3/4/2024
Heat Transfer and Energy
Balance
Dr. Farouq Twaiq
INTRODUCTIONTO HEAT TRANSFER
• The energy transfer is always from the higher temperature
medium to the lower temperature one, and the energy
transfer stops when the two mediums reach the same
temperature.
• heat, which is the form of energy that can be transferred
from one system to another as a result of temperature
difference. The science that deals with the determination
of the rates of such energy transfers is heat transfer.
• Determining the rates of heat transfer to or from a system
and thus the times of heating or cooling, as well as the
variation of the temperature, is the subject of heat transfe
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Driving force
• The basic requirement for heat transfer is the presence of a
temperature difference. There can be no net heat transfer between
two bodies that are at the same temperature. The temperature
difference is the driving force for heat transfer.
• The larger the temperature gradient, the higher the rate of heat
transfer.
Heat transfer problem
The heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be considered
in two groups: (1) rating and (2) sizing problems.
The rating problems deal with the determination of the heat transfer
rate for an existing system at a specified temperature difference.
The sizing problems deal with the determination of the size of a system
in order to transfer heat at a specified rate for a specified temperature
difference.
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Specific heat
• specific heat is defined as the energy required to raise
the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one
degree
• two kinds of specific heats: specific heat at constant
volume cv and specific heat at constant pressure cp.
• The specific heat at constant volume cv can be viewed
as the energy required to raise the temperature of a
unit mass of a substance by one degree as the volume
is held constant. The energy required to do the same as
the pressure is held constant is the specific heat at
constant pressure cp.
• The specific heat at constant pressure cp is greater than
cv because at constant pressure the system is allowed
to expand and the energy for this expansion work must
also be supplied to the system.
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Energy Transfer
• Energy can be transferred to or from a given mass by two
mechanisms: heat transfer Q and work W.
• An energy interaction is heat transfer if its driving force is a
temperature difference. Otherwise, it is work.
• Work done per unit time is called power, and is denoted by W · . The
unit of power is W or hp (1 hp 5 746 W).
• The term heat and the associated phrases such as heat flow, heat
addition, heat rejection, heat absorption, heat gain, heat loss, heat
storage, heat generation, electrical heating, latent heat, body heat,
and heat source are in common use today
Energy Transfer
• The amount of heat transferred during the process is denoted by Q.
• The amount of heat transferred per unit time is called heat transfer
rate, and is denoted by Q·
• The overdot stands for the time derivative, or “per unit time.”
• The heat transfer rate Q· has the unit J/s, which is equivalent to W.
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THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the conservation of
energy principle, states that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed during a process; it can only change forms.
• The conservation of energy principle (or the energy balance) for any
system undergoing any process may be expressed as follows: The net
change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system during
a process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering
and the total energy leaving the system during that process.
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In heat transfer analysis, we are usually interested only in the forms of energy that
can be transferred as a result of a temperature difference, that is, heat or thermal
energy. In such cases it is convenient to write a heat balance and to treat the
conversion of nuclear, chemical, mechanical, and electrical energies into thermal
energy as heat generation. The energy balance in that case can be expressed as
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Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems
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