NOISE are generated when two or more signals are A. Atmospheric Noise Sometimes called as B.

oise Sometimes called as B. Shot Noise caused by the random

by: Dr. R.A.Napud amplified in anon-linear device. static noise is caused by lighting discharges variation of the movement of electrons at the
during thunderstorms and other electrical output electrode.
Noise In electrical terms, noise is any %THD = VHigher x 100% disturbances which occurs in the
introduction of unwanted signals tending to Vfun atmosphere. C. Transit-time Noise if the time of the
interfere with the proper reception & where: arrival of the electron from emitter to
reproduction of the transmitted signal. %THD = % total harmonic distortion B. Extraterrestrial Noise Is also called space collector of an amplifying device(transistor)
VHigher = quadratic sum of the rms harmonics noise. becomes significant then transit-time noise is
Interference is a form of external noise = √ v22 + v32 +…vn2 created.
and happens when information signal from Vfun = rms voltage of the fundamental freq. 1. Solar Noise Noise being created by the
source produce frequencies that fall outside sun’s radiation. D. Partition Noise occurs whenever current
the allocated bandwidth and interfere with Sample Problem has to divide between two or more
information signal from another source. Calculate the total harmonic 2. Cosmic Noise Noise created by distant electrodes and results from the random
distortion if the %2nd order and % 3rd order stars. fluctuation in the division.
Distortion the alteration of information are 2.5% and 1.25% respectively and
in which the original proportions are fundamental amplitude of 8V. C. Man-made Noise Noise generated by E. Flicker Noise is associated with crystal
changed, resulting from a defect in mankind. Noise usually between 1 – 600MHz surface defects in semiconductor and also
communication system. Sol’n: usually most intense in industrial and densely found in vacuum tubes. Flicker noise is
%2nd Order = v2 x 100 populated areas. almost exactly 1/f for low frequency. It is
General Classifications: Vf often referred to as pink noise because most
2.5% = v2 x 100 D. Impulse Noise Consist of sudden burst of of the power is concentrated at the lower
Correlated Noise is noise that is 8 irregularly shaped pulses that generally last end of the frequency spectrum.
correlated to the signal and cannot be v2 = 0.2V between a few microseconds and a fraction
present in a circuit unless there is an input of a millisecond. F. Burst Noise is another low frequency
signal present. %3rd Order = v3 x 100 noise that seems to be associated with heavy
Vf II. Internal Noise Noise created inside of the metal ion contamination. Burst noise
Uncorrelated Noise noise that is present 1.25% = v3 x 100 receiver. produced popping sound if amplified in an
regardless of whether there is a signal 8 audio system, hence the name popcorn noise
present or not. v3 = 0.1V A. Thermal Agitation Noise is caused by or 1/f2.
the random motion of electrons in the
Types of Correlated Noise % THD =√ 0.22 + 0.12 x 100 resistor or resistive components of the Noise in Microwave Systems
system. This is also called white noise or
Harmonic Distortion results when = 2.795% Johnson’s noise. Also called: 1. Thermal Noise – it is caused by
unwanted harmonics of a signal are produced - Brownian Noise random current variations in every
through non-linear amplification (mixing). Types of Uncorrelated Noise -Johnson Noise portion of the electronic equipment
- White Noise and is present whether or not a
Intermodulation Distortion results when I. External Noise Noise which originates - Gaussian Noise modulating signal is being applied.
unwanted sum and difference frequencies outside the device or circuit. 2. Intrinsic or Idle Noise – is a portion
of thermal noise present between
R.A. Napud, ECE,MEE,DIT 2023
 terminals of a microwave receiver 6. Black Noise – has a frequency Signal-To-Noise Ratio Noise due Cascaded Amplifier:
under conditions of no modulating spectrum of predominantly zero
signal. power level over all frequencies SNR = Ps / Pn NR = NR1 + (NR2 – 1)/ PG1 + (NR3 – 1)/ PG1PG2 +
3. Intermodulation Noise – is created except for a few narrow bands or ….+ (NRn – 1)/ PG1PG2PGn-1
whenever the complex modulating spikes. SNRdB = 10 log ( Ps / Pn); dB
signal passes through any kind of Thermal Noise Computation Where:
non-linearity of phase or amplitude in PGsys = Po / Pi ; Absolute NRn = Noise Ratio at the nth stage
the transmission facility. P = IV watts NR = Total Noise Ratio of the system
4. Echo Distortion Noise - is a form of I=V/R PGsys (dB) = 10 log Po / Pi PG = Power Gain of each stage
intermodulation noise that is created P = V2 / R
when delayed echo signals are Also,
present in the FM portion of the Pn ά T ∆f For Cascaded Amplifier: Noise in Reactive Circuits
system. Pn = K T ∆f
1. Equivalent Noise Resistance VN = √ 4KTBRD
Noise Spectrum Pn Noise Power
T Temperature in 0K = 273 + 0C Req = R1 + R2 + R3 … + RN RD = Q/ωOC = QωOL = Q2r
White Noise – a noise that has equal ∆f Bandwidth of interest A21 A21A22 A21 A22.. A2n-1
amount of energy per frequency. K Boltzman Constant (1.38 x 10-23 Where:
Joules/0K) 2. Equivalent Noise Temperature RD = dynamic resistance in ohms
1. Pink Noise – a noise that has an Q = quality factor
equal amount of energy per octave. Also, Teq = T1 + T2 + T3 … + TN ωO = angular frequency in rad
2. Brown Noise – is similar to pink V = Vn / 2 A21 A 1A 2 A 1 A 2.. A2n-1
2 2 2 2
C = capacitance in Farad
noise, but with a power density Vn = √ KT ∆f 4 R L = coil inductance in Henry
decrease of 6dB per octave with r = coil resistance in ohms
increasing frequency.
3. Blue Noise – is the noise that is the Addition of Noise due to Several Sources Noise Ratio Shot Noise Current
opposite of pink noise that it doubles
the amount of energy each time you VN(total) = √ V2N(1) + V2N(2)+ V2N(3) + … NR = (SNR)i / (SNR)o IN = √2qIOB
go up 1 octave.
4. Purple Noise – power density Spectrum Density NF = 10 log NR Where:
increases 6dB per octave with IN = shot noise current in A
increasing frequency over a finite SN = kT Where: q = charge of an electron = 1.6x10-19C
frequency range. where: NF = Noise Figure IO = dc bias current in A
5. Orange Noise – is quasi-stationary SN = noise spectrum density W/Hz B = noise bandwidth in Hz
noise with a finite power spectrum
with a finite number of small bands
of zero energy dispersed throughout
a continuous spectrum.

R.A. Napud, ECE,MEE,DIT 2023

 Noise Factor and Noise Figure Teq/Ta = Req/Ra 0 dBr any point in a circuit with the same
Noise Level Calculations relative level as the sending terminal is a dBa0 relates noise power reading in dBa to
Noise Factor (F) figure of merit used to point of zero relative level 0dBr. 0 TLP to establish a common reference point
indicate how much the SNR deteriorates as a Decibel & Neper throughout the system.
signal passes through a circuit or series of 0 TLP zero transmission level point is the
circuits. Decibel(dB) a unit of measure originally used point at which the test tone level should be Relation between dBa0 and dBa
to compare sound intensities and 0dBm.
F = (SNR)I /(SNR)o subsequently electrical or electronic power dBa0 = dBa – 0 TLP(0 dBr)
outputs; now also used to compare voltages. Relation between 0 TLP and 0 dBr
Noise Figure (NF) noise factor expressed in dBrnC a third sensitive handset unit was
dB Neper (Np) a transmission unit used in 0 TLP = 0 dBr developed by Western Electric(500-type)
Northern European countries originally used giving rise to the C-message line weighting
NF = 10logF to express the attenuation of current along a dBm is the dB in reference to 1mW. curve and its companion unit, the dBrnC.
transmission line, using natural logarithm.
dBm0 an absolute unit of power in dBm dBrnC0 relates noise power reading in dBrnC
Equivalent Noise Temperature (Teq) dB = 10 log (P1/P2) Np = ln (I1/I2) measured at or referred to a point of 0 TLP. to 0 TLP to establish a common reference
The absolute temperature of a point throughout the system.
resistor that, connected to the input of a Relation between decibel and Neper Relation between dBm0 and dBm
noiseless amplifier of the same gain, would Relation between dBrnC0 and dBrnC
produce the same noise at the output of a 1Neper = 8.686dB 1dB = 0.115Neper dBm0 = dBm – 0 TLP(0dBr)
real amplifier. dBrnC0 = dBrnC – 0 TLP(0 dBr)
dBrn is the unit of measurement of noise
Teq = Ta(F – 1) Noise Measurement Level & Units power used in the Western Electric 144-type dBmp the CCITT weighting unit for
handset with a sensitivity of -90dBm @ commercial circuit which is nominally
Where: Relative Level Point(RLP) 1000Hz. identical to the American F1A weighting unit.
F = noise factor  For two-wire switching systems, the
Ta = ambient temperature in 0K sending end terminals of a long dBrn0 relates noise power reading in dBrn dBm0p relates noise power reading in dBmp
distance have been long considered to 0 TLP to establish common reference point to 0 TLP to establish a common reference
Equivalent Noise Resistance (Req) to be at a point of zero relative level. throughout the system. point throughout the system.
 For four-wire switching, these are
Req = Ra(F – 1) theoretical points; the CCITT adopted Relation between dBrn0 and dBrn Relation between dBmp and dBm0p
a relative level of -3.5dBr (0dBr) for
Where: the sending end of a four-wire circuit. dBrn0 = dBrn – 0 TLP(0 dBr) dBm0p = dBmp – 0 TLP(0 dBr)
F = noise factor In American system, -2dBr (0dBr) is
Ra = antenna resistance in ohms widely used. dBa subsequent to the 144 handset, the pWp the unit of noise power measured
Western Electric developed the F1A handset with the CCITT recommended psophometer.
Relation between Noise Temperature and Transmission Level Point (TLP) that is 5 dB less sensitive (-85 dBm at 1000Hz) The reference tone is -90dBm (1pW) @
Equivalent Noise Resistance The American term for relative level point to the older handset (144-type). The noise 800Hz.
measurement unit was the dBa.
R.A. Napud, ECE,MEE,DIT 2023
pWp0 relates noise power reading in pWp to dBrnC0 = dBrnC – 0TLP
0 TLP to establish a common reference point Volume Unit Computation = 70 – (-9)
throughout the system. dBrnC = dBa + 5 The VU is a unit used to measure the = 79 signal level in dBrnC0
power level (volume) of program channels (S/N)dB = SdBrnC0 – NdBrnC0
Relation between dBmp and dBm0p (broadcast) and certain types of speech or 30 = 79 – NdBrnC0
3 kHz White Noise (Random Noise) music. N = 49dBrnC0
pWp0 = 10logpWp – 0 TLP(0 dBr)
Handset Type General Solution Approximate Talker Power in dBm 4. A parallel tuned circuit at the input of a
144 Handset dBrn = dBm + 90 radio receiver is tuned to resonate at
North American Standard F1A Handset dBa = dBm + 82 Pt (dBm) = VU – 1.4 125MHz by a capacitance 23.5pF. The Q-
Handset Weighting Reference Referenc Noise 500 type Handset dBrnC = dBm + 88 factor of the circuit is 40 and with a
Curve Frequency e Unit channel bandwidth of the receiver limited
Level
Relation between dBrnC and dBa Sample Problems: to 10kHz by the audio sections. Determine
144- 144-line 1000Hz -90 dBm dBrn
type Weighting the effective noise voltage of this radio
Handset dBrnC = dBa + 6 1. Calculate the approximate talker power in receiver tuned circuit.
F1A FIA-Line 1000Hz -85 dBm dBa
type Weighting
dBm for a complex signal with VU meter
Handset NOTE: readout of 5 VU. Sol’n:
500 C-message 1000Hz -90dBm dBrnC For the Dynamic Impedance
type Weighting (retained)
Handset dBrn corresponds to dB above reference Sol’n:
noise RD = Q/ѠoC = 40/(2π)(125x106)(23.5x10-12)
European Standard (CCITT) Pt (dBm) = VU – 1.4 RD = 2.17kohms
dBa corresponds to dB adjusted = 5 – 1.4
Weighting Reference Reference Noise = 3.6 dBm For Noise Voltage;
Curve Frequency Level Unit dBrnC corresponds to dB above reference VN = √ 4kTBRD
Psophometri 800Hz -90 dBm dBmp noise using C-message line weighting 2. A -42dBmp of noise @ -5dBr point would =√4(1.38x10-23)(17+273)(10x103)(2.17x103)
c & be reported as ____ dBm0p. VN = 0.589µV
Weighting pWp
dBmp corresponds to dB psophometrically
weighted Sol’n: 5. What is the shot noise current for a diode
dBm0p = dBmp – 0 TLP with a forward bias of 1.15mA over a 50-
Noise Level Computation
pWp corresponds to picowatts = -42 – (-5) kHz bandwidth?
psophometrically weighted = -35 dBm0p
Pure Test Tone
Sol’n:
 A 3000Hz of white noise (not 3. A 1kHz tone has a level of 70dBrnC at a IN = √2qIOB
Handset Type General Solution
weighted) is attenuated by 8 dB point that is -9dB TLP. What would be the = √2(50k)(1.15m)(1.6x10-19)
144 Handset dBrn = dBm + 90
when measured by 144 weighting maximum C-message weighted noise level = 4.29 nA
F1A Handset dBa = dBm + 85 at the 0TLP for a signal-to-noise ratio of 6. The signal in a channel is measured to be
network; 3dB using F1A weighting,
500 type Handset dBrnC = dBm + 90 30dB? 23dB while noise in the same channel is
2dB using C-message weighting, and
2.5 dB for psophometric weighting. measured to be 9dB. The SNR is ________.
Relation between dBrnC and dBa Sol’n:
R.A. Napud, ECE,MEE,DIT 2023
 Sol’n:
SNRdB = PS(dB) – PN(dB)
= 23 – 9
= 14dB

R.A. Napud, ECE,MEE,DIT 2023