PROJECT CircuitTech

Report-I

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Team 12
IOT-Based Smart Advanced Weather Station.

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Team Members with their roles:

Sutikshna Sagar (BT24GAD413) → Project Lead

Saumya Datt (BT24GAD005) → Prototype Tester

Kirti Lohia (BT24GBT455) → Prototype Developer

Rythem Kant (BT24GAD080) → Hardware Designer

Sajjad Dilawar (BT24GCS668) → Researcher

Sonu Kumar (BT24GCS860) → Code Developer

Mentors: Adwik Pandey, Garre Lakshmi Narayana

PROJECT OVERVIEW
The Smart Advanced Weather Station is an IoT-based system
that continuously monitors weather parameters and air
quality using multiple sensors. The system integrates edge
computing for real-time data processing and cloud storage
for historical analysis and weather forecasting.

PROJECT APPLICATION SCENARIOS:

1. Agricultural Weather Monitoring System

Farmers can track temperature, humidity, and air quality
in their fields.
The system can forecast weather conditions using
historical data & cloud analytics.

This helps farmers decide the best time for planting,

watering, and harvesting crops.

2. Smart Home Weather & Air Quality System

Install a compact weather station at home to monitor
temperature, humidity, and air quality and display real-
time readings on an LCD or mobile app.
One may also control smart appliances (fans, air
purifiers) based on weather conditions.

It improves home comfort by adjusting ventilation based

on weather data and helps allergy-sensitive people stay
alert to pollution levels inside & outside.
3. Industrial Air Quality & Safety System
Factories and industries can monitor air quality inside
production areas.
MQ135 detects harmful gases (CO2, NH3, NOx) and
sends alerts if toxic levels rise.
 The system can trigger ventilation systems to improve
indoor air quality.

It prevents respiratory health issues for workers in

chemical factories and helps industries comply with
environmental regulations.

COMPONENTS LIST

Integration of Sensors:
For Real-Time Environmental and Air Quality Monitoring:

1. DHT11/DHT22: Measures temperature and humidity

● Functionality and Working Principle:
The DHT11 and DHT22 sensors measure
temperature and humidity using a capacitive
humidity sensor and a thermistor. These
thermistors can be of either two types- NTC
(Negative Temperature Coefficient) and PTC
(Positive Temperature Coefficient). These
components detect environmental changes and
convert the analogue data into a digital signal,
which microcontrollers like Arduino, Raspberry Pi,
and ESP32 can read. They communicate via a
single-wire protocol, making them easy to integrate
into various projects.

● Differences in Accuracy and Range:

The DHT11 is an affordable option with a
temperature range of 0 to 50°C and humidity range
of 20 to 90% RH, making it suitable for basic indoor
applications. On the other hand, the DHT22 offers a
wider range of -40 to 80°C and 0 to 100% RH, along
with better accuracy. However, DHT22 has a slower
sampling rate (0.5 Hz) compared to DHT11 (1 Hz),
 meaning it updates data less frequently.

● Applications and Suitability:

Due to their differences, DHT11 is ideal for simple
home automation, indoor weather monitoring, and
basic IoT projects, where extreme precision is not
required. Meanwhile, the DHT22 is better suited for
applications that demand higher accuracy and a
broader sensing range, such as greenhouse
monitoring, industrial climate control, and scientific
research.

2. BMP280: Measures atmospheric pressure

● Functionality and Working Principle

The BMP280 is a high-precision digital sensor used to
measure atmospheric pressure and temperature,
commonly integrated into weather stations, altimeters,
and IoT applications. It operates using a piezo-resistive
sensor, which detects pressure changes and converts
them into digital data. The BMP280 communicates using
both I2C and SPI protocols, making it easy to interface
with microcontrollers like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and
ESP32.
● Accuracy and Features
The BMP280 provides high accuracy with a pressure
resolution of ±1 hPa and a temperature accuracy of
±1°C, making it useful for detecting altitude changes
with an accuracy of ±1 meter. Unlike its predecessor,
the BMP180, the BMP280 offers lower power
consumption and improved measurement stability. It can
measure pressures from 300 to 1100 hPa, covering a
wide range of altitudes from below sea level to high
mountain peaks.

● Applications and Suitability

Due to its compact size, low power consumption, and
high accuracy, the BMP280 is widely used in altimeters,
weather stations, GPS navigation, and drone altitude
monitoring. It helps determine altitude in aviation and
hiking applications and is also useful in weather
forecasting since atmospheric pressure changes can
indicate upcoming weather conditions.
3. MQ135: Detects air quality including pollutants like
(CO2, NH3, NOx, alcohol, benzene, smoke, etc.)
● Functionality and Working Principle
The MQ135 is an air quality sensor designed to
detect various gases, including carbon dioxide
(CO₂), ammonia (NH₃), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
alcohol, benzene, smoke, and other harmful
pollutants. It operates using a metal oxide
semiconductor (MOS) sensor, where the sensor’s
resistance changes when exposed to different gas
concentrations. The sensor provides an analog
output, which can be read by microcontrollers like
Arduino, ESP32, and Raspberry Pi to determine air
quality levels.

● Accuracy and Features

The MQ135 is highly sensitive to a wide range of
gases and provides real-time air quality monitoring.
However, it requires calibration for precise readings,
as environmental factors like temperature and
humidity can affect its accuracy. The sensor
operates at 5V and typically requires a preheating
time of a few minutes before it provides stable
readings. It can measure gas concentrations in
parts per million (ppm), making it useful for
detecting pollution levels in different environments.

● Applications and Suitability

Due to its ability to detect multiple gases, the
MQ135 is widely used in indoor and outdoor air
quality monitoring systems, industrial safety
applications, and pollution detection. It is commonly
found in smart air purifiers,and IoT-based pollution
control systems. The sensor is an affordable
solution for projects requiring basic gas detection
and air quality analysis, though for high-precision
 measurements, additional calibration and data
processing may be needed.

4. LDR (Optional): To monitor light intensity

● Functionality and Working Principle

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), also known as a
photoresistor, is a sensor that detects light intensity. It is
made of a semiconductor material that changes its
resistance based on the amount of light it receives—
when exposed to bright light, its resistance decreases,
and in darkness, its resistance increases. The LDR
provides an analog output, which can be read by
microcontrollers like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and ESP32 to
measure light levels.

● Accuracy and Features

LDRs are low-cost, simple, and effective for basic light
detection applications but are not highly precise
 compared to photodiodes or phototransistors. They have
a slow response time, meaning they take a short delay
to adjust when light levels change. LDRs can detect a
wide range of light intensities, making them suitable for
general brightness monitoring rather than precise lux
measurements.

● Applications and Suitability

Due to their simplicity and affordability, LDRs are
commonly used in automatic street lighting, smart home
lighting systems, solar tracking, and camera exposure
control. They are also useful in energy-saving
applications, such as adjusting screen brightness based
on ambient light. While great for basic light-sensing
tasks, applications requiring high-speed or precise light
detection may benefit from alternative sensors like
photodiodes or digital light sensors.
Microcontroller/ Processing Unit:
● ESP32: It is a Wi-Fi-enabled microcontroller for sensor
data collection and cloud communication

1. Functionality and Working Principle

The ESP32 is a powerful Wi-Fi and Bluetooth-enabled
microcontroller, widely used for sensor data collection,
IoT applications, and cloud communication. It features a
dual-core processor, multiple GPIO pins, and built-in Wi-
Fi and Bluetooth (BLE) connectivity, making it ideal for
wireless communication with cloud platforms like AWS,
Google Firebase, and Blynk. The ESP32 can interface
with various sensors (e.g., DHT22, BMP280, MQ135,
LDR) and transmit data to a server or mobile app in real
time.

2. Accuracy and Features

The ESP32 is energy-efficient, supports deep sleep
mode for low-power applications, and offers multiple
communication protocols like SPI, I2C, UART, and PWM.
It operates at 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, has secure encryption
features, and supports over-the-air (OTA) updates.
Compared to older microcontrollers like the ESP8266 and
Arduino, the ESP32 provides higher processing power,
better connectivity, and more GPIO pins, making it
suitable for advanced IoT and automation projects.

3. Applications and Suitability

Due to its wireless capabilities and versatility, the ESP32
is widely used in home automation, industrial
monitoring, smart agriculture, weather stations, and
wearable devices. It enables real-time remote
monitoring and control of devices via cloud integration.
 The ESP32 is a preferred choice for IoT-based projects,
as it provides an affordable, high-performance, and
easy-to-program solution
4. collecting sensor data and transmitting it wirelessly.

Arduino UNO R3: The microcontroller board for processing

sensor data.

1. Functionality and Working Principle

The Arduino UNO R3 is a widely used microcontroller
board designed for processing sensor data and
controlling electronic components. It is based on the
ATmega328P microcontroller and features 14 digital I/O
pins, 6 analog input pins, and support for communication
protocols like I2C, SPI, and UART. The board runs on 5V
power and can be programmed using the Arduino IDE,
making it easy to read data from sensors (e.g., DHT22,
BMP280, MQ135, LDR) and control actuators like motors,
LEDs, and relays.

2. Accuracy and Features

The Arduino UNO R3 is beginner-friendly, open-source,
 and highly reliable for handling sensor data. It has a 16
MHz clock speed, which is sufficient for most real-time
data processing tasks. Unlike more advanced
microcontrollers like the ESP32, it lacks built-in Wi-Fi or
Bluetooth but can be expanded with shields for wireless
communication. It also supports PWM outputs, making it
useful for motor control and dimming LEDs.

3. Applications and Suitability

Due to its simplicity, affordability, and extensive
community support, the Arduino UNO R3 is ideal for DIY
electronics, prototyping, automation, robotics, and
educational projects. It is widely used in home
automation, weather stations, and basic IoT applications
where Wi-Fi is not a priority. For more complex IoT-based
tasks requiring wireless communication, alternatives like
the ESP32 are preferred.
For Display & Communication:
● OLED Display (SSD1306, I2C): A compact display option.

Miscellaneous:
● Jumper Wires: Male-To-Male, Male-To-Female, Female-
To-Female
● Data Cable (comes with Arduino) powered from PC
● Micro-USB to power ESP32 from the PC
● Breadboard
● Resistors: For pull-up resistors in DHT11
Software Requirements:
● Arduino IDE: To write and upload code to Arduino
● Libraries to Install in Arduino IDE:
1. DHT Sensor Library (by Adafruit)
2. Adafruit BMP280 Library
3. Wire.h (Built-in for I2C communication)
● For cloud integration: Thingspeak

ARDUINO UNO INTEGRATION

Demonstrating sensor functionality with testing code in
Standalone mode:

1. DHT11 (Temperature and Humidity Sensor)

Connections:
● VCC to 5V
 ● GND to GND
● Data to D2
● 10k ohm resistor (pull-up resistor) between VCC and
Data Pin
Testing Code (Separate):

#include <DHT.h>

#define DHTPIN 2 // DHT11 Data pin connected to D2

#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // Define sensor type

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
dht.begin();
}

void loop() {
float temp = dht.readTemperature();
float humidity = dht.readHumidity();

Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(temp);
Serial.print(" °C | Humidity: ");
Serial.print(humidity);
Serial.println(" %");

delay(2000); // Wait for 2 seconds before next reading

}
 2. BMP280 (Atmospheric Pressure Sensor)

Connections:
● VCC to 3.3V
● GND to GND
● SDA to A4
● SCL to A5
Testing Code (Separate):

#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_BMP280.h>

Adafruit_BMP280 bmp;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
if (!bmp.begin(0x76)) {
Serial.println("BMP280 Not Found!");
while (1);
}
}

void loop() {
Serial.print("Pressure: ");
Serial.print(bmp.readPressure() / 100.0F);
Serial.println(" hPa");

Serial.print("Altitude: ");
Serial.print(bmp.readAltitude(1013.25));
Serial.println(" m");

delay(2000);
}
 3. MQ135 (Air Quality Sensor):

Connections:
● VCC to 5V
● GND to GND
● A0 to A0

Testing Code (Separate):

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
int air_quality = analogRead(A0);
 Serial.print("Air Quality Value: ");
Serial.println(air_quality);

delay(2000);
}

INTEGRATING ALL SENSORS:

Final Testing Code

#include <DHT.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_BMP280.h>

#define DHTPIN 2
#define DHTTYPE DHT11

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

Adafruit_BMP280 bmp;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
dht.begin();
if (!bmp.begin(0x76)) {
Serial.println("BMP280 Not Found!");
while (1);
}
}
void loop() {
float temp = dht.readTemperature();
 float humidity = dht.readHumidity();
float pressure = bmp.readPressure() / 100.0F;
int air_quality = analogRead(A0);

Serial.print("Temp: ");
Serial.print(temp);
Serial.print(" °C | Humidity: ");
Serial.print(humidity);
Serial.print(" % | Pressure: ");
Serial.print(pressure);
Serial.print(" hPa | Air Quality: ");
Serial.println(air_quality);

delay(2000);
}

3] Wind Speed Sensor

The three Cups type Wind Speed Sensor Voltage Type(0-5V) Anemometer Kit is an
instrument that can measure the wind speed. It is composed of shell, the wind cup, and
the circuit module. Photovoltaic modules, industrial microcomputer processor, the
current generator, electric current and so on are integrated into the internal drive.

The materials of sensor shell and wind Cups are the aluminum alloy which uses the
special mold precision casting technology, the size of the tolerance is very small. The
precision of the surface is very high, and the internal circuit has been protection
processing, the sensor has high strength, weather resistance, corrosion resistance and
waterproof.

The plug of the cable is a military plug, it has a good anticorrosive and prevents erosion
performance that it can ensure the instrument used for a long time, at the same time, In
the case of using relevant specifications that ensure the accuracy of the wind speed
acquisition.

4] Raindrop Sensor (YL-83)

The Raindrops Detection sensor module is used for rain detection. It is also for
measuring rainfall intensity. Rain sensor can be used for all kinds of weather monitoring
and translated into output signals and AO.

It includes a printed circuit board (control board) that “collects” the raindrops. As
raindrops are collected on the circuit board, they create paths of parallel resistance that
are measured via the op-amp. The lower the resistance (or the more water), the lower
the voltage output. Conversely, the less water, the greater the output voltage on the
analog pin. A completely dry board, for example, will cause the module to output 5V.

The module includes a rain board and a control board that is separate for more
convenience. It has a power indicator LED and an adjustable sensitivity through a
potentiometer. The module is based on the LM393 op-amp.

List of Components:

Name of Price (Approx.) Links

Component
Arduino UNO R3 Rs.500 Buy Arduino Uno R3
with Cable at Best Price
BMP280 Rs.369 BMP280-5V
Temperature and
Barometric Pressure
sensor
DHT22 Rs.120 Buy DHT22 Digital
Temperature and
Humidity Sensor Module
In India
MQ135 Rs.100 Buy MQ 135 Air
Quality/Gas Detector
Sensor Module For
Arduino Online at
Robu.in

Raindrop Sensor Rs.50 Buy Raindrops

Module (YL-83) Detection Sensor
Module Online at
Robu.in

Wind Speed Rs3000 Buy Wind Speed Sensor

Sensor Voltage Type
Anemometer Kit at Best
Price