INSTITUTE OF SPACE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF AVIONICS ENGINEERING
SUBJECT : APPLIED AERODYNAMICS
SUBJECT CODE : 305225
LAB 03
TITLE : FLIGHT DEMONSTRATION
SUBMITTED TO : Sir Usama
SEMESTER : 4th
SECTION : 9B
Marks Obtained
Group Member 1 Group Member 2 Group Member 3
NAME M.Abbas Khan Hassan Rizwan Ayesha Noor
REGISTRATION # 230701006 230701008 230701072
LAB REPORT N0. 03 03 03
PERFORMANCE
TOTAL MARKS
DEADLINE: 20 March’ 2025
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 20 March’ 2025
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AERODYNAMICS LAB
INSTITUTE OF SPACE AND TECHNOLOGY
Title: HYDRALIC BENCH EXPERIMENT
OBJECTIVE
To study and compare the water surface profiles of free and forced vortices.
EXPERIMENT
In this experiment, we study water vortices by measuring their surface shapes. Free vortices form
when water flows out of different-sized holes in a tank, changing the flow speed and vortex shape. Forced
vortices are made by spinning the water faster, helping us see how the vortex shape relates to speed.
EQUIPMENT
P6100 hydraulics bench,
Free and forced vortices apparatus.
Figure(a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus,
Figure(b) push-in orifices.
THEORY
A. FREE VORTEX
i. A free vortex is a flow pattern where fluid particles spin around an axis without any external force.
ii. They exist naturally.
iii. In this type of vortex, the tangential velocity ( v ) of fluid particles inversly proportional radial
distance ( r ).
iv. Pressure is directly proportional to radial distance ( r).
v. Example included when water drains from a sink or a bathtub. The
water forms a swirling motion as it flows down the drain, with the
water particles spinning around a central axis. This rotation occurs
spontaneously due to the conservation of angular momentum,
without any external force causing it.
EXPLANATION
From the Bernoulli’s theorem
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AERODYNAMICS LAB
INSTITUTE OF SPACE AND TECHNOLOGY
Substituting Equation (1) into (2) will give a new expression
or
which is the equation of a hyperbolic curve of nature
PROCEDURE
i. Position the apparatus on the hydraulics bench so that the central outlet in the base of the vessel is
located over the weir trough.
ii. Adjust the feet to ensure that the apparatus is level.
iii. Push the diameter( orifice into the central outlet located in the base of the apparatus.
iv. Connect the inlet pipe of the apparatus (situated on the 3-way valve) to the hydraulics bench outlet,
using the flexible pipe provided.
v. Close the apparatus outlet globe valve, and position the 3-way valve so that water flows into the
vessel via the 15-degree inlet ports.
vi. Close the bench outlet valve, and turn on the pump.
vii. Gradually open the bench valve, and allow the vessel to fill with water until water begins to overflow
through the cutouts.
viii. After the vessel is slightly overflowing, slowly open the outlet valve so that the water level maintains
a stable height. Note that you can also adjust the bench valve to maintain a constant water level.
ix. After a constant water level has been achieved, measure the water surface profile, by adjusting the
measuring caliper to a desired radius, and then lower it into the vortex until the needles evenly touch the
walls of the vortex. At this point, record the height indicated by the caliper and repeat the procedure for
the remaining radii .
x. After completing your measurements, close the bench valve, turn off the pump, drain the apparatus,
and repeat the process for the remaining two orifices.
xi. From 8mm ,it creates a small tornato.
xii. From 16mm ,it creates a medium tornato.
xiii. From 24mm ,it creates a Larde tornato as compared to the 16mm.
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AERODYNAMICS LAB
INSTITUTE OF SPACE AND TECHNOLOGY
B. FORCED VORTEX
i. A forced vortex is a flow pattern where the fluid particles spin
around an axis by applying external force.
ii. In a forced vortex, the tangential velocity of fluid particles directly
proportinal to the radiual distance.
iii. Pressure is inversely proportional to radial distance (r).
iv. Examples include centifugal pumps where external forces such as
pressure gradients or mechanical stirring induce and sustain the
vortex motion
v. From 9mm, it gives cup shaped.
vi. From12.5mm, there will be no cup shaped.
EXPLANATION
When water is forced to rotate at a constant speed ( ) .the velocity will be also constant and
equal to:
The velocity head (or kinetic energy) can be calculated as:
Substituting Equation (5) into (6) results in:
If the horizontal plane passing through the lowest point of the vortex is selected as datum, the
total energy is equal to:
where ho is the pressure head at the datum. Substituting hc from Equation (7) into (8) gives:
At r=0: H=0, therefore, ho=0 , and :
This is the equation of the water surface profile, which is a parabola.
CONCLUSION
Studying vortices helps us understand how fluids like air and water move, which is important for
science and engineering. In airplanes, vortices create lift to keep the plane in the air but also cause drag,
affecting speed and fuel use. Learning about vortices helps improve technology and predict fluid behavior.
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INSTITUTE OF SPACE AND TECHNOLOGY
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