JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

Year & Sem. – B. Tech I year, Sem.-I

Subject –Engineering Mathematics
Unit – I
Presented by – Dr. Ruchi Mathur
Designation - Associate Professor
Department - Mathematics

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, 1

1
Department of Mathematics
 VISION OF INSTITUTE

To become a renowned centre of outcome based learning,

and work towards academic, professional, cultural and
social enrichment of the lives of individuals and
communities.

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of 1

2
Mathematics
 MISSION OF INSTITUTE
❖Focus on evaluation of learning outcomes and motivate students to inculcate
research aptitude by project based learning.

❖Identify, based on informed perception of Indian, regional and global needs,

the areas of focus and provide platform to gain knowledge and solutions.

❖Offer opportunities for interaction between academia and industry.

❖Develop human potential to its fullest extent so that intellectually capable and
imaginatively gifted leaders may emerge in a range of professions.

1
Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department 3
of Mathematics
 Engineering Mathematics: Course Outcomes

Students will be able to:

CO1. Understand fundamental concepts of improper integrals, beta and gamma
functions and their properties. Evaluation of Multiple Integrals in finding the
areas, volume enclosed by several curves after its tracing and its application in
proving certain theorems.

CO2. Interpret the concept of a series as the sum of a sequence, and use the sequence
of partial sums to determine convergence of a series. Understand derivatives of
power, trigonometric, exponential, hyperbolic, logarithmic series.

CO3. Recognize odd, even and periodic function and express them in Fourier series
using Euler’s formulae.

CO4. Understand the concept of limits, continuity and differentiability of functions

of several variables. Analytical definition of partial derivative. Maxima and minima
of functions of several variables Define gradient, divergence and curl of scalar and
vector functions.
Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, 1
4
Department of Mathematics
 Volume of the Solid of Revolution (Cartesian Equations)

(i) Revolution about 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of the area
bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and the ordinates = 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏 is

𝑏
𝑎
𝜋 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥

(ii) Revolution about 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of the area
bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and the abscissae 𝑦 = 𝑐, 𝑦 = 𝑑 is
𝑑
𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

(iii) Revolution about a Line

If the generated curve 𝑓(𝑥) revolves about any line (other than 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠),
say x=a or y=c

𝜋(𝑦 − 𝑐)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝜋(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑦

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of Mathematics

 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Example Find the volume of the solid obtained by the revolution of an ellipse + = 𝟏 about its minor
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
axis.

Solution: The equation of the ellipse is

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
or
𝑎2
𝑥2 = (𝑏 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑏2
Volume of the ellipse = twice the volume generated by the revolution of the arc 𝐵𝐴 about the minor axis,
i.e., 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. For

the arc 𝐵𝐴, 𝑦 varies from 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 𝑏.

𝑏
∴ the required volume = 2 𝑦 =0
𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦

𝑏 𝑎2 2𝜋 𝑎 2 𝑏
= 2𝜋 0 𝑏2
(𝑏 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑏 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑏2 0

2𝜋 𝑎 2 𝑦3 2𝜋 𝑎 2 𝑏3 4𝜋 𝑎 2 𝑏
= 𝑏2 𝑦 − = 𝑏3 − =
𝑏2 3 𝑏2 3 3

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of Mathematics

 Volume of Revolution for Parametric Equations

Let 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) be the equations of the parametric form, where ‘𝑡′ is a

parameter. There are two cases arise.

Case I

The volume generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the given
equations of curve, the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏 about the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is
𝑏 𝑡1
2 2
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑡2 𝑑𝑡

where 𝑡 = 𝑡1 when 𝑥 = 𝑎, and 𝑡 = 𝑡2 when 𝑥 = 𝑏.

Case II

The volume generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the given
equations of the curve, the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and the abscissae 𝑦 = 𝑐, 𝑦 = 𝑑
about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠is
𝑑 𝑡4
2 2
𝑑𝑦
𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑐 𝑡3 𝑑𝑡

Where 𝑡 = 𝑡3 when 𝑦 = 𝑐, and 𝑡 = 𝑡4 when 𝑦 = 𝑑.

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of Mathematics
Q. Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the curve 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡,

about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

Solution: The parametric equations of the astroid are 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡, and 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡,
𝜋
The curve is symmetrical about both the axes. It cuts the axis at 𝑡 = 0 and = . For the portion of the
2
𝜋
curve in the first quadrant, 𝑡 varies from 0 to .
2

The required volume

𝜋 𝑑𝑥
=2 0
2𝜋 𝑦2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝜋
= 2𝜋 0
2 ( 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡)2 . (−3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
3
𝜋 Γ4 . Γ
3 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 2 3 2
= −6𝜋 𝑎 0
. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −6𝜋 𝑎 . 11
2 Γ
2

1
3.2 .1. √π
3 2
= −6𝜋 𝑎 . 97531
2. . . . . √π
22222

32 𝜋 𝑎 2 32 𝜋 𝑎 2
=− Volume = (in magnitude)
105 105

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of Mathematics

 Volume of the Solid of Revolution for Polar Coordinates

(i) The volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve 𝑟 = (𝜃)
and the radii vectors 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽 about the initial line 𝜃 = 0 is given by
𝜷
𝟐𝝅
𝒓𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟑
𝜶
(ii) The volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the area about the line 𝜃 = 𝜋 2 of the area
bounded by the curve
𝑟= (𝜃) and the radii vectors 𝜃 = 𝛼, 𝜃 = 𝛽 is given by
𝜷
𝟐𝝅
𝒓𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟑
𝜶
(iii) If the curve 𝑟 = (𝜃) revolves about the initial line (𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠) then the volume generated is
𝒃 𝜷
𝒅𝒙
𝝅 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝝅 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝜽
𝒅𝜽
𝒂 𝜶
Where 𝜃 = 𝛼 when 𝑥 = 𝛼, and 𝜃 = 𝛽, when 𝑥 = 𝑏.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
But 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, = (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝛽 𝑑
∴ Volume = 𝛼
𝜋 (𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 . 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃

Similarly, if 𝑟 = (𝜃) revolves about the 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 then

𝛽 𝑑
Volume = 𝛼′
𝜋 (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 . 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃

where 𝜃 = 𝛼 ′ when 𝑦 = 𝑐, and 𝜃 = 𝛽 ′ when 𝑦 = 𝑑.

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of Mathematics

 Example: If the cardioid 𝒓 = 𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) revolves about the initial line, find the volume generated.

Solution: The equation of the curve 𝑟 = 𝑎 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

The curve (1) is symmetrical about the initial line and for the

Upper half, 𝜃 varies from 0 to 𝜋.

2𝜋 𝜋
∴ the required volume = 0
𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3

2𝜋 𝜋
= 0
𝑎3 (1 + cos 𝜃)3 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3

2𝜋𝑎 3 𝜋
= 0
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3

2𝜋𝑎 3 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) 𝜋 1
= = − 𝜋𝑎3 (0 − 16)
3 4 0 6

8
= 𝜋𝑎3
3

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of Mathematics

 Surface of the Solid of Revolution in Cartesian Coordinates

The curved surface of a solid generated by revolution about the 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, of the area bounded by the
curve 𝑦 = (𝑥), the 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏 is

𝑏
𝑥=𝑎
2𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑆

where 𝑆 is the length of the arc of the curve measured from a fixed point on it to any point (𝑥, 𝑦).

𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑦 2
Note 1 We know that = 1+ . Therefore, the above formula may be rewritten as
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
the required

2 𝑏 𝑑𝑦 2
curved surface = 𝑥=𝑎
𝑦 1+ 𝑑𝑥.
𝜋 𝑑𝑥

Note 2 Similarly, the curved surface of the solid generated by the revolution about the
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of the area

Bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and the abscissa 𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑑 is
𝑑 𝑑
2
𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 𝑑𝑆 = 2𝜋 𝑥 1+ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 =𝑒 𝑦 =𝑒

𝑑 𝑑𝑥 2
Or =2𝜋 𝑦 =𝑐
𝑥 1+ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of Mathematics

 Surface of the Solid of Revolution in Parametric Equations

The curved surface of the solid generated by the revolution about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of the area bounded
by the curve
𝑥 = ∅ 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝜓 𝑡 , the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and the ordinates 𝑡 = 𝑡1 , 𝑡 = 𝑡2 is
𝑡2
𝑑𝑆
2𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑆 = 2𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑡=𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
where = +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Similarly, the revolution about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 gives

𝑡2
𝑑𝑆
2𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑆 = 2𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑡=𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
where = +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of Mathematics

Q. Find the surface of the solid generated by the revolution of the curve 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕 about the

𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.

Solution The parametric equations are

𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 . sin 𝑡, = 3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
= + = − 3𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 cos 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑆
= 3𝑎 √𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑡 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 = = 3𝑎 . sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

The required surface = 2 x Area of the surface generated by revolution about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝜋 𝜋
=2 2 2𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑆 = 2 2 2𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑆 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑡=0 𝑡=0 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
= 4𝜋 2
𝑡=0
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡(3𝑎 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
= 4𝜋 𝑎2 2
𝑡=0
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 12 𝜋 𝑎2 0
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝑡 2 1 12
= 12 𝜋 𝑎 = 12 𝜋 𝑎2 −0 = 𝜋 𝑎2
5 0 5 5

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of Mathematics

 Surface of the Solid of Revolution in Polar Form
The curved surface of the solid generated by the revolution about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
of the area bounded by the curve
𝑟= (𝜃), and the radii vectors 𝜃 = 𝛼, 𝜃 = 𝛽 is
𝛽 𝛽 𝑑𝑆
𝜃=𝑎
2 𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑆 = 2𝜋 𝑎
𝑦 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑟 2
where = 𝑟2 + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Similarly, revolution about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of the area bounded by the curve
𝜃= 𝑟 is
𝛽 𝛽 𝑑𝑆
𝜃=𝑎
2 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑆 = 2𝜋 𝑎
𝑥 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑟 2
where = 𝑟2 + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃.
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of Mathematics

 Example: Find the surface area generated by the revolution of the loops of the
lemniscate 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 about the initial line.

Π
Solution: The given curve is symmetrical about the initial line and the line 𝜃 = . The
2
Π
curve consist of two loops and in the first quadrant, for half the loop, 𝜃 varies from 0 to .
4

∴ 𝑟 2 = 𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 = 𝑎√𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
𝑑𝑟
2𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 2 (−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃)

𝑑𝑟 𝑎 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
= −
𝑑𝜃 𝑟
2
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑟 𝑎 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝜃
= 𝑟2 + = 𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 +
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑟2

𝑎 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2𝜃
= 𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 + 𝑟2

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of Mathematics

 𝒂𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝜽 𝒂𝟐 𝒂
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 + 𝟐 = =
𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 √𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽
The required surface
=
𝝅/𝟒 𝒅𝒔
𝟐 𝟎
𝟐𝝅𝒚 𝒅𝜽 =
𝒅𝜽
𝝅/𝟒 𝒅𝒔 𝝅/𝟒 𝒂
𝟒𝝅 𝟎 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟒𝝅 𝟎
𝒂√𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒅𝜽 √𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽
𝝅/𝟒
𝟐 𝝅/𝟒
𝟒𝝅𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟒𝝅𝒂𝟐 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟎
𝟎

𝟏
= 𝟒𝝅𝒂𝟐 𝟏 −
√𝟐

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of Mathematics

Suggested links from NPTEL & other Platforms:

▪ Advanced Engineering Mathematics: Erwin Kreyszig, Wiley plus

publication

▪ Engineering Mathematics : CB Gupta, SR Singh, Mukesh Kumar, Mc

Graw Hill

▪ https://nptel.ac.in/courses/111/105/111105122/

Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, Department of 1

17
Mathematics
Dr. Ruchi Mathur , JECRC, DepartmentDr.ofRuchi Mathur & Dr. Tripati Gupta, JECRC, 18
Mathematics Department of Mathematics