths that extend from one
corner entrance to the opposite corner entrance.
A contractor is planning for a fountain at point F at the
intersection of the diagonals, as shown in the figure, but
wants to ensure that the fountain is equidistant from the
opposite entrances.
What values of x and y make this true?

📼 Watch Video, click here

Proving a Quadrilateral is a Parallelogram
Statements Reasons
In quadrilateral PARL, diagonals PR and AL bisect
one another
Segment PO is congruent to segment RO
Segment AO is congruent to segment LO
Angle POA is congruent to angle ROL
Angle ROA is congruent to angle POL
Triangle POA is congruent to triangle ROL
Triangle ROA is congruent to triangle POL
Angle APO is congruent to angle LRO
Angle OAP is congruent to angle OLR
Angle OAR is congruent to angle OLP
Angle ARO is congruent to angle LPO
Segment PA is parallel to segment LR
Segment AR is parallel to segment PL
 2.06
To prove a quadrilateral is a parallelogram is it not necessary to prove that both pairs of
opposite sides are parallel. You only need to prove ONE of the following:
● Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel
● Both pairs of opposite sides are congruent
● One pair of opposite sides is both congruent and parallel
● Both pairs of opposite angles are congruent
● Diagonals bisect each other

Proving Parallelograms Practice

📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

📼 Watch Video, click here

Special Parallelograms
Rectangle Rhombus Square
 2.06
Practice Problems
In square ABCD, AC = 3(x + 8) and BD = 7 + 4x. In rhombus ADCB, m∠DCB = 46°. What is the
Solve for x. m∠DBA?

📼 Watch Video, click here

KItes
A ___________ is a quadrilateral that has two pairs of ___________________________ sides.

Given: Kite ACBD

Prove: DC is the perpendicular bisector of AB

Statements Reasons

1. Kite ACBD

2. DC ⊥ AB

3. m∠AEC = 90° and m∠BEC = 90°

4. ∠AEC ≅ ∠BEC

5. CA ≅ CB

6. ∠ACE ≅ ∠BCE

7. ΔCAE ≅ ΔCBE

8. AE ≅ BE

9. DC is the perpendicular bisector of AB

 2.06
📼 Watch Video, click here
Trapezoids
A _______________ is a quadrilateral with exactly
____ pair of opposite sides _________. The parallel
sides are called ____________

An __________________ is a trapezoid that has

________________ legs. It also has congruent
________.

📼 Watch Video, click here

Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem
The midsegment of a trapezoid is parallel to both
bases. The length of the midsegment is one-half
the sum of the measures of the bases of the
trapezoid

Proving The Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem

📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the proof, click here
 2.06
Finding Angles in a Parallelogram
📼 Watch Video, click here

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● What are the characteristics of squares, rhombi, kites, and trapezoids?

● How do you prove each of the following properties of a parallelogram?
o Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.
o Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
o The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
o If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
o Rectangles are special parallelograms with congruent diagonals.
● How do you use theorems about parallelograms to solve problems?

✍ EXTRA PRACTICE for 2.03-2.06

Table of Contents
 2.07: Honors Activity Part B
HONORS ONLY- This lesson is for honors students only. If you are not taking this
course for honors credit, you may skip this lesson.

📼 Watch Video, click here

A _______ of _____________is a line that exists within the figure, that will divide a figure into
________ halves that are equal in ________and ________. The two halves are said to be
_________________.

A great way to find a line of symmetry is to think about how you would fold the image, if you could.
When you fold a piece of paper in half without any overlapping edges, you have found the line of
symmetry of the paper. You can fold it along the vertical line of symmetry or the horizontal line of
symmetry. The key is that there are no overlapping edges. To be symmetrical, each half must be equal
in both size and shape.

________________________ also known as line symmetry, exists when a figure can be

__________________________ into ___________ halves.

You can fold the image onto itself and have identical matches.

There are two lines of symmetry.

 2.07

Line of symmetry: x = _______ Line of symmetry: y = _______

Rotational symmetry is turning a figure about its center point by a certain number of degrees until the
figure looks the same as it did before the turn.

Figures have rotational symmetry when the figure looks the same after a _____________of less than
________.

During the full rotation, the figure looks the same twice. The rectangle rotated about its center 180°
and 360° maps the rectangle onto itself.

📼 Watch Video, click here

How many lines of symmetry

may be found in the images to
the right?
 2.07
📼 Watch Video, click here
Regular polygons are polygons that have _____________sides and _____________ angles. Equilateral
triangles and squares are examples of regular polygons. When analyzing a shape to determine symmetry,
it is important to note the number of equal sides and angles. The _____________ the number of
___________ sides, the more ________________ the shape.

Order of Rotation

The triangle has an order of three. The blue and green kaleidoscope The image of the sun has an
Name the vertices A, B, C. has an order of two. Divide 360° order of four. Dividing 360° by
by two, and you'll find the angle of four results in 90°. The angle
As the triangle rotates clockwise, rotation to be 180°. of rotation is 90°.
it will look like itself every time
vertex A meets another vertex.

A triangle has three vertices. In

order for it to make one full
rotation, the triangle must spin
360°. To find the angle of
rotation, divide 360° by three.
The angle of rotation is 120°.
Therefore, the triangle must rotate
120° before it looks like itself
again.

To find the _____________________, count the number of times the rotated image looks like its
preimage as you turn the figure.

The ___________measure the figure must rotate in order to look like itself is called
the ____________________.

This degree measure may be found by dividing ________ by the ________________________.

REMEMBER - What does “map onto itself mean”? – when the figure returns to where it was
 2.07
📼 Watch Video, click here
What is the order of What is the order of What is the angle of
rotation of the regular rotation of this figure? rotation for a regular
octagon? decagon?

*Note about video 4:The order of rotation of this octagon is 4, instead of 8 as shown in the video. A regular
octagon has an order of rotation of 8 because of the number of vertices, but this example has an
alternating pattern on the shape, making the order of rotation 4 instead.
 2.07
Practicing Rotational Symmetry
📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

📼 Watch Video, click here

Rigid transformations may be used to justify that figures are congruent.

Identify the rigid transformation that maps ABC to DEF in each of the following:

Important: It is important to remember that translations, reflections, and rotations are all rigid
transformations. Thus, the preimage and image of these transformations are congruent

📼 Watch Video, click here

A proof by contradiction begins by assuming the ______________________ of the statement.

Constructing a Proof by Contradiction

Step 1: Identify the conclusion of the original statement.
Step 2: Assume the opposite of the original statement is true.
Step 3: While trying to prove the assumption, show that the assumption leads to a contradiction or an
incorrect statement.
Step 4: Since the assumption is false, the original statement must be true.

Important: It is important to note that you can use any type of proof when proving by contradiction.
You may use a two-column proof, a paragraph proof, an informal proof, etc. Just be sure that you are
covering all the steps in the form that you choose.
 2.07
Use a proof by contradiction to prove the following statement.
Two supplementary angles cannot both be obtuse.
Step 1: Identify the conclusion of the original Both angles are ___________ Let's use ∠M and
statement.
∠N to represent these obtuse angles.

Step 2: Assume the opposite of the original Then m∠M > 90° and m∠N > 90°. If the two
statement is true.
inequalities are added, then
____________________.

Step 3: While trying to prove the assumption, show However, the definition of supplementary angles
that the assumption leads to a contradiction or an
states that ________________. So m∠M +
incorrect statement.
m∠N > 180° contradicts the given information
that the angles are supplementary. This means
that the assumption that both angles are obtuse
is _________.

Step 4: Since the assumption is false, the original Therefore, the statement that two supplementary
statement must be true.
angles cannot both be obtuse is a true statement

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How do you identify and draw lines of symmetry?
● How do you identify rotational symmetry and angles of rotation?
● How do you construct a proof by contradiction?

Table of Contents
 2.08: Module 2 Practice Test
Use your notes from previous lessons in this module to fill in this module review!

Transformations
Summarize each transformation - include the rules for reflections and rotations in your summary.

Translations are …

Reflection Rules
Across x-axis Across y-axis Across y = x Across a Across a
horizontal or diagonal line
vertical line

Rotation Rules

90˚ clockwise 90˚ counterclockwise 180˚ clockwise

(270˚ counterclockwise) (270˚ clockwise)

Proof of the Equidistance of a Point on a Corresponding Parts of Congruent

Perpendicular Bisector of a Segment Triangles are Congruent (CPCTC)

Any point on a perpendicular bisector is If two triangles are congruent, then their
equidistant from the endpoints of the segment it corresponding parts are congruent.
bisects. This theorem was proven using triangle
congruence theorems.
 2.08
Triangle Congruence Postulates
SSS SAS ASA

AAS HL

Review the following Triangle Proofs

● Triangle Sum Theorem
● Triangle Inequality theorem
● Isosceles Triangle
● Midsegment of a Triangle
● Medians of a Triangle
● Quadrilateral Proofs
 2.08
Rhombus Properties of a Rhombus
1. Both pairs of opposite sides are congruent
and parallel.
2. The diagonals bisect each other.
3. Both pairs of opposite angles are
congruent.
4. Consecutive angles are supplementary.
5. All four sides are congruent.
6. The diagonals are perpendicular.
7. The diagonals bisect the angles/

Square Properties of a square

1. Both pairs of opposite sides are congruent
and parallel.
2. The diagonals bisect each other.
3. Both pairs of opposite angles are
congruent.
4. Consecutive angles are supplementary.
5. Contains four right angles.
6. The diagonals are congruent.
7. All four sides are congruent.
8. The diagonals are perpendicular.
9. The diagonals bisect its angles.

Kite Properties of a kite

1. Both pairs of consecutive sides are parallel.
2. The diagonals bisect the vertex angles.
3. The diagonals are perpendicular.
4. The non vertex angles are congruent.
 2.08
Trapezoid Properties of a trapezoid

In trapezoid TRAP, the bases, or TR and PA, are

parallel.

Isosceles Trapezoid Properties of an isosceles trapezoid

1. The bases are parallel.

2. The legs are congruent.
3. The diagonals are congruent.
4. The base angles are congruent.

Extra Practice from 2.08

✍ Write out the examples, click here

Table of Contents
 2.09: DBA

You have reached the Module 2 DBA.

Please reach out to your teacher to schedule a day/time to
complete your DBA.

You may continue moving forward in the meantime.

Module 2 DBA Study Guide

Module 2 Review Video

Module 2 Review Practice

Segment 1 Reference Sheet

Table of Contents
2.10: Module 2 Test

Module 2 DBA Study Guide

Module 2 Review Video

Module 2 Review Practice

Segment 1 Reference Sheet

Online Compass

Honors Resources

Table of Contents
 Geometry - Module 3 Help Sheet
Dilation: Transformation of a shape made either larger or
Dilations
smaller. When a figure is dilated from the origin, each
ordered pair of the image may be found according to the
To dilate about the rule (x, y) → (kx, ky) where k is the scale factor.
origin: Multiply the
coordinates (x,y) by Scale Factor: the constant by which a figure, or the
the scale factor. dimensions of a figure, are enlarged or reduced. A scale
EX: B(2,3) and the factor > 1 enlarges the shape. A scale factor between 0
scale factor is 2. and 1 will reduce the shape.
B’(2,3) *2 = B’(2*2,
Similar polygons are polygons that have congruent
3*2) = B’(4,6) angles and corresponding sides that are proportional to
To find the scale factor: Divide the
one another.
coordinates of the dilated figure by the
coordinates of the original figure. A ratio shows the relative sizes of two or more values and
EX: B’(4,6) and B(2,3). 4/2 = 2 and 6/3 = 2, so can be written as a fraction or with a colon symbol
the scale factor is 2. separating the values. Examples are a/b = 1/2 or a:b = 1:2.

Similar Polygons Similar Triangles

To determine if these two polygons are Angle-Angle Similarity Postulate (AA~):
similar, check the ratio of all sets of ∠A ≅ ∠E
12
corresponding6 sides. ∠B ≅ ∠F
Therefore △ABC ~ △EFG
5 5.4 10 10.8 by AA similarity
4
Side-Angle-Side Similarity Postulate (SAS~):
8
6 5.4 4 5 6/3 = 8/4 = 2 3
= = =
12 10.8 8 10 ∠A ≅ ∠E
Therefore △ABC ~ △EFG 6 8
Since the corresponding sides all have equal 4
by SAS similarity
ratios and all the corresponding angles are
congruent, ABCD is similar to EFGH. Side-Side-Side Similarity Postulate (SSS~):
ABCD*2 = EFGH EFGH*½ = ABCD
6/3 = 8/4 = 12/6 = 2
6
Therefore △ABC ~ △EFG
Triangle Proportionality Theorem by SSS similarity
6 8 3 4
A line that intersects 2 sides of a triangle and
is parallel to the 3rd side, divides the two
sides proportionally 1
BD BE
= 2
DA EC
Pieces of a Right Triangle Similarity Theorem
Since △DBE ~ △ABC, the
proportion below is also
true BD BE
=
BA BC

Congruent vs Similar
Congruent triangles: have the same shape AND
size
Triangle congruency postulates/theorems: SSS,
SAS, ASA, AAS, HL
CPCTC: Corresponding Parts of Congruent
Triangles are Congruent
Similar triangles: have the same shape, but a When an altitude CD is drawn from the right angle of a
different size (proportional side lengths) right triangle to the hypotenuse , the two smaller
Triangle Similarity Postulates: AA Similarity triangles created are similar to one another and to the
Postulate, SSS Similarity Postulate, SAS Similarity larger triangle.
Postulate
CB BD CD
CPSTP: Corresponding Parts of Similar Triangles = =
△ABC ~ △CBD ~ △ACD therefore AB BC AC
are Proportional
 3.01: Dilations
📼 Watch Video, click here
Term Definition
A dilation transforms an object by making it larger or smaller
Dilations
When you increase a pre-image to create a larger image, the dilation is called an
Enlargement enlargement

When you decrease the pre-image to create a smaller image, the dilation is called a
Reduction reduction

What happens in a Dilation?

Angles Side Lengths Betweenness Of Points

In a dilation, corresponding sides are proportional to one another. This proportion is a constant ratio
known as the scale factor.
It is important to note that dilations are non-rigid transformations where the size of the object enlarges
or reduces proportionally; however, the shape and corresponding angle measurements stay the same

Center of dilation a fixed point around which a figure

is dilated

To find the __________________, plot a line between

the corresponding points of the pre-image and the
image.
First, plot a line through A and A'. Then, plot a line
through B and B'.
In this case it would be (_______)
 3.01
📼 Watch Video, click here
Trapezoid DIAL and its dilation, trapezoid D'I'A'L', are shown
on the coordinate plane.
If the center of dilation is at the origin, by what scale factor
was trapezoid DIAL dilated?

Lizzie is making some clothes based off patterns she

designed.
One piece of that pattern is shown on the coordinate plane.
Her older sister, Jackie, has asked her to make the same
outfit, but Jackie is 212 times bigger than Lizzie.
Where will the ordered pairs representing Jackie's pattern
be, assuming Lizzie's pattern is dilated from the origin?

📼 Watch Video, click here

The rule (x, y) → (kx, ky) is for dilations when the center of
dilation is the origin. How do you perform a dilation with a center
that is not the origin?
Let's perform a dilation of triangle JKL at a scale factor of 3 from
the center (−4, −4). The axes for each graph in this example are
scaled using increments of 1
 📼 Watch Video, click here 3.01
Triangle ABC is translated according to the rule (x + 5, y − 1)
and then dilated by a scale factor of 2 about the origin.
What are the coordinates of A’B’C ?

Preimage x+5, y-1 Image Dilate with scale factor =2 Final Image

A(-3, 3)

B( -1, 2)

C (0, 4)

📼 Watch Video, click here

Key ideas:
● When a figure is dilated, the shape remains the
same even though the size is changing.
● The triangles are ________________, meaning the
figures have the same shape, but not necessarily the
same size.
● Similar figures have corresponding angles that
are congruent and sides that are proportional.
● Every time a figure is dilated, the result is a similar
figure.
● The scale factor is the ratio that determines the
proportional relationship between the sides of similar
figures.

Important ideas:
The line segments within the pre-image and the image of a figure are related
after the figure has been dilated.

● First, a segment that passes through the center of dilation in the

pre-image continues to pass through the ___________ of
_____________ d in the image.
● Second, a segment that does not pass through the center of dilation
in the pre-image is _______________to the _____________
_____________ in its image.
● Finally, a line segment in the pre-image is ___________________
______________ or _________than its corresponding segment in
its image. Triangle ABC was dilated by a scale factor of 2 to create
triangle A’B’C’. The length of B’C’ is twice the length of BC.
 3.01
📼 Watch Video, click here
How does scale factor affect area, surface area,and volume?
Given: Triangle ABC has been dilated by a scale
factor of 4 to form triangle A′B′C′.

A’B’ = _______ units

B’C’=________units

Find the area of the pre-image ΔABC

Area = ½bh
Area =

What is the relationship between the area of the

preimage and image?

KEY IDEA: The area of the dilated figure is the area of the pre-image, multiplied by the square of the
scale factor.

A rectangular prism with dimensions l = 2, w = 1, and h = 3 is dilated by a scale factor of 2. Let's find
the surface area and volume of the dilated prism

Surface Area = SA = 2(lw + hl + wh) Volume = lwh

Surface area of preimage Volume of preimage

Surface area of image Volume of image

What did you notice? What did you notice:

KEY IDEA:The surface area of the dilated figure is KEY IDEA:The volume of the dilated figure is the
the surface area of the pre-image, multiplied by volume of the pre-image, multiplied by the cube of
the square of the scale factor. the scale factor.
 3.01
Dilation Practice
📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

Dilation Practice 2
📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How do you dilate a figure on the coordinate plane?

● How are dilations and functions related?
● How do you determine the scale factor of dilation?
● How are segments within a pre-image and an image of a figure related after the figure is
dilated?

✍ EXTRA PRACTICE for 3.01

After you have completed the notes for this lesson, go to the assessments tab
in your course and complete the 3.01 Lesson quiz

Table of Contents
 3.02: Similarity
📼 Watch Video, click here
Corresponding Angles of Similar Polygons Corresponding Sides of Similar Polygons

Key Idea: Similar polygons are polygons that A ______________shows the relative sizes of two
have ____________ angles and corresponding or more values and can be written as a
sides that are proportional to one another. ____________, or with a colon symbol separating
the values.
Key Idea: Each pair of corresponding sides of
similar polygons will have equal ________.

📼 Watch Video, click here

Remember that in similar figures, corresponding side lengths are proportional and corresponding
angles are congruent.
● Let's see how to compare corresponding sides, setup ratios, and how to set up a proportion to
solve for a missing side. Recall that order of the vertices in the name of the figures matters
when comparing similar figures.

Given: ΔABC ~ ΔDEF

Angle A is congruent to angle _______.

Angle B is congruent to angle _______.
Angle C is congruent to angle _______.

Side AB corresponds to side _________.

Side BC corresponds to side _________.
Side CA corresponds to side _________.

Use the given information for the similar Both of these proportions work!
figures to find the length of EF.

IMPORTANT : When setting up your proportion,

make sure you are comparing corresponding parts
and sticking with a pattern. Each ratio compares There may be more than one way to write a
the side in the smaller triangle to its corresponding proportion - just be sure to be consistent. The
side in the bigger triangle. order of the first ratio in the proportion must match
the order in your 2nd ratio.
 3.02
📼 Watch Video, click here
Given: ΔABC ~ ΔEFD. What is EF?

Remember that order matters, so pay close

attention to how the angles were named. You can
also re-draw the figures so they are oriented in the
same position and corresponding parts are lined
up.

Similarity Practice
📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

📼 Watch Video, click here

📼 Watch Video, click here

In triangles ABC and DEF, m∠A = m∠D.

Let's determine what sequence of

transformations maps ΔABC onto ΔDEF.

Translate ΔABC so that ∠A and _______

are nested. Translate ΔABC to the right
and downward.

Now determine the scale factor.

Find the scale factor:
 3.02
📼 Watch Video, click here
Given: ΔABC ~ ΔAFG

What sequence of transformations map ΔABC onto ΔAFG?

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How do you determine if polygons are similar?

● What relationships are formed by corresponding angles of similar polygons?
● What relationships are formed by corresponding sides of similar polygons?

✍ EXTRA PRACTICE for 3.02

Table of Contents
 3.03: Triangles and Similarity
📼 Watch Video, click here

What do you notice about the triangles?

● ___________________ angles are congruent.
● When the corresponding angles of two or more triangles are congruent, the triangles are
similar.
● This is known as the ____________-___________ _____________ ____________.
● Similar triangles are marked with a ______ symbol, so ΔABC ~ ΔA'B'C'.

📼 Watch Video, click here

Figure 1 shows triangle Triangle ABC has been another translation was This figure now shows
ABC that has been translated using the rule performed. Triangle that angles A and D
dilated by a scale factor (x, y) →(x+2, y), which ABC was moved 2 measure 45 degrees
of 2 to create triangle means the figure has spaces to the left and 3 and angles B and E
DEF. This means that shifted 2 spaces to the spaces up using the measure 95 degrees.
each value within the right. Notice that angle A rule (x, y) → (x−2, y+3). Angles C and F are
coordinates for triangle and D are the same angle What do you notice marked with a question
measure. Another way to
ABC was multiplied by about angles B and E? mark. How can you find
state this is to say angles
_______. the measure of those
___ and ___ are
congruent.
angles?
 3.03
Angle Angle Similarity Postulate

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

Look at two angles of two

If two corresponding angles different triangles. Are both
of two or more triangles are angle measurements the
congruent, the triangles are same? If so, those triangles
similar. are similar!

Why it’s important: Knowing that two triangles are similar will help you calculate side lengths.

__________ is important when you talk about congruency. It is _______ _______ important when
you discuss similarity.
Saying ΔABC ~ ΔDEF is _____ the same as saying ΔABC ~ΔDFE.
It seems obvious here, but you will discover the importance of naming correctly when you see similar
triangles with different ______________

Practice 1 Practice 2 Practice 3

 3.03
📼 Watch Video, click here
Each item in the kitchen floor plan below has been
dilated, so that the dimensions are proportional to
the dimensions of the actual items in the kitchen.

For example, if the scale drawing refrigerator

measures 4 squares x 5 squares, the real
refrigerator measures 4(6 in.) x 5(6 in.) or 24 in. x
30 in. Another way to say 24 in. x 30 in. is 2 ft. x
2.5 ft

If the angle formed by the corner of the How many corresponding angles would need to
dishwasher measures 38° on the drawing, how be congruent in order to determine if two triangles
many degrees would the triangle in the actual are similar?
kitchen measure if the two triangles are similar?

Scale Model Practice

The floor plan for Bethany’s bedroom is drawn to the right ,
using the scale 1 square = 10 inches.
Find the approximate dimensions of the following:

Bed Nightstand Dresser Desk Door Opening

 3.03
Similar Triangles Practice
📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

📼 Watch Video, click here

Prove the triangles similar.

Given: SR∥TG Given: YZ∥AB

Prove: △SRQ ~ △GTQ Prove: △AXB ~ △YXZ

∠≅∠ because ∠≅∠ because

∠≅∠ because ∠≅∠ because
∠≅∠ because ∠≅∠ because
△SRQ ~ △GTQ by the △AXB ~ △YXZ by the

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

How do you determine if two triangles are similar?

Table of Contents
 3.04: Honors Activity Part C
HONORS ONLY- This lesson is for honors students only. If you are not taking this
course for honors credit, you may skip this lesson.

📼 Watch Video, click here

A _____________ transforms an object by making it larger or smaller. When a figure is dilated, the
figures have the same shape, but not necessarily the same size. Remember, for two shapes to be
similar, they need to have ____________ angles that are ____________ and sides that are
____________________. Every time a figure is dilated, the result will be a similar figure.

Dilations are non-rigid transformations where the size of the object enlarges or reduces proportionally;
however, the shape and corresponding angle measures stay the same.
In both rigid transformations and non-rigid transformations, the ___________ and ____________
measures are preserved.

Characteristics Between the Preimage and Image in Each Transformation

Characteristic Translation Reflection Rotation Dilation

Side Length

Angle Measure

Collinearity

Betweenness of
Points

Orientation

Congruent or
Similar?

📼 Watch Video, click here

Congruent Polygons Similar Polygons

For polygons to be congruent, they must have the Similar polygons are polygons that have
same size and shape ____________ angles and ______________
sides that are ______________ to one another. In
similarity, the shape stays the same but the size of
the figure changes.

Key Ideas:
● ______________,______________, and________________ are rigid transformations that
justify congruence.
● ______________ are non-rigid transformations that justify similarity, but not congruence.
 3.04
Triangle ABC and triangle A′ B′ C′ are shown.

Triangle ABC Triangle A’B’C’

A (-1, -1) A’ (-3,-3)

B (0,1) B’ (0,3)

C (1, -1) C’ (3, -3)

All of the coordinates of Triangle ABC are multiplied

by ________. The results are the coordinates of
triangle A’B’C.

This means that the pre-image was dilated using a

scale factor of _____ about the origin. This dilation
is a non-rigid transformation and justifies that
triangle ABC is similar to triangle A′ B′ C′.

Triangles JKL and J′K′L′ are shown in the figure.

What transformation justifies that ΔJKL ~ ΔJ′K′L′?
Triangle JKL Triangle J’K’L’

J (6, 2) J’ (9, 3)

K (1, 6) K’(1.5, 9)

L (7, 8) L’ (10.5, 12)

To determine the scale factor, divide each coordinate

of the image by its corresponding coordinate of the
pre-image.

For point J, _________

Verify the scale factor with each coordinate of the

triangle.
Triangle JKL was dilated by a scale factor of _________about the origin to map to triangle
J′K′L′, which justifies that the two triangles are similar.
 3.04
📼 Watch Video, click here

A dilation of ΔABC about the origin is Triangle ABC Triangle A’B’C

described in the table. Find the
A (0,1) A’(0, 4)
coordinates of C′ that will justify ΔABC ~
ΔA′B′C′. B (3,2) B’(12,8)

C (2, -2) C’ (x, y)

The figure shows triangle JKL and triangle

MNO.
What transformation justifies that
ΔJKL ~ ΔMNO?

📼 Watch Video, click here

● When conducting a sequence of transformations, it is important to recall the characteristics
between the pre-image and image in each transformation.

If ΔXYZ is translated four units to the right and then dilated by a scale factor of 10 to create ΔX′Y′Z′, is
the preimage congruent or similar to the image?

So ΔXYZ ~ ΔX′Y′Z′ because the _______________and ______________ preserved the betweenness

of points, while maintaining a proportional relationship among corresponding sides.
 3.04
Triangle ABC and triangle TUV are shown in
the graph.

Which two transformations would map triangle

ABC to triangle TUV?

Triangle ABC Triangle TUV

A (-8, 3) T (16, 6)

B (-3, 3) U (6, 6)

C (-5, -2) V (10, -4)

The vertices of two triangles are shown in Use transformations to justify that ΔEFG ~
the table. ΔHIJ

Triangle EFG Triangle HIJ

E (0 ,0) H ( 0, 0)

F (3, 0) I ( 12,0)

G (2, 3) J (8, -12)

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How do you justify the similarity of triangles in terms of a non-rigid

transformation?

Table of Contents
3.05: Triangle Congruence & Similarity
📼 Watch Video, click here
Side-Angle-Side Similarity Postulate

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

f two or more triangles have If two triangles have one set ΔABC ~ ΔXYZ
one pair of _____________, of angles that
______________angles and are_____________ and the
the sides that create these sides that make up those
angles are proportional, then angles have measurements
the triangles are similar that are equal __________,
then the triangles are similar.
Remember: Side, included
A scale factor would need to
angle, side
be identified that applies to
both pairs of sides.

Why it’s important: When proving similarity, there may not be enough angle information available to
establish AA Similarity. An alternate method would be to check the side lengths to see if they are
proportional.

________ is important when writing proportions. There are several valid proportions that will work, as
long as order is followed. Make sure to keep the measurements for the _________ triangle all in the
numerator or in the denominator.
The triangle similarity statement uses the _____ symbol, which is the symbol for similarity, meaning
the triangles are not necessarily congruent; one might be ______ than the other

SAS Congruence
Remember SAS congruence - only applies to congruent triangles -
not similar triangle.
They both require two pairs of sides and the included angle.
The angles are congruent in similar and congruent triangles!

Are the two triangles similar, not similar,

or can their similarity not be determined
with the given information?

To answer this question, we need to look

closely at what is given and how that
may help us determine which postulate
to apply.
 3.05
Are the two triangles similar, not similar,
or can their similarity not be determined
with the given information?

This time we have a triangle within a

triangle. In other words, are triangles
ABC and HBG similar? BH equals
3, BG equals 4, BA equals 6,
and BC equals 8.

Are the triangles similar? Practice

📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

📼 Watch Video, click here

Side-Side-Side Similarity Postulate

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

If two or more triangles have If two triangles have three ΔABC ~ ΔDEF
_______ corresponding, pairs of sides with
_____________l sides, then measurements that are equal
the triangle ratios, then the triangles are
similar. A scale factor would
need to be identified that
applies to all pairs of sides.

Why it’s important: If you only know all the side lengths but none of the angle measures, then the
Angle-Angle Similarity Postulate won't help you. But this one will!

Remember: SSS congruence is for congruent triangles only.

You will need to establish that the measures of the three sides of one triangle are equal to the
measures of the three corresponding sides of another triangle.
 3.05
EXAMPLE 1: Is triangle ABC similar to triangle DEF?

First, notice that both triangles are isosceles. However, this

doesn't mean that the triangles will automatically be similar.
You still have to set up a proportion to answer the question.

EXAMPLE 2: Is triangle ABC similar to triangle FDE?

Extra Practice
📼 Watch Video, click here
✍ Write out the examples, click here

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How do you use congruence and similarity criteria to solve problems in geometric figures?
● How do you use congruence and similarity criteria to prove relationships in geometric
figures?

Table of Contents
3.06: Applications of Congruence & Similarity
📼 Watch Video, click here
Triangle Proportionality Theorem

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

If a segment is If you draw a line parallel to

_____________ to one side any side of a triangle that
of a triangle and intersects intersects the other two sides
the other two sides of the of a triangle, then the line
triangle, the segment divides divides the other two sides in
the sides of the triangle the same ratio.
_________________.

Why it’s important: The Triangle Proportionality Theorem is helpful in understanding the concepts
and relationships which exist in similar triangles and finding missing side lengths.

Proving the Triangle Proportionality Theorem

Given: △ABC, DE intersects AB and AC, and DE∥BC (see picture above)
Prove: AD/AB = AE/AC

Statements Reasons
ΔABC is intersected by line DE
DE || BC
∡ABC ≅ ∡ADE
∡ACB ≅ ∡AED
ΔABC ~ ΔADE
AD / AB = AE / AC

Proving the Converse of the Triangle Proportionality Theorem

Given: △ABC, DE intersects AB and AC, and AD/AB = AE/AC (see picture above)
Prove: DE∥BC

Statements Reasons
AD / AB = AE / AC
∡A ≅ ∡A
ΔDAE ~ ΔBAC
∡ADA ≅ ∡ABC
DE || BC
 3.06
📼 Watch Video, click here

Pieces of a Right Triangle Similarity Theorem

What it says: What is means: What is looks like:

If an altitude is drawn from An altitude in a right triangle

the right angle of a right creates two smaller right
triangle, the two smaller triangles. All three of the
triangles created are similar triangles, the big one and the
to one another and to the two smaller ones inside the
larger triangle. big one, are similar to one
another. ΔABC ~ ΔADB ~ ΔBDC

Why it’s important: With this theorem, you can prove the Pythagorean Theorem using similar
triangles.

Working With Overlapping Figures

 3.06
Proving the Pythagorean Theorem

Given: right △ACB with right angle C From step 1:

Prove: a2 + b2 = c2

From step 2-4: Triangle ABC and its similar triangles CBD and ACD are shown reoriented so the
corresponding sides may be seen easily.
 3.06
📼 Watch Video, click here
Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem: If the sum of the squares of the shorter sides is equal to the
square of the longest side, __________________________

Prove the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem

Given: ΔABC, where a2 + b2 = c2
Prove: ∠ACB is a right angle

BC = a, AC = b, and AB = c By labeling

△SIT is a right triangle, where ST≅AC and TI≅CB By construction

ST = i, TI = s, and IS = t By labeling

t2 = s 2 + i 2 Pythagorean theorem

t2 = a 2 + b 2 Substitution (Remember, a = s and b = i by

construction)

a2 + b 2 = c 2 Given

t2 = c 2 Substitution

t=c Square root property of equality

ΔABC ≅ ΔSIT SSS postulate

∠ACB is a right angle CPCTC

DID YOU NOTICE? - SSS Congruence Postulate was followed by the _____________ principle. If one
triangle is congruent to another because all __________ _______ ______ __________ , then each
part of one triangle will be congruent to its corresponding part of the other triangle. For example, if one
triangle has a 90˚angle, then _____ _____ _______ _____________ _____________
 3.06
📼 Watch Video, click here
Given: AB intersects DC at point E and AD∥CB
Prove: △AED ~ △BEC

Statements Reasons
DC intersects AB at point E

AD ∥ CB

∠AED ≅ ∠BEC

∠DAE ≅ ∠CBE

△AED ≅ △BEC

DC intersects AB at point E

Given: ABCD is a parallelogram with diagonal DB drawn

Prove: Δ DAB ≅ Δ BCD

Statements Reasons
ABCD is a parallelogram with a diagonal DB
drawn
AB ∥ DC and AD ∥ BC
∠ABD≅∠BDC and ∠ADB≅∠DBC
DB≅DB
ΔDAB ≅ ΔBCD

Given: AC⟂BE and ∠ABC ≅ ∠DEC

Prove: Δ ABC ~ ΔDEC

Statements Reasons
AC⟂BE
∠ABC ≅ ∠DEC
m∠ACB= 90° and m∠DCE = 90°
∠ACB ≅ ∠DCE
ΔABC ~ ΔDEC
 📼 Watch Video, click here
3.06

📼 Watch Video (proving similar triangles), click here

📼 Watch Video (solving similar right triangles), click here
📼 Watch Video (finding an altitude), click here
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - Write out your thoughts!

● How can postulates and theorems relating to similar and congruent triangles be used to
write a proof?
● How can properties of similarity and congruence of triangles be applied to writing proofs
about other figures?
● How do you prove each of the following theorems using either a two-column, paragraph, or
flow chart proof?
o Triangle Proportionality Theorem
o The Converse of the Triangle Proportionality Theorem
o Pythagorean Theorem, using Similar Triangles
o The Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem

EXTRA PRACTICE for 3.06

Table of Contents
 3.07: DBA

You have reached the Module 3.07 DBA.

Please reach out to your teacher to schedule a day/time to
complete your DBA.

You may continue moving forward in the meantime.

Module 3 DBA Study Guide

Module 3 Review Video

Module 3 Review Practice

Segment 1 Reference Sheet

Table of Contents
 3.08: Module 3 Test
Please go to your geometry lesson 3.08 to complete this review
Dilations-Review the following main points learned about dilations and then complete the practice
problems below:

● When a figure is dilated from the origin, each ordered pair of the image may be found
according to the rule (x, y) → _____________ where k is the ______________
● The scale factor is the _________ by which a figure (or the dimensions of a figure)
increases or decreases. If the scale factor is a number ________ than ____, the figure will
be ________. If the scale factor is a number between ____ and ___________the figure will
___________ in size
● When dilating a figure, the rule (x, y) → ____________where k is the scale factor, can be
seen as a function machine. Remember that (x, y) is the input and (kx, ky) is the output.
Practice 1-Quadrilateral ABCD and its
dilation, quadrilateral A'B'C'D', are
shown on the coordinate plane.
If the center of dilation is at the origin,
by what scale factor was quadrilateral
ABCD dilated?

Practice 2 Pentagon EFGHI is shown

on the coordinate plane.
If pentagon EFGHI is dilated by a
scale factor of 5/3 from the origin to
create pentagon E'F'G'H'I', what is the
ordered pair of point G'?When the
scale factor is applied, will this enlarge
or reduce the figure?
Practice 3 -Trapezoid JKLM is shown
on the coordinate plane.
If trapezoid JKLM is dilated by a scale
factor of 1/4 from the
origin, to create trapezoid J'K'L'M',
what is the ordered pair of M'?
When the scale factor is applied, will
this enlarge or reduce the figure?
Practice 4- What is the center of
dilation and scale factor of this
transformation?
 3.08
Similarity-Review the following main points learned about similarity and then complete the practice
problems below:

● Similar polygons are polygons that have congruent _______ and corresponding _____ that
are ______________ to one another.
● Corresponding angles of similar polygons will always have _______________ measures.
● Each pair of corresponding sides of similar polygons will have __________________
● The definition of similarity in terms of similarity transformations can be used to prove
polygons congruent. Two figures are similar if and only if there is a composition of _______
and _________ that maps one figure to the other.

Practice 1
Is rectangle ABCD similar to rectangle EFGH?

Practice 2

Parallelograms ABCD and EFGH are similar.

Which side corresponds with side DC?
Which side corresponds with side AD?
Which angle corresponds with angle C?
Which angle corresponds with angle B?
Practice 3
Use the definition of similarity in terms of similarity
transformations to prove trapezoids ABCD and
EFGH congruent.

Triangles and Similarity Review the following main points learned about triangles and similarity and
then complete the practice problems below:

● Similar triangles have the same _________but different ___________

● You can identify similar triangles using _________________________________________.
o Angle-Angle (AA) Similarity Postulate: If two triangles have congruent angles, the
triangles are similar.
● Similar triangles have corresponding parts that form a _______________ with their
corresponding sides.
● The properties of similarity transformations can be extended to verify that two angles are
congruent to establish the AA criterion for similarity.
 3.08
Practice 1-A car company hires a manufacturer to
produce a large and small triangular component
for a cog for an engine. The image shows what
the shapes will look like once they are
produced.Using complete sentences, explain
whether or not the parts are similar. If they are not
similar, what would the manufacturer need to
change in order for the parts to be similar?

Practice 2A theme park ride engineer constructed

two triangles to support a rollercoaster beam, as
shown in the figure. How can he prove that ΔABC
is similar to ΔDEF using the AA criterion for
similarity?

Take a look at some of the theorems and properties involving similar triangles:

● Similar polygons have the same ______ but different ___________

● You can identify similar triangles using one of three postulates or theorems: Angle-Angle,
Side-Angle-Side, or Side-Side-Side.
o ________________________: If two triangles have two pairs of congruent angles, the
triangles are similar.
o __________________________: If two triangles have a congruent angle, and the sides
that create this angle are proportional, the triangles are similar.
o _____________________________: If all three corresponding sides of two triangles
form the same proportion, the triangles are similar.
● Similar triangles have corresponding parts that form a ___________with their corresponding
sides. There are three theorems related to this:
o Altitudes, medians, and angle bisectors of similar triangles are proportional to the
corresponding sides.
o Corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional to the perimeter of each triangle.
● If a line through a triangle is parallel to one of the triangle's sides, the line divides the other two
sides of the triangle proportionally.
● If a line divides any two sides of a triangle proportionally, then the line must be parallel to the
third side.
● If an altitude is drawn from the right angle of a right triangle, the two smaller triangles created
are similar to one another and to the larger triangle.
● If a triangle has a right angle, then the sum of the squares of the shorter sides is equal to the
square of the longest side—or, given right triangle ABC, c2 = a2 + b2, where c is the hypotenuse,
while a and b are the two legs.
 3.08
Look at triangle JKL, where XY ∥ KL.
Write an equation for each segment that is proportional to another
in ΔJKL. Hint: When given overlapping triangles, it helps to
separate them

Given: In ΔPRE

Prove: SU ∥ PR

Proving Pythagorean theorem with similar triangles

Proving the converse of the Pythagorean theorem

3.08: Module 3 Test

Module 3 DBA Study Guide

Module 3 Review Video

Module 3 Review Practice

Segment 1 Reference Sheet

Online Compass

Honors Resources

Table of Contents
3.09: Segment One Practice Exam
3.10: Segment Exams

Module 1 DBA Study Guide

Module 2 DBA Study Guide

Module 3 DBA Study Guide

Segment 1 Review - Part 1

Segment 1 Review - Part 2

Segment 1 Reference Sheet

Online Compass

Honors Resources

Table of Contents