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Operating Systems Final Term Answers

The document discusses key concepts in concurrent processes, including race conditions, critical sections, and synchronization mechanisms like semaphores and mutexes. It also covers deadlocks, their prevention and detection methods, and recovery strategies. Additionally, it outlines memory management techniques, including paging, segmentation, and various memory allocation strategies such as first fit and best fit.

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18 views3 pages

Operating Systems Final Term Answers

The document discusses key concepts in concurrent processes, including race conditions, critical sections, and synchronization mechanisms like semaphores and mutexes. It also covers deadlocks, their prevention and detection methods, and recovery strategies. Additionally, it outlines memory management techniques, including paging, segmentation, and various memory allocation strategies such as first fit and best fit.

Uploaded by

rashidjalal973
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Q1: Race Condition, Concurrent Processes, Critical Section

Race Condition:

Occurs when two or more processes access shared data and try to change it at the same time. The

final outcome depends on the timing of their execution.

Example: Two processes incrementing the same counter variable simultaneously without proper

synchronization.

Concurrent Processes:

Processes that execute during overlapping time periods. They can either run in parallel (on different

processors) or interleaved (on the same processor).

Critical Section:

A section of code that accesses shared resources and must not be executed by more than one

process at a time.

Solution: Use synchronization mechanisms like mutexes or semaphores to ensure mutual exclusion.

Q2: Semaphore, Mutex, Process Synchronization

Semaphore:

A signaling mechanism using integer values. It helps to manage concurrent processes. Two types:

- Binary Semaphore: Only 0 and 1 values (like a mutex).

- Counting Semaphore: Used for counting resources.

Mutex (Mutual Exclusion):

A lock that allows only one thread to access a resource. Only the thread that locked it can unlock it.
Process Synchronization:

Ensures that multiple processes can execute concurrently without interfering with each other. It

avoids race conditions and ensures data consistency.

Q3: Deadlocks - Completed Topic with Prevention/Detection

Deadlock:

A situation where a set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a resource and

waiting for another.

Necessary conditions:

1. Mutual Exclusion

2. Hold and Wait

3. No Preemption

4. Circular Wait

Prevention Methods:

- Avoid any one of the above conditions.

- Example: Prevent Hold and Wait by requiring all resources to be requested at once.

Detection:

- Use a Resource Allocation Graph.

- Deadlock can be detected by cycle detection in the graph.

Recovery:

- Abort one or more processes.

- Preempt resources and roll back.


Q4: Memory Management - Full Topic

Memory management handles the allocation and deallocation of memory to processes.

Key Concepts:

- Paging: Divides memory into fixed-sized pages.

- Segmentation: Divides memory into segments like code, stack, data.

- Virtual Memory: Allows execution of processes not completely in memory using swapping and

paging.

- Fragmentation: Wastage of memory (internal & external).

- Memory Allocation Techniques:

- First Fit

- Best Fit

- Worst Fit

Q5: Memory Allocation - Any 2 Techniques

1. First Fit:

Allocates the first block of memory large enough to accommodate the process.

2. Best Fit:

Allocates the smallest block of memory that is large enough, minimizing wastage.

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