BIG IDEAS

MATH.

Sigeeene
Se ie
ene

2 ee
Tao

Re
cee ee
ye |
: Be eae
|S seater
PamaPeieReks
UNO ein:|
BS NaF
ree eae
Ss Ree -

er ; ha Se
an ee
os
Sat
ee =

: Pe Sere age

a =
 THIS BOOK IS THE PROPERTY OF:
Book No.
ae
Enter information
fe Meg
it
in spaces
PARISH
DISTRICT 2 the me,as
SCHOOL
instructe
OTHER

Year CONDITION
ISSUED TO Used ISSUED RETURNED

PUPILS to whom this textbook is issued must not write on any page or
mark any part of it in any way, consumable textbooks excepted.
1. Teachers should see that the pupil’s name is clearly written in ink in the spaces above in every
book issued.
2. The following terms should be used in recording the condition of the book: New; Good; Fair;
Poor; Bad.
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2023 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/bigideasmathadva0000houg
ee

BIG IDEAS

Ron Larson
Laurie Boswell

LEARNING«
Erie, Pennsylvania
BigideasLearning.com
 BIG IDEAS
LEARNING»
Big Ideas Learning, LLC
1762 Norcross Road
Erie, PA 16510-3838
USA

For product information and customer support, contact Big Ideas Learning
at 1-877-552-7766 or visit us at BigldeasLearning.com.

About the Cover

The cover images on the Big Ideas Math series illustrate the advancements in —
aviation from the hot-air balloon to spacecraft. This progression symbolizes the
launch of a student’s successful journey in mathematics. The sunrise in the
background is representative of the dawn of the Common Core era in math
education, while the cradle signifies the balanced instruction that is a pillar
of the Big Ideas Math series.

Copyright © 2014 by Big Ideas Learning, LLC. All rights reserved.

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including, but not limited to, photocopying and recording, or
by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission of
Big Ideas Learning, LLC unless such copying is expressly permitted by copyright law.
Address inquiries to Permissions, Big Ideas Learning, LLC, 1762 Norcross Road,
Erie, PAIGS10;

Big Ideas Learning and Big Ideas Math are registered trademarks of Larson Texts, Inc.

Common Core State Standards: © Copyright 2010. National Governors Association Center
for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. All rights reserved.

Printed in the U.S.A.

ISBN 13: 978-1-60840-526-8

ISBN 10: 1-60840-526-5

45678910 WEB 17 16 15 14
a
AUTHORS
Ron Larson is a professor of mathematics at Penn State Erie,
The Behrend College, where he has taught since receiving his
Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Colorado.
Dr. Larson is well known as the lead author of a comprehensive
program for mathematics that spans middle school, high school,
and college courses. His high school and Advanced Placement
books are published by Holt McDougal. Ron’s numerous
professional activities keep him in constant touch with the needs
of students, teachers, and supervisors. Ron and Laurie Boswell
began writing together in 1992. Since that time, they have
authored over two dozen textbooks. In their collaboration,
Ron is primarily responsible for the pupil edition and Laurie
is primarily responsible for the teaching edition of the text.

Laurie Boswell is the Head of School and a mathematics teacher at

the Riverside School in Lyndonville, Vermont. Dr. Boswell received
her Ed.D. from the University of Vermont in 2010. She is a recipient
of the Presidential Award for Excellence in Mathematics Teaching.
Laurie has taught math to students at all levels, elementary through
college. In addition, Laurie was a Tandy Technology Scholar, and
served on the NCTM Board of Directors from 2002 to 2005. She
currently serves on the board of NCSM, and is a popular national
speaker. Along with Ron, Laurie has co-authored numerous
math programs.

ABOUT THE BOOK

The Big Ideas Math Advanced series allows students to complete the Common Core State Standards for
grades 6, 7, and 8 in two years. After completing this series, students will be ready for Algebra 1 in the eighth
grade. The Big Ideas Math Advanced series uses the same research-based strategy of a balanced approach to
instruction that made the Big Ideas Math series so successful. This approach opens doors to abstract thought,
reasoning, and inquiry as students persevere to answer the Essential Questions that introduce each section.
The foundation of the program is the Common Core Standards for Mathematical Content and Standards
for Mathematical Practice. Students are subtly introduced to “Habits of Mind” that help them internalize
concepts for a greater depth of understanding. These habits serve students well not only in mathematics,
but across all curricula throughout their academic careers.
Big Ideas Math exposes students to highly motivating and relevant problems. Woven throughout the series
are the depth and rigor students need to prepare for career-readiness and other college-level courses. In
addition, Big Ideas Math prepares students to meet the challenge of PARCC and Smarter Balanced testing.
We consider Big Ideas Math to be the crowning jewel of 30 years of achievement in writing educational
materials.

ie ound. Bort
TEACHER REVIEWERS
© Lisa Amspacher © Kristen Karbon @ Valerie Sullivan
Milton Hershey School Troy School District Lamoille South
Hershey, PA Rochester Hills, MI Supervisory Union
Morrisville, VT
© Mary Ballerina © Laurie Mallis
Orange County Public Schools Westglades Middle School @ Becky Walker
Orlando, FL Coral Springs, FL Appleton Area School District
Appleton, WI
© Lisa Bubello © Dave Morris
School District of Palm Union City Area © Zena Wiltshire
Beach County School District Dade County Public Schools
Lake Worth, FL Union City, PA Miami, FL

© Sam Coffman © Bonnie Pendergast

North East School District Tolleson Union High
North East, PA School District
Tolleson, AZ

STUDENT REVIEWERS |
© Mike Carter © Hannah Iadeluca © Stephen Piglowski
© Matthew Cauley @ Paige Lavine ©@ Robby Quinn
© Amelia Davis @ Emma Louie © Michael Rawlings
© Wisdom Dowds @ David Nichols @ Garrett Sample
© John Flatley © Mikala Parnell © Andrew Samuels
© Nick Ganger © Jordan Pashupathi @ Addie Sedelmyer
© Tyler Steffy
@ Erin Taylor
@ Reid Wilson
CONSULTANTS
@ Patsy Davis @ Michael McDowell
Educational Consultant Project-Based Instruction Specialist
Knoxville, Tennessee Fairfax, California

© Bob Fulenwider © Sean McKeighan

Mathematics Consultant Interdisciplinary Advisor
Bakersfield, California Norman, Oklahoma
@ Linda Hall © Bonnie Spence
Mathematics Assessment Consultant Differentiated Instruction Consultant
Norman, Oklahoma Missoula, Montana

@ Ryan Keating
Special Education Advisor
Gilbert, Arizona

85 MeanAbsolute Deviation
ane a
Work with a partner. Use the Information in Activity 1
Essential Question 4. Complete the table below. Add rows ifneeded. Be sure(ofind the sum of
ESSE t How can you use the distances between each the values in the last column of the table.
data value and the mean of a data set to measure the spread of a data set?
fice ‘Student with Score Bian core Distance from
| The Meaning of a Word @ Doviate Use Operations | LessTian Se Mowe Sie Meso)
Wharoneataa)
When you deviate from something, you stray or depart from the normal youuse w find he |
4
course of action. distance (romthe
‘mean? Explain

Sum:

b. Create a table similar (0 the one above for students with scores
Kreator than the mean.
¢. LOGIE What do you notice about the sums you found in your tables?
Why do you think this happens?

‘a Whats the mean exam score? Work with a partner.

The
1. Make adot plot of the data, Placean“X"on the number line to represent graph shows the values
eanabso Gevieton the mean Patterns |
from the ratlo table for
your teacher’s frosting. q(
alesbrsls an Is the number ofexam scores that are greater than the mean equal to the ) ae
(amd Str number ber of
of exam scores that
hi areless thanthanthe
th mean? 7 Explain
Expli be inthe |
younotice a. Complete the table
aoa &. Which exam score deviates the most from the mean? Which exam score Trach?What does} and the graph
rere deviates the least from the mean? Explain how you found your answers. Work with a partner,
€ Overall, do you think the exam scores are close to the mean or far away + You make pucple frosting by adding | drop of red food coloring
from the mean? Explain your reasoning. for every 3 drops of blue food coloring.
+ Your teacher makes purple frosting by adding 3 drops of red food
Chapter 9 Statistical Measures coloring for every 5 drops of blue food coloring.
4. Copy and complete the ratlo (able for each frosting mixture. hive
ofDrops
Your Frosting
|Drops of Red |DropsofBlue

Tee ea es eT
Drops
ofred
Explain the relationship between the entries in the ratio table
and the points on the graph,
44 Areas of Parallelograms © How is this graph similar to the graph in Activity 2% How Is
it different?
aes How can you use the graphs to determine whose frosting has
more red or blueinit? Explain,
Essential Question sow can you derive » formula for the area of
} a parallelogram? ‘Assumptions :
1 Veg ecg What Is Your Answer?
} A polygon isaclosed figure in a plane that is made upofthree Ta eerie 4, INYOUR OWN: WORDS How can you compare
tworatios?
or more line segments that Intersect only at their endpoints. aa fener
Several examples of polygons are parallelograms, triangles, Leracans 5, PRECISION Your teacher's frosting mixture has 7drops of
red in it How can
and trapezoids Sapetoa tle? you use the graph to find haw many drops of blue are needed to make the
yj | purple frosting? Is your answer exact? Explain.
‘The formulas for the areas of polygons can be derived from
one area formula, the area ofarectangle. Recall that the area
ofa rectangle Is the product of its length Zand its width w.
The process you use to derive these other formulas Is called r Use what you learned about comparing ratios to complete
deductive reasoning. eX Exercises 3 and # on page 214
Rectangle Paraliviograr deege apenas | Section 5.4 Comparing and Graphing Ratios 211
] f

——— a rectangle.
Derive Derive Derive b, Use the formula you wrote in Activity | to find the area of each
Mel fs peemia, (St | 2 SESS parallelogram. Compare your answers to those in part (a).
Leto & Counrunicsquares for each parallelogram to check your results

- What Is Your Answer?

Weenie pence 3, INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you derive a formula for the area
a. Drawanyrectangle
:
on a plece of grid paper. An example is shown below. p BF
of a parallelogram?

Label the length and width. Then find the area of your rectangle. 4, REASONING The areas of arectangle and a parallelogram are equal
The length of a rectangle Is equal to the base of the parallelogram
e What can you say about thewidth of the rectangle and the height of
the parallelogram? Draw a diagram to support your answer.
ss 5. What is the height of the parallelogram shownt How do you know?
oe

b. Curyour rectangle Into two pieces to form a parallelogram. Compare the

area of the rectangle with the area of theparallelogram.Whatdo you notice?
Use your results to write a formula for the area.A of « parallelograrn, L> Use what you learned about the areas of parallelograms to complete
feria yess tt4 ected Exercises 3-5 on page 156

Areas of Polygons Section4.1 Areas of Parallelograms 183

 Comnnnen Care State Standards tor
Mathematical
Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.
@ Multiple representations are presented to help students move from concrete to
representative and into abstract thinking
@ Essential Questions help students focus and analyze
@ In Your Own Words provide opportunities for students to look for meaning and
entry points to a problem
Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
@ Visual problem solving models help students create a coherent representation of
the problem
®@ Opportunities for students to decontextualize and contextualize problems are
presented in every lesson
Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
@ Error Analysis; Different Words, Same Question; and Which One Doesnt Belong
features provide students the opportunity to construct arguments and critique
the reasoning of others
@ Inductive Reasoning activities help students make conjectures and build a
logical progression of statements to explore their conjecture
Model with mathematics.
@ Real-life situations are translated into diagrams, tables, equations, and graphs to
help students analyze relations and to draw conclusions
@ Real-life problems are provided to help students learn to apply the mathematics
that they are learning to everyday life
Use appropriate tools strategically.
® Graphic Organizers support the thought process of what, when, and how to
solve problems
@ A variety of tool papers, such as graph paper, number lines, and manipulatives,
are available as students consider how to approach a problem
@ Opportunities to use the web, graphing calculators, and spreadsheets support
student learning
Attend to precision.
@® On Your Own questions encourage students to formulate consistent and
appropriate reasoning
® Cooperative learning opportunities support precise communication
Look for and make use of structure.
@ Inductive Reasoning activities provide students the opportunity to see patterns
and structure in mathematics
@ Real-world problems help students use the structure of mathematics to break
down and solve more difficult problems
Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.
® Opportunities are provided to help students make generalizations
® Students are continually encouraged to check for reasonableness in
their solutions

Go to BigldeasMath.com for more information on the Common Core State

Standards for Mathematical Practice.
vi
Comi
Care State
ne Standas
n ds fer
Wathem Contant
at tor Grade
ic6al Ativancad)
Chapter Coverage for Standards

POXOOWELW Ratios and Proportional Relationships

® Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems.
®@ Analyze proportional relationships and use them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

pom
TOELOD The Number System
Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by
fractions.
@ Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples.
@ Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers.
@ Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to add, subtract,
multiply, and divide rational numbers.

Domain Expressions and Equations

Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions
and equations.

B a A A a ® tl a a a y| r

POEL Geometry
@ Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, surface area, and volume.

PY LEILD Statistics and Probability

@ Develop understanding of statistical variability.
@ Summarize and describe distributions.

Go to BigldeasMath.com for more information on the Common Core State

Standards for Mathematical Content. i
 Numerical Expressions
and Factors

What You Learned Before...............000. 1

Section 1.1 Whole Number Operations
PCtivity o2 Fc icnsoicceunc ten 2
econ agen renner
LESSON icici. acs nea eee eee 4
Section 1.2 Powers and Exponents
Activitycc 3.30ae iti) Ai. 10
6 Hiiketalking about math: LESSON ic e
katate lee ee 12
and working with Section 1.3 Order of Operations
a partner allows Activity i. Sere e es eee 16
me to do that. 99 Lesson Ue TE ied 18
Study Help/Graphic Organizer............. 22
41S, QUIZ eh cat aeeeiee te ae 23
Section 1.4 Prime Factorization
Activity wccc:uen2oeeee eee 24
Lessons sine ke a cea ae 26
Section 1.5 Greatest Common Factor
ACHIVIRY oii. d i een ee 30
LESSON en Ricci en eae Es 32
Section 1.6, Least Common Multiple
PRIVEE oo cis hee ence ees
eee 36
LeSSON cic inde caniane neee 38
Extension: Adding and
Subtracting Fractions oo. 42
1.4-1.6 QUIZsh oe 44
Chapter Review ..000....c.ce 45
Chapterlest®......22 5) ae oe 48
Standards Assessment...........................49

viii
Fractions and Decimals

What You Learned Before 53

Sectior =) Multiplying Fractions
Activity 54
Lesson a 56
Section Dividing Fractions
Activity . Oe
Lesson... Re AC ote 64
e With my eBook, | get to
Section Nh Dividing Mixed Numbers decide when I use
Activity . es) technology and when
! use print. * |
Lesson: nes ee eee he
Study Help/Graphic Organizer...........76
2.1-2.3 Quiz......... ee eee:
Section 2.. Adding and Subtracting Decimals
Activity ....... see AS
Lesson Ga casoou
ses ee OU
Section 2.5 &
Multiplying Decimals
Activity 84
Lesson . 86
Dividing Decimals
Activity 92
Lesson 94
2.4-2.6 Quiz 100
Chapter Review 101
Chapter Test 104
Standards Assessment 105
 Algebraic Expressions
and Properties
What You Learned Before.....................109
section 3.1 Algebraic Expressions
ACtIVERY (coi ee eae 110
Lesson.......... | 112
on 3.2 Writing Evareesinne
Activity .... ormnlls
66 Lesson... vn lee
Ess oat eet t elps me Study Help/Graphic Organizer Senos 124
begin thinking about the 3.1-3.2 Quiz. " 125
lesson. 99 Section 3.3 Properties of Addition onal
Multiplication
Activity .... iente6
Lesson... 128
Section 3.4 The Distributive Pronartvi
Activity... ae eee 132
LESSON bic ice
ae ee 134
Extension: Factoring Expressions ...140
3.3-3:4: QUIZ. cincow camaon naa
Chapter REVIEW 2ossisciiaadt, me auld
Chapter Test... cere 146
Standards Assessment................. 147
Areas of Polygons

What You Learned Before 151

Section 4.1 Areas of Parallelograms
Activity . Sk on ale
Lesson hee Lapa Oe.
Section 4.2 Areas of Triangles
Activity SH NET eyoem4 fos)
Lesson... | Weed BOE age,
ee |08, | really enjoy the projects
Study Help/Graphic Organizer ........164 at the end of the book
because they help connect
4.1-4.2 Quiz ual aE ea eoeeer RIOD the math to other
Areas of Trapezoids subjects, like science
ACTIVITY Shc sta on See oR doo
Lesson . cies n it eOS
Extension: Areas of Composite
Figures PRE ES e te ae ae
Polygons in the Coordinate Plane
Activity
Lesson
4.3-4.4 Quiz
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Standards Assessment

A3 Art Project

xi
 Ratios and Rates

What You Learned Before.................... 189

Section 5.1 Ratios
Activity 2:05.35
ee 190
Lesson iii i eso ee 192
Section 5.2 Ratio Tables
Activity 20. uucc ce a ey 196
& ® I like Newton and LESSOR Secon TE eee 198
Descartes! The cartoons Section 5.3 Rates
are funny and | like that they
Activity co. 2 Bt Sie ee 204
model the math that we
are learning. @ 8 Lessoninscteci eee ee 206
Section 5.4 Comparing and Graphing Ratios
Activity 205.60 \s eeeoe eee 210
LESSON... Poa
Cee eee abe (a212
Study Help/Graphic Organizer........... 216
§:1-5.4 Quiz ee ee eee 217
Section 5.5 Percents
Activityic.s. eo ee ee 218
Lesson Ae eee Peal cee 220
Section 5.6 Solving Percent Problems
Activity 5.005 corere ares 224
LESSON ts Sa ee en eee 226
Section 5.7

5.5*5:7 QUIZ es eee 238

Chapter Review 0... 239
Chapter Test). eee 242
Standards Assessment... 243

xii
Integers and the
Coordinate Plane

What You Learned Before.............247

Section 6.1 Integers
PRIVY oh cet tec eae
Lesson... 250
Section 6.2 Comparing and Ordering Integers
Activity ............... aee ous CO
Lesson ow... e008 e6 ! really like the
Section 6.3 Fractions and Decimals on the Big Ideas Math website!
Number Line The online resources
are a huge help when
ACUIVG Si ee ee 260 ! get stuck or need
BESSON ete doa ee eee 262 extra help. by
Study Help/Graphic Organizer ........ 266
6.1-6.3 Quiz....... eat et a ae 267
Section 6.4 Absolute Value
ACUI oe. ee ee 268
MCSSON 4 aa ee 270
Section 6.5 The Coordinate Plane
PUNY a ee ee 274
L@SSOMN bb icccesisseiccsnnc fesse se276
Extension: Reflecting Points
in the Coordinate Plane ......................282
6:4-6.5 Quien. eee
Chapter Review ..0..0...ccei
285
Chapter Test bh Soaeoe ees 288
Standards Assessment Kbit O09

xiii
 Equations and
Inequalities
What You Learned Before................... 293
Writing Equations in One Variable
Activityso... icine ene
Lesson............. 296
ion 7.2 Solving Equations Wend Addition
or Subtraction
Activity .c.00nd0..c cee eee 300
66 | like the real-life
Lessonieit Hickcthree
er eee ee 302
application exercises
because they show me 7.3 Solving Equations Using
how I can use the math in Multiplication or Division
my own life. 8 Activit¥.c) jews sat ceroee 308
LESSON... Pee O
/.4 Writing Equstionedin Two Warlablee
ACKIVILY vices tu ote ee Bee 314
LESSON.) occccitaiachy
beanie neaos name 316
Study Help/Graphic ‘Organizer ae 322
TI6,4 QUIZ gia Sh ments ee ee 323
Y
) »n 7.5 Writing and Graphing inequalities
J
D

Activity .... caphs oasebrasaiscs Unswr vac tae eta Oe

Lesson... ore vo 826
Section 7.6 Solving Inequalities Using Addition
or Subtraction
ACTIVELY5.2 eiiconle Set ee oe
Lesson... delta SO
Solving inequalities Using:
Multiplication or Division
ACUNITY «00 ccinukein ee ae OS
Lesson........ RP ter etme a. rev18)
ee
7.5-7.7 Quiz... | 344
BIG IDEAS Chapter Review S eek)
MATH Chapter TeSt2 nickle ee 4c
Standards Assessment eo 349

Xiv
Surface Area
and Volume

What You Learned Before .. 353

9 8.1 Three-Dimensional Figures
Activity 354
Lesson 356
» Surface Areas of Prisms
Activity . . 360
PESCON sa sist ots eee 362 e I like playing the games
Study Help/Graphic Organizer... 366 in the Game Closet! They
are a fun way to practice
8.1-8.2 Quiz .. 367
concepts we are learning
3.3 Surface Areas of Pyramids in class. | |
Activity 368
Lesson <a10
' Volumes of Rectangular Prisms
Activity
Lesson
8.3-8.4 Quiz
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Standards Assessment

XV
 Statistical Measures

What You Learned Before....................

Section 9.1 Introduction to Statistics

LeSSOM Ga cae REE

cit ye eae
Section 9.2 Mean
Activity ii S205. cS eae oeacne
With the BigldeasMath.com LESSON i a ee hea
website | don’t have to Measures of Center
worry if | forget my book Activity eee (ih aie |e
or my workbook
at school. 8 | Lesson. cies eae eee
Study Help/Graphic Organizer.........
9.1-9.3 Quiz.......... Pe aati 1 ees rE
Section 9.4 Measures of Variation
Activity iecsinicceee
ee ee
LESSON 5208 oe aba te eee

9:4-9:5' Quiz: Se eer ee

Chapter Review oo...
Chapter Tests) 355-2. ss=- wee
Standards Assessment...........0...........

xvi
Data Displays

What You Learned Before....... 433

Section 10.1 Stem-and-Leaf Plots
Activity ....... 434
Lesson.............. 436
Section 10.2 Histograms
Activity vv 440
Lesson... . 442 6 l like that |can
Study Help/Graphic Ofganizers 448 print the Glossary
Flashcards to review
10.1-10.2 Quiz... 3 449
before a test. 99
Section 10.3 Shapes of Distributions
Activity.... 450
Lesson... . 452
Extension: ChoosingAppropriate
Measures. 456
Box-and-Whisker Plots
Activity 458
Lesson 460
10.3-10.4 Quiz 466
Chapter Review 467
Chapter Test 470
Standards Assessment 471

xvil
 integers
What You Learned Before. 475
Integers and Absolute Value
Activity .5noncuneeeaecn
et lO
LESSON. cision 478
S 11.2 Adding Integers
6 Activity . . . 482
Before my school had Lessons. 2 ee 484
PEALE ENEa ieentte Section 11.3 Subtracting Integers
always lose test points
because | left units off my Activity ....... 488
answers. Now
I see why Lesson... ci keene” deh oom OO)
pees cre SOUP Ora Study Help/Graphic Organizer.........494
NI=11,.3 QUIZ. cet eect eae
Section 11.4 Multiplying Integers
Activity . . . . cn 496
Lesson... ite 498
n 711.5 Dividing Integers
Activity ...... . 502
LESSON: ..:..;, Ste eeeeee OO
11.4-11.5 Quiz7S.ne. 508
Chapter Review. Lead ee OOS
Chapter Test... crnohe
Standards Assessment... 513

XVili
Rational Numbers

~ What You Learned Before 517

Rational Numbers
Activity 518
Lesson. “020
Adding Rational Numbers
Activity 524
Lesson ; Beye) 6 Word problems used
to confuse me. Now I|
Study Help/Graphic Organizer 530 understand how to look
12.1-12.2 Quiz 531 for patterns and what
Subtracting Rational Numbers the question
is asking! 4 6
Activity Oe
Lesson ee 534
Multiplying and Dividing
Rational Numbers
Activity 538
Lesson... 540
12.3-12.4 Quiz 544
Chapter Review 545
Chapter Test 548
Standards Assessment 549

xix
 Expressions
and Equations
What You Learned Before.................. 553
Algebraic Expressions
Activity nc3.:30
35.5 See OOF
Lesson. eee eee 556
Adding and Subtracting
Linear Expressions
Activity 240) oi ie ee oe 560
beI like the Big Ideas Math LESSONiii sins ee tae 562
Tutorials because they help
explain the math when | am
Extension: Factoring Expressions ..566
at home. 9@ Study Help/Graphic Organizer.......... 568
13.1-132 Quiz. ee eer ah aus eee 569
Section 13.3 Solving Equations Using
Addition or Subtraction
Activity ......... Maren pcrnete tea \kt See tet 570
LessoOn2 2 572
Section 13.4 Solving Equations Using
Multiplication or Division
Activity on.c25 uel senn ect eee 576
Lesson............. keke Es ot Milan ire ei 578
Section 13.5 Solving Two-Step Equations
Activitys:20448. eerie ee 582
LESSON soiiiidin Decals nace ROOM
13.3-13.5 Quiz.......... 25 cus, el eee 588
Chapter Review .....00...0....cccccen 589
Chapter Test.....:..c.cc. cacntacn eee oe
Standards Assessment....................... 593

XxX
Ratios and Proportions

What You Learned Before

Section 14.1 Ratios and Rates

BESS arse es ces

Section 14.2 Proportions
Activity....
Lesson... ® ® ! really like the
Extension: Graphing Proportional Graphic Organizers because
Relationships.... 612 they show me another way
to take notes. | |
Section 14.3 Writing Proportions
Activity
.... 614
Lesson... 616
Study falpyGrapble: Organizer:Seer 620
1aNA4:3 QUIZ a oie
Section 14.4 Solving Proportions

Eeeconmecees oa ee
Section 14.5 Slope
POU cea tee
Lesson. =
Section 14.6 Direct Variation
Activity .
Lesson
14.4-14.6 Quiz
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Standards Assessment.

© | BIG IDEAS

xxi
 Percents

What You Learned Before...................649

Percents and Decimals
Activity ...650
Lesson. ev 652
Comparing and Ordena Fractions!
Decimals, and Percents
& Using the Interactive Activity .... 656
Manipulatives from the
Lesson... 658
Dynamic Student Edition
helps me to see the The Percent Propertion
mathematics that| Activity .. 662
am learning. %
Lesson... 664
The Percent Eauation
Activity .... 668
Lesson XM 670
Study Helo/Greehic Granger! 674
15:1-15;4: Quizes kien et ee OLS
Percents of Increase aid Dacrones
Activity .... 676
Lesson... z 678
Digceunts and Markiups
oe 682
Lesson... 684
Simple Interest
Activity . . 688
Lesson. " ..690
15.5-15.7 Quiz 694
Chapter Review 695
Chapter Test 700
Standards Assessment 701

xxii
Appendix A:
My Big Ideas Projects
Section A. Literature Project
\.2 History Project
Section A.3 Art Project
Science Project.

% ® The Skills Review

Handbook helps me
review topics that |
Selected Answers A1i0 learned before. | by
Key Vocabulary Index A61
Student Index A62
Mathematics Reference Sheet Bt

XXili
 How to Use Your Math Book

@ Read the Essential Question in the activity.

Discuss the sb question with your partner.

racrice
Work with a partner to decide What Is Your Answer?
Now you are ready to do the Practice problems.

@ Find the {Key Vocabulary #@) )words, highlighted

in yellow.
Read their definitions. Study the concepts in each GO Key Idea, .
If you forget a definition, you can look it up online in the

i) Multi-Language Glossary at BigldeasMath

@ After you study each EXAMPLE, do the exercises in the bg On Your Own.

hpeettcte Ready to do the exercises that correspond to the example.

As you study, look for a ‘Study Tip Pe ea Common Error

@ The exercises are divided into 3 parts.

GG Vocabulary and Concept Check

Practice and Problem Solving

A soirGame Review

If an exercise has a @ next to it, look back at

Example 1| for help with that exercise.

More help is available at GU22 SLO

BigldeasMath

@ GH
@ To help study for your test, use the following.

SEE NTI PN TT ET:

apter| eview "Chapter lect’

 Js

Use this Scavenger Hunt to find where things are in Chapter 1.

pore¢=.,
Find
Qu’re Find an @ On Your Own
Exercises 12-20 aA
about 6 + 24 — 1.

Bind an |
») | Essential Question. |
Find a KGUG) ies
about prime and Find an EXAMPLE of
composite numbers. greatest common factor.

Finda GiVocabulary I
question about expressions.

Find the G°
Order of Operations.

Find a e& Problem Solving Find the definition of a

question about a FIELD TRIP.

Find the answer in

the back of the book.

Which examples ® help

with Exercise 6 on page 20? You’re

Pr al
CF

Descartes

XXV
 gq Numerical Expressions
and Factors
s 1.1 Number Opgfations
1.2 and Exponents
Ordenof Operatio

Don't expect
an answer to
nis one.

«So, why isn’t x

“And you
that x?
say uared.”
called x-lined?
is called x-S4
3
x
You say that
“Dear Sir: ed.
is called x-cU

There aren'+ any

hyenas around
Nere.

“My : Sign on add

in g fractii ons wit
unlike denominators is
kespingh
the hyenas away.”
What You
Learned Before
6
@ Identifying Prime and composite,
12 biog2 bloc
Composite Numbers (4.02.4) ‘ —
Example 1 Determine whether 26 is prime or composite.
Because the factors of 26 are 1, 2, 13, and 26, it is composite.
Example 2 Determine whether 37 is prime or composite.
Because the only factors of 37 are 1 and 37, it is prime.

Try It Yourself
Determine whether the number is prime or composite.
y eS Ze a ep Ns

4. 23 ope) 6. 33

7. 43 8:737 9. 64

Adding and Subtracting Mixed Numbers

with Like Denominators (4.N¥.3c)
Example 3. Find 2=+ 4
: ae : °5+ , the mixed
: ’
an a oes .. z Rewrite numbers as improper fractions.
5 5

Simplify.

Add the numerators.

Simplify.

Try It Yourself
Add or subtract.

10) 4
Bs
136
I is
 1.1 “Whole Number Operations

1) ®

Essential Question How do you know which operation to choose

when solving a real-life problem?

IVITY: Choosing an Operation

Pele
of bt

Work with a partner. The double bar graph shows the history of a citywide
aie
DU
Rita
ORA
nak
alee

cleanup day.

_
Ww
TS
Cc
Ss
°
a
—

TG
i)
~
U
Lv
i)
2)
~
(=
=]
°
=
<q

2011
Year

e Copy each question below.

e Underline a key word or phrase that helps you know which operation to
use to answer the question. State the operation. Why do you think the
key word or phrase indicates the operation you chose?
e Write an expression you can use to answer the question.
COMMON e Find the value of your expression. pee
CORE =
Whole Numbers a. What is the total amount of trash
In this lesson, you will collected from 2010 to 20132
e determine which operation
octane b. How many more pounds of
© divide multi-digit numbers. recyclables were collected in 2013
Learning Standard than in 2010?
ONG. c. How many times more recyclables |
were collected in 2012 than in 20102
d. The amount of trash collected in
2014 is estimated to be twice the amount
collected in 2011. What is that amount?2

2 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 Work with a partner.
Math GR
Practice \ a. Explain how you can use estimation to check the reasonableness of the
value of your expression in Activity 1 (a).
Communicate
Precisely b. Explain how you can use addition to check the value of your expression in
What key words Activity 1(b).
should youuseso |
Explain how you can use estimation to check the reasonableness of the
that your partner
understands your value of your expression in Activity 1(c).
explanation? Use mental math to check the value of your expression in Activity 1(d).
Describe your strategy.

ACTIVITY: Using Estimation

Work with a partner. Use the map. Explain how you found each answer.
a. Which two lakes havea
combined area of about
; Lake Superior
33,000 square miles? or aes
b. Which lake covers an oe i
area about three times aes
greater than the area of L Re eee
Lake Erie? 23,011 mi2.~
c. Which lake covers an ; “¢ Lake Ontario
: z\ Lake Michigan 7320 mi2
area that is about 16,000 22,316 mi2
square miles greater than ee soe ae diakeEre
the area of Lake Ontario? 22
d. Estimate the total area
covered by the Great Lakes.

What Is Your Answer?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How do you know which operation to choose when
solving a real-life problem?
In a magic square, the sum of the numbers in
each row, column, and diagonal is the same
and each number from 1 to 9 is used only once.
Complete the magic square. Explain how you
found the missing numbers.

Practice
Use what you learned about choosing operations to complete
Exercises 8-11 on page 7.

Section 1.1 Whole Number Operations

1.1. Lesson

Recall the four basic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication,

and division.

Operation Words
Addition the sum of
Subtraction the difference of
Multiplication the product of

Division the quotient of

EXAMPLE ( {1 Adding and Subtracting Whole Numbers

The bar graph shows the attendance at a three-day art festival.
a. What is the total attendance for the art festival?
Ll eee You want to find the total attendance for the three days. aa
eae 2000
In this case, the phrase total attendance indicates you
d to find th f the daily attendances
need to find the sumof the daily pues
+ 3876
Line up the numbers by their place values, then add. 9591
-<* The total attendance is 9591 people.

people
of
Number
b. What is the increase in attendance from Day | to Day 2?
You want to find how many more people attended on Day 2 than
on Day 1. In this case, the phrase how many more indicates you need
to find the difference of the attendances on Day 2 and Day 1.
10
Line up the numbers by their place values, then subtract. a vi
‘+ The increase in attendance from Day 1 to Day 2 9570
is 575 people. 575

> ON 26-0 2 _ Multiplying Whole Numbers

A school lunch contains 12 chicken nuggets. Ninety-five students buy
the lunch. What is the total number of chicken nuggets served?
You want to find the total number of chicken nuggets in 95 groups of
In Example 2, you can 12 chicken nuggets. The phrase 95 groups of 12 indicates you need to
use estimation to check find the product of95 and 12.
the reasonableness of
your answer. 12
12 x 95 = 12 x 100 x
_95
= 1200 60 Multiply 12 by the ones digit, 5.
Because 1200 ~ 1140, 108 Multiply 12 by the tens digit, 9.
the answer is 1140 Add
reasonable.

:* There were 1140 chicken nuggets served.

4 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 @ 0n Your Own
: Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check your answer.
; dy
Exercises 12-20 1. 1745 + 682 25912 — 799 3. 42x 118

ON e- 3 Dividing Whole Numbers: No Remainder.

You make 24 equal payments

for a go-kart.
You pay a total
of $840. How much is
each payment?
You want to find the number
of groups of 24 in $840. The
phrase groups of 24 in $840
indicates you need to find
the quotient of 840 and 24.

Use long division to find the quotient.

Decide where to write the first digit of the quotient.
2
24) 840 Do not use the hundreds place because 24 is greater than 8.

2
24) 840 Use the tens place because 24 is less than 84.

So, divide the tens and write the first digit of the quotient in the
tens place.
3
24) 840 Divide 84 by 24: There are three groups of 24 in 84.
Le Multiply 3 and 24.
i Subtract 72 from 84.

Next, bring down the 0 and divide the ones.

Do
24) 840 Divide 120 by 24: There are five groups of 24 in 120.
Remember = 72)
Auecnd au Check Find the
divisor ~ (Wotlent sald ee aut a op product of the quotient
t upuac ees and the divisor.
So, quotient X divisor
= dividend.
ts
The quotient of 840 and 24 is‘ 35. 35 i
quotient
eee
x 24 divisor
s* So, each payment is $35. 140
70
840 dividend /

Section 1.1 Whole Number Operations 5

 @ 0n Your Own
NoWenlOUhe Ready Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check your answer.
) Exercises 21-23 * 986
4. 234-9 6. 840+ 105
58

7. Find the quotient of 9920 and 320.

When you use long division to divide whole numbers and you obtain a
remainder, you can write the quotient as a mixed number using the rule
ne ae : remainder
dividend + divisor = quotient + ——_——
divisor

>On iae-a 4 Real-Life Application

A 301-foot-high swing at an amusement park can take 64 people
on each ride. A total of 8983 people ride the swing today. All the
rides are full except for the last ride. How many rides are given?
How many people are on the last ride?
To find the number of rides given, you need to find the number
of groups of 64 people in 8983 people. The phrase groups of
64 people in 8983 people indicates you need to find the quotient
of 8983 and 64.

Divide the place-value positions from left to right.

140 R23
64)8983 There is one group of 64 in 89.
— 64]
258 There are four groups of 64 in 258.
Do not stop here. You a 25).)
must write a 0 in the ones 23 There are no groups of 64 in 23.
place of the quotient. = 0)
23 The remainder is 23.

The quotient is 140— This indicates 140 groups of 64, with

23 remaining.

::+ So, 141 rides are given, with 23 people on the last ride.

@ On Your Own
,
Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check your answer.
; ¥.
2
ae ata
-
CN 6096
9. 45,691 + 28 10. 3215 + 430
11. WHAT IF? In Example 4, 9038 people ride the swing. What is the least
number of rides possible?

6 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

eT Ee Ot r Help with -
BigldeasMath &

VOCABULARY Determine which operation the word or phrase represents.

1. sum 2. times 3. the quotient of
4. decreased by 5. total of 6. minus

[commer
es er is mers ividen wa
ptihoor a 34)884

The bar graph shows the attendance at a food | Food Festival Attendance
festival. Write an expression you can use to
answer the question. Then find the value of
your expression.

8. What is the total attendance at the food

festival from 2010 to 2013?

9. How many more people attended the

food festival in 2012 than in 2011?
10. How many times more people attended of
Number
people
the food festival in 2013 than in 2010?
11. The festival projects that the total
attendance for 2014 will be twice the
attendance in 2012. What is the projected 2010 2011 2012 2013
attendance for 2014? Year

Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check your answer.
@ 12. 2219 + 872 13. 5351 14. 3968 + 1879
+ 1730
15. 7694 — 5232 16. 9165 — 4729 17. 2416
— 1983
@® 18. 84 19. 124 x 56 20. 419 x 236
x 37
© 21. 837 = 27 22, = 23. 7440 = 124
@ 24. 6409 = 61 25. 8241 ~ 173 26. ae
,005

Section 1.1 Whole Number Operations 7

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the value
of the expression.

oT 28.
39 x 19
x17 12)1308
273 ele
Be 108
—312 ~ 108.

Determine the operation you would use to solve the problem.

Do not answer the question.
29. Gymnastic lessons cost $30 per week. How much will 18 weeks
of gymnastic lessons cost?

30. The scores on your first two tests were 82 and 93. By how many
points did your score improve?

31. You are setting up tables for a banquet for 150 guests. Each
table seats 12 people. What is the minimum number of tables
you will need?

32. Astore has 15 boxes of peaches. Each box contains 45 peaches.

How many peaches does the store have?

33. Two shirts cost $18 and $25. What is the total cost of
the shirts?

34. A gardener works for 14 hours during a week and charges

$168. How much does the gardener charge for each hour?

Find the perimeter and area of the rectangle.

35. 36. a7.

UPR — = 10 =

38. BOX OFFICE The number of tickets sold for the opening weekend of a movie
is 879,575. The movie was shown in 755 theaters across the nation. What was the
average number of tickets sold at each theater?

39. LOGIC You find that the product of 93 and 6 is 558. How can you use addition
to check your answer? How can you use division to check your answer?

40. NUMBER SENSE Without calculating, decide which is greater: 3999 + 129 or
3834 + 142. Explain.

Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

41. REASONING In a division problem, can the remainder ae
be greater than the divisor? Explain. —
42. WATER COOLER You change the water jug on the E aleve
water cooler. How many cups can be completely filled f 3
before you need to change the water jug again? snc ge

43. ARCADE You have $9, one ofyour friends has $10, and
two of your other friends each have $13. You combine your ane
money to buy arcade tokens. You use a coupon to buy 8 El
tokens for $1. The cost of the remaining tokens is four for $1.
You and your friends share the tokens evenly. How many _<— 10 fluid
tokens does each person get? ounces

44. BOOK SALE You borrow bookcases like the one shown to display
943 books at a book sale. You plan to put 22 books on each shelf.
No books will be on top of the bookcases.
a. How many bookcases must you borrow to display all
the books?
b. You fill the shelves of each bookcase in order, starting with
the top shelf. How many books are on the third shelf of the
last bookcase?

45. MODELING The siding of a house is CanSize Cost = Coverage

2250 square feet. The siding needs
1 rt 18 80 square feet
two coats of paint. The table shows ae $ 4
1 gallon 320 square feet
information about the paint. pes
a. What is the minimum cost of the
paint needed to complete the job?
b. How much paint is left over?

46. Use the digits 3, 4, 6, and 9 to complete the division problem.

Use each digit once.

A A 000 - F 00 = Ho

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Plot the ordered pair in a coordinate plane. (Ski//s Review Handbook)
Alt 3) 48. (0, 4) 49. (6, 0) 50. (4, 2)

51. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following numbers is not prime?

(Skills Review Handbook)
ey il () 2 © 3 ®M 5

Section 1.1 Whole Number Operations 9

 12 Powers and Exponents

Essential Question How can you use repeated factors in

real-life situations?

As I was going to St. Ives

I met aman with seven wives
Each wife had seven sacks
REI
a
ltl
an
red
Nie
PLP
beh
SS
rein
LAOS
Each sack had seven cats
Each cat had seven kits
Kits, cats, sacks, wives
How many were going to St. Ives? |Nursery Rhyme, 1730

ACTIVITY: Analyzing a Math Poem

Work with a partner. Here is a “St. Ives” poem written by two students.
Answer the question in the poem.

As | was walking into town

| met a ringmaster with five clowns
Each clown had five magicians
Each magician had five bunnies
Each bunny had fiv e fleas
Fleas, bunnies, magicians, clowns
How many Were going into town?
COMMON
' CORE
Numerical Expressions
In this lesson, you will Number of clowns: 5 =
© write expressions
as powers.
e find values of powers.
Number of magicians: xs - im
Preparing for Standard Number of bunnies: 5X5xX5 =
6.EE.1
Number of fleas: 5x5x5x5 =i

So, the number of fleas, bunnies, magicians, and clowns is AMUN NG

Explain how you found your a nswer.

10 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 Work with a partner. Copy and complete the table.
Math
Practice
Repeated Factors Using an Exponent | Value
Repeat
Calculations a 4x4
=a i) ee ee
What patterns do
you notice with b- 6x6
each problem? How
Abeer
Gc. 10105510
does this help you —_3
write exponents? d. 100 x 100 x 100

CSA SESS 3

fi; Axia A

|B 2xX2x2x2x2x2 |

h. In your own words, describe what the two numbers in the

expression 3° mean.

ACTIVITY: Writing and Analyzing a Math Poem...

on tg

Work with a partner.

a. Write your own “St. Ives” poem.
b. Draw pictures for your poem.
c. Answer the question in
your poem.
d. Show how you can use
exponents to write your
answer.

What Is Your Answer?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use repeated factors in real-life
situations? Give an example.

5. STRUCTURE Use exponents to complete the table. Describe the pattern.

10 100 1000 10,000 | 100,000 | 1,000,000

10° 10° Boi

Use what you learned about exponents to complete Exercises 4—6

Section 1.2 Powers and Exponents 11

 Lesson T
saree’

A power is a product of repeated factors. The base of a power is the

Key Vocabulary 1)
repeated factor. The exponent of a power indicates the number of times
power, p. 12 the base is used as a factor.
base, p. 12
exponent, p. 12 base | | (exponent |
perfect square, p. 13
Sty IRS
power 3 is used as a factor 4 times.

Words

Three squared, or three to the second

Three cubed, or three to the third

Three to the fourth

EXAMPLE ( {| Writing Expressions as Powers

Math == Write each product as a power.

Practice «/ Beetiendvedtientacy’
Choose Tools | Because 4 is used as a factor 5 times, its exponent is 5.
Why are calculators |
more efficient when sts S0s40404 04-4 =A>
finding the values :
of expressions 12
bel 2 x
a2 SK

involving exponents? _
e
\

Because 12 is used as a factor 3 times, its exponent is 3.

seeOOn 2a a1 2s 1212

@ On Your Own
NpilOliine Reg,d Write the product as a power.
Exercises 4—12 1. 6°6°6*6*6°6 2. 15% 15x oes

EXAMPLE ( 22 ean MAI atens

Find the value of each power.
ae ie bas
deel Cols Write as repeated multiplication. 5°=5+5«5
= 49 Simplify. Seas

12 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors 1@) Multi-Language Glossary at BiglIdeasMathW/com

 The square of a whole number is a perfect square.

PON Ie- 3) _ Identifying Perfect Squares

Determine whether each number is a perfect square.
a. 64

Because 8° = 64, 64 is a perfect square.

Dee20
No whole number squared equals 20. So, 20 is not a perfect square.

@ On Your Own
Now You’re as Find the value of the power.
Exercises 14-21” 3. 6° 4. 9° 5. 34 6. 18°
and 25-32
Determine whether the number is a perfect square.
Weeco 8. 2 Sum99 107100

Remember The area of a square is equal to its side length squared.

The area of a figure
is the amount of | ee
surface it covers. | Ce 3 INCE square units
Area is measured in ae
square units.
3

>On ae 4 _ Real-Life Application

A MONOPOLY® game board is a square with a side length of
20 inches. What is the area of the game board?
Use a verbal model to solve the problem.
area of game board = (side length)’
=e Substitute 20 for side length.
= 400 Multiply.

-> The area of the game board is 400 square inches.

@ On Your Own
11. What is the area of the square
traffic sign in square inches?
in square feet?

Section 1.2 Powers and Exponents 13

 Exercises)

GuWealaay and Concept Check

. VOCABULARY How are exponents and powers different?
2. VOCABULARY Is 10 a perfect square? Is 100 a perfect square? Explain.
3. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which one does not belong with the other
three? Explain your reasoning.

Mee 2X2X2x2 3234343 =34] ax 53525 =5° |

Practice and Problem Solving

Write the product as a power.
@ 4.9x9 5. 13X13 6. 15x 15x 15 |
7. 2+2+2+2+2 SEIS CIE <1! 9.8+8+8+8
MOE LEG Sas eal SCAT Se Re beMOON! cal 12. 16+16+16+16

13. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the

error in writing the product as a power. 4°4+4= 3+

Find the value of the power.

@ 14. 5? 15. 4° 16s Wie Wee
Use a calculator to find the value of the power.
18 19. 4° 2012: Zee ay?

22. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the

error in finding the value of the power. 8° =8-3=24

23. POPULATION The population of Virginia is about 8 x 10°. About how

many people live in Virginia?

24. FIGURINES The smallest figurine in a gift shop is 2 inches tall.

The height of each figurine is twice the height of the
previous figurine. Write a power to represent
the height of the tallest figurine. Then find
the height.

i
14 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors
 Determine whether the number is a perfect square.
© 25. 8 26. 4 vy Pad 28. 44
29. 49 B058125 Si, 150 32. 144
33. PAINTING A square painting measures 2 meters on each side. What is the area
of the painting in square centimeters?

34. NUMBER SENSE Write three powers that have values greater
than 120 and less than 130.

35. CHECKERS A checkers board has 64 squares. How many

squares are in each row?

36. PATIO A landscaper has 125 tiles to build a square patio.

The patio must have an area of at least 80 square feet.
a. What are the possible arrangements for the patio?

b. How many tiles are not used in each arrangement?

37. PATTERNS Copy and complete the table. Describe what

happens to the value of the power as the exponent decreases.
Use this pattern to find the value of 4°.

38. REASONING Consider the equation 56 = a. The missing number is

between what two whole numbers?

59) How many blocks do you need to add to Square 6 to get Square 7?
to Square 9 to get Square 10? to Square 19 to get Square 20? Explain.

Square 3 FEE
Square 4
Square 5
Square 6

> = ar °
A sair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Find the value of the expression. (Skills Review Handbook)
40. 6x 14 41. 11x15 42. 56-7 = 16
43—112

44. MULTIPLE CHOICE You buy a box of gum that has 12 packs. Each pack has
5 pieces. Which expression represents the total number of pieces of gum?
(Skills Review Handbook)

C() 12+5 CB) 12-5 (1255 @M 12+5

Section 1.2 Powers and Exponents

 Le

13 0 rder of Operations
{
Essential Question What is the effect of inserting parentheses
into a numerical expression?

ACTIVITY: Comparing Different Orders

Work with a partner. Find the value of the expression by using different orders
of operations. Are your answers the same? (Circle yes or no.)
a. Add, then multiply. Multiply, then add. Same?

3+4x2- 3+4x2
= Yes No

Add, then subtract. Subtract, then add. Same?

s+3-1= s+3-1
= Yes No

Divide, then multiply. Multiply, then divide. Same?

12+3-2= Yes No

Divide, then add. Add, then divide. Same?

16+ 4+4- Se 16+ 4+4- Yes No

Multiply, then subtract. Subtract, then multiply. Same?

sx4-2- iia sx4-2- |i Yes No

Multiply, then divide. Divide, then multiply. Same?

5-4+2-
_ COMMON
CORE
Numerical Expressions
o-4+2- Yes No
In this lesson, you will
e evaluate numerical
expressions with Subtract, then add. Add, then subtract. Same?
whole-number exponents.
Learning Standard
6.EE.1
13-4+6- Yes No

Multiply, then add. Add, then multiply. Same?

1x2+3
- Yes No

16 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 aa ec
a

Work with a partner. Use all the symbols and numbers to write an expression
that has the given value.

Symbols and Numbers Value Expression

ny oe res 3 AU
aiaSG ia
bora oes i a aL
Cee 6 16 URES.
\)My
dd. (1), -- SOrowia l Fi Pua SS eet
Se ee TG 70 Fetes
manta

Math &)
Practice ¢ | =|
Use Operations

Sete tale
which operation to p.Agee)
{2——|—~TS 6 ES)
7
perform first?
Ce Wears. ot 351) =

ad. 10 4-8 6-409) =

e. (9723+9032)- $540 =A
f. $124.60= ($72.41 + $5.67) =

What Is Your A
4. In an expression with two or more operations, why is it necessary
to agree on an order of operations? Give examples to support your
explanation.
5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS What is the effect of inserting parentheses into
a numerical expression?

Use what you learned about the order of operations to complete

Exercises 3-5 on page 20.

Section 1.3 Order of Operations 17

 Scag ee A cae

re Econ
Lesson Tutorials. /
BigIdeasMath
An cal expressi “4is an expression that contains only numbers and
Key Vocabulary sf ) (ene To€
numerical expression, c
set ofrules called the order yf
p. 18
evaluate, p. 18
order of operations, G° Key Idea
pats
Order of Operations
1. Perform operations in Parentheses.
2. Evaluate numbers with Exponents.
3. Multiply or Divide from left to right.
4. Add or Subtract from left to right.

EXAMPLE ( {| Using Order of Operations

a. Evaluate 12 — 2 x 4.

I2— 2x 4—=12—8 Multiply 2 and 4.

=4 Subtract 8 from 12.
b. Evaluate 7 + 60 + (3 x 5).

tae 60 Oe 5) 4 1 60 lo Perform operation in parentheses.

=7+4 Divide 60 by 15.
=1]1 Add 7 and 4.

eM e=8 2 Using Orderof Operations with Exponents

Evaluate 30 ~ (7 + 23) x 6.
Evaluate the power in parentheses first.
Remember to multiply
ae PU ae 30 ate= (7+ 2?)
3 x 6 == 30 te
— (7-48) x bu Evaluate2”3
right. In Example 2, you | = 3015 x6 Perform operation in parentheses.
should divide before |
multiplying because the | =2x6 Divide 30 by 15.
division symbol comes
first when reading from | = 12 Multiply 2 and 6.
left to right.
@ On Your Own
Evaluate the expression.
,

Evercses 6-14” 17 oars 2. (28-20) +4 3. 6X15-10+2

4, 692al 5 4-87 1g 6. 16+ (bo = 7) 3

18 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors 0@) Multi-Language Glossary at RE TY fe

 The symbols < and « are used to indicate multiplication. You can also use
parentheses to indicate multiplication. For example, 3(2 + 7) is the same
aS Oar. 7):

EXAMPLE (33 Using Order of Operations

a. Evaluate 9 + 7(5 — 2).

Siri Oto) OS) Perform operation in parentheses.

=9+21 Multiply 7 and 3.

= 30 Add
9 and 21.
b. Evaluate 15 — 4(6 + 1) + 22.

15 — 4(6 + 1) + 27 = 15 — 4(7) = 2? Perform operation in parentheses.

=15-—4(7)+4 Evaluate 27.

—15*-20 — 4 Multiply 4 and 7.
= LS 37. Divide 28 by 4.
= Subtract 7 from 15.

EXAMPLE ( (1!)
You buy foam spheres,
paint bottles, and wooden
rods to construct a model Spheres
of our solar system.What Paint
is your total cost? Rods

Use a verbal model to solve the problem.

cost of 9 spheres + cost of 6 paint bottles + cost of 8 rods
9 22 + 6°3 oF 8-1
9-2+6°3+8+1=18+18+8 Multiply.
= 44 Add.

-:+ Your total cost is $44.

@ On Your Own
4 Evaluate the expression.
; y. 9 9 8(3 + 4)
Exercises 18-23 7. 50+6(12+4)-8 8. 5° —5(10 — 5) 9.
7
10. WHAT IF? In Example 4, you add the dwarf planet Pluto to your
model. Use a verbal model to find your total cost assuming you
do not need more paint. Explain.

Section 1.3 Order of Operations 19

 1.3 EXercises
Help with Homework, /4
BigldeasMath

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. WRITING Why does 12 — 8 = 2 = 8, but (12 — 8) +2 = 2?
2. REASONING Describe the steps in evaluating the expression 8 + (6 — 4) + ae

Practice and Problem Solving

( é \ i i | ed |e \

Find the value of the expression.

3. (4X 15) -3 4. 10-(7+1) 5. 18+ (6+ 3)
Evaluate the expression.
@@®@ 6. 5+18+6 7. (11-3) +241 8. 45+9%x12
9. 6-3-4 10. 42 + (15 - 2°) ia acire astbh 7
12. 3°+12+ (6-3) x8 13. (10 + 4) + (26 — 19) 14, (57-4) -2-18

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in evaluating the expression.
15: 16.
x 9+2x3=1x3 x 19-6 +12=19-18
= OO = 1

17. POETRY You need to read 20 poems in 5 days for an English project. Each
poem is 2 pages long. Evaluate the expression 20 x 2 + 5 to find how many
pages you need to read each day.

Evaluate the expression.

@ 18. 92 - 8(6 + 2) 19. @—1°+
76) —5° 20. [1a +2) +4
21. 72= 2(= is;| 22 Se Tye ae 23, 24(5.2 — 3.2) =4

24. MONEY You have four $10 bills and eighteen

$5 bills in your piggy bank. How much money
do you have?

25. THEATER Before a show, there are 8 people

in a theater. Five groups of 4 people enter,
and then three groups of 2 people leave.
Evaluate the expression 8 + 5(4) — 3(2) to
find how many people are in the theater.
“A($10) + 18($5)

20 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 Evaluate the expression.
26. 6(3 + 5) 37. 12* Pe — 4(6)+1 26-245
F

4 ihe

29. FIELD TRIP Eighty students are going on a field

trip to a history museum. The total cost includes
e 2 bus rentals and

e $10 per student for lunch.

What is the total cost per student?
Daily Bus Rental
$960 perbus

30. OPEN-ENDED Use all four operations

without parentheses to write an |
expression that has a value of 100. a \ oe

31. SHOPPING You buy 6 notebooks, 10 folders, 1 pack

Back-to-School Savings
of pencils, and 1 lunch box for school. After using a
$10 gift card, how much do you owe? Explain how
you solved the problem.

32. LITTER CLEANUP Two groups collect litter along the

tebook side of a road. It takes each group 5 minutes to clean
| up a 200-yard section. How long does it take to clean
up 2 miles? Explain how you solved the problem.

mbe
Sieh Copy each statement. Insert +, —, X, or + symbols to make each
statement true.

a. 273
Bs 2 = 19 b. 97 11 Bs HR 4 BR 1 = co
c. 5 6 HRB 15 M9 = 24 d. 14 (2 2 Bl 7 RR 3 Blo = 10

- e@ > e

“-) ©6Fair Game REVIEW What you learned in previous grades & lessons
Add or subtract. (Skills Review Handbook)

Bae JOD 2Jo iad© peed bore] BG, 12.0 3 37-7 0.2

2 ‘ ; 1
38. MULTIPLE CHOICE You are making two recipes. One recipe calls for 2, cups of

flour. The other recipe calls for 17cups of flour. How much flour do you need
to make both recipes? (Skills Review Handbook)
il 2, 7
IS cups oa cups C) 3= cups ©) ie cups

Section 1.3 Order of Operations 21

 JiR nad

Check. It, Out,

Graphic Organizer, //s
BiglIdeasMath
You can use an information frame to help you organize and remember concepts.
Here is an example of an information frame for powers.

Words:
A power is a product of repeated factors. The
base of a power is the common factor. The
exponent of a power indicates the number
of times the base is used as a factor.

Numbers:
Powers
45 =4eoheod

Example:

Find the value of the power.

24 =2020202=16

\ \ /]

Oat ur M4 Or hay
On You y UWYyVil
Make information frames to help you
study these topics.
I'm not sure ~
about the
1. adding whole numbers
2. subtracting whole numbers
3. multiplying whole numbers
4. dividing whole numbers
5. order of operations
After you complete this chapter, make
information frames for the following topics.
6. prime factorization
: “Dear Mom, | am sending you an
7. greatest common factor (GCF) information frame card for Mother’s Day!”

8. least common multiple (LCM)

9 . least common denominator (LCD)

22 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check
your answer. (Section 1.1)
1. 4265 + 3896 2 Doe 2624

3: 7210 49 4. 648 + 72

Find the value of the power. (Section 1.2)

as alg

Determine whether the number is a perfect square. (Section 1.2)

7-36 8: 15

Evaluate the expression. (Section |.3)

9. 6+21+7 fOme
oe 2)
WZ

dia fer 6 8 12) 21418"

= 2)

13. AUDITORIUM An auditorium has a total of 592 seats. There

are 37 rows of seats, and each row has the same number of seats.
How many seats are there inasingle row? (Section 1.1)

14. SOFTBALL The bases on a softball field are square.

What is the area of each base? (Section 1.2)

15. DUATHLON In an 18-mile duathlon, you run, then bike

12 miles, and then run again. The two runs are the same
distance. Find the distance ofeachrun. (Section 1.3)

16. AMUSEMENT PARK Tickets for an amusement

park cost $10 for adults and $6 for children.
Find the total cost for 2 adults and 3 children.
(Section 1.3)

Sections 1.1-1.3 Quiz 23

 1.4 Prime Factorization

zssential Question Without dividing, how can you tell when a

number is divisible by another number?

‘|. ACTIVITY:, Finding Divisibility Rules for2, 3, 5,,and 10

LS 2S 1AD IS ET yee ee eee

PENA i1 hiteend Mor a 22 Mind eo vant ei A eS IME) “BAO,

Sl 22 25> 24 25 26 Fe Ce ome

41 42 45 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Highlight all the numbers that are divisible by 2.

Put a box around the numbers that are divisible by 3.
Underline the numbers that are divisible by 5.
Circle the numbers that are divisible by 10.
5B STRUCTURE
cao In parts (a)—(d), what patterns do you notice? Write four rules to
determine when a number is divisible by 2, 3, 5, and 10.

G , COMMON
' CORE ‘2 +, ACTIVITY: Finding Divisibility Rules for 6 and 9
Common Factors
and Multiples Work with a partner.
uoeTie hs iy a. List ten numbers that are divisible by 6. Write a rule
find prime factorizations to determine when a number is divisible by 6. Use a
eranibessy calculator to check your rule with large numbers.
Preparing for Standard in
ha eg ee b. List ten numbers that are divisible by 9. Write
a rule to determine when a number is divisible
by 9. Use a calculator to check your rule with
large numbers.

24 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 : Rewriting a Number Using 2s, 3s, and 5s
Work with three other students. Use the following rules and only the prime
factors 2, 3, and 5 to write each number below as a product.

e Your group should have four sets of cards: a set with all 2s, a set
with all 3s, a set with all 5s, and a set of blank cards. Each person
gets one set of cards.
e Begin by choosing two cards to represent the given number as
a product of two factors. The person with the blank cards writes
any factors that are not 2, 3, or 5.
e Use the cards again to represent any number written on a blank
card as a product of two factors. Continue until you have represented
each handwritten card as a product of two prime factors.
e You may use only one blank card for each step.

a. Sample: 108

What numbers are

Lfactors of 108? 108
r q = What numbers are
factors of 54?

What numbers are

Math 7 , factors of 18?
Practice ( What numbers are |
Interpret |q factors of 6?
Results
How do you | (Both factors are prime. F> > ,2 |
know your answer
makes sense?
+ 108 =2+3+3+3+2
b. 80 c. 162 d. 300
e. Compare your results with those of other groups. Are your steps the same
for each number? Is your final answer the same for each number?

What Is Your Answer?

4. INYOUR OWN WORDS Without dividing, how can you tell when a
number is divisible by another number? Give examples to support
your explanation.
5. Explain how you can use your divisibility rules from Activities 1 and 2 to
help with Activity 3.

Use what you learned about divisibility rules to complete

Practices Exercises 4-7 on page 28.

Section 1.4 Prime Factorization 25

 1.4 Lesson
Seen

Because 2 is factor of10 and 2 «5 = 10, 5 is also a factor of 10. The pair
2, 5 is called a factor pai

> aN [Je 4. Finding Factor Pairs.

The brass section of a marching band has
Key Vocabulary @) 30 members. The band director arranges the
factor pair, p. 26 brass section in rows. Each row has the same
prime factorization, number of members. How many possible
p. 26 arrangements are there?
factor tree, p. 26
Use the factor pairs of 30 to find the number of arrangements.
30 = 1-30 There could be 1 row of 30 or 30 rows of 1.
30=2°¢15 There could be 2 rows of 15 or 15 rows of 2.
30=3-10 There could be 3 rows of 10 or 10 rows of 3.
When making an 30=5°6 There could be 5 rows of 6 or 6 rows of 5.
organized list of factor |
pairs, stop finding pairs | 30=6°5 The factors 5 and 6 are already listed.
eS a JOH SLO ‘+ There are 8 possible arrangements: 1 row of30, 30 rows of 1, 2 rows of
aoe | 15, 15 rows of 2, 3 rows of 10, 10 rows of 3, 5 rows of 6, or 6 rows of5.

@ On Your Own
: List the factor pairs of the number.
beerses 8-15” ip 2A oF bl
4. WHAT IF? The woodwinds section of the marching band has
38 members. Which has more possible arrangements, the brass
section or the woodwinds section? Explain.

GO Key Idea
Prime Factorizauon

Remember
A prime number is a
whole number greater —
than 1 with exactly two | factorization of anumber. The fact tree is complete when only
factors, 1 and itself. A
prime factors appear in the product. A factor tree for 60 is shown.
composite number is a
whole number greater 60
than 1 with factors j 4
other than 1 and itself. ou
5+ is
60 = 2°2+3+5
or27 +35

26 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors 1@) Multi-Language Glossary at BEE NY fe

 ON te 2) Writing a Prime Factorization
Write the prime factorization of 48.

Choose any factor pair of 48 to begin the factor tree.

Tree 1 Tree 2
: os 48 Find a factor pair and 48
Notice that beginning | S draw “branches.” S
with different factor “pA ; “516
pairs results in the same | S. x Circle the prime factors j 3
prime factorization. vis B as you find them. ye D
seeds ee | oe Find factors until each branch aw
PONS @° ends at a prime factor. ona)
prime factorization.
———

48 =2°2°3+2¢2 48 =3°2*2°2°2

*:+ The prime factorization of 48 is2 +2 +2+2-+3,or2* +3.

ON 2e-6 3 _ Using a Prime Factorization

What is the greatest perfect square that is a factor of 1575?
Because 1575 has many factors, it is not efficient to list all of its factors
and check for perfect squares. Use the prime factorization of 1575 to
find any perfect squares that are factors.
1575
7 ox
25 MST 63
\

rare:
Do WECP Ss he) Okeiisop ure

The prime factorization shows that 1575 has three factors other than
1 that are perfect squares.
Soi 9 9°95 =25 (3° Ske (32-5) Lol or 225

::+ So, the greatest perfect square that is a factor of 1575 is 225.

@ On Your Own
You’ Write the prime factorization of the number.
petite Ready P
Exercises 16-23 5. 20 6. 88 Ice) 8. 462
and 29-32
9. What is the greatest perfect square that is a factor of 396? Explain.

Section 1.4 Prime Factorization 27

 4.4 Exercises Help with Homework, /4
BigIdeasMath

Vv]Vocabulary and Concept Check

. VOCABULARY What is the prime factorization of a number?
2. VOCABULARY How can you use a factor tree to help you write the prime
factorization of a number?
3. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which factor pair does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

2,28 4,14 Sere) 7,8

Practice and Problem Solving

C A ’ ,@ } a | } eaves \

Use divisibility rules to determine whether the number is divisible by 2, 3, 5, 6, 9,

and 10. Use a calculator to check your answer.
4. 1044 5. 1485 6. 1620 1, e409

List the factor pairs of the number.

@ 8. 15 9. 22 10. 34 11. 39
12. 45 13. 54 14. 59 1576)

Write the prime factorization of the number.

@ 16. 16 175 18. 30 19. 26
20. 84 21. 54 22. 65 23210,

24. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and

correct the error in writing the
x =
ba, The prime factorization of -autinis Carsrevaizantiomn
23S
q 72=2°2°2:9

6 aa
25. FACTOR RAINBOW You can use a factor rainbow
to check whether a list of factors is correct.
To create a factor rainbow, list the factors of
a number in order from least to greatest. Then
draw arches that link the factor pairs. For
perfect squares, there is no connecting arch
in the middle. So, just circle the middle
number. A factor rainbow for 12isshown. 1 WA 3 4 6 12
Create factor rainbows for 6, 24, 36, and 48.

28 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 Find the number represented by the prime factorization.
26. 2723-5 2h seoaf 282i ie
Find the greatest perfect square that is a factor of the number.
® 29. 244 30. 650 31. 756 32. 1290
33. CRITICAL THINKING Is 2 the only even prime number?
Explain.

34. BASEBALL The coach of a baseball team separates the

players into groups for drills. Each group has the same
number of players. Is the total number of players on
the baseball team prime or composite? Explain.
35. SCAVENGER HUNT A teacher divides 36 students
into equal groups for a scavenger hunt. Each group should
have at least 4 students but no more than 8 students. What are
the possible group sizes?
36. PERFECT NUMBERS A perfect numberis a number
that equals the sum of its factors, not including
itself. For example, the factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28.
Because 1+2+4+7+ 14 = 28, 28 is a perfect number.
What are the perfect numbers between 1 and 28?
37. BAKE SALE One table at a bake sale has 75 cookies. Another table has
60 cupcakes. Which table allows for more rectangular arrangements when
all the cookies and cupcakes are displayed? Explain.
38. MODELING The stage manager of a school play creates a rectangular
acting area of 42 square yards. String lights will outline the acting area.
To the nearest whole number, how many yards of string lights does the
manager need to enclose this area?

Rectangular Prism
39: = Volume 2 The volume of a rectangular
prism can be found using the formula
volume = length x width X height. Using
only whole number dimensions, how many
different prisms are possible? Explain.
Volume = 40 cubic inches

what you learned in previous grades & lessons

Cosas e ©)

Lc fair Game Review

Find the difference. (Skills Review Handbook)
40. 192 — 47 Al, 451-— 94 AZ, 3210 — 815 434752 — 3504

44, MULTIPLE CHOICE You buy 168 pears. There are 28 pears in each bag. How
many bags of pears do you buy? =(Skills Review Handbook)
@ 5 ® 6 Ory. @®) 28

Section 1.4 Prime Factorization

 Greatest Gommon Factor

Essential Question How can you find the greatest common factor
of two numbers?

rit
PPE
EN
ae
The Wenn are shows the names of students enrolled in two activities. Students
enrolled in both activities are represented by the overlap of the two circles.

Overlap of two circles

Seals
DLE
RT
RM
PMS

Debate Team

Nicole Joe ,:
Jen Melissa
RIE
RAS
ROL
SDP Megan
Carlos Frank \“™
Phil Nancy
Students on Students on
debate team only | swim team only
Students on debate
team and swim team

ITY: Identifying Common Factors.

Work with a partner. Copy and complete the Venn diagram. Identify the
common factors of the two numbers.
a. 36and 48 b. 16and56

Factors of Factors of
36 16

COMMON
CORE
Common Factors
In this lesson, you will
co oliand <5 d. 54and90
© use diagrams to identify
common factors.
e find greatest common Factors of \| ctors ft \ Factors of
factors. 30 75 pit 54
Learning Standards
6.NS.4
6.EE.2b

e. Lookat the Venn diagrams in parts (a)—(d). Explain how to identify the greatest
common factor of each pair of numbers. Then circle it in each diagram.
30 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors
 Work with a partner. The Venn diagram represents the prime factorization of
two numbers. Identify the two numbers. Explain your reasoning.

Math A Work with a partner.

Practice ; a. Write the prime factorizations of 36 and 48. Use the results to
Interpret a complete the Venn diagram.
Solution
What does the
diagram of the
factors
resulting prime
of 48
factorization mean?

b. Repeat part (a) for the remaining number pairs in Activity 1.

STRUCTURE Compare the numbers in the overlap of the Venn diagrams
to your results in Activity 1. What conjecture can you make about the
relationship between these numbers and your results in Activity 1?

What Is Your Answer?

ally » Te \ » ~ A) ~e

IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you find the greatest common factor
of two numbers? Give examples to support your explanation.
5. Can you think of another way to find the greatest common factor of
two numbers? Explain.

Use what you learned about greatest common factors to complete

Exercises 4—6 on page 34.

Section 1.5 Greatest Common Factor 31

1.5 Lesson Lesson Tutorials, _//
BigldeasMath

The greatest of the common factors is called the grea

eate
(GCF). One way to find the GCF of two or more Rainer! is by listing FACtOrs!

>eN\ 16-8 4 _ Finding the GCF Using Lists of Factors

Find the GCE of 24 and 40.

Key Vocabulary ty) List the factors of each number.

Venn diagram, p. 30
Factors of 24:(1),(2), 3,(4), 6,8), 12, 24
common factors, D® 3,@ Circle the common factors.
p. 32 Factors of 40:(),2),@), 5,), 10, 20, 40
greatest common
factor, p. 32 The common factors of 24 and 40 are 1, 2, 4, and 8. The greatest of these
common factors is 8.

So, the GCF of 24 and 40 is 8.

Another way to find the GCF of two or more numbers is by using

prime factors. The GCF is the product of the common prime factors
of the numbers.

> eN [28-8 2 _Finding the GCF Using Prime Factorizations

Find the GCF of 12 and 56.

Make a factor tree for each number.

12 56
Examples 1 and 2 show | ihe>. ra aan
two different methods vA af
for finding the GCF 21883 2a A
After solving with one ve >
method, you can use °
the other method to Write the prime factorization of each number.
check your answer.

Circle the common prime factors.

eer iy

°2=4 Find the product of the common prime factors.

*:+ So, the GCF of 12 and 56 is 4.

@ 0n Your Own
NOWeNOU're RegA Find the GCF of the numbers using lists of factors.
Exess Tease LIB Baal 920440
Find the GCF of the numbers using prime factorizations.
4. 20,45 = Feereype 0) Giei4o; (0, 120

32 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors 1@) Multi-Language Glossary at sistuentanneeene

 EXAMPLE ( 3 Finding Two Numbers with a Given GCF
Which pair of numbers has a GCE of 15?
CA) 10,15 30, 60 CC) 21,45 CD) 45,75
The number 15 cannot be a factor of the lesser number 10. So, you can
eliminate Statement A.
The number 15 cannot be a factor of a number that does not have a 0 or
5 in the ones place. So, you can eliminate Statement C.
List the factors for Statements B and D. Then identify the GCF for each.
Choice B: Factors of 30:),(2),3),5),6), 10,45), 80
Factors of 60:(1),2),3), 4,6),6),40, 12,45), 20,80, 60
The GCF of 30 and 60 is 30.
Choice D: Factors of 45:(1),3),(5), 9,05), 45
Factors of 75:0),8),6), (5), 25, 75
The GCF of 45 and 75 is 15.
‘+ The correct answer is (D).

EXAMPLE ( @ Real-Life Application

You are filling pifiatas for your sister’s birthday party. The list shows
* 18 pottles of the gifts you are putting into the pinatas. You want identical groups of
nail polish gifts in each pifiata with no gifts left over. What is the greatest number
* L4 pairs of of pinatas you can make?
earrin
The GCF of the numbers of gifts represents the greatest number of
* 42 Idllipops
identical groups of gifts you can make with no gifts left over. So, to
find the number of pifiatas, find the GCF.

18 =/2\¢/3\* 3
24 =| 2\43\e2 °2
42 =\2/+\3/* 7
mes
2°3=6 Find the product of the common prime factors.
The GCE of 18, 24, and 42 is 6.

“t+ So, you can make at most 6 pifatas.

@ On Your Own
Ow. You’re p
7. Write a pair of numbers whose greatest common factor is 10.
Exercises 23-25 8. WHAT IF? In Example 4, you add 6 more pairs of earrings.
Does this change your answer? Explain your reasoning.

Section 1.5 Greatest Common Factor 33

1.5 Exercises, oh
Bo ani RA RAO OE
reisideaemarn

GS Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY What is the greatest common factor (GCF) of two numbers?

2. WRITING Describe how to find the GCF of two numbers by using prime factorization.
3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What is the greatest common factor of 24 and 32?

What is the greatest common divisor of 24 and 32?

What is the greatest prime factor of 24 and 32?

Practice and Problem Solving

Use a Venn diagram to find the greatest common factor of the numbers.
4. 12,30 ops oy Ayer! 6. 24, 108

Find the GCF of the numbers using lists of factors.

@ 7. 6,15 8. 14, 84 9. 45,76
102539;,65 feo lec 12. 40, 63

Find the GCF of the numbers using prime factorizations.

@ 13. 45, 60 14. 27,63 1536.81
16. 72, 84 Were 18. 189, 200

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the GCF.
19. 20.
x 42 = 0-30 x 36 = 22.32
154 = 2°71 60 = 27 +3-+5 |
The GCF is 7. TheGCFis2*3=6. \\ |)

21. CLASSROOM Ateacher is making identical activity packets using aoa it |

92 crayons and 23 sheets of paper. What is the greatest number of * %
packets the teacher can make with no items left over? aS i:
’
22. BALLOONS You are making balloon arrangements for a birthday party. There
are 16 white balloons and 24 red balloons. Each arrangement must
be identical. What is the greatest number of arrangements
you can make using every balloon?

34 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 Find the GCF of the numbers.
@ 23. 35, 56, 63 24. 30, 60, 78 25. 42, 70, 84
26. OPEN-ENDED Write a set of three numbers that have a GCE of 16. What
procedure did you use to find your answer?
27. REASONING You need to find the GCF of256 and 400. Would you rather list
their factors or use their prime factorizations? Explain.

CRITICAL THINKING Tell whether the statement is always, sometimes, or never true.
28. The GCF of two even numbers is 2.

29. The GCF of two prime numbers is 1.

30. When one number is a multiple of another, the GCF of the
numbers is the greater of the numbers.

31. BOUQUETS A florist is making identical bouquets using

72 red roses, 60 pink roses, and 48 yellow roses. What is
the greatest number of bouquets that the florist can make if
no roses are left over? How many of each color are in each bouquet?
32. VENN DIAGRAM Consider the numbers 252, 270, and 300.

a. Create a Venn diagram using the prime factors of the numbers.

b. Use the Venn diagram to find the GCF of 252, 270, and 300.
What is the GCF of 252 and 270? 252 and 300? Explain how you found
your answer.
33. FRUIT BASKETS You are making fruit baskets using 54 apples, 36 oranges, and
73 bananas.
a. Explain why you cannot make identical fruit baskets without leftover fruit.
b. What is the greatest number of identical fruit baskets you can make with the least
amount of fruit left over? Explain how you found your answer.

34. pee Two rectangular, adjacent rooms share a wall.

One-foot-by-one-foot tiles cover the floor of each room. neo Rone
Describe how the greatest possible length of the adjoining
wall is related to the total number of tiles in each room.
Draw a diagram that represents one possibility. adjoining wall

-_ a s ' ) =
Cot Fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Tell which property is being illustrated. (Skills Review Handbook)
35> 13252 9
7) = 13-42) S66 ey 20) — (Isa)29

37. (6X37 68) x5

xX 58=67* ) 387 67-6 )
* 5 = 387X169)

39. MULTIPLE CHOICE In what order should you perform the operations in the
expression 4 X 3—12+2+ 5? (Section 1.3)
@ an ee Gi er © OS a asala ©) ata a

Section 1.5 Greatest Common Factor 35

 —

1.6 Least Common Miltipie

Essential Question How can you find the least common multiple
of two numbers?

ACTIVITY: Identifying Common Multiples

+ Work with a partner. Using the first several multiples of each number,
copy and complete the Venn diagram. Identify any common multiples
of the two numbers.
a. 8and12

Multiples
of 8

b. 4and 14

Multiples /
of 4

Cam OrandilS

Multiples
of 10

COMMON
CORE
Common Multiples d. 20 and 35
In this lesson, you will
© use diagrams to identify Multiples
common multiples. of 20
e find least common
multiples.
Learning Standard
6.NS.4

e. Look at the Venn diagrams in parts (a)—(d). Explain how to identify the least
common multiple of each pair of numbers. Then circle it in each diagram.

36 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 Work with a partner.
a. Write the prime factorizations of 8 Oe
and 12. Use the results to complete 7 Prime. 4 Bl.
: {/ _— facto actors
the Venn diagram. of 12
b. Repeat part (a) for the remaining
number pairs in Activity 1.
c. STRUCTURE Compare the numbers
from each section of the Venn
diagrams to your results in Activity 1. What conjecture can you make about
the relationship between these numbers and your results in Activity 1?

\ Na Y ae) | —) \ <0)
ar A niS y yer?

y/ y Si at Is

IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you find the least common multiple of two
Math numbers? Give examples to support your explanation.
Practice ©)
Construct The Venn diagram shows the prime factors of two numbers.
Arguments
How can you use
diagrams to
support your
explanation?

Use the diagram to do the following tasks.

a. Identify the two numbers.
b. Find the greatest common factor.
c. Find the least common multiple.
A student writes the prime factorizations of 8 and 12 in a table as shown. She
claims she can use the table to find the greatest common factor and the least
common multiple of 8 and 12. How is this possible?

8 \) Z Zz 2.
12 \) Z 2 3

Can you think of another way to find the least common multiple of two or
more numbers? Explain.

Use what you learned about least common multiples to complete

Exercises 3-5 on page 40.

Section 1.6 Least Common Multiple 37

1.6 Lesson

ages The least of the common multiples is called the if “2

4seBI imon
multiple (LCM). You can find the LCM of two or more numbers by listing
multiples or using prime factors.

aN Jae 1). Finding the LCM Using Lists of Multiples

Find the LCM of 4 and 6.
Key Vocabulary s@) List the multiples of each number.
ee alee: Multiples of4:4, 8, (2, 16, 20,24, 28, 32,68, ..- circle the common
least common Multiples of 6: 6,02), 18,24), 30,86), ... multiples.
multiple, p. 38
Some common multiples of 4 and 6 are 12, 24, and 36. The least of these
common multiples is 12.
-:+ So, the LCM of4 and 6 is 12.

@ On Your Own
Te Regfh Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples.
Exercises 6-11 143.8 229A? SOLU

> eN[26-8 2) _ Finding the LCM Using Prime Factorizations

Find the LCM of 16 and 20.

Make a factor tree for each number.

\
Zane
Write the prime factorization of each number. Circle each different
factor where it appears the greater number of times.

16=@QOQQ 2 appears more often here, so circle all 2s.

20> 262 GS) 5 appears once. Do not circle the 2s again.
2°2°2°2+5= 80 Find the product of the circled factors.

::+ So, the LCM of 16 and 20 is 80.

@ On Your Own
NOWelOU're Rendy Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations.
mass eestaay 4. 14,18 5 26°36 6. 24,90

38 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors 14) Multi-Language Glossary at BigldeasMath/com

> eNJe-8 3) _ Finding the LCM of Three Numbers
Find the LCM of 4, 15, and 18.

Write the prime factorization of each number. Circle each different

factor where it appears the greatest number of times.

4 =@)-2) 2 appears most often here, so circle both 2s.

pac) 5 appears here only, so circle 5.

18 = 2 +B)e@) 3 appears most often here, so circle both 3s,

2°2¢5*3*3=180 _ Find the product of the circled factors.

«3+ So, the LCM of 4, 15, and 18 is 180.

@ On Your Own
re R
eady
Find the LCM of the numbers.
Exercise 22—27
s Jae 2.000 8: 6210712

9. Write aset of numbers whose least common multiple is 100.

eee

> ON 26-8 4 _ Real-Life Application

A traffic light changes every 30 seconds. Another traffic
light changes every 40 seconds. Both lights just changed.
After how many minutes will both lights change at the
same time again?
Find the LCM of30 and 40 by listing multiples of each
number. Circle the least common multiple.

Multiples of 30: 30, 60, 90,420, ...

Multiples of 40: 40, 80,420, 160,...
The LCM is 120. So, both lights will change again after
120 seconds.
Because there are 60 seconds in 1 minute, there are
120 ~ 60 = 2 minutes in 120 seconds.

Both lights will change at the same time again after 2 minutes.

@ On Your Own
10. WHAT IF? In Example 4, the traffic light that changes every 40
seconds is adjusted to change every 45 seconds. Both lights just
changed. After how many minutes will both lights change at the
same time again?

Section 1.6 Least Common Multiple 39

 Help wi th Hor
SialdeasMath
t Check
Gg Vocabulary and Concep
1. VOCABULARY What is the least common multiple (LCM) of two numbers?

2. WRITING Describe how to find the LCM of two numbers by using prime
factorization.

Practice and Problem Solving

Use a Venn diagram to find the least common multiple of the numbers.
Sa)! 4. 6,8 eee bs ES)

Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples.

@ 6. 2,9 rege ad 8. 8,9
OF ORO 10. 15, 20 Ae 2G

Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations.

@ 12. 9,21 ER yar 14. 18, 45
thee ZR ees 16. 36, 60 Wie sep el

aN eee 18. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

x re the error in finding the LCM.
The LCM of 6 and 9 is 54,

19. AQUATICS You have diving lessons every fifth day

and swimming lessons every third day. Today you
have both lessons. In how many days will you have
both lessons on the same day again?

20. HOT DOGS Hot dogs come in packs of 10, while buns
come in packs of eight. What are the least numbers
of packs you should buy in order to have the same
numbers of hot dogs and buns?

21. MODELING Which model represents an LCM that is different from the other
three? Explain your reasoning.

AMOS
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
aaa
0 4 8 2 16 20 24

HERE
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
| ” ANON0 4 8 12 16 20 24

40 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 Find the LCM of the numbers.
® 22. 2,354 7AeFS yo a lll 24, 4, 9512
25. 6,8, 15 PATE Nth, A 27 <9 O828
28. REASONING You need to find the LCM of 13 and 14. Would you rather list
their multiples or use their prime factorizations? Explain.

CRITICAL THINKING Tell whether the statement is always, sometimes, or never true.
29. The LCM of two different prime numbers is their product.
30. The LCM ofa set of numbers is equal to one of the numbers in the set.
ashe The GCE of two different numbers is the LCM of the numbers.

32: SUBWAY At Union Station, you notice A

‘\)
pe

that three subway lines just arrived at the

same time. The table shows their arrival oe. |

A every 10 min i
: a

schedule. How long must you wait until :

all three lines arrive at Union Station at 2 Bree PN |
the same time again? © | everylsmin @
33: RADIO CONTEST A radio station gives away $15 to every
15th caller, $25 to every 25th caller, and free concert tickets
to every 100th caller. When will the station first give away
all three prizes to one caller?
34. TREADMILL You and a friend are running on treadmills. You run
0.5 mile every 3 minutes, and your friend runs 2 miles every
14 minutes. You both start and stop running at the same time
and run a whole number of miles. What is the least possible
number of miles you and your friend can run?

Prime Prime
factors factors 35. VENN DIAGRAM Refer to the Venn diagram.
of 24
i a. Copy and complete the Venn diagram.
b. What is the LCM of 16, 24, and 402
c. What is the LCM of 16 and 402 24 and 402
Prime factors
of 40

36. When is the LCM of two numbers equal to their product?

on ; a ® 2

A coir Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Write the product as a power. (Section |.2)
37. Bex O Sfo}| UO Wo ponOmae®) Soe Lae ae

40. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which two powers have the same value? (Section 1.2)
() land3! 24 and 4” () 37 and 2% @) 4° and 3?

Section 1.6 Least Common Multiple 41

‘Extension
Patiing:and Subtracting Fractions

Key Vocabulary a ) Recall that you can add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators by .
least common writing equivalent fractions with a common denominator. One way to do this
denominator, p. 42 is by multiplying the numerator and the denominator of each fraction by the
denominator of the other fraction.

iJ9-8 4)
>eNN Adding Fractions Using a Common Denominator

Hind + iad
8
Rewrite the fractions with a common denominator. Use the product of
the denominators as the common denominator.
ir Oe oF. mee Rewrite the fractions using a
Bat or 6 6-8 common denominator of 8 « 6 = 48.
30 8
=—+— Multiply.
48
iedegen tsi =o Add the numerators.
simplest form when 48
the numerator and the | ly.y19
denominator have no = Divide out the common factor 2.
common factors other — ‘~ ae
than 1. | 19
i = —a plify
Simplify.

tor (LCD) of two or more fractions is the least

commonMUnTGITTole (LCM) a TE denominators. The LCD provides another
method for adding and subtracting fractions with unlike denominators.

> ON ae-6 2 Adding Fractions Using the LCD

Find 2 + ‘s
8 6
Find the LCM of the denominators.

© COMMON Multiples of 8: 8, 16,24), 32, 40,48), ...

Sub Multiples of6:6, 12, 18,24), 30, 36, 42,48), ...
Common Multiples
In this extension, you will The LCM of 8 and 6 is 24. So, the LCD is 24.
e use least common
multiples to add and B Tt Bo 1-4 } p
subtract fractions. +—= =f Rewrite the fractions using the LCD, 24.
8G 893 996-4
Applying Standard
6.NS.4 15 4
By an Multiply.

eee
a Add the numerat
umerators.

42 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors 1@) Multi-Language Glossary at sistent

 f
=

To add or subtract mixed numbers, first rewrite the numbers as improper

fractions. Then find the common denominator.

DONE 3) Subtracting Mixed Numbers :

Find a2 _~ 5
4 10

Write the difference using improper fractions.

3 ee

Method 1: Use the product of the denominators as the

common denominator.
Notice that Method 1
| Ae
aes25 19 Ia ok Rewrite the fractions using a common
uses the same
procedure shown | AO AOS denominator of 4 « 10 = 40.
in Example 1. You eeSO R92 Itiol
can generalize the | meee Multiply.
procedure using -
the rule | = — Subtract the numerators.
pen gereed ase i 40
eee bd — 49 9 poe ai
=—, or 2— Simplify.
20 20

Method 2: Use the LCD. The LCM of 4 and 10 is 20.

19) 23 9 eo 2882 Rewrite the fractions

A109 4652 102 using the LCD, 20.
95 46 ;
=— - — Multiply.
20 26 cS
4 are
= aa or pee Simplify.
20 20

@ Practice
Use the LCD to rewrite the fractions with the same denominator.

ar 2 Fp or: 42910
Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.

5. = is s. - i;3 7. 2-eZ i=
24
8. 4—9 ae 7

Add or subtract. Write the answer in simplest form.

9. S42 10. =+51 1, 2-25

7
= -2
12, oS

13. 2-+ 3 14, 43 + 11 15, 12oe—= 16. 3-2

2 4

17. COMPARING METHODS List some advantages and disadvantages of each method
shown in the examples. Which method do you prefer? Why?

Extension 1.6 Adding and Subtracting Fractions 43

 Progress Check
BigideasMath
List the factor pairs of the number. (Section 1.4)

1. 48 2. 56

Write the prime factorization of the number. (Section 1.4)

3. 60 4. 72

Find the GCF of the numbers using lists of factors. (Section 1.5)
Se OnAaZ 6. 24, 44, 52

Find the GCF of the numbers using prime factorizations. (Section 1.5)
1236, 06 8.7 6877.6092

Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples. (Section 1.6)
9. 8,14 1OsS Op 6

Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations. (Section 1.6)
il Mero) 12°°6;24, 32

Add or subtract. Write the answer in simplest form. (Section 1.6)

ae
She)
14g
8 4

15. PICNIC BASKETS You are creating identical

picnic baskets using 30 sandwiches and
42 cookies. What is the greatest number
of baskets that you can fill using all of the
food? (Section 1.5)

16. RIBBON You have 52 inches ofyellow ribbon

and 64 inches of red ribbon. You want to cut
the ribbons into pieces of equal length with
no leftovers. What is the greatest length of the
pieces that you can make? (Section 1.5)

17. MUSIC LESSONS You have piano lessons every fourth day and
guitar lessons every sixth day. Today you have both lessons.
In how many days will you have both lessons on the
same day again? Explain. (Section 1.6)
<p:
18. HAMBURGERS Hamburgers come in packs of >

20, while buns come in packs of 12. What is the

least number of packs you should buy in order to
have the same numbers of hamburgers and buns?
(Section 1.6)

44 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 Check. Tt Out...
ocabulary Help
BigldeasMath
Review Key Vocabulary
power, p. 12 factor pair, p. 26 common multiples, p. 38
base, p. 12 prime factorization, p. 26 least common multiple
exponent, p. 12 factor tree, p. 26 (LCM), p. 38
perfect square, p. 13 Venn diagram, p. 30 least common denominator
numerical expression, p. 78 — common factors, p. 32 (LCD), p. 42
evaluate, p. 78 greatest common factor
order of operations, p. 78 (GGFR ps2

Review Examples and Exercises

wily Whole Number Operations (pp. 2-9)

Use the tens place because 203 is less than 508.

2
203) 5081 Divide 508 by 203: There are two groups of 203 in 508.
— 406 Multiply 2 and 203.
102 Subtract 406 from 508.
Next, bring down the 1 and divide the ones.
25 R6
203) 5081 Divide 1021 by 203: There are five groups of 203 in 1021.
= 406)
1021
11S Multiply 5 and 203.
6 Subtract 1015 from 1021.

“t+ The quotient of 5081 and 203 is 25 sa

Exercises
Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check your answer.
. 4 1. 4382 + 2899 2. 8724 — 3568
35 1922%.38 Aro Gee)

cr Powers and Exponents (pp. 10-75)

Evaluate 6”.

6° = 6 +6 = 36 Write as repeated multiplication and simplify.

| Exercises
| Find the value of the power.
Sols: 622° 7 44

Chapter Review 45
 9.8) Order of Operations (pp. 16-21)
Evaluate 4° — 15 +5.
45—15+5=64-15+5 Evaluate 4°.
= 64-3 Divide 15 by 5.

=61 Subtract 3 from 64.

Exercises
Evaluate the expression.
Or37 Or le 0 9. 20 x (32 — 4) + 50 1005-2 4° 4 eG

eva} Prime Factorization (pp. 24-29)

Write the prime factorization of 18.

BR Find a factor pair and draw “branches.”
@) ak Circle the prime factors as you find them.
8) -@ Continue until each branch ends at a prime factor.

s» The prime factorization of 18 is 2 +3 +3, or2 + 3°.

Exercises
List the factor pairs of the number.
11. 28 12. 44 13. 63

Write the prime factorization of the number.

14. 42 ep ail) 16. 66

Ci Greatest Common Factor (pp. 30-35)

a. Find the GCF of 32 and 76. b. Find the GCF of 45 and 63.

Factors of 32: (1),(2),4), 8, 16, 32 45 63

Factors of 76:(1),2),4), 19, 38, 76 pose x
Oe: 7 tS
The greatest of the common
EN vi
eo 3.23
factors is 4.
45 =/3\*A\*5
‘+ So, the GCF of 32 and 76 is 4.
63 =\3/+\3/e 7
3°3=9

46 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 Exercises
Find the GCF of the numbers using lists of factors.
We. Zt 45 18. 30, 48 19. 28, 48, 64

Find the GCF of the numbers using prime factorizations.

20. 24,90 Z21io2, 6S 22. 32,560.06

AS) Least Common Multiple (pp. 36-43)

a. Find the LCM of 8 and 12.

Make a factor tree for each number.

8 12
TEN ae.
Be 2) 890
IAPS eX
a 4 Zaeo

Write the prime factorization of each number. Circle each different factor
where it appears the greater number of times.
8 =2)2)«2) 2 appears more often here, so circle all 2s.
12=2+2 <3) 3 appears once. Do not circle the 2s again.
2°2°2°3=24 Find the product of the circled factors.
‘t+ So, the LCM of8 and 12 is 24.

boFind =
Dea -3

The LCM of 2 and

3 is 6. So, the LCD is 6.
1 Soe riesUE eyae
a
Dee Ole3. S's OC Ge Geo

Exercises
Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples.
23. 4,14 24. 6, 20 Zoe AeO

Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations.

26. 6,45 27. AO 12 28 lO yer,

Add or subtract. Write the answer in simplest form.

Be pall BO da 5 7
—+-— 30..—+ — Slee 2
ar 74 Dae 6 IS
5
32. WATER PITCHER A water pitcher contains ;gallon of water. You add a gallon
of water to the pitcher. How much water does the pitcher contain?

Chapter Review 47
 apenas

Chapter Test
Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check
your answer.
1. 3963 + 2379 2. 6184 — 2348

x 26
3. 184 AL 207228

Find the value of the power.

Be Oamlios Loe
Evaluate the expression.
Soil 8: 6-2 9.5+2?+4-2 10. 6 + 4(11 — 2) + 3°
List the factor pairs of the number.
I, 52 12. 66

Write the prime factorization of the number.

13. 46 14. 28

Find the GCF of the numbers using lists of factors.

15. 24,54 TOs Gy 32 aie

Find the GCF of the numbers using prime factorizations.

i eevee) 18. 18, 45, 63

Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples.

ay uk
19. 14,21 20. 9, 24
TH
A
il AA,
Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations.
7H Gy SS) 225.61 2eel4

23. BRACELETS You have 16 yellow beads, 20 red beads, and 24 orange beads to
make identical bracelets. What is the greatest number of bracelets that you
can make using all the beads?

24. MARBLES A bag contains equal numbers of green

and blue marbles. You can divide all the green marbles
into groups of 12 and all the blue marbles into groups of
16. What is the least number of each color of marble
that can be in the bag?

25. SCALE You place a 3"-pound weight on the left

side of a balance scale and a \—-pound weight on the
right side. How much weight do you need to add to
the right side to balance the scale?

48 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

| Standards Accesement

1. You are making identical bagel platters using

40 plain bagels, 30 raisin bagels, and 24 blueberry
bagels. What is the greatest number of platters
that you can make if there are no leftover bagels?
(6.NS.4) i

omB. 6 caD. 10 ES Survival )

2. The top of an end table is a square with a

side length of 16 inches. What is the area of
the tabletop? (6.FE.1)

c Oices?»

16 in.

H. 64 in.?

I. 256 in.”

3. Which number is equivalent to the expression below? (6.EE. 1)

3-2°-8+4
A= Cree

B. 4 D. 214

4. What is the least common multiple of 14 and 49? (6.NS.4)

Standards Assessment 49
 : Which number is equivalent to the expression 7059 + 301? (6.NS.2)
136
Fi. 28 H. 23—
Anil

Gage
7059
I. 136

You are building identical displays for the school fair using 65 blue boxes and
91 yellow boxes. What is the greatest number of displays you can build using
all the boxes? (6.NS.4)

A. 13 Garail

Br 35 D. 156

. You hang the two strands of decorative lights shown below.

Strand 1: changes between Strand 2: changes between green

red and blue every 15 seconds and gold every 18 seconds

Both strands just changed color. After how many seconds will the strands
change color at the same time again? (6.NS.4)

F. 3 seconds H. 90 seconds

G. 30 seconds I. 270 seconds

. Which expression is equivalent to =! (6.NS.4)

eases
60 3
Cape
2 eo

yore: Dae eee

20) 30 47 16

. Which expression is not equivalent to 32? (6.EE.1)

or Sie H? 30" 4° = 26)

G. 30+2+57-8 |. 8 = 4-2

10. Which number is equivalent to the expression 148 x 27? (6.NS.2)

A. 3696 C. 3946

B. 3896 D. 3996

50 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

 11. You have 60 nickels, 48 dimes, and 42 quarters. You want to divide
the coins into identical groups with no coins left over. What is the
greatest number of groups that you can make? = (6.NS.4)

12. Erica was evaluating the expression in the box below.

56 + (2°-1)x4=56+(8-1)x4
=56+7x4
= 56 + 28
=2

What should Erica do to correct the error that she made? (6.FE.1)

F. Divide 56 by 8 because operations are performed left to right.

G. Multiply 1 by 4 because multiplication is done before subtraction.

H. Divide 56 by 7 because operations are performed left to right.

I. Divide 56 by 8 and multiply 1 by 4 because division and multiplication

are performed before subtraction.

13. Find the greatest common factor for each pair of numbers.
Think:
Solve 10 and 15 10 and 21 15 and 21
Explain
What can you conclude about the greatest common factor of 10, 15,
and 21? Explain your reasoning. (6.NS.4)

14. Which number is nota perfect square? (6.EE.1)

A. 64 C96

B. 81 D. 100

15. Which number pair has a least common multiple of 48? (6.NS.4)

E42 H. 8, 24

G.25,8 I. 16,24

16. Which number is equivalent to the expression below? (6.EEF.1)

3(6 + 2%) +2
8
A. 3 Cy
1
B. 4 D. 24—1

Standards Assessment 51
 Multiplying|/ Decimals
Dividing Decimals

mean |p
t humans “But, 3 is a fraction. So, does that
“Dear Sir: You say tha and a half of
fra cti on of thei r bra in power.” that : - humans use one 933
use only a e
~ their brainPo
a sci

: Ifthe answer
isn't 5, I'm on the
wrong planet.

“Onean
of ya eee Problems is ‘How
ves are in five ha
lves?”
What You
Learned Before
Estimating Whole Number :
Products and Quotients (s.ver.4) ( howa,
Example 1 Estimate 32 x 88. Example 2. Estimate 176 + 57.

32 is close to 30. 176 is close to 180.

32 X 88 ~ 30 X 90 = 2700 176 + 57 ~ 180 + 60 =3

| i i
88 is close to 90. & is close to 60. )

Try It Yourself
Estimate the product or the quotient.

Tees 23 Pe NES? 3. 49
x 21 4. 38
x 61
230> 9 6:565 =222 Diy IS Ee LO 8. 245 262

Multiplying and Dividing Whole Numbers (s.Ner.s, 5.NBT.6)

Example 3. Find 356 x 21. Example 4 Estimate 765 ~+ 3.
11 255
356 3)765
x BI — 6y
356 16
7120 a5
7476 15
ala
0
Try It Yourself
Find the product or the quotient.

3: 10. ia aL She) 12. 503

x Xe29 ote

15. 14)532 16. 23)8303

 ye

21 Multiplying Fractions

ACTIVITY: Multiplying Fractions

Work with a partner. A bottle of water is ;full. You drink = &

of the water. How much of the bottle of water do you drink?

THINK ABOUT THE QUESTION: To help you think about this

question, rewrite the question. 5 |
Pers Darel |
Words: What is — of —2 Numbers: — X —=?
Se te Sune |

Here is one way to get the answer. 0

e Draw a length of >

Because you want to find :of the

length, divide it into 3 equal sections.

2 See, 2 Oe 2 = +51

, ee ELE |
Now, you need to think of a way to divide z into 3 equal parts.
Saal : ee eee
e Rewrite 3 asa fraction whose numerator is divisible by 3.

Because the length is divided into 3 |

, . 0 haloes 3} |
equal sections, multiply the numerator Meri ee
and denominator by 3.
© Common :
CORE In this form, you see that = can be divided into 3 equal parts of =
Dividing Fractions 6 6
In this lesson, you will svell
mice modciesc e Each part is - of the bottle of water, } }
multiply fractions. :
P nite facker: and you drank two of them. Written 0 af p) é!
by fractions. as multiplication, you have S
Preparing for Standard Mesa Nee See
6.NS.1 eae
2. x i a "6 ae
°*ft
“+ So, you drank —— of the bottle of water.

54 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 ACTIVITY: Multiplying Fractions
Work with a partner. A park has a playground that
Ee beh is :of its width and ;of its length. What fraction of
3
a the park is covered by the playground?

Fold a piece of paper horizontally into fourths and ‘

shade three of the fourths to represent -.

3 Fold the paper vertically into fifths and shade :of

4
the paper another color.

4 Count the total number of squares. This number is the denominator.

5 The numerator is the number of squares shaded with both colors.

#: aa = a So, ia of the park is covered by the playground.

5

Inductive Reasoning
Work with a partner. Complete the table by using a model or folding paper.
=
Exercise Verbal Expression a Answer

@ of!
Bie
| _a ;
3.4
@| «2x! 3345oftod he
Nest
An ae iad
y Le Mame Wee
Math oe Se
Practice U 3 6
Consider Similar 6. ware
Problems | 6 4
What are the oy
similarities in 7. 5 x 2
constructing the
models for each | 3. 54
problem? What are 87 5 al.

the differences?

9. INYOUR OWN WORDS What does it mean to multiply fractions?

10. STRUCTURE Write a general rule for multiplying fractions.

Use what you learned about multiplying fractions to complete

Exercises 4-11 on page 59.

Section 2.1 Multiplying Fractions 55

 Multiplying Fractions
Words Multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators.

Numbers Se ab ae eee
it 2 Se 14

a (E GLO’
Algeb aes , Where
b, d # 0
Poco ath saad

>eN
i2e-8 1 Multiplying Fractions

Find 4 i”
sm B}
_| Multiply the numerators.
Ve eel
Oe igo <—{ Muttiply the denominators. |

Simplify.
al

>ON a= 2) Multiplying Fractions with Common Factors

Find ©xs
=, Estimate 1 x ie
4 4

_| Multiply the numerators.

When the numerator of | BL 3 _
one fraction Is the same | J ae4 = | Multiply the denominators.
as the denominator of | 9 1
another fraction, you Be Divid f
ee eae Fae ivide out common factors.
multiply. For example, 3 1
OR
5 x 9 =
ead9 b ecause YOU | =
2
a
Seeks
Simplify.

can divide out the

common factor 5. : nie
+ The product is = Reasonable? ae
= A

@ On Your Own
, : Multiply. Write the answer in simplest form.
dy
Exercises 4-19 Lig fend Spee 4
1. —-xX-= 2. —-X-— 3. —-x—= _=
20766 8 4 Le . q s

56 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

EXAMPLE | 3} Real-Life Application

You have ;of a bag of flour. You use :of the flour to make
empanada dough. How much of the entire bag do you use
to make the dough?

Method 1: Use a model. Six of the 12 squares

have both types of shading.
i 6: atl
ss- SO, you use Pas of the entire bag. 3

Method 2: To find ;of > multiply.

32 AO Multiply the numerators and the denominators.

4 3 AX® Divide out common factors.
i
= —5 Simplify.
pilty

° ] :
“> SO, you use - of the entire bag.

@ On Your Own
5. WHAT IF? In Example 3, you use .of the flour to make the dough.
How much of the entire bag do you use to make the dough?

@° Key Idea
Multiplying Mixed Numbers
Write each mixed number as an improper fraction. Then multiply as
you would with fractions.

F 1 1
Find = 4 Bas Estimate — x 3 = 1—
4 D, pd

; : e i
ay 92 ey ae Write 22 as the improper fraction —.
2 4 2 4 4 4

keel ; :
= ae Multiply the numerators and the denominators.
x

= = or 1— Simplify.

i 1
‘+ The product is I=. Reasonable? 1 - 1; Vi

Section 2.1 Multiplying Fractions 57

 i 2e-8
>eN 5 _ Multiplying Mixed Numbers
Find 1-x 3. Estimate 2 x 4=8

ie x ae =—xX a Write 14 and ae as improper fractions.

6) 3 3 5 3

°g x 11
= Multiply fractions. Divide out the common factor 3.
5 XS
1
_ 33 3 : :
=—,: or or6=: plify.
Simplify.

“+ The product is 6= Reasonable? 6-=§8 wf

@ On Your Own
, Multiply. Write the answer in simplest form.
eo.
Exercises 26-41
dy a 1 x Te 7 3h x 8. ee x 92 9. 52. x ot
@ 6 29 8 5 7 10

EXAMPLE ((5 PeitEIR Neu

ireb ery
A ! A city is resurfacing a basketball court. Find the area of the court.
©
Estimate 21 x 14 = 294

A= lw Write the formula for the area of a rectangle.

1
213m 1 i . 1 1
= 21—X 13 Substitute 21— for 2 and 13— for w.
3 2 3 2

zO8 x ee Write riesand ex as improper fractions.

boa sue 3 2
32 9
eal eRe Multiply fractions. Divide out common factors.
5m | (3a

= 288 Simplify.

:t+ So, the area of the court is 288 square meters.

Reasonable? 288 ~ 294 J

@ 0n Your Own
10. Find the area of a rectangular air hockey table that is
8!4 feet by 4°8 feet.

58 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

2.1. Exercises Check. 1t,0u
Help with ‘Homework. ys
BigldeasMath com

Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. WRITING Explain how to multiply two fractions.

2. REASONING Name the missing denominator.

3. OPEN-ENDED Write two mixed numbers between 3 and 4 that have a product
between 9 and 12.

€ a ° _ ' oer he
Practice and Problem Solving
Multiply. Write the answer in simplest form.

el Se es 6. x4 7. aoe
0e
if 3 8 2 4 5 i 4

g-2502 ene ypeee Wx

9

3 1 7 8 8 9 6 iy

10 13. 6 1402 15..2ee

12 8 4 13) 9 5

16
7 7
17S
6 9
(eee
18 a
19. er
9 10

20. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the product.

x 25-8. An Baa ade ae

Bi t0' 1-10 ~{o-~1 SOUM4ono Mame

21. AQUARIUM In an aquarium, :of the fish are

surgeonfish. Of these, :are yellow tangs. What

fraction of all fish in the aquarium are yellow tangs?

22. JUMP ROPE You exercise for of an hour. You jump rope

for ;of that time. What fraction of the hour do you spend jumping rope?

Without finding the product, copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.
Explain your reasoning.

25. aeMENe
5 5 7
23. pa!4=) (>
i
9
x2)
a
be! (2
24. aene
xee=)i BS52

Section 2.1 Multiplying Fractions 59

 Multiply. Write the answer in simplest form.
ee? 2 3 lege4 3 1
—X= . 6=X— 28. 2—XxX— 29.
— xX3=
© © 2. 3° 8 ea Dae’ meee:
ee 5 3 a i! See
30. 75
=< 31. . —X
5X33 322. ia
—xl- 33.
3—- X=
4°°5
SA D 5 q
34. 4—x— 35. =X 2= 36. 1— xX 18 37. 15
X 2=
Gia 10 9

if 3 5 ja © 1 4 1
— X 6—
38. 1x6 seh . 2 2—X2-
5 23 40. 5= x 3-—5
0 Se 41. 2—-x
E 4—ie

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the product.
42. 43.
x
4X 3—lite
10
= 12—7
10
x 2x T= (@xnt|> x=
2 5 2) aD |
=4+2=142
5 5

44. VITAMIN C A vitamin C tablet contains Faof a gram of vitamin C. You take
1;tablets every day. How many grams of vitamin C do you take every day?

45. SCHOOL BANNER You make a banner for a football rally.

a. What is the area of the banner?

b. Youadda foot border on each side. What is

GO PANTHERS!
the new area of the banner? ————— as el

46. NUMBER SENSE Without calculating, is Fs. :less than or greater than 12

Is the product less than or greater than :? Explain your reasoning.

Multiply. Write the answer in simplest form.

eee 48. See

a) ae C GaacG

53. PICTURES Three pictures hang side by side

on a wall. What is the total area of the wall
that the pictures cover?

54. OPEN-ENDED Find a fraction that, when

«bene ine
multiplied by 5» is less than >

60 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 95. DISTANCES You are in a bike race. When you get to the first checkpoint, you
Pe ;
are = of the distance to the second checkpoint. When you get to the second
: 1 ¢ : : :
checkpoint, you are A of the distance to the finish. What is the distance from
the start to the first checkpoint?

56. NUMBER SENSE Is the product of two positive mixed numbers ever less than 1? Explain.

57. MODELING You plan to add a fountain to

your garden.
a. Draw a diagram of the fountain in the garden.
Label the dimensions.
b. Describe two methods for finding the area of
the garden that surrounds the fountain.
c. Find the area. Which method did you use,
and why?

58. COOKING The cooking time for a ham is =of an hour for each pound.
a. How long should you cook a ham that weighs 12"pounds?

b. Dinner time is 4:45 p.m. What time should you start cooking the ham?

59. PETS You ask 150 people about their pets. The results show that nsof the

people own a dog. Of the people who own a dog, 7of them also own a cat.

a. What fraction of the people own a dog and a cat?

b. How many people own a dog but not a cat? Explain.

cs fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Find the prime factorization of the number. (Section 1.4)

60. 24 61. 45 62.553 63. 60

64. MULTIPLE CHOICE A science experiment calls for ;cup of baking powder. You
have 5cup of baking powder. How much more baking powder do you need?
(Section eG)

@ cup cup
TZ
© Fcup
4
@D 15iz cups

Section 2.1 Multiplying Fractions 61

 Ag

22 Dividing Fractions
z ERLE BTS Sr
7
|

Essential Question How can you divide by a fraction?

ACTIVITY: Dividing by a Fraction

Work with a partner. Write the division problem and solve it using
a model.
a. How many two-thirds are in three?

The division problem is Fa = ar

Remaining
WIN WIN WIN WIN
piece

2 :
How many groups of A are in 3? Nl

ee : 2
The remaining piece represents iy of =

Qi
So, there are it ieee CLOUDS OL gin ay

COMMON
CORE
Dividing Fractions
In this lesson, you will
© write reciprocals
of numbers.
® use models to
divide fractions.
e divide fractions
by fractions.
e solve real-life problems.
How many four-fifths are in eight?
Learning Standard
6.NS.1 How many one-thirds are in seven halves?

How many three-fourths are in five halves?

62 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 Work with a partner.
a. Complete each table.

Division Table Multiplication Table

p16 |)

SR ]

eer 4
J
8+2 4
———
8+] 8

eal
8 + Fs GxXZ

Senne
a 8x4
Dokl
8+ — 8X8
camden
ed

Math fi | b. Describe the relationship between the red numbers in the division
table and the red numbers in the multiplication table.
Practice U
Analyze c. Describe the relationship between the blue numbers in the division
Relationships table and the blue numbers in the multiplication table.
How is multiplying
numbers similar to d. STRUCTURE Make a conjecture about how you can use multiplication
dividing numbers? to divide by a fraction.

e. Test your conjecture using the problems in Activity 1.

What Is Your Answer?

IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you divide by a fraction? Give
an example.
4. How many halves are in a fourth? Explain how you found
your answer.

s Use what you learned about dividing fractions to complete

Practice Exercises 11-18 on page 67.

Section 2.2 Dividing Fractions 63

 Check. It,Out,
Lesson Tutorials
BiglIdeasMath
Two numbers whose product is 1 are reciprocals. To write the reciprocal
Key Vocabulary W@) of a number, write the number as a fraction. Then invert the fraction.
reciprocals, p. 64 So, the reciprocal of a fraction ;is 2 where a and b # 0.
a

The Meaning of a Word @ Invert

When you invert a glass, you turn it over.

The product of a [
nonzero number and
its reciprocal is 1.
a I9
in 2 j 3
This is called the ey
Multiplicative Inverse
Property. You will
learn more about this
property in Chapter 7.

ON 2e- of ©. Writing Reciprocals

Original Number Fraction Reciprocal Check

5 3) 3 Sas
When any number is
multiplied by 0, the b. 9 eeee 9 x oni ]
product is 0. So, the 5 5 9 5 9
number O does not
2 ll Z
have a reciprocal. C. 2 = ii sig SY hes l
y il 2 1 2;

@ On Your Own
Now You'regs hochthe reciprocal of the number.
Exercises 7-10 1,2 2.5 3. 7 a 4
4 yy 9

@° Key Idea
Dividing Fractions
Words ‘To divide a number by a fraction, multiply the number by the
reciprocal of the fraction.
3 1 le
Numbers =? = vo i
415

Algebra Os Sue <where b, c, and d # 0

b

64 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals @) Multi-Language Glossary at BigIdeasMath/com

EXAMPLE ( 7 Dividing a Fraction by a Fraction

Find6+= 2,
eee, el 2 oi. ee)
al +r aera
-=-xX ultiply
Mul by the reciprocal of —5, which is.
>

1
1x Ae
= FEO) Multiply fractions. Divide out the common factor 3.

aoe simplify
4 a

> ON Je 3) Dividing a Whole Number by a Fraction

A piece of wood is 3 feet long. How many :-foot pieces can you cut
from the piece of wood?
lw
Method 1: Draw a diagram. Mark each foot on the diagram. Then divide
: 1 F
each foot into A -foot sections.

3 ;
Count the number of i -foot pieces of wood. There are four.
1 ft

Blw ° 3 ; ;
s+ So, you can cut four q oot pieces from the piece of wood.

Method 2: Divide 3 by> to find the number of :-foot pieces.

Blw
3 ue 3X - Multiply by the reciprocal of x which is
4 3 4 3
1
2s Multiply. Divide out the common factor 3.
|

=4 Simplify.

Blw

:t+ So, you can cut four --foot pieces from the piece of wood.

Sit

@ On Your Own
Divide. Write the answer in simplest form.

9. How many foot pieces can you cut from a 7-foot piece of wood?

Section 2.2 Dividing Fractions 65

 > eNV ise 4) _ Dividing a Fraction by a Whole Number

4 4
Ske ee Write 2 as an improper fraction.
8) Sy cl

Bee we Multiply by the reciprocal of oswhich is e

By 1 2

4x1
= —— Multiply fractions. Divide out the common factor 2.
5 xz,

; ey
==5 Simplify.
pilly

@ On Your Own
: Divide. Write the answer in simplest form.
Noten Ou're Read
Exercises 11-26 * 10. at +3 11. 2 a0
2 3

12.254 (ae ed
8 tt

> ON Je 5) Using Order of Operations

Evaluate > + 2 +5,

8 6

Multiply by the reciprocal of 5, which is ~

3 ? 5 ee
= Ee
make Be Multiplyply —; and —.: Divide out the (@common factor 5 y

3 Simplify.
You can use the LCD, | 8
24, to add the fractions |
in Example 5. 18 8 ‘ : ;
= — + — Rewrite fractions using a common denominator.
Se aie) eee
So 76) 324,24. 24954 26 13
d ee
= —, or — Simplify.
48 24

@ On Your Own
Now You're ae Evaluate the expression. Write the answer in simplest form.
Exercises 43-51
148 eed
AL
ips
15. -2neaea h6 160 een
8 4 9

66 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 Check. ItOut
Help with jomework hg
BigldeasMath
ices iiaiilnniesumrael eae
com

Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. OPEN-ENDED Write a fraction and its reciprocal.
2. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which of the following does not belong with
the other three? Explain your reasoning.

ff. &.
3 6 9 8

MATCHING Match the expression with its value.

ce [SESS eae ae
5. 15 lo 5 5° *5 a6 65

Bee4 Ge Dea3

>
CX
Practice
| ES og
and
eo
Problem
Cantal
Solving
PN RR

Write the reciprocal of the number.

@ 7.3 Bre7 ome5 10sa

Divide. Write the answer in simplest form.

@O@Q11. *+2 12s Ebene 14. 8+2

8 4 aged f 4 5

15 ieG (one
745)
fae
ts ae)
13a
NS)

ith Digi===to AN, 10es eo Ty ee

pat
ay yh 8
ile
Oia ee 4 10 4 §
ees +r 252 9 26. 10
+—
a AG aris iG 9 12

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the quotient.
27. 4; 213 gs 28. MES
xX 7 Ope 28 x 5 9 pemeg
4x13 Doe:

7x26, (2x9
2a — 20
~ 49 9

29. REASONING How can you use estimation to show that the quotient in
Exercise 28 is incorrect?

Section 2.2 Dividing Fractions 67

 30. APPLE PIE You have :of an apple pie. You divide the remaining pie into 5
equal slices. What fraction of the original pie is each slice?

31. ANIMALS How many times longer is the baby alligator than the baby gecko?

Jaa, — aur gee =3 i

Determine whether the numbers are reciprocals. If not, write the reciprocal
of each number.

Cpe Gy = ek pa
9 5
Copy and complete the statement.

36. |W--x J =1 37. 3x =1 38. 7~ = 56

Without finding the quotient, copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.
Explain your reasoning.

39. 5+wi— [ils ao. 3.

= + 1 =2 a1. 3 —== [ills a2. >.
- + - i;me
Evaluate the expression. Write the answer in simplest form.

G43 =-6=6 ren SEE yas (5

6 12
Ye eal Ae ee
Ge Ae be 3

16 4 13 45 7
49. ah Es it, oc

52. REASONING Use a model to evaluate the

; Lak ;
quotient 5 = m Explain.

53. VIDEO CHATTING You use ;of your battery for

every =of an hour that you video chat. You use
J
3 ; ;
Fiof your battery video chatting. How long did
you video chat?

68 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 54. NUMBER SENSE When is the reciprocal of a fraction a whole number?
Explain.

55. BUDGETS The table shows the portions of a family Expense _Portion ofBudget
budget that are spent on several expenses. |
; 1
a. How many times more is the expense for Baa: 4
housing than for automobiles? 1
Food —
b. How many times more is the expense for food le
than for recreation? Automobiles i
c. The expense for automobile fuel is 5 of the :
: 1
total expenses. What fraction of the automobile Recreation 40
expense is spent on fuel?

56. PROBLEM SOLVING You have 6 pints of glaze. It takes

:of a pint to glaze a bowl and = of a pint to glaze a plate.

a. How many bowls could you glaze? How many

plates could you glaze?
b. You want to glaze 5 bowls, and then use the rest for
plates. How many plates can you glaze? How much
glaze will be left over?
c. How many of each object could you glaze so that
there is no glaze left over? Explain how you found
your answer.

57: A water tank is 3full. The tank is full

when 42 gallons of water are added to the tank.

a. How much water can the tank hold?
b. How much water was originally in the tank?
ae 4s i ee |
c. How much water is in the tank when it is 5 full?

—
S sain Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Find the GCF of the numbers. (Section 1.5)
58. 8, 16 59. 24, 66 60. 48, 80 61. 15,45;-100

62. MULTIPLE CHOICE How many inches are in 5— yards?

(Skills Review Handbook)

® 155 16 © 66 () 198

Section 2.2 Dividing Fractions 69

 ‘ ar H : ris Zz

f aa ae

2.3 Dividing Mixed Numbers

SND LAER DRIED ENGEL AIOE

Essential Question How can you model division by a

mixed number?

ACTIVITY: Writing a Story

Work with a partner. Think of a story that uses division by a mixed number.

Whole number, fraction,

or mixed number i
a. Write your story. Then draw pictures for your story.
b. Solve the division problem and use the answer in your story.
Include a diagram of the division problem.
: ‘ 4 1
There are many possible stories. Here is one that uses 6 + le

Joe goes on a camping trip with his aunt, his uncle,

and three cousins. They leave at 5:00 p.m. and drive
2 hours to the campground.

Joe helps his uncle put up three tents.

His aunt cooks hamburgers on a grill
that is over a fire.

In the morning, Joe tells his aunt that he is making

pancakes. He decides to triple the recipe so there will
be plenty of pancakes for everyone. A single recipe
COMMON uses 2 cups of water, so he needs a total of 6 cups.
CORE
Dividing Fractions
In this lesson, you will
Joe’s aunt has a 1-cup measuring cup and a
© use models to divide Y2-Cup Measuring cup. The water faucet is
mixed numbers. about 50 yards from the campsite. Joe tells
e divide mixed numbers.
e solve real-life problems.
his cousins that he can get 6 cups of water in
Learning Standard only 4 trips.
6.NS.1

When his cousins ask him how he knows

that, he uses a stick to draw a diagram in the
dirt. Joe says, “This diagram shows that there
are four 1's in 6.” In other words, 6 + 1;wy.

70 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 Work with a partner. Write the division problem and solve it using a model.
a. How many three-fourths are in four and one-half?
Math 2 ) J

Practice G.
1 1 1 1
Make Sense
of Quantities \ 1 1 i] i] t ' ' 1 ' i] ' 1 ' i) 1

What values do the

b itt mene. (oe |
parts of the model ' i] i] 1 i] ' 1 ' ! 1 i 1 ! ' 1

represeht?
b. How many five-sixths are in three and one-third?

d. How many one and one-halves are in six?

e. How many one and one-fifths are in five?

f. How many one and one-fourths are in four and one-half?

g. How many two and one-thirds are in five and five-sixths?

What Is Your Answer?

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you model division by a mixed number?
4. Can you think of another method you can use to obtain your answers in
Activity 2?

: Use what you learned about dividing mixed numbers to complete

Practice Exercises 5-12 on page 74.

Section 2.3 Dividing Mixed Numbers 71

 Check. It, Out,
Lesson Tutorials
u -
BigIdeasMath

@° Key Idea
Dividing Mixed Numbers
Write each mixed number as an improper fraction. Then divide as you
would with proper fractions.

>eNN tae 4| . Dividing a Mixed Number by a Fraction

Find ot + a
4 8

1 3 9 3 2 1 : Siri9
2- + -=-+ Write 2— as the improper fraction —.
A 8} 4 8 4 pe? 4
9 8 : : 3 ere S
———foe Multiply
ultiply byby th the recipiprocal of —,.which
; is —.:

Sax 3°
= Multiply fractions. Divide out common factors.
KX &
1 ih

=6 Simplify.
1
Check 1 1 4

ON Je=8 2) _ Dividing Mixed Numbers

Find 3°2 1. Estimate 4 + 2=2

2 5 : :
a eras Write each mixed number as an improper fraction.
6 3 6 a
23 . ike
Bees Multiply by the reciprocal of 2 which is a
6 3 3 5
1
23 XB it.
= Multiply fractions. Divide out common factors.
D BX 5

pas: 5)
= —, or 2— Simplify.
10 10 ial

*:+ So, the quotient is 2=. Reasonable? 2 ~?2 S

@ 0n Your Own
, Divide. Write the answer in simplest form.
dy
Exercises 5—20 Dt ard at l 4 l
le l-+-— 2. 2->-— 3. 8-— + — =
ba aS 6 4 } _ oe

72 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 PON Je- 3 Using Order of Operations

Evaluate ae Ate 2,
4 Gres

Remember
moe ne ™)
S|
Tenia
5— + ]—-—==
en 20 -
Seder :
Write each mixed number as an improper fraction.
Be sure to check your 2 8S) 4 ROS
answers whenever a ae 9 3
possible. In Example 3, =—xX—-- Multiply by the reciprocal of —, which is —.
you Can use estimation 2 eee : :
to check that your "4 aes mi :
answer Is reasonable. = —= Multiply — and —. Divide out common factors.
a I 3
4 83 in
aor Wie | =——— Simplify.
=5— | 3 3
= Wee
sige: = a9 or 4 Subtract.

ON" i2e-8 4 _ Real-Life Application

: : ae
One serving of tortilla soup is lL cups. A restaurant cook makes
50 cups of soup. Is there enough to serve 35 people? Explain.

Divide 50 by 1Sto find the number of available servings.

50 1S= * a > Rewrite each number as an improper fraction.

=e Multiply by the reciprocal of 2 which is z=

i Sa 3 5

1°56 +3
ee Multiply fractions. Divide out common factors.
“ 1

= 30 Simplify.

No. Because 30 is less than 35, there is not enough soup to serve
35 people.

@ On Your Own
: Evaluate the expression. Write the answer in simplest form.
for
OM ercises 26-37" \ ae 6 aco hie
‘bo ase oP NSC MARS
ee ae Gas
2, 4
ane 5
5 5 4 33 i i

9. In Example 4, can 30 cups of tortilla soup serve 15 people? Explain.

Section 2.3 Dividing Mixed Numbers 73

 ey
CEOS pat BEE. fai Mu nhes ienecebieccaniietns

Vocabulary and Concept Check

ae
1. VOCABULARY What is the reciprocal of 723

NUMBER SENSE Is 5 5 35the same as 35E 523Explain.

NUMBER SENSE Is the reciprocal of an improper fraction sometimes, always,
or never a proper fraction? Explain.

DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What is 5 divided by 53 Find the quotient of 5 and 7

What is 55times 8? Find the product of 5 and ~ i

Divide. Write the answer in simplest form.

@@ 5. 2--2
4 4
Goes
a
Jee gee
sh iets)
ge7 2
ye af

See
2 10
1096
4 Ws
Rare oo
3
Le CE
i

ie, dee 3 Vy eee 6 fey = 6

(ent Jt

17
8 16
18) See
9 15
19, 4 ee
16 8
206 = oe6
9

21. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the quotient

22. DOG FOOD A bag contains 42 cups of dog food. Your dog eats 2-cups of
dog food each day. How many days does the bag of dog food last?

23. HAMBURGERS How many ;-pound hamburgers can you make from
3 pounds of ground beef?

24. BOOKS How many 1=-inch-thick books can fit ona 14--inch-long bookshelf?

|e (C q
74 Chapter2 — Fractions and Decimals aN” Vals nt if
)QS (0
 25. LOGIC Alexei uses the 1
model shown to state that 1 1 >
1 1 ] Le
aA he
2—+1— =2-.Is Alexei a RS ie AE ioe. Sa Tie aE
aces
correct? Justify your answer
e
cS
Vice ct
eTian
s18|
eae e a e
. SS Fs he

using the model. 1 1

16 16

Evaluate the expression. Write the answer in simplest form.

1
© 26. 3212+:
Meee
2740s See 28) eee
3 3 is) Se (5)
Os ae i Fear 1 1 1
29.5235 —— 30. 6=-—~+5— .9-+ a
6 4.°9 S| 16 a 6 PS

32 3e4
S)
ee eats)
Ue)
Sst o-
ee 10
elz

S 7 2 4 3
35. 1— xX 4—+ 36. a= +| x =|
11 To L5 OT

38. TRAIL MIX You have 12 cups of granola and 8 cups of

peanuts to make trail mix. What is the greatest number of
full batches of trail mix you can make? Explain how you
found your answer.

39. RAMPS You make skateboard ramps by cutting

pieces from a board that is 12-feet long.
a. Estimate how many ramps you can cut from the board. Is your
estimate reasonable? Explain.
b. How many ramps can you cut from the board? How much wood
is left over?

40. At a track meet, the longest shot-put throw by a boy is

25 feet 8 inches. The longest shot-put throw by a girl is 19 feet 3 inches.
How many times greater is the longest shot-put throw by the boy
than by the girl?

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Write the number as adecimal. (Ski//s Review Handbook)
41. forty-three hundredths 42. thirteen thousandths
43. three and eight tenths 44. seven and nine thousandths

45. MULTIPLE CHOICE The winner in a vote for class president received :of the

240 votes. How many votes did the winner receive? (Skills Review Handbook)

CA) 60 150 ©) 180 ©) 320

Section 2.3 Dividing Mixed Numbers 75

 wiccaslasiigeieacraiaye
PSnp le ei a a Sn ae ara aN

You can use a notetaking organizer to write notes, vocabulary, and questions about a topic.
Here is an example of a notetaking organizer for dividing fractions.

Write Dividing fractions Write your

important notes about
vocabulary To divide a number by a the topic in
or formulas fraction, multiply the number this space.
in this by the reciprocal of the fraction.
space.

(where b, c, and
d #0)

Write your
questions
about the
topic in
How do you divide a mixed number by a fraction? this space.

On Your Own
“

Make notetaking organizers to help you Yeah, but now the J

study these topics.
knives, forks, and y
(spoons are a mess.
1. multiplying fractions
2. multiplying mixed numbers
a
3. dividing mixed numbers

After you complete this chapter, make

notetaking organizers for the following topics.
4. adding and subtracting decimals
5 . multiplying decimals by whole numbers
6. multiplying decimals by decimals
“The notetaking organizer in my math class
7. dividing decimals by whole numbers gave me an idea of how to organize my
doggy biscuits.”
8 . dividing decimals by decimals

76 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

Fe
jp RS RSI IEEES
BBE RSE
SN RAN Og be ead eer al P rors
res Ss Che
ec k

BigIdeasMath
Multiply. Write the answer in simplest form. (Section 2.1)
ered ) 2
1. =xX-— 2. —x-
coo 4 10a e3

ne 1 7
3. 1-x= 4. 3—
x 5—
O “5 2 10

Divide. Write the answer in simplest form. (Section 2.2 and Section 2.3)
ee 5)
- Gas 6. 7 + 5

hese 2 1
7. eB
4=—+— 8. Wa
a Ie
|

Evaluate the expression. Write the answer in simplest form. (Section 2.2 and Section 2.3)
i i ] 9
9. 6+2+- 10, => = =
sy eke 12 4 14

1 3. } 2
Ses LtlI
11. 3=X3—+=
3 4 6 i ar [4x15]

13. MALL Ina mall, —~

sotthe stores sell shoes. There are 180 stores in the mall.

How many of aieaoe sell shoes? (Section 2.1)

14. CONCERT FLOOR The floor of a concert venue

is 100 feet by 75 feet. What is the area of the

floor? (Section 2.1)

1
735 ft

15. BAND Band members make :of their profit from selling concert tickets.

They make .of their profit from selling band merchandise at the concerts.
How many times more profit do they make from ticket sales than from
merchandise sales? (Section 2.2)

16. SKATEBOARDS You are cutting as many 129 in.

52 yinch sections as you can out of the
board to make skateboards. How many
skateboards can you make? = (Section 2.3) 4

Sections 2.1—2.3 Quiz 77

 ESSsential 4
sida
Que How can you add and subtract decimals?

Base ten blocks can be used

to model numbers.

CO
1 tenth 1 hundredth
i
ACTIVITY: Modeling a Sum
le ain ol

| Work with a partner. Use base ten blocks to find the sum. °
a.) 152557 0.87,
Which base ten
blocks do you
need to model +
the numbers in
the sum? How
many of each ane te
do you need? 1:23 a 0.87
. How many of each base ten block do you have when you combine the blocks?
a ones Nitin tenths HA hundredths
How many of each base ten block do you have when you trade the blocks?
Aa ones Ae tenths Ag hundredths

*+ So, 1.23 + 0.87 = I.

Diels 5 ci0 2.14 + 092 d. 0.73 + 0.86

i Se ae
Cy ei
CORE
2 _ ACTIVITY: Modeling a Difference
eae Ae Subtracting Work with a partner. Use base ten blocks to find the difference.
In this lesson, you will a 243073
@ use models to add and ; .
subtract decimals. Which number is shown
e add and subtract decimals. by the model? a
Learning Standard
6.NS.3 Circle the portion of the
model that represents 0.73.

s+ So, 2.43 — 0.73 = I.

b.186:-= 1226 eno hye 105) d, ~1.58 = 0,09
78 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals
 Work with a partner.
a. Find each sum or difference.

123 Ok beraloes Zia OZ Testimerte |)

24 aMS 186 — 126 Die OU Gt 79

How are the numerical expressions in part (a) related to the numerical
expressions in Activities 1 and 2? How are the sums and differences related?
STRUCTURE There is a relationship between adding and subtracting
decimals and adding and subtracting whole numbers. What conjecture
can you make about this relationship?

ACTIVITY: Using a Place Value Chart

A
ij

Work with a partner. Use the place value chart to find the sum or difference.

ht
Place Value Chart
Math Fy
Practice <
Analyze
Conjectures
How can the
conjecture you
wrote in Activity 3
help you to solve
these problems?

16.05 + 2.94 b. 7.421 + 92.55

DO. ic 0.01 d. 64.968 — 51.167

What Is Your Answer?

5. MODELING Describe two real-life examples of when you would need to add
and subtract decimals.
IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you add and subtract decimals?

g Use what you learned about adding and subtracting decimals to

Practice complete Exercises 3—4 on page 82.

Section 2.4 Adding and Subtracting Decimals 79

 Go Key Idea
Adding and Subtracting Decimals
To add or subtract decimals, write the numbers vertically and line up
the decimal points. Then bring down the decimal point and add or
subtract as you would with whole numbers.

EXAMPLE ( 4] Pelinteieerdii Els

a. Add 8.13 + 2.76. Estimate 8.13 + 2.76~8+3=11

Line up the decimal points. er

|
Bal3
240 Add as you would with whole numbers. |
10.89 Reasonable? 10.89 = 11 J

Ci
Be sure to add or
, Add 1.459 + 23.7.
]
subtract only digits
that have the same
1.499 Insert zeros so that both numbers have
place value. pao) the same number of decimal places.
Posy lies)

> eV Je-8 2) . Subtracting Decimals

a. Subtract 5.508 — 3.174. Estimate 5.508 — 3.174~6—-3=3

Line up the decimal points. 410
SSH 8
= cop, are! Subtract as you would with whole numbers.
2.334 Reasonable? 2.334 ~ 3

b. Subtract 21.9 — 1.605.

9
8 610 Insert zeros so that both numbers have
21.90
the same number of decimal places.
=a. Oro
20,299

(eh On Your Own

had ad. Add or subtract.

Exercises 5-16
1. 4,206 + 10.85 2. 15.5+ 8.229 3. 78.41 + 90.99

A'G,54— "5.55 5, 27.9 — 07905 6. 18.626 — 13.88

80 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

ON te 3) Real-Life Application
Your meal at the school cafeteria costs $3.45. Your friend’s meal costs
$3.90. You pay for both meals with a $10 bill. How much change do
you receive?
Use a verbal model to solve the problem.

amount of amount _ cost of cost of

change given your meal friend’s meal

= 10.00 — (3.45 + 3.90) Substitute values.

II 10/00 735 Add inside parentheses.

= 2.65 Subtract.

“s+ So, you receive $2.65.

>eNiae- 4 | Real-Life Application _

The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool is approximately rectangular.
Its width is 50.9 meters, and its length is 618.44 meters. You walk the
perimeter of the pool. About how many meters do you walk?

Draw a diagram and label the dimensions. 503i

Find the sum of the side lengths.

112
618.44
618.44 m 618.44 m
50.90
618.44
ge 00.90
1338.68

“t+ So, you walk about 1339 meters. Not drawn to scale
50.9 m

@ On Your Own
o) 7. WHAT IF? In Example 3, your meal costs $4.10 and your friend’s meal
re ad.
Exercises 21-26 costs $3.65. You pay for both meals with a $20 bill. How much change
do you receive?
8. Find the perimeter of the triangle.

66.04 cm

60.96 cm

25.4 cm

Section 2.4 Adding and Subtracting Decimals 81

2.4 Barehse:

Gr
Vocabulary and Concept Check
. CHOOSE TOOLS Why is it helpful to estimate the answer before adding or
subtracting decimals?
WRITING When adding or subtracting decimals, how can you be sure to add
or subtract only digits that have the same place value?

Add.
@ 5. 7.82 + 3.209 Greer gee 04 7712829 007

8. 20.35 + 13.748 9. 17.440 + 12.497 10.3152255 219 058

Subtract.
@ 11. 4.58 — 3.12 12220:629 — 5,309 13.°6.98=— 2.614

14, 15.131 — 11.57 1550135) =210.556 16.°25,82 = 222936

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in the solution.

18.
Ws
x 6.058
+ OOo
6.453

19. BREAKFAST You order the sausage and

eggs breakfast, and your friend orders the
ham omelet. How much is the bill before
taxes and tip?

“© Breakfast Menu 2%.

20. HAM & CHEESE How much more does
7:30 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.
the ham and cheese omelet cost than the
ZEB SRSi (anyatyleye: uae ieee $2°5 Bacon & Eggs.
cheese omelet?
fied Seu ogse nccstereccee 567° Cheese Omelet
PRAU OCP OCt I seeessaedeet
ercise$3°5 Ham Omelet...
| Sausage & | SOR ire eee 5395 Ham & Cheese
Salami oh eos... 227. ;cean. $395 Omelet.............

82 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 Evaluate the expression.
® 21. 6105+ 10.4 + 3.075 2222, O22 863042
23. 15,35 4 7,604 12.954 24,016.90 lo 45c" 7.299
297 20,02 — 1G A7oo en bs 265920.40 417.10 19,018

27. STRUCTURE When is the sum oftwo decimals equal to a whole number?
When is the difference of two decimals equal to a whole number?
28. OPEN-ENDED Write three decimals that have a sum of27.905.

29. DAY CARE A day-care center is building a new

outdoor play area. The diagram shows the
dimensions in meters. How much fencing is
needed to enclose the play area?

30. HOMEWORK You work 1.15 hours on English homework and 1.75 hours on
math homework. Your science homework takes 1.05 hours less than your
math homework. How many hours do you work on homework?

ASTRONOMY An astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance of Earth from

the Sun. In Exercises 31-34, use the table that shows the average distance
of each planet in our solar system from the Sun.
31. How much farther is Jupiter from the Sun
than Mercury?
32. How much farther is Neptune from the
Sun than Mars Mercury 0.387
33. Estimate the greatest distance between Venus 0.722
Earth and Uranus. Barth 1.000
34. Estimate the greatest distance between Mars 1.524
Venus and Saturn. Jupiter | 5.203
Saturn 91937
So; asia The length ofa rectangle irae 19.189
is twice the width. The perimeter of the Neptune | 30.07
rectangle can be expressed as 3 « 13.7. :
What is the width?

fair Game Rev JW what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Multiply. Write the answer in simplest form. (Section 2.1)
fier 5) 58 AIS ee
SSG Pus a9, 2S 39
= c=
ot 10 s 7 ad 6 10 as 5 8

40. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the LCM of 6, 12, and 18? = (Section 1.6)

@ 6 18 ©) 36 (DE

Section 2.4 Adding and Subtracting Decimals 83

 25 Multiplying Decimals

ssential Question ! How can you multiply decimals?

Work with a partner. Use a rectangle to find the product.

Weeecsee
Arrange base ten blocks to form a rectangle of length 2.7 units and
width 1.3 units.

The area of the rectangle represents the product.

Find the total area represented by each grouping of base ten blocks.

SoeseeReeo

COMMON
CORE
Multiplying Decimals Area= units? Area =|) | units?
Inthis lesson,you will
© use modelsto
The area of the rectangle is: al
multiply decimals
e multiply decimals.
Learning Standard
6.NS.3

+m
OR units?
+ So, 2.7-1.3= fe.
b. ce a Cc. 4.61.2 d. 3:26 274

84 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 Work with a partner. Use an area model to find the product.
Explain your reasoning.
a. 0.8°0.5

Math
Practice
View as
Components
How can you use
an area model to
find the product?

3+ So, 0.8 + 0.5 = (AM.

b2 10:5: >0:5 COs 0s6 d. 0.2 - 0.9

[Y:, Making a Conjecture

Work with a partner.
a. Find each product.
Pail Pas) ESie Di 46 +12 32 24

8°5 Sane, 7°6 229

How are the numerical expressions in part (a) related to the numerical
expressions in Activities 1 and 2? How are the products related?
c. STRUCTURE What conjecture can you make about the relationship between
multiplying decimals and multiplying whole numbers?

What Is Your Answer?

4. INYOUR OWN WORDS Howcan you multiply decimals?

Use what you learned about multiplying decimals to complete

Exercises 9-12 on page 89.

Section 2.5 Multiplying Decimals 85

2.5 Lesson |

@° Key Idea
a a > a. 6 ee |

Multiplying Decimals by Whole Numbers

Words Multiply as you would with whole numbers. Then count the
number of decimal places in the decimal factor. The product
has the same number of decimal places.
Numbers 13.91 6.218
x 2 decimal places 4 "E 3 decimal places
937 24.872

>eNN a= 4) Multiplying Decimals and Whole Numbers

a. Find6 x 3.91. b. Find3 x 0.016.

Estimate 6 x 4 = 24 Estimate 3 x 0=0
5 1
3.91 <— 2 decimal places | 0.016 <—{ 3 decimal places |
es ane -
To have 3 decimal
23.46 Count 2decimal places 0.048 places, insert zeros |
sel en eM | to the left of 48.
“s+ So, 6 X 3.91 = 23.46. “+ So, 3 X 0.016 = 0.048.
Reasonable? 23.46 ~ 24 / Reasonable? 0.048 ~ 0 /

EXAMPLE (2 USSU EEE a . |

How high is a stack of 100 dimes?
Method 1: Multiply 1.35 by 100. Method 2: You are multiplying by
1.35 a power of 10. Use mental math.

Swe pd alll There are two zeros in 100. So,

ee ei arene ee ie 2 decimal places move the decimal point in 1.35
two places to the right.
135
135.00 1.35 X 100 = 135.
35. = 135

*:+ So, a stack of 100 dimes is 135 millimeters high.

@ On Your Own
‘ 2 Multiply. Use estimation to check your answer.
Exercises 13-24 1. 123 48 205 a 3. 0.88 x 9 4. 0.003 x 10
5. A quarter is 1.75 millimeters thick. How high is a stack of
1000 quarters? Solve using both methods.

86 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 The rule for multiplying two decimals is similar to the rule for multiplying
a decimal by a whole number.

@° Key Idea
Multiplying Decimals by Decimals
Words Multiply as you would with whole numbers. Then add the
number of decimal places in the factors. The sum is the
number of decimal places in the product.

Numbers 4.716 <— = 3 decimal places

x 0.2 <— + 1 decimal place
0.9432 <— 4decimal places

ON 2a 3 Multiplying Decimals

a. Multiply 4.8 x 7.2. Estimate 5 x 7=35

4.8 <—— 1 decimal place

x 7.2 <—— +1 decimal place
96
aos
34.56 <—— 2 decimal places

“t+ So, 4.8 X 7.2 = 34.56. Reasonable? 34.56~35 /

b. Multiply 3.1 x 0.05. Estimate 3 x 0=0

3.1 <—— 1 decimal place

x 0.05 <—— + 2 decimal places
0.155 <—— 3 decimal places

“t+ So, 3.1 X 0.05 = 0.155. | Reasonable? 0.155 ~ 0 J/

@ On Your Own
, Multiply. Use estimation to check your answer.
NOW Oure Read
Scene 6.0.1 0.0 7. 2.7 X 9.04
8. 6.32 Xx 0.09 On lev SoRe0:Z

Section 2.5 Multiplying Decimals 87

 EXAMPLE (2) (Mi SvElITE ee SON

What is the value of 2.44(4.5 — 3.175)?

CA)" 3.233 S259 ©) 7.805 CD) 32382

Step 1: Subtract first because the minus Step 2: Multiply the result
sign is in parentheses. from Step 1 by 2.44.
i at Wo
AB DL yest!
— 3.175 53.00
39275 530.0
2.0200
So, 2.44(4.5 — 3.175) = 2.44(1.325). Sua) (N)i0)

-t+ The correct answer is (A).

@ On Your Own
ou’re p Evaluate the expression.
€ad
Exercises 52-60" 10. 12.67+82+19 11. 6.4(1.8 © 7.5)

EXAMPLE (5) it yo olen :

You buy 2.75 pounds of tomatoes. You hand the cashier a $10 bill.
How much change will you receive?

Step 1: Find the cost of the tomatoes.

Multiply 1.89 by 2.75.
aesie vit $1.99/pour d Niece atta ; eee Deen places

bund eri eee x 2.75 «<— + 2 decimal places

945
132.3
8°28
5.1975 <— 4decimal places

The cost of 2.75 pounds of tomatoes

is'$9.20;
Step 2: Subtract the cost of the tomatoes from the
amount of money you hand the cashier.
10.00 — 5.20 = $4.80
‘z+ So, you will receive $4.80 in change.

@ On Your Own
12. WHAT IF? You buy 2.25 pounds of grapes. You hand the cashier a
$5 bill. How much change will you receive?

88 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

naesbede Help
BigldeasMath
G Vocabulary and Concept Check
1. NUMBER SENSE If you know 12 X 24 = 288, how can you find 1.2 X 2.4?
2. NUMBER SENSE Is the product 1.23 x 8 greater than or less than 8? Explain.

Copy the problem and place the decimal point in the product.
c Pars bevare: 4. aie DB: Ste)
ee x 0.68 ee OA
Orteare 62832 OO or)

How many decimal places are in the product?

626.7. 82 7. 1.684 X 10.2 8. 0.053 X 2.78

“Ee A
Practice and Problem Solvi
° raf
ng
oe

Use base ten blocks or an area model to find the product.

oF 2A 10. 0.6 tie ON 12; (24
MASS x 0.4 SUES S258)

Multiply. Use estimation to check your answer.

@ @ 13. 48 14 -ebe 158 7219 16. 0.87
a, xX 5 eels a!

17. me8S 18. 5.89 19. 3.472 20. 8.188

Souls as XA ie

21. 100
x 0.024 22. 19 x 0.004 23. 0.0038
x9 24. 10 x 0.0093

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in the solution.

) ara x
PAs 26. 0.32
0.0045

4.0
05 0.160

27. MOON The weight of an object on the Moon is about 0.167 of

its weight on Earth. How much does a 180-pound astronaut
weigh on the Moon?
28. BAMBOO A bamboo plant grows about 1.25 feet each day. Pind
the growth in one week.
29. NAILS A fingernail grows about 0.1 millimeter each day. How
much does a fingernail grow in 30 days? 90 days?

Section 2.5 Multiplying Decimals 89

 Multiply.
® 30 erin: 31. 0.08 32. 0.007 33. 0.0008
x 0.2 x 0.3 x_0.03 X09

34. 0.004 35. 0.06 36. 0.0008 37. 0.0002

x 0.9 x 0.5 x_ 0.004 x 0.06

38. 12.4 x 0.2 39. 18.6 x 5.9 AO. (EX OGY 41. 1.16 X 3.35

42. 6.478X 18.21 43. 1.9X7.216 AA. 0.0021 x 18.2 45. 6.109 x 8.4

Xe
46. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct
4.9
the error in the solution.

186.2

47. TAKEOUT A Chinese restaurant offers buffet takeout for

$4.99 per pound. How much does your takeout meal cost?

48. CROPLAND Alabama has about 2.51 million acres of cropland.

Florida has about 1.15 times as much cropland as Alabama.
How much cropland does Florida have?

. GOLD Ona tour ofan old gold mine, you find a

nugget containing 0.82 ounce of gold. Gold is worth
$1566.80 per ounce. How much is your nugget worth?
. BUILDING HEIGHTS One meter is approximately 3.28 feet. Find the height
of each building in feet by multiplying its height in meters by 3.28.

Africa Carlton Centre Office Tower / 223

Asia Burj Khalifa 828
Australia Q1 Tower Oye)
Europe The Shard 310
North America Willis Tower 442
South America _ Gran Torre 300

51. REASONING Show how to evaluate 7.12 < 8.22 x 100 without multiplying
the two decimals.

ORDER OF OPERATIONS Evaluate the expression.

® 52. ZACK NG 7 53 OG 8b.0C2< AO 54. 1.047 x 5 — 0.88
oo: ACN. Oo) 56. 23.98 — 1.7- = 7.6 97. 12 ngs Ga etO.0G4
58. GO03,2*'20:59) 59. 7.5°(6.084 — 5.44) 60. 6.8 +2.18 + 3.95

61. REASONING Without multiplying, how many decimal places does 3.47 have?
3.4°? 3.472 Explain your reasoning.

90 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

REPEATED REASONING Describe the pattern. Find the next three numbers.
62. 150°670/36, 0216.5. Goel 50h, O15, 0.01528
64. 0.04, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005,... Gomes 2. LO Oro
66. FOOD You buy 2.6 pounds of apples and 1.475 pounds
of peaches. You hand the cashier a $20 bill. How much
change will you receive?
67. MILEAGE A car can travel 22.36 miles on one gallon
of gasoline.
a. How far can the car travel on 8.5 gallons
of gasoline?
b. A hybrid car can travel 33.1 miles on one gallon of gasoline.
How much farther can the hybrid car travel on 8.5 gallons of gasoline?
68. OPEN-ENDED You and four friends have dinner at a restaurant.
GUEST CHECK
a. Draw arestaurant menu that has main items, desserts,
and beverages, with their prices.
b. Write a guest check that shows what each of you ate.
Find the subtotal.
c. Multiply by 0.07 to find the tax. Then find the total.
d. Round the total to the nearest whole number. Multiply
by 0.20 to estimate a tip. Including the tip, how much
did you spend?

69. Geometry A rectangular painting has

an area of 9.52 square feet.
a. Draw three different ways in which this can happen.
b. The cost of a frame depends on the perimeter of the
painting. Which of your drawings from part (a) is the
least expensive to frame? Explain your reasoning.
c. The thin, black framing costs $1 per foot. The fancy
framing costs $5 per foot. Will the fancy framing cost
five times as much as the black framing? Explain why
or why not.
d. Suppose the cost of aframe depends on the outside
perimeter of the frame. Does this change your answer
to part (c)? Explain why or why not.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Divide. (Skills Review Handbook)

10.7813 Whe (ese 1S 12h 37 ee 19 T3042

74. MULTIPLE CHOICE How many edges does the rectangular

prism at the right have? (Skills Review Handbook)

@) 4 (B)6
(Coes Cupra

Section 2.5 Multiplying Decimals 91

 2.6 Dividing Decimals
pt SNS ANE RUS SS 1 STEER ie RSMEANS eC SE A RES NAAR

Essential Question How can you use base ten blocks to model
decimal division?

ACTIVITY: Dividing Decimals

A gu
Abas

Work with a partner. Use base ten blocks to model the division.
Then find the quotient.
ay 2:4 6
Begin by modeling 2.4.

2.4

How many of each base ten block did you use?

an ones

ante tenths

ian hundredths

Next, think of the division problem 2.4 + 0.6 as the question,

“How can you divide 2.4 into groups of 0.62” |

Rearrange the model for 2.4 into groups of 0.6. There are ‘a groups of 0.6.

COMMON s+ So, 2.4 + 0.6 = fe.

CORE
Dividing Decimals bs 1.8 = 2 C393 d. 2.8 + 0.7 e. 3.204
In this lesson, you will
@ use modelsto f. Write and solve the division problem represented by the model.
divide decimals.
e divide decimals.
Learning Standard
6.NS.3

0.8 0.8

92 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 : Dividing Decimals
Work with a partner. Use base ten blocks to model the division.
Then find the quotient.
Math
Practice O a.. ,0;3:-=0,06

Evaluate | Model 0.3. Replace tenths How many 0.06s are in 0.3?
Results with hundredths. Divide hundredths
What can you into groups of0.06.
do to check the
reasonableness of
your answer?

“+ Thereare groups of 0.06.So0,0.3+0.06=|

b... 0.2 =-.0:04 Co 0:6 = 0.01

d. 0.16 + 0.08 e.” 0.28. 007

What Is Your Answer?

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use base ten blocks to model
decimal division? Use examples from Activity 1 and Activity 2 as part
of your answer.
4. WRITING Newton's poem is about dividing fractions. Write a poem about
dividing decimals.

“When you must divide a fraction, do this very simple action:

Flip what you’re dividing BY, and then it’s easy—multiply!”

5. Think of your own cartoon about dividing decimals. Draw your cartoon.

: Use what you learned about dividing decimals to complete

Practice Exercises 8-11 on page 97.

Section 2.6 Dividing Decimals 93

2.6 ._Lesson
Lesson Tutorials , ,
cad
BigldeasMath

G@° Key Idea

Dividing Decimals by Whole Numbers
Words Place the decimal point in the quotient above the decimal point
in the dividend. Then divide as you would with whole numbers.
Continue until there is no remainder.

Numbers 8s Place the decimal point in the quotient above

4) 7.32 the decimal point in the dividend.

DON Je-6 of) . Dividing Decimals by Whole Numbers

a. Find 7.6 + 4. Estimate 8 + 4 = 2

Vie eos
19 Place the decimal point in the quotient above |
4)7.6 the decimal point in the dividend.

36
= 00
0

eLASOn G4 1.9, Reasonable? 1.9 ~ 2 J/

b. Find 4.38 + 12.

0.365 Place the decimal point in the quotient above

12)4.380 the decimal point in the dividend.

78
GG) Insert a zero and continue to divide.
60 | |
ae
60
0

sss So, 4.38 = 12 = 0,365. Check 0.365 x 12 = 4.38 J

@ On Your Own
Divide. Use estimation to check your answer.
,

Exercises 12-23 Jane eae 21 2) eae 3. 59.64 +7

4. 43.26+ 14 >Fn 8yt GS o.l2=16

94 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 © Key Idea
Dividing Decimals by Decimals
Words Multiply the divisor and the dividend by a power of 10 to
make the divisor a whole number. Then place the decimal
point in the quotient and divide as you would with whole
numbers. Continue until there is no remainder.

Place the decimal point

Numbers 1.2) 4.56 > 12)456 above the decimal point
va in the dividend 45.6.

| Multiply each number by10.

EXAMPLE ( 22 Meeytniyep ead els

a. Find 18.2 + 1.4.

Place the decimal point

DS above the decimal point
1.4)18.2 > 14)182. in the dividend 182.
Claee, “ae
Multiplying the divisor | x er
and the dividend bya | | ieee ie 10.
power of 10 doesnot Bee Sigler ta mae
change the quotient. 0
For example: ; u,

182 + 14 = 13 |
1820 + 140 = 13 | b. Find 0.273 + 0.39.

| 0.7
0:39)0.273-—= > 39)27.3
air eased —27.3
we 0
(Multiply each number by 100.

+ So, 0.273 + 0.39 = 0.7. Check 0.7 x 0.39 = 0.273 AW

@ On Your Own
¢ une Ready Divide. Check your answer.
Exercises 36-39 7aOSIG: 8. 3.4)57.8

9: 21.643) 2:3 10. 0.459 = 0.51

Section 2.6 Dividing Decimals 95

 > eV [16-8 3) _ Inserting Zeros in the Dividend and the Quotient

Divide 2.45 + 0.007.

350
a 0.007)2.450 > 7)2450
Study Tip AMA AY 291

Remember tocheck 35 es
your answer by Multiply each number by 1000. 236 Because 0 a = 0,
multiplying the Insert a zero in the dividend. 00 insert a zero in the
quotient by the divisor. | quotient.

“+ So, 2.45 + 0.007 = 350.

@ On Your Own
, Divide. Check your answer.
id
@ Exercises 40-43” 1123:.0-20°16 PA, AS Weise (01745)

13. 7.2 ~ 0.048 14. 0.18 + 0.003

> ON 2a 4 . Real-Life Application

How many times more cellular phone subscribers were there in 2011
than in 1991? Round to the nearest whole number.

Cellular Phone Subscribers From the graph, there were 331.59 million subscribers
in 2011 and 7.6 million in 1991. So, divide 331.59 by 7.6.

ae Estimate 320 + 8 = 40

43.6 Rounds to 44.

7.6)331.59 > 76)3315.9
(millions) UU we
Subscribers =304
Zh
1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 —22?8

Year A79

=AS'O
Des

*:+ So, there were about 44 times more subscribers in 2011 than in 1991.

Reasonable? 44 ~ 40 /

@ On Your Own
15. How many times more subscribers were there in 2006 than in 19962
Round to the nearest whole number.

96 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

2.6 Exercises Check It, Out.
Help with Homework
apie BiglIdeasMath

Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. NUMBER SENSE Fix the one that is not correct.

6.1 61 Gul
4)24.4 4)244 4)2.44

Copy the problem and place the decimal point in the correct location.
2. 18.6 + 4 = 465 3, 6.38 fl — 58 4. 88.27 + 7 = 1261

Rewrite the problem so that the divisor is a whole number.

5. 4718.6 6. 0.21)17.66 72.16) 0855

Practice and Problem Solving

a fi e H \ @

Use base ten blocks to find the quotient.

326 3-02-70.3 9 2,.62-.0.2 10080372006 112 0:36-0:04

Divide. Use estimation to check your answer.

@ 12. 6)25.2 13; 5/335 14. 7)35 15. 8)10.4
16. 38.7+=9 17. 37.6+4 18. 43.4+7 19. 25.6 +8
20. 44.64 + 8 21. 0.294 +3 22. 3.6 + 24 23. 64.26 + 18

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the quotient.
24. 25.
3.922 0.86
x 9)28.008 x 6)0.516
pal 48
100 Vae
a1 36
198 O
198
O

26. TEXT MESSAGING You send 40 text messages in one ‘7

month. The total cost is $4.80. How much does each :
text message cost?

27. SUNBLOCK Of the two bottles of sunblock shown, Pe mente nee

which is the better buy? Explain. Battle bottle
$8.49 $10.29

Section 2.6 Dividing Decimals 97

 ORDER OF OPERATIONS Evaluate the expression.
28 pr OG como ele 29105685" 129 30/196 279

Ste AO oGe ad S22 °30:20" OS 33. 13.41 X (5.4 + 9)

Fruit Punch
Sale Price
34. FRUIT PUNCH
;
Which pack offruit
,
A-pack $2.95 | punch is the best buy? Explain.
12-pack $8.65
24-pack $17.50 _
:“ 35. SALE You buy 3 pairs of jeans for $35.95
a each and get a fourth pair for free. What
i) is your cost per pair of jeans?

Divide. Check your answer.

Q 36. 2.1)25.2 S751 38. 36.47 = 0.7 39. 1059843. 1255

3) 40. 4.23 + 0.012 41. 0.52 + 0.0013 42. 95.04 + 0.0132 AS. 32.25 0.07

Divide. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.

44. 80.88 + 8.425 45. 0.8 + 0.6 46. 38.9 + 6.44 41 11: 62.0-95

48. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

the error in rewriting the problem. xK 0.32)146.4 —> 32)1.464

49. TICKETS Tickets to the school musical cost $6.25. The amount received from
ticket sales is $706.25. How many tickets were sold?

50. HEIGHT A person's running stride is about 1.14 times the person’s height.
Your friend's stride is 5.472 feet. How tall is your friend?

51. MP3 PLAYER You have 3.4 gigabytes available on your MP3 player. Each song
is about 0.004 gigabyte. How many more songs can you download onto your
MP3 player?

52. SWIMMING The table shows the top

three times in a swimming event at
the Summer Olympics. The event
consists of a team of four women Gold Australia 215.94
swimming 100 meters each. Silver United States 216.39
a. Suppose the times of all four Bronze Netherlands 217.59 |
swimmers on each team were the
same. For each team, how much
time does it take a swimmer to
swim 100 meters?

b. Suppose each U.S. swimmer completed 100 meters a quarter second faster.
Would the U.S. team have won the gold medal? Explain your reasoning.

98 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 Without finding the quotient, copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.
53. 6.66+0.74 | | 66.6+7.4 54. 32.2+0.7 WM 3.22< 7
55. 160.72 + 16.4 |) 160.72 + 1.64 56. 75.6+63!) 7.56 + 0.63
57. BEES To approximate the number of bees in a hive, multiply the number of bees
that leave the hive in one minute by 3 and divide by 0.014. You count 25 bees j
leaving a hive in one minute. How many bees are in the hive? ee

AY

58. PROBLEM SOLVING You are saving money to buy a new bicycle that costs $155.75.
You have $30 and plan to save $5 each week. Your aunt decides to give you an
additional $10 each week.
a. How many weeks will you have to save until you have enough money to
buy the bicycle?
b. How many more weeks would you have to save to buy a new bicycle that
costs $203.89? Explain how you found your answer.

59. PRECISION A store sells applesauce in two sizes.

@ Applesavee & a. How many bowls of applesauce fit in a jar?
3.9-ounce bowl $0.52 Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
24-ounce jar $2.63 b. Explain two ways to find the better buy.
c. What is the better buy?

60. Geometry The large rectangle’s dimensions are

three times the dimensions of the small rectangle. Daa it
a. How many times greater is the perimeter of the large
rectangle compared to the perimeter of the small rectangle? 19.2 ft
b. How many times greater is the area of the large rectangle
compared to the area of the small rectangle?
c. Are the answers to parts (a) and (b) the same? Explain why or why not.
What happens in parts (a) and (b) if the dimensions of the large
rectangle are two times the dimensions of the small rectangle?

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Add or subtract. Write your answer in simplest form. (Section 1.6)
i
as
a2
Si Ber
2
62, 3
Bea3
eats a1 sige
hae
65. MULTIPLE CHOICE Melissa earns $7.40 an hour working at a grocery store. She
works 14.25 hours this week. How much does she earn? (Section 2.5)

CA) $83.13 $105.45 C) $156.75 ©) $1054.50

Section 2.6 Dividing Decimals 99

 2.4-2.6 Z uz j
—
seats

Raabe al a BR ita ENTE ‘idaiaiimiaa”

BiglIdeasMath
Add or subtract. (Section 2.4)
16:329e114538 2.043 DOmaAleoe

3.05.0 — "2,004 4. 26.782 — 14.96

Multiply. Use estimation to check your answer. (Section 2.5)

526 6:— 0.62
as) XBL,

7. 0.54 8. 4.16
x_0.9 Se

Divide. Use estimation to check your answer. (Section 2.6)

9. 5)8.4 10. 6)6.48
15 0.7 TZ leo O05

13. FIELD HOCKEY A field hockey field is rectangular. Its width is 54.88 meters,
and its length is 91.46 meters. Find the perimeter of the field. (Section 2.4)

14. GEOMETRY Find the area of the

mouth of the field hockey goal.
(Section 2.5)

15. BROADWAY The bar graph shows the yearly

attendance at traveling Broadway shows.
(Section 2.6)
a. Suppose the attendance was the same
each month in 2008. How many people
attended each month? (millions)

b. How many times more people attended people

of
Number 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
shows in 2006 than in 2009? Round your Year
answer to the nearest tenth.

100 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 Yoospitant tie
Baraat :
Review Key Vocabulary
reciprocals, p. 64

Review Examples and Exercises

ay Multiplying Fractions (pp. 54-61)

a. Find— x 35
5

1 enSaaS 3
Ee
fo eeeee Multiply the numerators and the denominators.

b. Find= x 1—

2 x ie ~~ x . Write ie as the improper fraction ze

4 Bs ae 8 8

fs eal Multiply the numerators and the denominators.

5x8 AO

Exercises
Multiply. Write the answer in simplest form.

fee ee Mee 4 Bae

aif Sy 2 9g 4 IQ &

Soke
a) RS
6a
i 9
ee goes10 ase3

xm Dividing Fractions (pp. 62-69)

; : 3) nero
Multiply by the reciprocal of 3! which is e

Multiply fractions and simplify.

| Exercises
i, Divide. Write the answer in simplest form.
| (ee +=
3.5
eas 1,.54=
l 12.
Babs
—-+ —
5 O28 Me 4 6 : 3 O7 510

Chapter Review 101

 ZB, Dividing Mixed Numbers (pp. 70-75)

Bind
4 2

a2 2 qie sas Write each mixed number as an improper fraction.

4 a 4 2

Loewe, . : 3 apy ays

=—X-=-
; Xx 5 Multiply by the reciprocal | oof5=, Which
which is
is =.5

515 x yh
= Multiply fractions. Divide out common factors.
AX’
2 1

See
2: 2
Simplify
Lait

Exercises
Divide. Write the answer in simplest form.

‘Era
Di G7
fae
Siow es)
15
8 4
166s 8 9

17. PANCAKES A box contains 10 cups of pancake mix. You use cup each time
you make pancakes. How many times can you make pancakes?

28, Adding and Subtracting Decimals (pp. 78-83)

a. Add 7.36 + 2.22.

came Line up the decimal points.

7.30
We 222 Add as you would with whole numbers.
9.58

-b. Subtract 5.467 — 2.736.

ia Line up the decimal points.
414 —
8 AGT
— 2.736 Subtract as you would with whole numbers.
2k

Exercises
Add or subtract.
NS 6 teo.04 19; 19.89 43372
20 630. 2565 21. 14214103

102 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 59 PLE ETL TET TTT TOLD TELAT EPO REE I

28) Multiplying Decimals (pp. 34-91)

Find 7.5 x 5.3.
7.9 <—— 1 decimal place
Xx 5.3 <—— +1 decimal place
2oo26
Orie
3 9.7 5 <——— 2 decimal places

a8 SO; 1.x 03 = 39.75.

Exercises
Multiply. Use estimation to check your answer.
2255.35 Vs onlSeale 24. 4.68 x 3
25. 9.475 +9803 26. 0.27 X 4.42 27. 0.051 X 0.244

28. AREA Find the area of

the computer screen.

26 Dividing Decimals (pp. 92-99)

Find 22.8 + 1.2. Place the decimal point above the |

=A Multiply 1.2 by 10. ) decimal point in the ane aa 228. J
| 19.
1.2)22.8 = 12)228,
: ae 4
ses Multiply 22.8 by 10. 108
: - — — 108
0
ge $0,226 1.2 = 19;

Exercises
Divide. Use estimation to check your answer.
29. 6.8+4 30; 13.276 +4 31: 49-07

32. 0.12)3.6 33,52:5)0,125 34. 3.9)22.23

Chapter Review 103

 Chapter Test

Multiply. Write the answer in simplest form.

{here
LOne
ee
105) 6
syle oes
a

Divide. Write the answer in simplest form.

eee | Zi ae wou
4. +s
Aes yt: i) +== 6. 8—=
i 2-5

Add or subtract.

Th, Pees te he) 8. 5.138 12.624 9.2553 161-942

Multiply. Use estimation to check your answer.

10. 6.7 x 8 11. 0.4 X 0.7 12; 487x723

Divide. Use estimation to check your answer.

13.55:6227, 14. 2.6 + 0.02

153) 4) 082 16. 0.25)5.46

17. DVD SALE Which deal is the better buy?

Sees99°
=k
aT

4 =

18. BLOG You spend 2 hours online. You spend 2of that time writing a blog.
How long do you spend writing your blog?

19. GRAPES A grocery store sells grapes for $1.99 per pound.
| You buy 2.34 pounds ofthe grapes. How much do you pay?

20. PHOTOGRAPHY A motocross rider is in the air for 2.5 seconds.

Your camera can take a picture every 0.125 second. Your friend’s
camera can take a picture every 0.15 second.

a. How many times faster is your camera than your

friend’s camera?
b. How many more pictures can you take while the rider
is in the air?

104 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

y) : Standards Assessme

1. Ata party, 10 people equally shared 2.gallons

of ice cream. How much ice cream did each
personeat? (6.NS.1)

Ties

2. What is the value of the expression

below? (6.NS.3)

rn 4 4.643 + 11.02 = 2.32

“Using 5
timati
= — =O
SER
ts Se meee

3. Which number is equivalent to the

meris about 3, 55°" Se that the
Choose gs YU Should
expression below? (6.EE.1)

2A”
2 3(6 = 2)

F. 25 H. 73

G. 41 I. 105

4. Your friend divided two decimal numbers. Her work is shown in the box
below. What should your friend change in order to divide the two decimal
numbers correctly? (6.NS.3)

2.08
0.07)14.56 —» 7)14.56

A. Rewrite the problem as 0.07)0.1456. C. Rewrite the problem as 7)0.1456.

B. Rewrite the problem as 0.07) 1456. D. Rewrite the problem as 7)1456.

. You bought some grapes at a farm stand.

You paid $2.48 per pound.

What was the total amount that you paid

for the grapes? (6.NS.3)

Standards Assessment 105

 What should your friend change in order to divide the two mixed numbers
correctly? (6.NS.1)

F. Find a common denominator of 3 and 4.

: : 14
G. Multiply by the reciprocal of =i

H. Multiply by the reciprocal of -

Il. Rename Ae as a2)

3 3

. Which pair of numbers does not have a least common multiple less
than 100? (6.NS.4)

As JOaU5 Cc. 16,18

B. 12716 D. 18, 24

. You are making identical snack bags. You have 18 fruit-chew snacks and
24 granola snacks. What is the greatest number of snack bags that you can
make with no snacks left over? (6.NS.4)

eal Haas

Gi2 I. 6

9. Which expression is not equivalent to ;2 (6.NS.))

A, eee Cia teed

Said Pe Oye eo) ee

p 133.1.6 Pee chee i. ©

LUD Sstne 7 [G2" 2683

106 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals

 10. Which number is equivalent to 5.139 — 2.642 (6.NS.3)
Be2499 He 3-019

GI2599 iF cgarshe)

11. Which expression is equivalent to = >? (6.NS. 1)

A. =63 (el atts

28

B. =45 Dae20

12. Which of the following expressions is equivalent to a perfect square?

(6.EE. 1)

F384 2°x 7 H. (80+

4) +4

GreeAciale.—.3- . 3°+6X5+3

13. You are filling baskets using 18 green eggs, 36 red eggs, and 54 blue eggs.
What is the greatest number of baskets that you can fill so that the baskets
are identical and there are no eggs left over? (6.NS.4)

A. 3 G9

B. 6 D. 18

. Awalkway was built using identical concrete blocks. (6.NS.1)

Think
Solve
Explain

PartA How much longer, in inches, is the length of the walkway than the
width of the walkway? Show your work and explain your reasoning.

Part B How many times longer is the length of the walkway than the width
of the walkway? Show your work and explain your reasoning.

Standards Assessment 107

 Algebraic E>
ae =
=

and Proper
3:1
3:2
3:3) Properties'of
3:4 The Distributi

6L

pogaoes SERTRSTES —<—— 8

addition
SS. tions like
a lit
ly certain
“Only Ope
Itiplica tion p reserve
ee 5x6 mbersequa
arou na”
and Ts switch the
“Did you know +6t #67 +5?
nu eee
w
but 5 + - =

— - need to reevaluate
\this whole situation!

“Descartes, ev alu
ate this expressio
when x = 2tod ete n “Remember that
rmine the number you evaluate an
cat treats you are of algebraic expressio
goi ng to eat today.” n by substituting
the value of x int
o the expression.”
What You
Learned Before
@ Interpreting Numerical
Expressions (5.04.2)
Example 1 Write a sentence interpreting the expression 3 x (19,762 + 418).

“s+ 3 X (19,762 + 418) is 3 times as large as 19,762 + 418.

Example 2 Write a sentence interpreting the expression (316 + 43,449) + 5.

(316 + 43,449) + 5is 5 more than 316 + 43,449.

Example 3. Write a sentence interpreting the expression (20,008 — 752) + 2.

(20,008 — 752) + 2 is half as large as 20,008 — 752.

Try It Yourself
Write a sentence interpreting the expression.
fomoe ho ( 201-.20;,967) Dre 82 4 340,322) 3. 4X (6722 + 4086)

Ate 115 4-36;372) +6 B. (O2t oyoco) 1G 6, (652 + 465795) 100

P4(30,929.4 425) 2 8: (58) 742 = 72))' = 2 9) (96392 + 564) = 3

Using Order of Operations (5.08.1, 6.8.1)

Example 4 Simplify 42 + 2 + 3(9 — 5).
First: | Parentheses 4*+2+3(9—-5)=4°+24+3+4
Second: Exponents =16-- 24 34
Third: Multiplication and Division (from left to right) =8+12
Fourth: Addition and Subtraction (from left to right) = 20

Try It Yourself
Simplify the expression.
— 2)
10. 3° + 5(4 11.3+4+2 12.10 5*5
— 8) +2
13. 4(3° 14. 3°-6—4+2 «3 = 24
450 bget7
 3.1. Algebraic Expressions

Essential Question How can you write and evaluate an expression

that represents a real-life problem?

ACTIVITY: Reading and Re-Reading

i Wen a

Work with a partner.

a. You babysit for 3 hours. You receive $12. What is your hourly wage?
e Write the problem. Underline the important numbers and units you
need to solve the problem.
e Read the problem carefully a second time. Circle the key word for
the question.

H } | i 1 jeee
seal
eae

e Write each important number or word, with its units, on a piece of

paper. Write +, —, X, +, and = on five other pieces of paper.

_ hourly wage ($ per hour).

ieee
e Arrange the pieces of paper to answer the key word question, “What is
your hourly wage?”
COMMON
CORE e Evaluate the expression that represents the hourly wage.
Algebraic Expressions
hourly wage = Uy SP iy Write.
In this lesson, you will
@ use order of operations
to evaluate algebraic = (ah Evaluate.
expressions.
e solve real-life problems.
Learning Standard + So, your hourly wage is$ per hour.
6.EE.2c
b. How can you use your hourly wage to find how much you will receive for
any number of hours worked?

110 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

Math Ga Work with a partner. Use the strategy shown in Activity 1 to write an
A
Practice G expression for each problem. After you have written the expression,
pera cere evaluate it using mental math or some other method.
of Quantities a. You wash cars for 2 hours. You
What are the units receive $6. How much do you
in the problem? earn per hour?
How does this
help you write
an expression?

b. You have $60. You buy a pair of jeans and

a shirt. The pair of jeans costs $27. You come
home with $15. How much did you spend
on the shirt?

c. Forlunch, you buy 5 sandwiches

that cost $3 each. How much do
you spend?

d. You are running a 4500-foot race.

How much farther do you have to
go after running 2000 feet?

e. A young rattlesnake grows at a rate

of about 20 centimeters per year.
How much does a young rattlesnake
grow in 2 years?

What Is Your Answer?

3. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you write and evaluate an expression that
represents a real-life problem? Give one example with addition, one with
subtraction, one with multiplication, and one with division.

Use what you learned about evaluating expressions to complete

Exercises 4—7 on page 115.

Section 3.1 Algebraic Expressions 111

 Lesson Tutorials , ,
Bistdgasyiaty

Key Vocabularyn@ )
algebraic expression,
malt?
terms, p. 172
variable, p. 172
coefficient, p. 7172
constant, p. 1712

The numerical factor of A term without a variable

a term that contains a is called a constant.
variable is a coefficient.

>eNN a6 4 _ Identifying Parts of an Algebraic Expression

Identify the terms, coefficients, and constants in each expression.
a. 5x +13 b. 227 +y+3
5x +13 27 +y+3
ee Ww Ww
A variable by itself has a
coefficient i 1. So, the | Moen pane ie Terms: 22°, a.
termy in Example 1(b) ' :
Aan icoethicientonl: Coefficient: 5 Coefficients: 2, 1

Constant: 13 Constant: 5

@ On Your Own
, Identify the terms, coefficients, and constants in the expression.
_ se 8-13
Exercises ; 1. 124+10c 9 is MS eyes 5 3.2°+9z

> ON ioe 2 _ Writing Algebraic Expressions Using Exponents

Write each expression using exponents. |
a. deded-ed |
Because d is used as a factor 4 times, its exponent is 4.

ae (SO, dededad
=a

by Lb: het
Because h is used as a factor 3 times, its exponent is 3.

+ So, L5e¢heheh=1.5h’.

112 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties 1) Multi-Language Glossary at ERY de

 @ On Your Own
,
y Write the expression using exponents.
Exercises 16-21 4. jejejejejej 5. Oekekekekek

To evaluate an algebraic expression, substitute a number for each

variable. Then use the order of operations to find the value of the
numerical expression.

> ON Ie 5 Evaluating Algebraic Expressions

a. Evaluate k + 10 when k = 25.

k+10=25+ 10 Substitute 25 for k.

You can write the {

i
product of 4 and n
in several ways. b. Evaluate 4 -nwhenn = 12.
4 en
A
Asn — 4 «12 Substitute 12 for n.

A(n) = 48 Multiply 4 and 12.

@ On Your Own
d 6. Evaluate 24 + cwhenc = 9.
; y
Exercises 25-32 7. Evaluate d — 17 whend = 30.

> i2e-8 4 Evaluating an Expression with Iwo Variables

Evaluate a + bwhena = 16and b= 2

fa]
Z : 2
AP —=16 = 5 Substitute 16 for a and : for b.

3 : 2 eet 3
= 16° 5 Multiply by the reciprocal of 3! which is i

= 24 Multiply.

@ On Your Own
ppetaine Ready Evaluate the expression when p = 24 and q = 8.
. he Te] 9. gt+p
103-0 —G 11. pq

Section 3.1 Algebraic Expressions 113

 DEN ese 5 Evaluating Expressions with Two Operations

a. Evaluate 3x — 14 whenx = 5.

3x — 14 = 3(5) — 14 Substitute 5 for x.

=15-14 Using order of operations, multiply 3 and 5.

=] Subtract 14 from 15.

b. Evaluate z? + 8.5 when z= 2.

z° + 8.5 = 274+ 8.5 Substitute 2 for z.

=4+8.5 Using order of operations, evaluate Me.

=a Add 4 and 8.5.

@ On Your Own
N wre Rean Evaluate the expression when y = 6.
“Ady
Exercises 43-51 12. 5y+] 13. 30-24+y 14. y*-7 15. 1.5+y?

> oN Je 6) . Real-Life Application _

You are saving money to buy a skateboard. You begin with $45 and you
save $3 each week. The expression 45 + 3w gives the amount of money
you Save after w weeks.
a. How much will you have after 4 weeks, 10 weeks, and
20 weeks?

b. After 20 weeks, can you buy the skateboard? Explain.

Substitute the given number of weeks for w. |

45 + 3(4) 454+ 12=

10 45 + 3(10) 45 + 30 = $75
20cm 45 + 3(20) 45 + 60 = $105

b. After 20 weeks, you have $105. So, you cannot buy the
$125 skateboard.

@ On Your Own
16. WHAT IF? In Example 6, the expression for how much money you
have after w weeks is 45 + 4w. Can you buy the skateboard after
20 weeks? Explain.

114 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 . WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which expression does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

2x+1 Swec 3(4) +5 yrz

2. NUMBER SENSE Which step in the order of operations is first? second? third? fourth?

Add or subtract from left to right. Multiply or divide from left to right.

Evaluate terms with exponents. Perform operations in parentheses.

3. NUMBER SENSE Will the value of the expression 20 — x increase, decrease, or

stay the same as x increases? Explain.

Practice and Problem Solving

Write and evaluate an expression for the problem.
4. You receive $8 for raking leaves for 2 hours. What is your hourly wage?
5. Music lessons cost $20 per week. How much do 6 weeks of lessons cost?
6. The scores on your first two history tests were 82 and 95. By how many points
did you improve on your second test?
7. You buy a hat for $12 and give the cashier a $20 bill. How much change do
you receive?

Identify the terms, coefficients, and constants in the expression.

@ 8. 7h+3 9. g+12+9¢ 10. 5c*
+ 7d
2
11. 2m? +15 + 2p? 12. 6+n +d (ehutsos ee

2 14. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the

Teringsci ita error in identifying the terms, coefficients, and
Coefficient: 2 5 ;
constants in the algebraic expression 2x~y.
Constant: none

15. PERIMETER You can use the expression 2¢ + 2w to find

the perimeter of a rectangle where ¢ is the length and
w is the width.
a. Identify the terms, coefficients, and constants in
the expression.
b. Interpret the coefficients of the terms.

Section 3.1 Algebraic Expressions 115

 Write each expression using exponents.
@ 16. b-b-b 17. g°g°gegeg 18. 8*>wewewew
1929.2 Vere. 208 GAC. sGs
6Ores,
yJy Pet

22. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

x Zenenenen=4n° the product using
the error in writing
exponents.

23. AREA Write an expression using exponents that

represents the area of the square.

As | was going to St. Ives 24. ST. IVES Suppose the man in the
| met a man with seven wives St. Ives poem has x wives, each wife
Each wite had seven sacks has x sacks, each sack has x cats, and
Each sack had seven cats each cat has x kits. Write an expression
using exponents that represents the
Each cat had seven kits
total number of kits, cats, sacks, and
Kits, cats, sacks, wives wives going to St. Ives.
How many were going to St. |\ves?

ALGEBRA Evaluate the expression when a = 3, b = 2, and c= 12.

@ 25. 6+a 26. b:5 27a 28. 27 +a
Ph WUE Se) 50, C45 Cela 32 eC O

@ 33. a+b 34. c—a EE 36. bec

37. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

evaluating the expression when m = 8. x 5m+3=5°8B+3 |
=5-ei1
38. LAWNS You earn 15n dollars for mowing n lawns. = 55
How much do you earn for mowing one lawn?
seven lawns?
39. PLANT After m months, the height of a plant is 10 + 3m millimeters.
How tall is the plant after eight months? three years?

Copy and complete the table.

40.

42. FALLING OBJECT An object falls 16¢7 feet in tseconds. You drop a rock
from a bridge that is 75 feet above the water. Will the rock hit the water
in 2 seconds? Explain.

116 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 ALGEBRA Evaluate the expression when a = 10, b = 9, andc = 4.

B43. 2a+3 44. 4c-7.8 45. 2+ —

24 é
46. a 8 47. c°+6 ASva- 1G

49. a+ 9c 50. bc+ 12.3 51. 3a + 2b —-— 6c

Standard Rentals 52. MOVIES You rent x new releases and y standard rentals.
$3 Which expression tells you how much money you will need?

3x + 4y AXES G(X By}

53. WATER PARK You float 2000 feet along a “Lazy River” water
ride. The ride takes less than 10 minutes. Give two examples
of possible times and speeds. Illustrate the water ride with
a drawing.

|
soust
Te
54. SCIENCE CENTER The expression 20a + 13c is the cost (in dollars)
SILI:
ie} A story
} for até ages
for a adults and c students to enter a science center.

a. How much does it cost for an adult? a student?

Explain your reasoning.

b. Find the total cost for 4 adults and 24 students.

c. You find the cost for a group. Then the numbers of adults and
students in the group both double. Does the cost double?
Explain your answer using an example.

d. In part (b), the number of adults is cut in half, but the number of students
doubles. Is the cost the same? Explain your answer.

a 55: The volume of the cube is equal

to four times the area of one ofits faces.
What is the volume of the cube?

Cisuad ) e \ e

A coir Game RevieW what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Find the value of the power. (Section 1.2)
56. 3° 57. 8° 58. 7° 59-2

60. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which numbers have a least common multiple of 24?
(Section 1.6)

@ 4,6 ® 2,22 © 3,8 ® 6,12

Section 3.1 Algebraic Expressions 117

 32, Whtng expressions
Essential Question How can you write an expression that
represents an unknown quantity?

Work with a partner.

You use a $20 bill to
buy lunch at a café.
You order a sandwich
from the menu
board shown.
le
Grilled Cheese

CPA tans 2
Roast Beef ce ~*~

$6.75 $5 Be
Plices include t.ae

a. Complete the table. In c ) ricswWGnanas aay

the last column, write a Sandwich
; ; (dollars) (dollars)
numerical expression for the
amount of change received. Reuben
‘ BLT
b. REPEATED REASONING Write Mee =
an expression for the amount | Egg salad
of change youreceive when | 7|
Roast beef
you order any sandwich from =L— ote 2 AoE
the menu board.

| , COMMON c. Compare the expression you wrote in part (b) with the expressions in
/ CORE the last column of the table in part (a).
Algebraic Expressions
In this lesson, you will
e use variables to represent
d. The café offers several side dishes, each at the same price. You order
numbers in algebraic a chicken salad sandwich and two side dishes. Write an expression
expressions. for the total amount of money you spend. Explain how you wrote
@ write algebraic expressions.
your expression.
Learning Standard
6.EE.2a
e. The expression 20 — 4.65s represents the amount of change one
customer receives after ordering from the menu board. Explain
what each part of the expression represents. Do you know what the
customer ordered? Explain your reasoning.

118 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 Work with a partner.
Math
Practice a. Complete the table.
: ——
Use Expressions Variable Phrase Expression
How do the key |
words in the phrase n 4 more than a number
help you write the ie ; a a
given relationship m the difference of a number and 3
as anexpression?
a - J x the sum of a number and 8 “4

p 10 less than a number

n 7 units farther awa

a y a
t 8 minutes sooner

w 12 minutes later

a number increased by 9

b. Here is a word problem that uses one of the expressions in the table.
You arrive at the café 8 minutes sooner
than your friend. Your friend arrives at
6:42 P.M. When did you arrive?
Which expression from the table can
you use to solve the problem?
c. Write a problem that uses a different
expression from the table.

Bg ACTIVITY: Words That Imply Multiplication or Division

Work with a partner. Match each phrase with an expression.
the product of anumber and 3 jis
the quotient of 3and a number Ap
4 times a number ne3
a number divided by 3 2m
twice a number Sn

What Is Your Answer?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you write an expression that represents
an unknown quantity? Give examples to support your explanation.

Use what you learned about writing expressions to complete

Practice Exercises 9-12 on page 122.

Section 3.2 Writing Expressions 119

 Some words imply math operations.

o Addition E Subtraction | Multiplication Division

Operation
Key Words added to subtracted from | multiplied by divided by i
and Phrases plus minus times quotient of
sum of difference of product of
more than less than twice
increased by decreased by of
total of fewer than
and take away
sil Bs all |

>eNNe-8 4) Writing Numerical Expressions :

Write the phrase as an expression.

a. 8 fewer than 21

2li8 The phrase fewer than means subtraction.

b. the product of 30 and 9

30 X 9, or 30 +9 The phrase product of means multiplication.

peas 2 _ Writing Algebraic Expressions

Write the phrase as an expression.
[Common Error ON a. 14 more than a number x

| x+ 14 The phrase more than means addition.

When writing
expressions involving b. anumber y minus 75
subtraction or division, |
order is important. For | Aca Gs) The word minus means subtraction.
example, the quotient |
of a number x and | c. the quotient of 3and a number z
2 means i
x= 2,not2 = x. ; 3 + Z, OFF The phrase quotient of means division.
a, whe k 3 . merase

@ On Your Own
, : Write the phrase as an expression.
@ Exercises 3-18 ’ 1. the sumof18and35 2. 6 times 50
3. 25 less than a number b 4. anumber x divided by 4
5. thetotalofanumbertand11l 6. 100 decreased by a number k

120 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 PONVe- 3) Writing an Algebraic Expression
The length of Interstate 90 from the West Coast to the East Coast is
153.5 miles more than 2 times the length of Interstate 15 from
southern California to northern Montana. Let m be the length of
Interstate 15. Which expression can you use to represent the length
of Interstate 90?
@ 2m+ 153.55 CB 2m-153.5 © 153.5-2m CW) 153.5m+2
(The word times means The phrase more than means
_multiplication So, multiply 2 and m. addition. So, add 2m and 153.5.
2m LGSs5

*:+ The correct answer is (A).

> ON de-6 4 _ Real-Life Application

You plant a cypress tree that is 10 inches tall. Each year, its height
increases by 15 inches.
a. Make a table that shows the height of the tree for 4 years.
Then write an expression for the height after t years.
b. What is the height after 9 years?

a. The height is increasing, so add 15 each year as shown in the table.

aL aS When t is 0, the |
height is 10 inches.
10 + 15(1) = 25
10 + 15(2) = 40
10 + 15(3) = 55
SO
KF
NY
wo
Fr 10 + 15(4) = 70

[You can see that an expression is 10 + 15t.

“t+ So, the height after year tis 10 + 15t.

Study Tip b. Evaluate 10 + 15twhen t= 9.

10 + 15¢=210°+ 15(9) = 145

Sometimes, like in
Example 3, a variable
represents a single
“t+ After 9 years, the height ofthe tree is 145 inches.
value. Other times, like |
in Example 4, a variable | @ On Your Own
can represent more than | et ta saeh ag
one value. 7. Your friend has 5 more than twice as many game tokens as your
Seaaniaiaemanaieammenetl sister. Let t be the number of game tokens your sister has. Write an
expression for the number of game tokens your friend has.
NOWelOUre
Regdy
e Exercises 27-30 8. WHAT IF? In Example 4, what is the height of the cypress tree after
16 years?

Section 3.2 Writing Expressions 121

 nae with F
BiglIdeasMath

GFVocabulary and Concept Check

_ DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Write
“both” expressions.

12 more than x x increased by 12 xtakeaway12 thesumofxand 12

2. REASONING You pay 0.25p dollars to print p photos. What does the
coefficient represent?

Practice and Problem Solving

Write the phrase as an expression.
@ @ 3. Sless than8 4. the product of 3 and 12 5. 28 divided by 7

6. the total of 6and 10 7. 3 fewer than 18 8. 17 added to 15

9. 13 subtracted from a number x 10. 5 times a number d

11. the quotient of 18 and a number a 12. the difference of anumber s and 6

13. 7 increased by a number w 14. anumber b squared

15. the sum of a number y and 4 16. the difference of 12 and a number x

17. twice a number z 18. anumber ¢ cubed

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in writing the phrase
as an expression.
19. the quotient of 8 anda number y 20. 16 decreased by a number x

x |< X
21. DINNER Five friends share the cost of a dinner equally.
a. Write an expression for the cost per person.
b. Make up a total cost and test your expression. Is the result reasonable?

22. TV SHOW A television show has 19 —per season.

a. Copy and complete the table. Lk
b. Write an expression for the number
of episodes in n seasons. se

Give two ways to write the expression as a phrase.

235 WG 24. 4w 25. 1b 26 AS oe

122 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

3) 4) Write the phrase as an expression. Then evaluate when x = 5 and y = 20.
27. 3 less than the quotient of a 28. the sum ofa number x and 4,
number y and 4 all divided by 3
29. 6 more than the product of 8 30. the quotient of 40 and the
and a number x difference of a numbery and 16

= | 31. MODELING It costs $3 to bowl a game and $2 for shoe rental.

a. Make a table for the cost of up to 5 games.
b. Write an expression for the cost ofggames.
c. Use your expression to find the cost of 8 games.

32. PUZZLE Florida has 8 less than 5 times the Georgia has 25 more than twice the
number of counties in Arizona. number of counties in Florida.
a. Write an expression for the number of counties in Florida.
b. Write an expression for the number of counties in Georgia.
c. Arizona has 15 counties. How many do Florida and Georgia have?

33. PATTERNS There are 140 people ina

singing competition. The graph shows
the results for the first five rounds.
a. Write an expression for the number of
people after each round.
b. How many people compete in the ninth
round? Explain your reasoning. after
Contestants

34. NUMBER SENSE The difference between

two numbers is 8. The lesser number is a.
Write an expression for the greater number.

35. >2XSyNieF One number is four times another. The greater number is x.
Write an expression for the lesser number.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Evaluate the expression. (Skills Review Handbook)
36) 62. (22-215) EV, (ls sets anions S823 Kib)-x 5 BOR ae (ex 5)

40. MULTIPLE CHOICE A grocery store is making fruit baskets using 144 apples,
108 oranges, and 90 pears. Each basket will be identical. What is the greatest
number of fruit baskets the store can make using all the fruit? (Section 1.5)
@® 6 @® 9 ©) 16 ®) 18

Section 3.2 Writing Expressions 123

 raphic Org ‘
BiglIdeasMath

You can use an information wheel to organize information about a topic. Here is an example
of an information wheel for identifying parts of an algebraic expression.

Identifying
parts of an
algebraic
expression

On Your Own
"day » rv

Make information wheels to help you

study these topics.
1. evaluating algebraic expressions
2. writing algebraic expressions
After you complete this chapter, make niet iy!i Why can't | be
information wheels for the following topics. SUH ene Amare ON the wheel? ['m
; | calling Vanna.
3. Commutative Properties of Addition
and Multiplication
4. Associative Properties of Addition
and Multiplication
5. Addition Property of Zero “My information wheel for Fluffy has .
matching adjectives and nouns.”
6. Multiplication Properties of Zero
and One
7. Distributive Property
8. factoring expressions

124 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 Shee Beeceas as
Lad AANA ES ETS Lf BILE Se SEE EIT SI eR Eee I a ee oe eS
st le
a s {i

Progress | neck”w/
GEER
EI EEE EEE
BEIES So eISe Si acacia oe SO
4 anesig

: :
Identify the terms, coefficients, and constants of the expression.
BigIdeasMat
(Section 3.1)

1. 6G+1 2. 3r7+4r+8

Write the expression using exponents. =(Section 3.1)

3. S*seses 4. 2etetetetet

‘Evaluate the expression when a = 8 and b= 2. (Section 3.1)

Dea 6. ab 7. a’ —6

Copy and complete the table. (Section 3.1)

8. :
x x+6 ?

Write the phrase as anexpression. (Section 3.2)

10. the sum of28 and 35 11. anumber x divided by 2

12. the product of anumber m and 23 13. 10 less than a number a

14. COUPON The expression p — 15 is the amount

you pay after using the coupon on a purchase
of p dollars. How much do you pay fora || these
Good forof$15
$75 off any
orffiore
purchase of $83? (Section 3.1) pe

15. AMUSEMENT PARK The expression 15a + 12c is the cost (in dollars) of
admission at an amusement park for a adults and c children. Find the
total cost for 5 adults and 10 children. (Section 3.1)

16. MOVING TRUCK To rent a moving truck

for the day, it costs $33 plus $1 for each
mile driven. (Section 3.2)
a. Write an expression for the cost to
rent the truck.
b. You drive the truck 300 miles. How
much do you pay?

Sections 3.1-3.2 Quiz 125

 Properties of Addition al
and Multiplication

Essential Question Does the order in which you perform an

operation matter?

1 . ACTIVITY: Does Order Matter?

Work with a partner. Place each statement in the correct oval.
a. Fasten 5 shirt buttons. b. Put ona shirt and tie.
c. Fill and seal an envelope. d. Floss your teeth.
e. Puton your shoes. f. Chew and swallow.
Order Matters Order Doesn't Matter

Think of three math problems using the four operations where order
matters and three where order doesn’t matter.

The Meaning of a Word @ Commute

When you commute the positions you switch their positions.
of two stuffed animals on a shelf,

COMMON 7 .
CORE als ole a A ale ale ale ale

Equivalent Expressions
In this lesson, you will
© use properties of
operations to
generate equivalent Work with a partner.
expressions,
Learning Standards a. Which of the following are true?
6.EE.3 2 2
6.EE.4 Se) OS 3 =) as
2 2
9 8 0 23 = Seng

b. The true equations show the Commutative Properties of Addition and

Multiplication. Why do you think they are called commutative?

126 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 The Meaning of a Word @ Associate
cars

You have two best friends. Sometimes And sometimes you associate
you associate with one of them. with the other.

Kt fi Ati
ACTIVITY: Associative Properties
Math : 7) 4 Work with a partner.
silt raat | a. Which of the following are true?
se 2 2
Counterexamples Cee (Sie 1). —(8ich3) 4 Seot(S scl) (Gi) al.
What do the false | 2 g
equations tell | 12 x (6 X 2) = (12x 6) x2 MZ (Oe) 2 eee
AS Son the __ b. The true equations show the Associative Properties of Addition and
leas ce | Multiplication. Why do you think they are called associative?
!
ae ee eee —

What Is Your Answer?

A ) \ re \ Y » a VV @

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS Does the order in which you perform an

operation matter? Give examples to support your explanation.

5. MENTAL MATH Explain how you can add the sum in your head.
ieHees aefs eaeLice wonWset os a

6. SECRET CODE The creatures on a distant planet use the symbols

@,@, x, and @ for the four operations.

a. Use the codes to decide which symbol represents addition and which
symbol represents multiplication. Explain your reasoning.
3@4=4@3
3% 4=4%*3
2@ (5 @ 3)
= (20 5)@3
2% (5% 3) =(2%5)*%3
0@4=0
Ow 4=4
b. Make up your own symbols for addition and multiplication. Write codes
using your symbols. Trade codes with a classmate. Decide which symbol
represents addition and which symbol represents multiplication.

Use what you learned about the properties of addition and

multiplication to complete Exercises 5—8 on page 130.

Section 3.3 Properties of Addition and Multiplication 127

 Lesson Tutorials
BiglIdeasMath

Expressions with the same value, like 12 + 7 and7 + 12, are equivalent
Key | Vocabulary s@) ressions. You can use the Commutative and Associative Properties to
equivalent write Aguhalon expressions.
expressions, p. 128

@° Key Ideas
Commutative Properties
Words Changing the order of addends or factors does not change the
sum or product.
Numbers 5+ 8=8+5 Algebra a+b=b+a
5°8=8°5 asb=bea

Associative Properties
Words Changing the grouping of addends or factors does not change
the sum or product.
Numbers (7 +4)+2=7+
(4+ 2)
(7°4)°2=7° (42)

Algebra (a+b) +c=a+t(b+c)

(aeb)*c=ae(beo)

>eN 188 1) Using Properties to Write Equivalent Expressions

a. Simplify the expression 7 + (12 + x)

‘Study Tip Ce (124 Sa) See Associative Property of Addition

One way to check = OCEix Add 7 and 12.

whether expressions are | : 4 i
equivalent is to evaluate | b. Simplify the expression (6.1 + x) + 8.4.
each expression for any | (6.1 + x) + 8.4 = (x+6.1) + 8.4 Commutative Property of Addition
value of the variable. In |
Example 1(a), use x = 2.) =x + (6.1 + 8.4) Associative Property of Addition
7+(12+x)=19
5
+x || =x+14.5 Add 6.1 and 8.4.
Doe 2 ee) eta! Seat ;
ae / | c. Simplify the expression 5(11y).
5(1ly) = (5° 1ly Associative Property of Multiplication
= 55y Multiply 5 and 11.

@ On Your Own
, ? Simplify the expression. Explain each step.
; y
enone 1. 10+ (a+9) 2. [c+ =|fh; 3. 5(4n)
E pas

128 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties @) Multi-Language Glossary at BigldeasMath/com

 iw Key Ideas
Ta o |

Addition Property of Zero

Words The sum of any number and 0 is that number.
Numbers 7+0=7 Algebra a+0=a

Multiplication Properties of Zero and One

Words The product of any number and 0 is 0.
The product of any number and 1 is that number.
Numbers 9-0 =0 Algebra a-0=0
4-«1=4 ael=a

> ON te 2) Using Properties to Write Equivalent Expressions

a. Simplify the expression 9 - 0 > p.

9*0-p=(9-0)°p Associative Property of Multiplication
=0-p=0 Multiplication Property of Zero

b. Simplify the expression 4.5 -r-1.

4.5°¢rel1=4.5 (rel) Associative Property of Multiplication
=4.5¢r Multiplication Property of One

= 4.5r

>a ite 5 Real-Life Application

You and six friends play on a basketball team. A sponsor paid $100
for the league fee, x dollars for each player’s T-shirt, and $68.25 for
trophies. Write an expression for the total amount the sponsor paid.
You and six friends are | Add the league fee, the cost of the T-shirts, and the cost of the trophies.
|
on the team, so use the
expression 7x, not 6x, 100 + 7x + 68.25 = 7x + 100 + 68.25 Commutative Property of Addition
to represent the cost of
the T-shirts. = (Xe 168.25 Add 100 and 68.25.

-;> An expression for the total amount is 7x + 168.25.

@ On Your Own
re Simplify the expression. Explain each step.
Exercises 9-23
dy Ay le. Soy ly Owe! 6.7 (4-15)
+0

7. WHAT IF? In Example 3, your sponsor paid $54.75 for trophies.

Write an expression for the total amount the sponsor paid.

Section 3.3 Properties of Addition and Multiplication 129

 Help with Homework, /
ee BigldeasMath

GuVocabulary and Concept Check

. NUMBER SENSE Write an example of a sum of fractions. Show that the
Commutative Property of Addition is true for the sum.
2. OPEN-ENDED Write an algebraic expression that can be simplified using the
Associative Property of Addition.
3. OPEN-ENDED Write an algebraic expression that can be simplified using the
Associative Property of Multiplication and the Multiplication Property of One.
4. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which statement does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

7+ta+H)=77+ 4+ x) | +2)
(3+ b)+2=(b+3)

9+ (7+ w= 39 +)akw (4+n)+6=(n+4)+6

Practice and Problem Solving

Tell which property the statement illustrates.
@ 5. 5-p=p-5 Gee 2a re (re a
7. 4°(x- 10) = (4°x) +10 + Bie eae eas eros, 8

@ 9. (c+2)+0=cr+2 10. a-l=a

11. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the
error in stating the property that the (7.42%) + 3 = (x70
statement illustrates. Associative Property of Addition —

Simplify the expression. Explain each step.

12. 6+(+x) (EH aise ae 14. 6(2b)
15. 7(9w) 16430 Seo) 17. (Caves
18. 9+c+4 19818. Godel 20. [3k+ 42) +82
21. (2.4+4n)
+9 22. (35)°8 230
24. GEOMETRY The expression 12 + x + 4 represents
the perimeter of a triangle. Simplify the expression.

25. SCOUT COOKIES A case of Scout cookies has 10 cartons. A carton has
12 boxes. The amount you earn on a whole case is 10(12x) dollars.
a. What does x represent? |
b. Simplify the expression.

130 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 26. STRUCTURE The volume of the rectangular prism is 12.5 + x « 1.
a. Simplify the expression.
b. Match x = 0.25, 12.5, and 144 with the object. Explain.

A. siding for a house B. ruler C. square floor tile

Write the phrase as an expression. Then simplify the expression.

27. 7 plus the sum of a number x and 5
28. the product of 8 and a number y multiplied by 9

Copy and complete the statement using the specified property.

Property Statement

29. |Associative Property a Multiplication 7(2y) = irae il

30. |Commutative Property of Multiplication | 13.2+(x+1) = aa

31. | Associative Property of Addition 17 + (6432x) = anita

32. | Addition Property of Zero 2+ (c+ 0) = ie

a

33. |fos dpnleeulon Property of One lew 16 = eee

34. HATS You and a friend sell hats at a fair booth. You sell 16 hats on the first
shift and 21 hats on the third shift. Your friend sells x hats on the second shift.

a. Write an expression for the number of hats sold.

b. The expression 37(14) + 10x represents the amount that you both
earned. How can you tell that your friend was selling the hats fora
discounted price?

c. =a You earned more money than your friend. What can you say
about the value of x?

A cai Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Evaluate the expression. (Section 1.3)
che ae kOe 25) 36. 1200) 57. 6(5 + 10) 38. 8005)

Find the prime factorization of the number. (Section 1.4)

he Beis 40. 144 41. 147 42. 205

43. MULTIPLE CHOICE A bag has 16 blue, 20 red, and 24 green marbles. What
fraction of the marbles in the bag are blue? =(Skills Review Handbook)

® = ® =
15 © =
ine ® —15

Section 3.3 Properties of Addition and Multiplication 131

 34 The Distributive Property

Essential Question How do you use mental math to multiply

two numbers?

The Meaning of a Word @ Distribute

When you distribute something you give that thing to each
to each person in a group, person in the group.

/im
+

Work with a partner.

a. MODELING Draw two rectangles of the same width but with different
lengths on a piece of grid paper. Label the dimensions.

PEELE
EEEEEEEEEEE EE
eh el i li ey
GRRE EReeL
COMMON b. Write an expression for the total area of the rectangles.
CORE
Equivalent Expressions
In this lesson, you will
(a ~ a)~~
e use the Distributive c. Rearrange the rectangles by aligning the shortest sides to form one
Property to find products. rectangle. Label the dimensions. Write an expression for the area.
e use the Distributive
Property to simplify
algebraic expressions.
Learning Standards
a < ( -)
6.NS.4
d. Can the expressions from parts (b) and (c) be set equal to each other?
6.EE.3 Explain.
6.EE.4
e. REPEATED REASONING Repeat this activity using different rectangles.
Explain how this illustrates the Distributive Property. Write a rule for the
Distributive Property.

132 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 VITY:, Using Mental Math
Math S| Work with a partner. Use the method shown to find the product.
Practice J a. Sample: 23 x 6
Find Entry Soran
Points 23<—{ 23is 20 +3.
How can you | oe)
rewrite the larger 120 Multiply 20 and 6.
number as the sum + 18 Multiply 3 and 6.
of two numbers so
that you can use 138 Add.
mental math?

Des x7 c. 47x9

Ge. 2055 ee, l7xe

Work with a partner. Use the Distributive Property and mental math to find
the product.
a. Sample: 6 x 23
Belo — 6 < (2043) Write 23 as the sum of 20 and 3.

= (6 X 20) + (6 X 3) Distribute the 6 over the sum.

=120+ 18 Find the products.

= 138 Add.

ae GORGAK 23138.

|6 SuarajecieIh7/ Cari6 X26

di 20:19 e. 40 X 29
is) 2a % 9 g. 15 x 47

What Is Your Ans:

4. Compare the methods in Activities 2 and 3.
5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How do you use mental math to multiply two
numbers? Give examples to support your explanation.

| om Use what you learned about the Distributive Property to complete

Practice Exercises 5-8 on page 137.

Section 3.4 The Distributive Property 133

Key Vocabulary #@) GO Key Idea
like terms, p. 136
Distributive Property
Words To multiply a sum or difference by a number, multiply each
number in the sum or difference by the number outside the
parentheses. Then evaluate.
Numbers 3(7+ 2)=3X*74+3%X2 Algebra a(b +c) = ab + ac
SSE! Aue
3(— 2) 3 3 ee a(b — c) = ab -— ac
NA NSE

EXAMPLE (¢ 4] PeUSDC Ue VEL

Use the Distributive Property and mental math to find 8 x 53.

8 X 53 = 8(50 + 3) Write 53 as 50 + 3.
= 8(50) + 8(3) Distributive Property
= 400 + 24 Multiply.
= 424 Add.

>i ae-8 2 , Using the Distributive Property

Use the Distributive Property to find >x 2°.

V
ax 25=2x (243) Rewrite 2>as the sum 2 + 2,
2) a? 4 4 4}
1 ee:
=|—xX2|/+
F /=x=-|
E Distributi
istributive Property

=l]+ = Multiply.
8

3
= beA Add.d

@ On Your Own
, Use the Distributive Property to find the product.
di:
sR pr 1. 5X41 2 alo 3. 6(87)
eee
oO 1
Greedeas
il 1
een2 a!3
3 2 4 IS) 6 eee

134 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties 1) Multi-Language Glossary at naiudenueeen

 EXAMPLE (¢ 3 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions
Use the Distributive Property to simplify the expression.
a. 4(n + 5)

4(n + 5) = 4(n) + 4(5) Distributive Property

| b. 12(2y — 3)
You can use the
Distributive Property | Zt 3) = yi 26) Distributive Property
when there are more
than two terms inthe | ee Be Murtiply
sum or difference. c. 916 +x + 2)

ns nt ee 9(6 + x + 2) = 9(6) + 9(x) +. 9(2) Distributive Property

=54+9x+ 18 Multiply.

=9x+54+ 18 Commutative Property of Addition

= .9% +72 Add 54 and 18.

@ On Your Own
pierre RegPy Use the Distributive Property to simplify the expression.
Te Wao} Se rd 1b) 9. 7(2 +6 — 4d)
Exercises 17-32

>eN ise 4 Real-Life Application

José is x years old. His brother, Felipe, is 2 years older than José.
Their aunt, Maria, is three times as old as Felipe. Write and simplify
an expression that represents Maria’s age in years.

José He is x years old.

He is 2 years older than José. So,
Felipe aaa Mie

; She is three times as old as Felipe.

Mond So, multiply3 and (x + 2). eit

Ok 2-730) he) Distributive Property

=3x+6 Multiply.

:> Maria's age in years is represented by the expression 3x + 6.

Section 3.4 The Distributive Property 135

 @ On Your Own
10. Alexis is x years old. Her sister, Gloria, is 7 years older
than Alexis. Their grandfather is five times as old as Gloria.
Write and simplify an expression that represents their
grandfather's age in years.

In an algebraic expression, lilketerms are terms that have the same

variables raised to the same exponents. Constant terms are also like terms.

5x 19 20 2

Use the Distributive Property to combine like terms.

ON Je-8 5) ,. Combining Like Terms

Simplify each expression.
aoe
ei eee

ONE Oe 2 Oa 2 Ne ee Commutative Property of Addition

= Sete aed ee Distributive Property
=5x+4 Simplify.

ee Par Weary
ytyt+y=lyrlyt ly Multiplication Property of One
=(1+1+)y Distributive Property
= 3y Add coefficients.

Co (Zeta 2 (Z 2 5y)

TZ eV) 9 Sa 2 (2) OY) Distributive Property

= 12 226 — lov Multiply.

= a2) z = Oy, Distributive Property

= 9z — 10y Add coefficients.

@ On Your Own
; i Simplify the expression.
breraiees 28504 Hil ahah
Gye =7 12. 3(b+5)+b+2

136 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

3.4 Exercises
stein ations eam | Help with Homework, /4%&
BigIdeasMath

gy Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. WRITING One meaning of the word distribute is “to give something to each member
of a group.” How can this help you remember the Distributive Property?
2. OPEN-ENDED Write an algebraic expression in which you use the Distributive
Property and then the Associative Property of Addition to simplify.
3. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which expression does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

At 2) Die— 8) 4+ (x «4) 8(9 — x)

. Identify the like terms in the expression 8x + 1 + 7x + 4.

« ‘
Practice and Problem Solving
be | } ar

Use the Distributive Property and mental math to find the product.
@ 5. 3x21 6. 9X76 7. 12(43) 8. 5(88)
ee Xe 2 108 X27 11. 8(63) 42. W126)

Use the Distributive Property to find the product.

@ 13. 42x227 1ag eee

6 ©
1529 ae2 16s US
a58
Use the Distributive Property to simplify the expression.
@ 17. 3(« +4) 18. 10(b — 6) 19. 6(s— 9) 20. 7(8 + y)
21. 82 + @) 22, 9(271-* 1) 23. I2(6—k) 24. 18(5 — 3w)

25. (Sc a4) 26763-04122) 215 O(Oe to) 22) 26. 610 442-73)

29. A(x + y) 30, 25(x% —)) BI nip Git 9) 32. 13(n +4 497m)

33. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

the error in rewriting the expression. x 6(y+ 8) =G6y+ 8&

34. ART MUSEUM A class of 30 students visits an art museum *

and a special exhibit while there. PRICES
Museum Exhibit -
a. Use the Distributive Property to write and simplify an Child (under5) Free = Free
expression for the cost. , iy
b. Estimate a reasonable value for x. Explain.
Use your estimate for x to evaluate the original
expression and the simplified expression in part (a). ]
Are the values the same?

Section 3.4 The Distributive Property 137

 35. FITNESS Each day, you run on a treadmill for r minutes and lift weights for
15 minutes. Which expressions can you use to find how many minutes of
exercise you do in 5 days? Explain your reasoning.

S(f4- 15) Sra sho bat TS eek)

36. SPEED Acheetah can run 103 feet per second.

A zebra can run x feet per second. Use the
Distributive Property to write and simplify an
expression for how much farther the cheetah
can run in 10 seconds.

UNIFORMS Your baseball team has 16 players.

Use the Distributive Property to write and
simplify an expression for the total cost of
buying the items shown for all the players.
37. re | 38.

=
Band OF
4i and and Sy:
z
ao) | Wi or

Pants: $10 Belt: $x

Jersey: $12 Socks: $4 Hat: $x

5) Simplify the expression.

39°. 60045 4) al 40. 5 + 8(3 +x) 41. 7(8 t4k) 4.12

A2D ee abt bx 43. 7y 6 ly 44.w+w+

5w

7S GPSS)
ea ts) AG? fit Str — 41) 47. 2v + 8v — 5v

48. 5(z+ 4) +5(2-2) 49. 2.7(w — 5.2) 50. =yt 5) +y

51. 3)[242Me |+22 52. 7(x
+y)—7x 53. 4x + 9y + 3(x + y)
54. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct
x 8x — 2x + Sx = 3 a A |
the error in simplifying the expression.
= (8 — 7)x |
ie Xi

ALGEBRA Find the value of x that makes the expressions equivalent.

Doh 5) so eee 20 56..62(045.9)) 30 aaa 57. (Btn): 56
— 21

58. REASONING Simplify the expressions and compare. What do you notice? |
Explain. |

4(x + 6) (x + 6) + (+ 6) + (> 6) (eG)

138 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 GEOMETRY Write andcStupiy expressions for the area and Boe of the rectangle.

) x+ 8

62. FUNDRAISER An art club sells 42 large candles and

56 small candles.
a. Use the Distributive Property to write and simplify an
expression for the profit.
b. A large candle costs $5, and a small candle costs $3.
What is the club’s profit?
Profit = Price — Cost

63. REASONING Evaluate each expression by (1) using the Distributive Property
and (2) evaluating inside the parentheses first. Which method do you prefer? Is
your preference the same for both expressions? Explain your reasoning.

a. 2(3.22 — 0.12) b. 125 is‘|

64. REASONING Write and simplify an expression for the difference between
the perimeters of the rectangle and the hexagon. Interpret your answer.

x+8

; 2x + 7

65. = Puzzle 3 Add one set of parentheses to the expression

7°x+34+8+x+3+x+8-—9s0 that it is equivalent
to 2(9x + 10).

<a Ae. ) ) °
€ fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Evaluate the expression. (Section 2.4, Section 2.5, and Section 2.6)
66;,4,871 +-7.4:— 1:63 67. 25.06 — 0.049 + 8.995

OSfnlas - ti 2.017 69. 29.24 + 3.4+0.045

70. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the GCF of 48, 80, and 96? (Section 1.5)

) 12 16
«O24 ©) 480

Section 3.4 The Distributive Property 139

 Factoring Expressions

@° Key Idea
Key Vocabulary @) Factoring an Expression
factoring an Words Writing a numerical expression or algebraic expression as a
expression, p. 140
product of factors is called factoring the expression. You can
$<

use the Distributive Property to factor expressions.

Numbers 3°7+3°2=3(7 + 2) Algebra ab + ac= a(b-+ c)

Bef — 3 6 2) =o 2) ab — ac=a(b-c)

>eN 1828 1 _ Factoring a Numerical Expression

Factor 20 — 12 using the GCF.
Find the GCF of 20 and 12 by listing their factors.
When you factor an Factors of 20: (1),(2),@), 5, 10, 20
expression, you can Circle the common factors.
factor out any Factors of 12: (),2), 3,@, 6, 12
common factor.
The GCF of 20 and 12 is 4.
Write each term of the expression as a product of the GCF and
the remaining factor. Then use the Distributive Property to factor
the expression.
20 — 12 = 4(5) — 4(3) Rewrite using GCF.
= 4(5 — 3) Distributive Property

EXAMPLE Identifying Equivalent Expressions

Which expression is not equivalent to 16x + 24?

CA) 2(8x + 12) A(4x+6) © 6(3x+4) W@W) (2x+3)8
COMMON Each choice is a product of two factors in which one is a whole
~ CORE
number and the other is the sum of two terms. For an expression to
Equivalent Expressions
In this extension, you will
be equivalent to 16x + 24, its whole number factor must be a common
e use the Distributive factor of 16 and 24.
Property to produce
equivalent expressions. Factors of 16: (1),(2),4,®), 16
Learning Standards Circle the common factors.
6.NS.4 Factors of 24: (1),2), 3,@, 6,8), 12, 24
GEES
6.EE.4 The common factors of 16 and 24 are 1, 2, 4, and 8. Because 6 is not a
common factor of 16 and 24, Choice C cannot be equivalent to 16x + 24.
Check: 6(3x + 4) = 6(3x) + 6(4) = 18x + 24 4 16x + 24 x
*:* So, the correct answer is (C).

140 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties —_@) Multi-Language Glossary at BigldeasMathW/com
 DON a= 3 . Factoring an Algebraic Expression

You receive a discount on each book you buy for your electronic
reader. The original price of each book is x dollars. You buy 5 books
for a total of (5x — 15) dollars. Factor the expression. What can you
conclude about the discount?
Find the GCF of 5x and 15 by writing their prime factorizations.

peas oi Circle the common prime factor.

/ 15 =\5/+3
So, the GCF of 5x and 15 is 5. Use the GCF to factor the expression.
OX 1 Se— OK) "513 ) Rewrite using GCF.

= 5 (0 ="3) Distributive Property

The factor 5 represents the number of books purchased. The factor
(x — 3) represents the price of each book. This factor is a difference of
two terms, showing that the price x of each book is decreased by $3.
“> So, the factored expression shows a $3 discount for every book
you buy. The original expression shows a total savings of $15.

@ Practice
Factor the expression using the GCF.
1Se die il©: 25144
— 14: Sa Ore 2 4. (0:95
5. 60
— 36 6. 100
— 80 7... 84
+ 28 8. 48
+ 80
chaser Ne 102 ADK 6 VA=-26x
— 13 12:, 50%. 460
HICH Sob goers) TAS TAX 198 noi lOxs 25 16. 24y
+ 88x

17. REASONING The whole numbers a and b are divisible by c. Is a + b divisible by c?

Is b — a divisible by c? Explain your reasoning.
18. OPEN-ENDED Write five expressions that are equivalent to 8x + 16.
19. GEOMETRY The area of the parallelogram is
(4x + 16) square feet. Write an expression
for the base.

20. STRUCTURE You buy 37 concert tickets for $8 each, and then sell all 37 tickets for
$11 each. The work below shows two ways you can determine your profit. Describe
each solution method. Which do you prefer? Explain your reasoning.

profit = 37(11) — (37)&

profit = 37(11) — (37)&
= 37(11 — 8)
= 407 — 296
= 37(3)
= $111
= $111

Extension 3.4 Factoring Expressions 141

33-34 Quiz ~¥ ec
Pro gres ¥
Silesia ae ae
eo
f
pardeacmain .
Tell which property the statement illustrates. (Section 3.3)
ilets eS es se) 2. 14+ (5+ w) = (14+ 35) + w

Simplify the expression. Explain each step. (Sectio/ 3.3)

Bae 0G, O61) 4. 6-(10°k)

Use the Distributive Property and mental math to find the

product. (Section 3.4)
5. 6 x 49 6. 7 X 86

Use the Distributive Property to simplify the expression. (Section 3.4)

TOK 0) SP 7 (yrs)

Simplify the expression. (Section 3.4)

OG 120
SOO eat 10a ae)

Factor the expression using the GCE = (Section 3.4)

(HE Ws AA 12516430

13. GEOMETRY The expression 18 + 7 + (18 + 2x) + 7 represents 18 + 2x

the perimeter of the trapezoid. Simplify the expression.
(Section 3.3) 7 u

EE ee techs) 14. MOVIES You and four of your friends go toa

| | movie and each buy popcorn. (Section 3.4)

a. Use the Distributive Property to write an expression for the total cost
to buy movie tickets and popcorn. Simplify the expression.
b. Choose a reasonable value for x. Evaluate the expression.

15. GEOMETRY The length of a rectangle is

16 inches, and its area is (32x + 48) square inches.
Factor the expression for the area. Write an
expression for the width. (Section 3.4)

142 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 Chapter Review
Vocabulary ele
BigIdeasMath
Review Key Vocabulary
algebraic expression, p. 172 coefficient, p. 772 like terms, p. 136
lems e 12 constant, p. 7172 factoring an expression,
variable, p. 7172 equivalent expressions, p. 728 p. 140

Review Examples and Exercises

eh Algebraic Expressions (pp. 110-117)

a. Evaluate a + bwhena = 48 and b= 8.

a~b=48+8 Substitute 48 for a and 8 for b.

=6 Divide 48 by 8.
b. Evaluate y* — 14 wheny = 5.

y?-14=57- 14 Substitute 5 for y.

=25- 14 Using order of operations, evaluate 57.
= 11 Subtract 14 from 25.

Exercises
Evaluate the expression when x = 20 and y = 4.
i ae cae 2s Vata cece eat 6

4. GAMING In a video game, you score p game points

and b triple bonus points. An expression for your
score is p + 3b. What is your score when you earn
245 game points and 20 triple bonus points?

(82) Writing Expressions (pp. 178-123)

Write the phrase as an expression.
4 _ a. anumber z decreased by 18
ZAG The phrase decreased by means subtraction.

b. the sum of7 and the product of a number x and 12

(Ree es 3 The phrase sum of means addition.
The phrase product of means multiplication.

Chapter Review 143

 Exercises
Write the phrase as an expression.
5. 11 fewer than a number b 6. the product of a number d and 32

7. 18 added to a number n 8. anumber f decreased by 17

9. BASKETBALL Your basketball team scored 4 fewer than twice as many

points as the other team.

a. Write an expression for the number of points your team scored.

b. The other team scored 24 points. How many points did your team score?

sy Properties of Addition and Multiplication (pp. 126-731)

a. Simplify the expression (x + 18) + 4.

(x+18)+4=x+ (18+ 4) Associative Property of Addition

ai a Add 18 and 4.

b. Simplify the expression (5.2 + a) + 0.

(5.2 + a) +0 = 5.2 + (a+ 0) Associative Property of Addition

=5.2+a4a Addition Property of Zero

c. Simplify the expression 36 + r- 1.

36-rel =36°(rel) Associative Property of Multiplication

= 36°r Multiplication Property of One

= 36r

Exercises
Simplify the expression. Explain each step.
LO Oi (2F*y) (keg adeae |
ined 12. 3(7x)

ise (3.2) 14) 535) (Wael) 157,00 pein

16. GEOMETRY The expression 7 + 3x + 4 represents the perimeter of

the triangle. Simplify the expression.

144 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 The Distributive Property (pp. 132-141)

a. Use the Distributive Property to simplify 3(n + 9).

3(n + 9) = 3(n) + 3(9) Distributive Property

= 3n+ 27 Multiply.

b. Simplify 5x + 7 + 3x —- 2.

Dis ee poke = ON ON AE Tae Commutative Property of Addition

ee oI Distributive Property

=8x+5 Simplify.

c. Factor 14x — 49 using the GCE

Find the GCF of 14x and 49 by writing their prime factorizations.

14x =2 ¢7/*x Circle the common prime factor.

So, the GCF of 14x and 49 is 7. Use the GCF to factor the expression.

14x — 49 = 7(2x) — 7(7) Rewrite using GCF.

= 72x =7/) Distributive Property

Exercises
Use the Distributive Property to find the product.

17. =x22 18. 2x 4° 19. 2x5

Use the Distributive Property to simplify the expression.
20.2214 12) 21 (83) 22-351)
23. 6(6 + y) 24.-25(z — 4) 25; So 2)

26. HAIRCUT A family of four goes to a salon for haircuts. The cost of each
haircut is $13. Use the Distributive Property and mental math to find the
product 4 x 13 for the total cost.

Simplify the expression.

27. 5(n+
3) +4n 28. 1+2+6t 29. 32+4+52-9
Factor the expression using the GCF.
305.1535 Sioux 26 sor 16x S6y

Chapter Review 145

SS Ghapter test
————————— IAP
TEES 1 GT ETT IRE EGET IBIS EAE OTE

Evaluate the expression when a = 6 and b = 8.

1. 4+4a 2. a-6 3. ab

Write the phrase as an expression.

4. twice anumber x 5. 25 more than 50 6. 40 divided by 5

Simplify the expression. Explain each step.

Tole (8:60 11) Sa LOR zi )ren7 953 ow)

Use the Distributive Property to simplify the expression.

+ 8)
10. 4(x 112) 12(7="5)

Simplify the expression.

12; 4q@ 2) —6 We ceilk
oelaeya)

14." s-735'4- 48 i
ope a cen 2 Bd

Factor the expression using the GCF.

16. 18+ 24 17. "40= 16

18. 15x + 20 19. 32x — 40y

20. SOCCER GAME Playing time is added at the end ofa

soccer game to make up for stoppages. An expression for
the length of a 90-minute soccer game with x minutes of
stoppage time is 90 + x. How long is a game with
4 minutes of stoppage time?

21. GEOMETRY The expression 15 + x 6

represents the volume of a rectangular prism
with a length of 15, a width of x, and a height of 6.
Simplify the expression.

22. PARTY FAVORS You make party favors for an event. You tie 9 inches of
ribbon around each party favor. Write an expression for the amount of
ribbon you need for n party favors. The ribbon costs $3 for each yard.
Write an expression for the total cost of the ribbon.

146 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 . The student council is organizing a school
fair. Council members are making signs to show
the prices for admission and for each game a K days you eat 3
person can play. of tuna de van5 of tuna. How |
i lo ®i2 ee Pee

SCHOOL FAIR
Admission $2.00
Price per game $0.25

Let x represent the number of games. Which

expression can you use to determine the
total amount, in dollars, a person pays for
admission and playing x games? (6.EE.2a)
AsT2:25 GP2 025%

By 2:29% De 2020

2. Which property does the equation below represent? (6.EE.3)

17-44+ 17 +56 = 17-100

F. Distributive Property H. Associative Property of Multiplication

G. Multiplication Property of One 1. Commutative Property of Multiplication

3. Ataused book store, you can purchase

Hardcover) (Paperback’
two types of books. BOOKS - $3| BOOKS - $2

You can use the expression 3h + 2p to find

the total cost for h hardcover books and
p paperback books. What is the total cost,
in dollars, for 6 hardcover books and
4 paperback books? § (6.FE.2c)

4. What is the value of 9.6 X 12.6432 (6.NS.3)

A. 12.13728 Ge 213728

B.. 121.3728 D2 12,137.28

Standards Assessment 147

 5. What is the value of 4.391 + 5.954? (6.NS.3)

ep wa eadet) Hemo2s20

G. 9.245 I. 10.345

6. Which number pair has a greatest common factor of 6? (6.NS.4)

A. 18,54 C. 30, 60

B. 30, 42 D. 36, 60

7. Properties of Addition and Multiplication are used to simplify an expression.

ah 36 © 23 + 33 - 64 = 36 ¢ 23 + 64 + 33
= 36 +23 + 64:+ (23 10)
= 36.23 464 23 +64 10
=x-23+ 64-10
= 2300
+ 640
= 2940

What number belongs in place of the x? (6.EE.3)

8. Which property was used to simplify the expression? (6.FE.3)

(47 X 125) x 8 = 47 X (125 X 8)

= 47 x 1000
= 47,000

F. Distributive Property

G. Multiplication Property of One

H. Associative Property of Multiplication

|. Commutative Property of Multiplication

9. What is the value of the expression below when a = 5, b = 7, and c = 6?

9b — 4a + 2c

A. 29 G55

Be D. 78

148 Chapter 3 Algebraic Expressions and Properties

 10. Which equation correctly demonstrates the Distributive Property? (6.EE.4)
Eoab.+
Cc) =ab+.c

G. a(b+c)=ab+ac

H. a+(b+c)=(a+b)+(a+o

l. a+ (b+c)=(a+b)-(a+oa0

* 11. Which expression is equivalent to 3 + 633 (6.NS.1)

oe
18 4
oat On 2

eae
6) 13
Dee 13

12. Which number pair does not have a least common multiple of 242 (6.NS.4)

Sa oeWe H. 6,8

G. 73,8 I. 12,24

13. Use the Properties of Multiplication to simplify the expression in an

‘igiivam efficient way. Show your work and explain how you used the Properties
SN of Multiplication. (6.FE.3)
Explain
(25 x 18)x4_

14. You evaluated an expression using x = 6 and y = 9. You correctly got an

answer of 105. Which expression did you evaluate? (6.EE.2c)

A. 3x + 6y C. 6x
+ 9y
Bore Oy. Dr LOx oy,

15. Which number is equivalent to the expression below? (6.FE. 1)

ox 12 230"

Standards Assessment 149

 inh.

ape

ard ue
us e n onstannd t
“you
a so
canal your Paaw squa
t have to ns of
s , , you don’ _.. like the
bert, pe s c a r t e
units like
tandard
area in s e centi
meters”
squar
inches oF
square

You can't have it

w
ae ’s for a ne Yar
ention of mine. Pi3 ins £,
Deve
pitel?

“Yumm y.Is mell cheese,

| LOVE cheese,”
What You
Learned Before
Finding Areas of Squares
and Rectangles (4.mp.3)
Example 1_ Find the area of the square or rectangle.
b.

Write formula. A= lw

Substitute. = 13(8)

Simplify. = 104

The area of the square ::+ The area of the rectangle

is 225 square centimeters. is 104 square feet.

Try It Yourself
Find the area of the square or rectangle.

Plotting Ordered Pairs (5.6.1)

Example 2 Plot (2, 3) in a coordinate plane.
Start at the origin. Move 2 units right and 3 units up.
Then plot the point.

Try It Yourself
ot
Fr
SOorFnw

Plot the ordered pair in a coordinate plane.

4. (1,4) 9. (3, 2)
 4.1 Areas of Parallelograms
ee ne umes TT Se eit ieeuen nye
ica

Essential Question How can you derive a formula for the area of
a parallelogram?

lygon is a closed figure in a plane that is made up of three

i or more line segments that intersect only at their endpoints.
Several examples of polygons are parallelograms, triangles,
and trapezoids.
The formulas for the areas of polygons can be derived from
one area formula, the area of a rectangle. Recall that the area
of a rectangle is the product of its length @ and its width w.
The process you use to derive these other formulas is called
deductive reasoning. Area = £w

Rectangle Parallelogram Triangle Trapezoid

Derive Derive Derive

Defined
als formula. > formula. => formula.

Grades 4and 5 Lesson 4.1 Lesson 4.2 Lesson 4.3

Work with a partner. |

a. Draw any rectangle on a piece of grid paper. An example is shown below.

Label the length and width. Then find the area of your rectangle.

Derive! Not
so much to
memorize.
G COMMON
CORE
Geometry
In this lesson, you will
e find areas of
parallelograms.
e solve real-life problems.
length = @ |
Learning Standard
6.G.1

b. Cut your rectangle into two pieces to form a parallelogram. Compare the
area of the rectangle with the area of the parallelogram. What do you notice?
Use your results to write a formula for the area A of a parallelogram.

152 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

Math ;
Practice
Use LT
Assumptions
How are rectangles [ 4
and parallelograms Zi |
similar? How can
you use this
information to een seul | N
solve the problem? ean UN
fied are

: ee
pe

ime) sical ‘ ee
rCLN Revs Glan OU ee
est | a TT ee
aR | i] eae oan e No
| ! 1 IN
| t | | || | T
(Perspen Tflew | Bo lhe |

a. Find the area of each parallelogram by cutting it into two pieces to form
a rectangle.
b. Use the formula you wrote in Activity 1 to find the area of each
parallelogram. Compare your answers to those in part (a).
c. Count unit squares for each parallelogram to check your results.

What Is Your Answer?

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you derive a formula for the area
of a parallelogram?
4. REASONING The areas of a rectangle and a parallelogram are equal.
The length of a rectangle is equal to the base of the parallelogram.
What can you say about the width of the rectangle and the height of
the parallelogram? Draw a diagram to support your answer.
What is the height of the parallelogram shown? How do you know?

Use what you learned about the areas of parallelograms to complete

Exercises 3—5 on page 156.

Section 4.1 Areas of Parallelograms 153

 4.1 Lesson
BPEL LELEELA EEL LOL NL ELLE
TEESE SLL PELE
ELL ENS
sl i pti i PRD et ic SSS

The area of a polygon is the amount of surface it covers. You can find the
area of a parallelogram in much the same way as you can find the area of
Key Vocabulary i ) a rectangle.
polygon, p. 152

@° Key Idea
Area of a Parallelogram
Words The areaA ofa parallelogram is the
product of its base b and its height h.
Algebra A= Dh

Se [Je-8 4| Finding Areas of Parallelograms

Find the area of each parallelogram.
a. b.

1
oe
a
12m

Remember
Area is measured in | A== bh Write formula. A== bh
CRS
i == IAAP) Substitute values. = 82(4)
= 168 Multiply. = 34

*:+ The area of the ‘> The area of the

parallelogram is parallelogram is
168 square meters. 34 square feet.

@ On Your Own
You're Reag Find the area of the parallelogram.
Exercises 3-8 1. 2. 3

18 in. aR
{30 yd

20m 7 in.

154 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons @) Multi-Language Glossary at BigldeasMathcom

EXAMPLE 2 Finding the Area of a Parallelogram on a Grid
Find the area of the parallelogram.
Count grid lines to find the dimensions.
The base b is 2 units, and the height h is 5 units. :
A= bh Write formula. i
= 2(5) Substitute values.
= 10 Multiply. =

‘+ The area of the parallelogram is 10 square units.

@ On Your Own
ad
4. Find the area of the parallelogram.
Exercises 11-13 ¥

EXAMPLE 3 _,Real-Life Application

You make a photo prop for a school fair. You cut a 10-inch square out
of a parallelogram-shaped piece of wood. What is the area of the
photo prop?
Convert the dimensions of the piece of wood to inches.
There are 12 inches in 1 foot, so the base is 4 « 12 = 48 inches and the
height is 8 « 12 = 96 inches.
Use a verbal model to solve the problem.

area of photo prop = area ofwood ~ area of square

= 96(48) — 10° Substitute.
== 96(48) = 100 Evaluate 102.
= 4608 = 100 Multiply 96 and 48.

= 4508 Subtract 100 from 4608.

:+ The area of the photo prop is 4508 square inches.

@ On Your Own
Your, Reag, 5. Find the area of the shaded region.
Exercises 14-16
6. WHAT IF? In Example 3, you cut a
12-inch square out of the piece of
wood. What is the area of the
photo prop?

Section 4.1 Areas of Parallelograms 155

 BigldeasMath Whe
G Vocabulary and Concept Check
1. WRITING What is the area of a polygon? Explain how the perimeter and the area
of the polygon are different. |

2. CHOOSE TOOLS Construct a parallelogram that has an area of 24 square inches.

Explain your method.

Practice and Problem Solving

Find the area of the parallelogram.
@ 3. 6 ft 4. |

5s 50 cm

9. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and

correct the error in finding the
area of the parallelogram.

10. CERAMICTILE A ceramic tile in the shape of a parallelogram has a base

of 4 inches and a height of 1.5 inches. What is the area of the tile?

Find the area of the parallelogram.

@ 11. —
12. 13.

156 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

 Find the area of the shaded region.
© 14. 15%

10 cm

17. DECK Your deck has an area of 128 square feet. After adding a
section, the area will be s* + 128 square feet. Draw a diagram
of how this can happen.

18. T-SHIRT DESIGN You use the parallelogram-shaped

sponge to create the T-shirt design. The area of the
- @ design is 66 square inches. How many times do
you use the sponge to create the design? Draw a
diagram to support your answer.

19. STAIRCASE The staircase has three parallelogram-shaped ae

panels that are the same size. The horizontal distance ;
between each panel is 4.25 inches. What is the area
of one panel? !

20. REASONING Find the missing dimensions in the table. I

Parallelogram |__Base Height | Area | “4

A xe Sues eval) 5
B 8 Give == Dil Teareyt

G 6 12x by.

21. = Logic 2 Each dimension of a parallelogram is multiplied by a positive

number 7. Write an expression for the area of the new parallelogram.

<> e \ ®

& fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Use mental math to multiply. (Skil/s Review Handbook)

ry, =i oe 23. 82 x 20 A. 16° 30 os, ;x 236

Z

26. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following describes

angle B? (Skills Review Handbook)

CA) acute obtuse

©) right (©) isosceles

Section 4.1 Areas of Parallelograms 157

 >N Areas of Tnangies
Bi,

Essential Question How can you derive a formula for the area of
a triangle?

TY; Deriving,the Area Formula,of a Triangle

Work with a partner.
a. Draw any rectangle on a piece of grid paper. An example is shown below.
Label the length and width. Then find the area of your rectangle.

B8
Ao
SARE
BRRIOU
0)
89
are
PRIA
GSGRORNRD
RATER
USS
OO
NUL
eS
SRA
S
cee

N
ight ang

b. Draw a diagonal from one corner of your rectangle to the opposite corner.
Cut along the diagonal. Compare the area of the rectangle with the area of
the two pieces you cut. What do you notice? Use your results to write a
formula for the areaA of a triangle.

A= (formu

Work with a partner.

a. Fold a piece of grid paper in half.
Draw a triangle so that its base MAG
lies on one of the horizontal lines =e
COMMON of the paper. Do not use a right HEssH+
CORE triangle. Label the height and the
Geometry base inside the triangle.
In this lesson, you will
e find areas of triangles.
e solve real-life problems. b. Estimate the area of your triangle
Learning Standard by counting unit squares. Area ~ TI — Estimate
6.G.1
c. Cut out the triangle so that you end up with two identical triangles. Form a
quadrilateral whose area you know. What type of quadrilateral is it? Explain
how you know it is this type.
d. Use your results to write a formula for the area of a triangle. Then use your
formula to find the exact area of your triangle. Compare this area with your
estimate in part (b).
158 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons
Math |
Practice
Calculate | Work with a partner. Each grid square represents 1 square centimeter.
Accurately e Use estimation to match each triangle with its area.
How can you
estimate the area e Then check your work by finding the exact area of each triangle.
of each triangle
so that the answer
is close to the
exact area? Estimate Exact
NTR ERATE SSRI
Area Match Match

a. 15cm?

= eeNh G = i)

1S Sr SI —o
Not dra wn, to scale

What Is Your Answer?

4. PARTNER ACTIVITY Use a piece of centimeter grid paper to create your own
“triangle matching activity.” Trade with your partner and solve each other's
matching activity.
5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you derive a formula for the area of
a triangle?

Use what you learned about the areas of triangles to complete

Exercises 3—5 on page 162.

Section 4.2 Areas of Triangles 159

4.2 Lesson
Lesson Tutoria Gf

BigIdeasMath

GO Key Idea
Area of a Triangle
Words The area A ofa triangle is one-half the
product of its base b and its height h.

Algebra A= sbh

>eN [Je |. Finding the Area of a Triangle

Find the area of the triangle.

A= shh Write formula.

Remember a = +58) Substitute 5 for b and 8 for h.

In Example 1, use the ial el
Associative Property < 39) Multiply 5 and 8.
of Multiplication to valves,
multiply 5 and 8 first. = 20 Multiply 7 and 40.

-:> The area of the triangle is 20 square inches.

Reasonable? Draw the triangle on grid paper and count unit squares.
Each square in the grid represents 1 square inch.

Bue Squares full or nearly full: 18

Squares about half full: 4

ia The area is 18(1) + 4(>)= 20 square inches.

So, the answer is reasonable. S

Pee ee

@ On Your Own
NoWellOtireReon Find the area of the triangle.
Exercises 3-8 < 1. 2.

4 ft

11 ft |

160 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

PONE 2 Finding the Area of a Triangle
Find the area of the triangle.

bh Write formula.

(12)(9) Substitute 12 for b and 9 for h.

12 = 54 Multiply.

s+ The area of the triangle is 54 square meters.

> ON 2a 3 _ Real-Life Application

The base and height of the red butterfly wing are two times greater
than the base and height of the blue butterfly wing. How many times
greater is the area of the red wing than the area of the blue wing?

Find the area of the blue wing.

1
= 5h Write formula.

= 52)(0 Substitute 2 for b and 1 for h.

= cuir Multiply.

The red wing dimensions are 2 times greater, so the base is 2 x 2 = 4cm
and the height is 2 x 1 = 2 cm. Find the area of the red wing.

= 5bh Write formula.

= 5(4)(2) Substitute 4 for b and 2 for h.

= ive Multiply.

‘+ Because alata 4, the area of the red wing is 4 times greater.

1 erni*

@ On Your Own
You're p aa 3. Find the area of the triangle.
Exercises 12-14 ’
4. WHAT IF? In Example 3, the 8 cm
base and the height of the red
butterfly wing are three times 15cm
greater than those of the blue
wing. How many times greater
is the area of the red wing?

Section 4.2 Areas of Triangles 161

 G Vocabulary and Concept Check
= | enn th Pl. apls

1. CRITICAL THINKING Can any side of a triangle be labeled as its base? Explain.
2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What is the area What is the distance © ; é

of the triangle? around the triangle? —
8
Howmany unit © What is one-half the |
squares fit in | product of the base
the triangle? and the height?

Practice and Problem Solving

Find the area of the triangle.
@ 3. 4.

- 16 ft
NX
3cm

6. 7. 30cm 33m

ye NM e
75cm

9. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the

error in finding the area of the triangle. xK A= *(10)(13)
r] 10m
2 :

13m = 65 m

10. COTTONWOOD LEAF Estimate the area of the cottonwood leaf.

11. CORNER SHELF A shelf has the shape of a triangle. The base
of the shelf is 36 centimeters, and the height is 18 centimeters.
Find the area of the shelf.

162 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

 Find the area of the triangle.
@ 12. 13 20 mi 14.
8m 18 mm

17m

21mm
15. OPEN-ENDED Draw and label two triangles
that each have an area of 24 square feet.

16. HANG GLIDING The wingspan of the

2 triangular hang glider is 30 feet.
a. How much fabric is needed to make the sail?
b. RESEARCH Use the Internet or some other
source to find how the area of the sail is
related to the weight limit of the pilot.

17. SAILBOATS The base and the height of Sail B are

x times greater than the base and the height of
Sail A. How many times greater is the area of
Sail B? Write your answer as a power.

WRITING You know the height and the

perimeter of an equilateral triangle. Explain
how to find the area of the triangle. Draw a
diagram to support your reasoning.

REASONING The base and the height of Triangle A

are half the base and the height of Triangle B.
How many times greater is the area of Triangle B?
16 ft

20. witli The total area of the polygon

is 176 square feet. Find the value of x.

hea Eats

& fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Tell which property is illustrated by the statement. (Sec/ion 3.3)

21. nel=n 22. 4*>m=me4 23; (x2) +5 =x + (22 +5)

24. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the first step when using order of operations?
(Section 1.3)
(A) Multiply or divide from left to right. Add or subtract from left to right.
(©) Perform operations in parentheses. (D) Evaluate numbers with exponents.

Section 4.2 Areas of Triangles 163

 Graphic Organizer,_/
BiglIdeasMath &
You can use a four square to organize information about a topic. Each of the four squares
can be a category, such as definition, vocabulary, example, non-example, words, algebra,
table, numbers, visual, graph, or equation. Here is an example of a four square for the area
of a parallelogram.

Words Algebra
The area A of a parallelogram is A= Dh
the product of its base band its
height h.

Area of a
parallelogram

Example
Example
A= bh yep 10 ft
= Oo)
= 6(10) a
= 40 =10O0) 6 ft
The area of the parallelogram is
The area of the parallelogram is
40 square inches.
60 square feet.

iol ) ‘a?\
(]hal f ol
\ hu 7
n // ) (a
\
ii
1a)
2) =~ OAT — ~~ 2 — WG=

Make a four square to help you study

the topic. Hello? Dos, Pig, boa,
7? Koi, fox, ape, owl, bat,
1. area ofa triangle \ Cow, emu, gnu, yak, eel,
Ty elk, ... why cat?
After you complete this chapter, make
four squares for the following topics.
2. area ofa trapezoid
3. area of a composite figure
cm drawing a polygon in a coordinate plane
ul finding distances in the first quadrant “Sorry, but | have limited space in my
four square. | needed pet names with
only three letters.”

164 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

41-42 Quiz
Find the area of the parallelogram. (Section 4. 1)

7 cm

24 yd 42 mi

16 yd
y 21 mi

Find the area of the triangle. (Section 4.2)

oe

7. LAND A wildlife conservation group buys a plot of land. How much land
does it buy? (Section 4.2)

8. FRAMING A sheet of plywood is 4 feet wide i

by 8 feet long. What is the minimum number
8 ft
of sheets of plywood needed to cover the frame? |
Justify your answer. (Section 4.2) re

Sections 4.1-4.2 Quiz 165

 4.3 Areas of Trapezoids

Essential Question How can you derive a formula for the area of
a trapezoid?
ee
ON
SLE
NSERC
SE
ee
SRN

Work with a partner. Use a piece of centimeter grid paper.

a. Draw any trapezoid so that
its base lies on one of the
horizontal lines of the paper.

b. Estimate the area of your

trapezoid (in square
centimeters) by counting
unit squares.
—
e
-—--
——
Area ~ Ashi ati Estimate

c. Label the height and the bases

inside the trapezoid.

d. Cut out the trapezoid. Mark the

midpoint of the side opposite the
height. Draw a line from the midpoint
to the opposite upper vertex.

e. Cut along the line. You will end up antemae

ate omeoe.pry \
with a triangle and a quadrilateral. ea
ae
Ca cc.Peet
ee {
Arrange these two figures to form Zuse
a figure whose area you know.

© COMMON f. Use your result to write a formula

CORE for the area of a trapezoid.
Geometry
In this lesson, you will Area = haat gh Formila
e find areas of trapezoids.
@ solve real-life problems.
Learning Standard g
6.G.1 . Use your formula to find the area of
your trapezoid (in square centimeters).

Area = arenas. Exact Area

h. Compare this area with your estimate in part (b).

166 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

 Y: Writing a Math Lesson
Work with a partner. Use your results from Activity 1 to write a lesson on
finding the area of a trapezoid.

Math
Practice
pathos ; a
Area of a Trapezoid
Use Clear
Definitions
Doyour steps for | . Key Idea _ Use the following steps to
the Key Idea help Describe steps find the area of a trapezoid.
another person you can use to
understand how to find the area of a
solve the problem? |trapezoid.
Do the examples
follow your steps?

es are : ~ #0 Examples aes:

rite two examples
|for finding the area Ee > !
| of a trapezoid. oa
Include a drawing iis patient = wear = =
for each. =
= — a

Write two exercises

for finding the area | Exercises : hie
of a trapezoid. Find the area
Include an answer 1 fiat Esa eae
| sheet.
x

What Is Your Answer?

V a ; ~ \ ») ~ 44) S77

3. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you derive a formula for the area of
a trapezoid?
4. In this chapter, you used deductive reasoning to derive new area formulas
from area formulas you have already learned. Describe a real-life career in
which deductive reasoning is important.

: Use what you learned about the areas of trapezoids to complete

eakolsas” Exercises 4-6 on page 170.

Section 4.3 Areas of Trapezoids 167

 -esson
BigIldea

@° Key Idea
Area of a Trapezoid
Words The area A ofa trapezoid is
one-half the product of its
height h and the sum of its
bases b, and b,.

Algebra A= 5h(b, + D5)

DON Je of) ..Finding Areas of Irapezoids

Find the area of each trapezoid.
a. 5 ft b. 8.5m

6 ft

ee
9 ft

A==h(b, +b,) Write formula, A= 5h(b, + b,)

= 5(6N(5 + 9) Substitute. = +(5)(8.5 + 11.5)
1 1
= —(6)(14) Add. = —(5)(20)
2 2

= 42 Multiply. = 50

-:+ The area of the trapezoid ‘t+ The area of the trapezoid
is 42 square feet. is 50 square meters.

@ On Your Own
i . Find the area of the trapezoid.
Exercises 7-9 1. 2 77 in

8mm

2s iny
5mm _

168 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

DONE 2 _ Finding the Area of a Trapezoid on a Grid _
What is the area of the trapezoid?
@ 6units* 7 units” ©) 9units? (D) 12 units?
Count grid lines to find the dimensions.
The height / is 6 units, base b, is 1 unit, ‘a
and base b, is 2 units. 1
At sh, aelie9) Write formula.

= (6) 2a) Substitute values.

= 5(6)(3) Add.
=9 Multiply.

*:+ The area of the trapezoid is 9 square units.

The correct answer is CC).

SON Je 3 Real-Life Application

You can use a trapezoid to approximate
the shape of Scott County, Virginia. The
population is about 23,200. About how
many people are there per square mile?

Find the area of Scott County.

1
A= 5 hl, + Ds) Write formula for area of a trapezoid.

==(20)(15 + 38) Substitute 20 for h, 15 for b, and 38 for b,.

= 5(20)(53) = 530 Simplify,

The area of Scott County is about 530 square miles. Divide the
population by the area to find the number of people per square mile.

23,200 people
*:+ So, there are about ~ 44 people per square mile.
530 mi?

@ On Your Own
Qu’re Reay 3. Find the area of the trapezoid.
pastes Ne 4. WHAT IF? In Example 3, the population
of Scott County decreases by 550. By how
much does the number ofpeople per
square mile change? Explain.

Section 4.3 Areas of Trapezoids 169

 4.3 Exercises
REISE SOIEDR ETAT pa

G Vocabulary and Concept Check

. VOCABULARY Identify the bases and the height of the trapezoid.
4 ft
2. REASONING What measures do you need to find the
area of a trapezoid?
3. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which one does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

shh | bw 20+ 2w +h, + b,) |

Practice and Problem Solving

Find the area of the trapezoid.
Ni =A Se) n=O 2 SS ee Se 1d = 20, SD = &
@ 7. 6 in. 8. 9.
4 in

7.5 ft a 13.5
8in

10. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and

correct the error in finding the ;
area of the trapezoid. oS Area = ga
414m
7 = 10 m®

Find the area of the trapezoid.

@ 11. 13.

14. LIGHT Light shines through a window. What is the area

of the trapezoid-shaped region created by the light?

170 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

Find the area of a trapezoid with height h and bases b, and b,.
15. h=6in. 16. h = 22cm 17. h=12mi 18. h=14m
Dig oi. py l0-bicm Die 9.6.101 boa 2m
Oren. Dye 12.0 Cm Doran Dr=t220m)

19. REASONING The rectangle and the trapezoid 24 ft

have the same area. What is the length
of the rectangle? a
t 12 ft

20. OPEN-ENDED The area of the trapezoidal student election sign

is 5 square feet. Find two possible values for each base length.

21. AUDIO How many times greater is the area of the floor
covered by the larger speaker than by the smaller speaker?
ne a ene

-—2b,—

22. St ad The triangle and the trapezoid share a 15-inch

base and a height of 10 inches.
a. The area of the trapezoid is less than twice the area of the
triangle. Find the values of x. Explain your reasoning.
b. Can the area of the trapezoid be exactly twice
the area of the triangle? Explain your reasoning.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Plot the ordered pair in a coordinate plane. (Ski//s Review Handbook)

23:25, 0) 24. (2, 4) 25740; 3) 26; (6,9)

27. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression represents “6 more than x”?

(Section 3.2)
® 6x @y «+6 ® °

Section 4.3 Areas of Trapezoids 171

STiaee Areas of, Composite Figures
4.3

Key Vocabulary ) composite figure i

composite figure, two-
pcnene relfigures. Here are two examples.
ae triangle

rectangle

To find the area of a composite figure, separate it into figures with areas you
know how to find. Then find the sum of the areas of those figures.

>eNUa= | . Finding the Area of a Composite Figure

Find the area of the purple figure.

You can separate the figure into a rectangle

and a trapezoid. Count grid lines to find
the dimensions of each figure. Then find
There is often more than | the area of each figure.
one way to separate
composite figures. In 4 units
Example 1, you can
separate the figure
into one rectangle and —
two triangles. Area of Rectangle Area of Trapezoid

aa A==hb, + b,)
= 6(4) ‘
2 units Js 24 = 52) (4 a 8)

= 12
::* So, the area of the purple figure is 24 + 12 = 36 square units.
COMMON
CORE Reasonable? You can check your result by counting unit squares.
Geometry
In this extension, you will Full squares: 34
e find areas of
composite figures. There are 34 Half squares: 4
© solve real-life full squares.
problems. I] The area is
Applying Standard ||There are 4
6.G.1 || half squares. 34(1) + 4(;]= 36 square units.
Vi acid
So, the answer is reasonable. J

172 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons '@) Multi-Language Glossary at BigldeasMathWcom

 ON te 2 . Real-Life Application :
Find the area of the fairway between two streams on a golf course.
There are several ways to separate the fairway into figures whose areas
you can find using formulas. It appears that one way is to separate it
into a right triangle and a rectangle.
Identify each shape and find any missing dimensions.
40 yd

The height of the

right triangle is
70 — 40 = 30 yards.

40 yd

Area of Rectangle Areaof Right Triangle

A= lw
ag bh
= 70(40)
= | (40) (30)
= 2800
= ;600
‘+ So, the area of the fairway is 2800 + 600 = 3400 square yards.

@ Practice
Find the area of the shaded figure.
1. 2.

Find the area of the figure.

4. 12 ft 5; 6.
Al.
Sat

5 ft 10 in.
alle
12tt

11cm

7. ANOTHER METHOD Find the area in Example 2 using a different method.

Extension 4.3 Areas of Composite Figures 173

 Essential Question How can you find the lengths of line segments
in a coordinate plane?
geen
5c

ACTIVITY: Finding Distances on a Map

TW ks of

Work with a partner. The coordinate grid shows a portion of a city.

Each square on the grid represents one square mile.

a
Die,
eT
Ne
hs
ey
FS
2
IS
Pit
GD
i)
Ke)
ee
RR)
al Bak 4h 1G Gtk
MO se

a. A public library is located at (4, 5). City Hall is located at (7, 5). Plot and label
these points.
b. How far is the public library from City Hall?
c. Astadium is located 4 miles from the public library. Give the coordinates of
several possible locations of the stadium. Justify your answers by graphing.
d. Connect the three locations of the public library, City Hall, and the stadium
using your answers in part (c). What shapes are formed?

mwariers
Lm
j
Pe
ITY:,. Graphing Polygons...
IVITYV:
|

Work with a partner. Plot and label each set of points in the coordinate plane.
Then connect each set of points to form a polygon.
COMMON
CORE
Rectangle: A@, 3), B2,.10);C(G, 10), (6,3)
Geometry Triangle: E(8, 3), F(14, 8), G(14, 3)
In this lesson, you will an
e draw polygons in the rah
coordinate plane. (yh
Ce)
e find distances in the
coordinate plane.
@ solve real-life problems.
Learning Standard
6.G.3

Co:
=I
Oy
Oi
NS
a

ODo
WO) all
174 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons
 ACTIVITY: Finding Distances in a Coordinate Plane
Work with a partner.
Find the length of each horizontal line segment in Activity 2.
STRUCTURE What relationship do you notice between the lengths of the
Math line segments in part (a) and the coordinates of their endpoints? Explain.
Practice Find the length of each vertical line segment in Activity 2.
Repeat STRUCTURE What relationship do you notice between the lengths of the
Calculations line segments in part (c) and the coordinates of their endpoints? Explain.
What calculations Plot and label the points below in the coordinate plane. Then connect
are repeated? How
can you use this
each pair of points with a line segment. Use the relationships you
information to discovered in parts (b) and (d) above to find the length of each line
write a rule about segment. Show your work.
the length of a
S(3, 1) and T(14, 1) U(9, 8) and V(9, 0)
line segment?
W(0, 7) and X(0, 10) VUR9) and Z(79)
Check your answers in part (e) by counting grid lines.

Nhat Is Your Answer?

IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you find the lengths of line segments in a
coordinate plane? Give examples to support your explanation.
Do the methods you used in Activity 3 work for diagonal line segments?
Explain why or why not.
Use the Internet or some other reference to find an example of how “finding
distances in a coordinate plane” is helpful in each of the following careers.
b. c

Archaeologist Surveyor Pilot

Use what you learned about finding the lengths of line segments to
Practice. complete Exercises 3-5 on page 178.

Section 4.4 Polygons in the Coordinate Plane 175

4.4 Lesson

You can use ordered pairs to represent vertices of polygons. To draw a

polygon in a coordinate plane, plot and connect the ordered pairs.

The vertices of a quadrilateral are A(2, 4), B(3, 9), C(7, 8), and D(8, 1).
Draw the quadrilateral in a coordinate plane.

Study Tip
Plot and label the vertices.
After you plot the 6
vertices, connect them
in order to draw the 4
polygon. Z Connect the points to
form the quadrilateral.
1
0
Or 23 425 CF B © &

@ 0n Your Own
¢ : Ady Draw the polygon with the given vertices in a coordinate plane.
Exercises 6-11 Toe (080), BS On Cisne)
2. W(4, 4), X(7, 4), Y(7, 1), Z(4, 1)
3. F(1, 3), G(3,
6), H(5, 6), JG, 3)

4. P(1, 4), Q@, 5), R(7, 3), s[6+)r{2,;|

G0 Key Idea
Finding Distances in the First Quadrant
You can find the length of a horizontal or
vertical line segment in a coordinate plane
by using the coordinates of the endpoints.
¢ When the x-coordinates are the same,
the vertical distance between the points
is the difference of the y-coordinates.
¢ When the y-coordinates are the same,
the horizontal distance between
the points is the difference of the
x-coordinates.
Be sure to subtract the lesser coordinate from the greater coordinate.

176 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

 EXAMPLE ( 2 Finding a Perimeter
The vertices of a rectangle are F(1, 6), G(7, 6), H(7, 2), and J(1, 2). Draw
the rectangle in a coordinate plane and find its perimeter.
Draw the rectangle and use the vertices to find its dimensions.
The length is the horizontal distance
between F(1, 6) and G(7, 6), which is
You can also find the the difference of the x-coordinates.
length using vertices
Hand J. Youcan find |
length = 7 — 1 = 6 units
lama
the width using vertices | The width is the vertical distance
Fand J. between G(7, 6) and H(7, 2), which is
the difference of the y-coordinates. fF
oa
NS
wo
Or
a
(meee Pace
width
= 6 — 2 = 4 units

-:+ So, the perimeter of the rectangle is 2(6) + 2(4) = 20 units.

Real-Life Application _
In a grid of the exhibits at a zoo, the vertices of the giraffe exhibit
are E(0, 90), F(60, 90), G(100, 30), and H(0, 30). The coordinates are
measured in feet. What is the area of the giraffe exhibit?
Plot and connect the vertices using a
coordinate grid to form a trapezoid. E(0, 90)| |_|
Use the coordinates to find the lengths g Pees .
of the bases and the height.
by 60 0 Gp)
De 100 20 00)
h = 90 — 30 = 60
Use the formula for the area of
Common Error 7 a trapezoid.
You can count grid lines | AS 5(60)(60 + 100)
to find the dimensions,
but make sure you
consider the scale of
2 5(60)(160) = 4800
the axes.
“t+ The area of the giraffe exhibit is 4800 square feet.

@ 0n Your Own
,
5. The vertices of a rectangle are J(2, 7), K(4, 7), L(4, 1.5), and
a
Exercises 12-15 4 M(2, 1.5). Find the perimeter and the area of the rectangle.

6. WHAT iF? In Example 3, the giraffe exhibit is enlarged by moving

vertex F to (80, 90). How does this affect the area? Explain.

Section 4.4 Polygons in the Coordinate Plane 177

4.4 EXEICIBES)

GrVocabulary and Concept Check

1. WRITING Howcan you use a coordinate plane to draw a polygon?
2. WRITING How can you find the perimeter of a rectangle in a
coordinate plane?

Practice and Problem Solving |

Plot and label each pair of points in a coordinate plane. Find the length of the
line segment connecting the points.
Se CO Om Oo 1) 45 Ko 92), £5, 6) 5, OA) RG, 9)

Draw the polygon with the given vertices in a coordinate plane.

@ 6. AG, 7), BE, 2), C(O, 0) 7. D>,2), EG, 5), F(4, 1)

8. G15 4),{I> 8},16, 8), K(5, 4) 9. L(3,2), M3, 5), NO, 5), PQ, 2)
10. Q(0, 4), R(LO, 8), S(7, 4), T(10, 2), U(5, 0)

11. V(2,2), W(3,7, x(a,7, Y(10, 4), Z(7, 0)

Find the perimeter and the area of the polygon with the given vertices.
Q 12° OO 1); DO74), B4, 4), FG, 1) 13-7, (1,2); Kid; 2), 67, 3), Ve)

14. N(O, 2), P(S, 2), Q(, 5), RO, 5) 15:- SG, 0) RS;.9); U8. 9) Vier)

16. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct x “

the error in drawing a triangle with 6
vertices A(5, 1), B(7, 6), and C(I, 3). 5
4
3
2
l
0
OW lL 2 °35645 "5: Giese

17. TREE HOUSE You design a tree house using a coordinate

plane. You plot the vertices of the floor at J(2, 1), K(2, 8),
L(9, 8), and M(9, 1). The coordinates are measured in feet.

a. What is the shape of the floor?

OH
PR
WO
DO
m=
woe
@©
DN
b. What are the perimeter and the area of the floor?

178 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

 OPEN-ENDED Drawa
polygon with the given conditions in a coordinate plane.
18. a square with a perimeter of 20 units 19. arectangle with a perimeter of 18 units
20. arectangle with an area of 24 units” 21. a triangle with an area of 15 units”

22. STRUCTURE The coordinate plane 23. BUS ROUTE Polygon J/KLMNP represents
shows three vertices of a parallelogram. a bus route. Each grid square represents
Find two possible points that could 9 square miles. What is the shortest
represent the fourth vertex. distance, in miles, from station P to
4 station L using the bus route? Explain
9 your reasoning.
8
; al eect oa
i (ame Coes]
Gees oe a + + + + a

6 | | lle | |

5 + pus | ie ———_
4

3 | imme
a
: 7
1
0

Si
ICO
65)
Eile
iOiGn
CoS
NS
So = i) wo |Hj GQ
+t Cc)
—+ = ioe) ice) &

24. CITY LIMITS Ina topographical map ofa city, the

vertices of the city limits are A(10, 9), B(18, 9),
C(18, 2), D(14, 4.5), and E(10, 4.5). The coordinates
are measured in miles. What is the area of the city?

25. BACKYARD The vertices of a backyard are W(10, 30),

X(10, 100), Y(110, 100), and Z(50, 30). The coordinates
are measured in feet. The line segment XZ separates
the backyard into a lawn and a garden. The area of the
lawn is greater than the area of the garden. How many
times larger is the lawn than the garden?

26. sPrecisions The vertices ofa rectangle are (1, 0), (1, a), (5, a), and (5, 0). The vertices
of a parallelogram are (1, 0), (2, b), (6, b), and (5, 0). The value of a is greater than the
value of b. Which polygon has a greater area? Explain your reasoning.

> } ® . °

A coir Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Divide. Write the answer in simplest form. (Section 2.3)
eae ae: 1 Il 1
27: saya
l. 28 . Bs
6=+=— 29) 22-8 30. 4—+ l-
3 4 9 6 8

31. MULTIPLE CHOICE You are filling bottles from 5 gallons of lemonade.
How many bottles can you fill when each bottle is . ofa gallon? (Section 2.2)

® 12 ® 3 © 8 ® 13,

Section 4.4 Polygons in the Coordinate Plane 179

 “43-44
BiglIdeasMath Wcom
Find the area of the trapezoid. (Section 4.3)
12 5km 2.

7 mi

4 mi

Find the area of the figure. (Section 4.3)

6 in.

? 6 ft
8 in.

| | |
| A
Lr 8 ft

Draw the polygon with the given vertices in a coordinate plane. (Section 4.4)
7. A(1, 2), BG, 5), C(6, 1) 8. E(1, 2), FG, 6), G(8, 6), H(6, 2)

Find the perimeter and the area of the polygon with the given vertices. (Section 4.4)
9. J(1, 3), K(1, 8), LG, 8), M(5, 3) 10, P(l, 2), OM) 7), RU 0; S52)

11. BACK POCKET How much material do you need

to make two back pockets? (Section 4.3)

12. PATIO Plans for a patio are shown in the

coordinate plane at the left. The coordinates
are measured in feet. Find the perimeter and
the area of the patio. (Section 4.4)
midojin
ooye
2
Tops
(a
Satchs
a
dhs
uae

i)

180 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

r "chapter Review.

Review Key Vocabulary

polygon, p. 152 composite figure, p. 172

Review Examples and Exercises

Areas of Parallelograms (pp. 152-157)

Find the area of the parallelogram.

A=bh Write formula.

9cm = 5(9) Substitute 5 for b and 9 for h.

= 45 Multiply.

5cm

‘+ The area of the parallelogram is 45 square centimeters.

Exercises
Find the area of the parallelogram.
A: lace 2
22mm

11mm

Gs» Areas of Triangles (pp. 158-163)

Find the area of the triangle.

A= shh Write formula.

1 7 mi
=O) Substitute.

10 mi
Ee
|
35 Multiply.

‘t+ The area of the triangle is 35 square miles.

Chapter Review 181

 Exercises
Find the area of the triangle.
25cm

10 km > 14cm

(43) Areas of Trapezoids (pp. 166-173)

Find the area of the trapezoid.

| Bees = h(b, 725) Write formula. 8 in.

2

| = 5(10)(8 + 18) Substitute.

| = 5(10)(26) = 130 Multiply. 18 in.

:- The area of the trapezoid is 130 square inches.

Exercises
Find the area of the trapezoid.
15m 6.

smi”

Find the area of the figure.

8. ip Bi 9.
7 ft

it
8 ft

182 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

 Polygons in the Coordinate Plane (pp. 174-179)
a. The vertices of a triangle are A(1, 3), B(5, 9), and C(8, 2). Draw the
triangle in a coordinate plane.

Plot and label the vertices.

Connect the points to |

form the triangle. |

coo
coe
aT
ios
Ra
SS
108
SNS)
sy
Sl
NE a eh coriba ata Nag paiemmiyoem ac aand

b. The vertices of a rectangle are F(2, 6), G(8, 6), H(8, 1), and J(2, 1).
Draw the rectangle in a coordinate plane and find its perimeter.
Draw the rectangle and use the vertices to find its dimensions.
The length is the horizontal distance
between F(2, 6) and G(8, 6), which is
the difference of the x-coordinates.
length = 8 — 2 = 6 units
The width is the vertical distance
between G(8, 6) and H(8, 1), which is
the difference of the y-coordinates. T_D
KR
NS
NW
Or
Oe 2s SoA eo Ole me OO caeky
width = 6 — 1 =5 units

:t+ So, the perimeter of the rectangle is 2(6) + 2(5) = 22 units.

Exercises
Draw the polygon with the given vertices in a coordinate plane.
aa . A(3, 2), B(4, 7), C(6, 0)

12. D(1, 1), EG, 5), F(4, 5), G4, D)

13; JQ, 2), KU, 7), L(5, 7), M(8, 2)

14. K(3,35, L(5, 7), M@, 7), n{6 35|

Find the perimeter and the area of the polygon with the given vertices.
15. G3), O47); HO 20) 50(9, 13)

16. TOM) U2 9) Vian); Woe

17. W(11, 2), X(1, 8), Y(14, 8), Z(14, 2)

18. FAR) eb2, 3), Cllan 13), DC o, 2)

Chapter Review 183

ES ris prerecrmts

Find the area of the parallelogram, triangle, or trapezoid.

ue 2.
14 in.

v1
&
130 cm 221.

Find the area of the figure.

4. 5 4m

4m

10m

Draw the polygon with the given vertices in a coordinate plane.

7. A(4, 2), BS, 6), C(7, 4)
8. D(3, 4), E(S, 8), F(8, 8), G(6, 4)

Find the perimeter and the area of the polygon with the given vertices.
o: Q(5, 6), RS, 10), S(9, 10), T(9, 6)

10. W(2, 8), X(2, 16), ¥(8, 16), 2(8, 8)

At. TABLETOP The base lengths of a trapezoidal tabletop are
6 feet and 8 feet. The height is 5 feet. What is the area of
the tabletop?

12. PENTAGON The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, is the

headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense.
a. Find the perimeter of the Pentagon.
b. A pentagon is made ofa triangle and a trapezoid.
The height of the triangle shown is about 541 feet,
and the height of the trapezoid shown is about
876 feet. Estimate the land area of the Pentagon.

i
FE} CAMPING The vertices of acampsite are (25, 15), (25, 30), (55, 30), and
(55, 15). The vertices of your tent are (30, 20), (30, 25), (40, 25), and (40, 20). The
coordinates are measured in feet. What is the area of the campsite not covered
by your tent?

184 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

 Standards Assessment
TTT ENTT

. What is the area of the shaded figure

shown below? (6.G.1) i oo >
| thath th Te |
: 2 Ve cid chip ji

A. 32 units?

B. 40 units?

C. 44 units”

D. 56 units?

2. What is the value of the expression below? (6.EE.1)

18°

3. You have 36 red apples and 42 green apples. What is the greatest number of
identical fruit baskets you can make with no apples left over? (6.NS.4)

F. 6 Hwl2

Gu 3 l. 18

4. What is the perimeter of the rectangle with the vertices shown below?
| (6.G.3)
‘ A(4, 7), B(A, 15), C(9, 15), D(9,7)
| A. 8 units G26 units

B. 13 units D. 70 units

Standards Assessment 185

 5. What property was used to simplify the expression? (6.EE.3)

5 xX 78 = 5(70 + 8)
= 5(70) + 5(8)
= 350 + 40
= 390

F. Associative Property of Multiplication

G. Commutative Property of Addition

H. Distributive Property

I. Multiplication Property of One

6. What is the area, in square yards, of the triangle below? (6.G.1)

7. Which of the following is equivalent to x (6.NS.1)

8. The description below represents the area of which polygon? (6.G.1)

“one-half the product of its height and the sum of the lengths of its bases”

F. rectangle H. trapezoid

G. square I. triangle

186 Chapter 4 Areas of Polygons

 ae

a Edward was evaluating the expression in the box.

180 +9+3*-1=180+94+
81-1
= 180+
90 —1

What should Edward do to correct the error that he made? (6.EE. 1)

Add 9 and 81 then subtract 1 before dividing.

Divide 180 by 9 before adding or subtracting.

Divide 180 by 9 then subtract 1 before adding 34.

USAls
> Subtract 1 from 90 before dividing.

10. You have 3 times as many guitar picks as your cousin. Let v be the
number of guitar picks that your cousin has. Which expression
represents the number of guitar picks you have? (6.E£E.2a)

F. 3v H. 3-v

G. : v+3 if =zV

a. Your family hires a company to install invisible fencing around your yard.
Think (6.G.1)
Solve
Explain

Part A Find the area of the yard using only the area formulas for
rectangles and triangles. Show your work.

PartB Find the area of the yard using the area formula for trapezoids.

PartC Explain why the two methods of finding the area of the yard give
the same result. Describe the advantages of each method.

Standards Assessment 187

 i
ese

Rates fo |

‘Comparingjand|Graphing Ratios

is
y :unit rate
that maay
‘sc |culate d‘
$0le 4 biscuits pet
“By

That's a
relief/

pipe
ONGR VI. \ et
x Clallale ai=

“It say
( s 75% tomatoes,
» 1 15% su y
vinegar, 4% water,
and 1% aaines é
 eee Aromat
herapy
for D gs | 2 aaa

What You ae £4 '

Learned Before
@ Identifying Patterns (5.00.3)
Example 1 Using the numbers from the
table, find and state the rule in
words. Then find the missing value.
Le ee
ug
Each y-value is 6 times the x-value.

The x-value times 6 equals the y-value.

The missing value is 6(4) = 24.

Try It Yourself
Using the numbers from the table, find and state the rule in words.
Then find the missing value.
1:

aa.

@ Multiplying and Dividing by Fractions (5.NF.4a, 6.NS.1)

ee ee. f 9
Example 2 Find —
AG E xamplele3 Find 70
in 2 +—.

. 19 <{ Multiply by the

|reciprocal of
| the divisor.
a aaa

Try It Yourself
Evaluate the expression. Write the answer in simplest form.
6. ee
10
 5.1 Ratios
~s 3 GBI SE a SU et cc
#
7

Essential Question How can you represent a relationship

between two quantities?

There are aid graphing calculators to AG protractors.

There are Lia protractors to ital graphing calculators.
There are AYA compasses to Ly protractors.
There are re graphing calculators to AY compasses.
There are Cea protractors to AN total objects.

The number of graphing calculators is —— of the total number of objects.

Work with a partner.

e Take turns shooting a ball or
other object into a wastebasket
© COMMON from a reasonable distance.
CORE /
See e Organize the numbers of shots
In this lesson, you will Mol made and shots you
© understand the concept missed in a chart.
of a ratio. ’ . 3A
© use ratios to describe a. Write a statement similar to those
Msrelationship between in Activity 1 that describes the relationship
wo quantities.
a
Learning Standard
between the number of shots
:
you made and
6.RP.1 the number of shots you missed.
b. Write a statement similar to those in Activity 1 that describes the relationship
between the number of shots you made and the total number of shots.
c. What fraction of your shots did you make? What fraction did you miss?

190 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 3 _ ACTIVITY: Reading a Diagram
Work with a partner. You mix different amounts of paint to create new colors.
Write a statement that describes the relationship between the amounts of
paint shown in each diagram.

a be TD |. ong
ce (Ee) Yellow [aS aaa)
There are SHU parts blue for There are RHI ci for

every parts green. every jain

Math
Practice G Work with a partner. Use a table or a diagram to represent the relationship
Use a Table between the two quantities.
or Diagram
What are the
a. For every 3 boys standing in a line, there are 4 girls.
quantities in this b. For each vote Brian received, Sasha received 6 votes.
problem? How
A class counts the number of vehicles that pass by its school from
does a table or
diagram represent 1:00 to 2:00 p.m. There are 3 times as many cars as trucks.
the relationship d. Ahand sanitizer contains 5 parts aloe for every 2 parts distilled water.
between the
quantities?

Nhat Is Your Answer?

a Bd

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you represent a relationship between two
quantities? Give examples to support your explanation.

6. MODELING You make 48 pints of pink paint by using 5 pints of red paint for
every 3 pints of white paint. Use a diagram to find the number of pints of red
paint and white paint in your mixture. Explain.

Use what you learned about comparing two quantities to complete

Exercises 4 and 5 on page 194.

Section 5.1 Ratios 191

 Check It, Out, .
Lesson Tutorials
BigldeasMath

s@ )
Key Vocabulary G° Ke J Idea
ratio, p. 192
Ratio
Words A ratio is a comparison of two quantities. Ratios can be
part-to-part, part-to-whole, or whole-to-part comparisons.
Examples 2 red crayons to 6 blue crayons
1 red crayon for every 3 blue crayons
3 blue crayons per 1 red crayon
3 blue crayons for each red crayon
3 blue crayons out of every 4 crayons
2 red crayons out of 8 crayons
Algebra The ratio of ato b can be written as a: b.

EXAMPLE ( {| einai ees

You have the coins shown.
Remember ™) a. Write the ratio of pennies to quarters.

relationships compare
a part of a whole to -:+ So, the ratio of pennies to quarters
the whole. Fractions is 6 to 7, or 6:7.
represent part-to-whole |
relationships. Part-to- b. Write the ratio of quarters to dimes.
part relationships ; SS bv a)

compare a part of a | (7quarters }->7 to 3 <+ 3 dimes |

whole to another part ° 4 :
of the whole. : ::* So,
: the ratio of quarters to dimes
ISAC
MEeopal) 7 S|

c. Write the ratio of dimes to the total number of coins.

-:+ So, the ratio of dimes to the total number of coins

is 3:toG, On3.216:

@ On Your Own Favorite Toppings

: e 1. In Example 1, write the
Bracces 6 ogi ratio of dimes to pennies.
Peanuts
2. The circle graph shows the 5
favorite ice-cream toppings Caramel
of several students. Use ratio Fudge 1
Sprinkles
language to compare the number ) 4
of students who favor peanuts to
the total number of students.

192 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates 1@) Multi-Language Glossary at BiglIdeasMath/com

 A tape diagram is a diagram that looks like a segment of tape. It shows
the relationship between two quantities.

EXAMPLE ( 2 USC
ReMEN YET eli
The ratio of your monthly allowance to your friend’s monthly
allowance is 5 : 3. The monthly allowances total $40. How much is
each allowance?
To help visualize the problem, express the ratio 5 : 3 using a tape diagram.
Ethie
aa j
:an
PeRLeleds:ibe{ if
FISTS PST eR SS

The 8 parts
represent $40.
Your friend oe

Because there are 8 parts, you know that 1 part represents $40 + 8 = $5.
5 parts represent $5 ° 5 = $25.
3 parts represent $5 «3 = $15.

‘> So, your monthly allowance is $25, and your friend’s monthly
allowance is $15.

>eNN es 5 _ Using a Tape Diagram

You separate 42 bulbs of garlic into two groups: one for planting and
one for cooking. You will plant 3 bulbs for every 4 bulbs that you will
use for cooking. Each bulb has about 8 cloves. About how many cloves
will you plant?
To help visualize the problem, express the ratio 3 for every 4 using a
tape diagram.

\ Planting |__9 ioe 8 The 7 parts represent

i} 42 bulbs, so each part
Cooking L represents 42 + 7 = 6 bulbs.

There are 3 + 6 = 18 bulbs for planting and 4 « 6 = 24 bulbs for cooking.

The group of 18 bulbs has about 18 « 8 = 144 cloves.

*+ So, you will plant about 144 cloves.

@ On Your Own
: Z 3. WHAT IF? In Example 2, the ratio is 2 to 3. How much is each
© Sateen es allowance?
hl 4. WHAT IF? In Example 3, you will plant 1 bulb for every 2 bulbs that
you will use for cooking. Will you plant more or fewer cloves than
originally planned? Explain your reasoning.

Section 5.1 Ratios 193

 nen Cron oboe nur ee eA eee SS

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY The ratio of vowels to consonants in a word is 5 to 7. Are there
more vowels or consonants in the word? Explain.
2. NUMBER SENSE You are comparing apples to oranges in a fruit bowl. Is the
ratio 2: 3 the same as the ratio 3 : 2? Explain.
3. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which ratio does not belong with the other
three? Explain your reasoning.

2 parts to 5 parts 2 out of every 5 2 for each 5 2 for every 5

Practice and Problem Solving

Use a table or a diagram to represent the relationship between the two quantities.

rae
4. For each lion, there are 7 giraffes. 5. For every 5 seats, there are 4 fans.

Write the ratio. Explain what the ratio means.

@ 6. frogs to turtles 7. basketballs to soccer balls

ie
8. calculators : pencils 9. shirts : pants

Use the table to write the ratio. Explain what the ratio means. Movie Number _
10. dramas to movies 11. comedies to movies !
Drama 3
12. movies: action 13. movies : dramas Comedy 8

Topic —
Birds 7 14. STAMP COLLECTING The table shows the
Celebrity 14 numbers of stamps in a new stamp collection.
Horses 5 Use ratio language to compare the number of
Ships 9 celebrity stamps to the total number of stamps.

194 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 You and a friend tutor for a total of 12 hours. Use the tape diagram to find how
many hours you tutor.

0. ‘ou.ia 16. You a

Friend [i rien! [Ea
17. REASONING Twelve of the 28 students in a class
have a dog. What is the ratio of students who
have a dog to students who do not?
18. GEOGRAPHY In the continental United States,
the ratio of states that border an ocean to states
that do not border an ocean is 7 : 9. How many
of the states border an ocean?

19. CHECKERS During a checkers game, there are

16 pieces left. The ratio of black to red is 3:5.
How many black pieces are on the board?
Explain how you found your answer.
20. SCHOOL PLAY There are 48 students in a school play. The ratio of boys to
girls is 5:7. How many more girls than boys are in the play? Explain how
you found your answer.
21. GEOMETRY Use the blue and green rectangles.
|
a. Find the ratio of the length of the blue
rectangle to the length of the green 4 ft
‘ ‘ 2.ft
rectangle. Repeat this for width,
perimeter, and area. 3 ft a ae
b. Compare and contrast your ratios in part (a).

22. PERIMETER The ratio of the side lengths of a triangle is 2 : 3 : 4. The shortest
side is 15 inches. What is the perimeter? Explain.
23. PRECISION You mix soda water, fruit punch concentrate, and ginger ale in the
ratio of 1 : 2:5 to make fruit punch. How many pints of each ingredient should
you use to make 4 gallons of fruit punch? Is your answer reasonable? Explain.

24. There are 12 boys and 10 girls in your gym class. If 6 boys joined
the class, how many girls would need to join for the ratio of boys to girls to
remain the same? Justify your answer.

A soir Game RevIieW what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Divide. (Section 2.6)
2527 13.823 26. 16.45+5 Oy Pane ee te meray 4k 28.19 214-18

29. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of the expression x + y when x = 30

and y= 18? (Section 3.1)

® 1 Cry @) 48

Section 5.1 Ratios 195

 5.2 Ratio Tables
¥ pS REEL LEE ERNIE EES CEE ID IERIE DEEP NE DLE SENET eS eee RO nT

e
entia y Quest JOM. How can you find two ratios that describe the
same relationship?

IVITY:, Making a Mixture

Work with a partner. A mixture calls for 1 cup of lemonade and 3 cups of
iced tea.

Lemonade Iced Tea

How many total cups does the mixture contain? Hii cups

For every Rhy cup of lemonade, there are ia cups of

iced tea.
How do you make a larger batch of this mixture?
Describe your procedure and use the table below to
organize your results. Add more columns to the table
if needed.

Cups of
Lemonade be
Cups of
Iced Tea
Total Cups | | |
ol |

Which operations did you use to complete your

G COMMON table? Do you think there is more than one way
CORE to complete the table? Explain.
Ratios How many total cups are in your final mixture?
In this lesson, you will
@ use ratio tables to find
How many of those cups are lemonade? How many
equivalent ratios. are iced tea? Compare your results with those of
e solve real-life problems. other groups in your class.
Learning Standards
6.RP.1 Suppose you take a sip from every group’s final mixture. Do you think all the
6.RP.3a
mixtures should taste the same? Do you think the color of all the mixtures
should be the same? Explain your reasoning.
Why do you think it is useful to use a table when organizing your results in
this activity? Explain.

196 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 [Won A LVIL
OV
AN CTIVITY:,
AYA BR Using a Multiplication Table
Math Work with a partner. Use the information in Activity 1 and the multiplication
. 6 table below.
Practice |
eesTe tetas Sa Daa bec a
Use Operations
ee a
For each part of
this problem, how
Mm il2i3ia4 9. liom iciiwl ee
do you know which me 2i4aie6ies 20 | 22 | 24
operation to use?
am 3 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 18 |21 | 24°] 27 | 30 | 33 | 36|
4 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 |20 | 24 | 28 |32 | 36 | 40 | 44 | 48
a. A mixture contains 8 cups of lemonade. How many cups of iced tea are in
the mixture?
b. A mixture contains 21 cups of iced tea. How many cups of lemonade are in
the mixture?
c. Amixture has a total of 40 cups. How many cups are lemonade? How many
are iced tea?
d. REPEATED REASONING Explain how a multiplication table may have helped
you in Activity 1.

Work with a partner.

a. Find the ratio of pitchers of lemonade to pitchers of iced tea.

b. How can you divide the pitchers into equal groups? Is there more than one
way? Use your results to describe the entire collection of pitchers.
c. Three more pitchers of lemonade are added. Is there more than one way to
divide the pitchers into equal groups? Explain.
d. The number ofpitchers of lemonade and iced tea are doubled. Can you use
the ratio in part (b) to describe the entire collection of pitchers? Explain.
} 7} Vv / Z

4. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you find two ratios that describe the same
relationship? Give examples to support your explanation.

Use what you learned about ratios to complete Exercises 4 and 5

on page 201.

Section 5.2 Ratio Tables 197

 Lesson Tutorials . /
BigIdeasMath
Two ratios that describe the same relationship are equ
Key Vocabulary #@) can find equivalent ratios by:
equivalent ratios, 4 ; em: : :
p. 198 ¢ adding or subtracting quantities in equivalent ratios.
ratio table, p. 198 ¢ multiplying or dividing each quantity in a ratio by the same number.
You can find and organize equivalent ratios in a ratio table. ere he fs bah gen he

> ON Je | Completing Ratio Tables

Find the missing value(s) in each ratio table. Then write the
equivalent ratios.

a. You can use repeated addition with the original ratio to find
the missing values.
tal Ream |

sete et

“+ The equivalent ratios are 1:3, 2:6, and3:9.

b. You can use multiplication to find the missing values.

Ph aE
ATS
Dogs | 4 | 8 24 |

Cats 6 12|36 |
ee ae
we eS
:*+ The equivalent ratios are 4:6, 8: 12, and 24: 36.

@ 0n Your Own
,
Find the missing value(s) in the ratio table. Then write the
d
Exercises 6-11 - equivalent ratios.

Plantains | 4 2 -

Bananas 3) 6

198 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates 1) Multi-Language Glossary at sibtacsani ee

 ON es 2 Making a Ratio Table
You are making sugar water for your hummingbird feeder. A website
indicates to use 4 parts of water for every 1 part of sugar. You use
20 cups of water. How much sugar do you need?
You can solve this problem by using equivalent ratios. The ratio of water
to sugar is 4 parts to 1 part. So, for every 4 cups ofwater, you need 1 cup
of sugar. Find an equivalent ratio with 20 parts water.

Method 1: Use a ratio table and addition.

You can think of making a larger batch of sugar water as

combining several batches of 4 to 1 mixtures. Use addition
to obtain 20 in the water column.
+4 +4 +4 +4
aa
Water (cups)

Sugar (cups)
Na ash NasAgee"
A ae) eae en
The ratio 20 to 5 is equivalent to 4 to 1.

::+ So, you need 5 cups of sugar.

Method 2: Use a ratio table and multiplication.

You multiplied the amount of water in the recipe by 5
because 20 + 4 = 5. So, you need to multiply the amount
of sugar by 5. Multiply each part of the ratio in the original
“In Example 2 Method 1, |
recipe by 5.
notice that you can ' x5
eliminate a step by ant
adding columns 2 and 3.
to obtain 8 + 12 = 20 Water (cups)| 4
cups of water for
Sugar (cups) on
2+3 = 5 cups
of sugar.

The ratio 20 to 5 isae to4 tol.

‘+ So, you need 5 cups of sugar.

@ 0n Your Own
: 3. WHAT IF? You use 24 cups of water. How much sugar do you need?
hpbntticte Ready
Exe Geet? 4. You make a sweeter mixture of sugar water for your hummingbird
ee feeder using 3 parts of water for every 1 part of sugar. You use
9 quarts of water. How much sugar do you need?

Section 5.2 Ratio Tables 199

 EXAMPLE (2) iShGrmeom ely
The nutrition facts label on a box of crackers shows that there are
240 milligrams of sodium in every 36 crackers.
a. You eat 15 crackers. How much sodium do you consume?
The ratio of sodium to crackers is 240 to 36.
Use a ratio table to find an equivalent ratio

2 arib. eo
In Example 3, notice ae e/a
that you could use one |
step in the ratio table: Sodium (milligrams) 120] 20 | 100

a =
Jun SOT NT
A
2 a ee 22 = 6hes
The ratio 100 to 15 is equivalent to 240 to 36.
-:+ So, you consume 100 milligrams of sodium.

b. You eat 21 crackers. How much sodium do you consume?

Notice that you can add the two middle columns in the table above.
‘s+ So, you consume 120 + 20 = 140 milligrams of sodium in
18 + 3 = 21 crackers.

EXAMPLE (7/4! (eUSTiReER Elam e) 0)f |

You mix 3 pints of yellow paint for every 4 pints of blue paint to make
green paint. You use 10 pints of blue paint. How much green paint do
you make?
2 ox

The ratio of yellow paint to

‘study Tip = blue paint is 3 to 4. Use a ratio Yellow (pints)
table to find an equivalent ratio
In Example 4, notice with 10 parts blue paint. Blue (pints)
that you could use one | Naf Nee
step in the ratio table: | 90 S25
multiply by i
ee You use i pints of yellow paint and 10 pints of blue paint.
2 2
‘:+ So, you make 7 + 10= 17;pints of green paint.

@ 0n Your Own
,
me 5. WHAT IF? In Example 3, you eat 24 crackers. How much sodium do
Exercises15 you consume?
and 16
6. WHAT IF? In Example 4, you mix 2 pints of yellow paint for every
3 pints of blue paint. You use 5 pints of yellow paint. How much
green paint do you make?

200 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 5.2 Exercises
er Steereea

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY How can you tell whether two ratios are equivalent?
2. NUMBER SENSE Consider the ratio 3 : 5. Can you create an equivalent ratio by
adding the same number to each quantity in the ratio? Explain.
3. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which ratio does not belong with the other
three? Explain your reasoning.

3:4 9al2 LZeeus E27 EG

Practice and Problem Solving

Write several ratios that describe the collection.
4. baseballs to gloves 5. ladybugs to bees

9. Burgers 3 Fe
Hot Dogs | 5 10 |
Forks 16 |
|
Spoons 10| 30
12. WORK Your neighbor pays you $17 for every 2 hours you work.
You work for 8 hours on Saturday. How much does your neighbor
owe you?

Section 5.2 Ratio Tables 201

 Complete the ratio table to solve the problem.
® 13. For every 3 tickets you sell, your 14. Astore sells 2 printers for every
friend sells 4. You sell a total of 5 computers. The store sells
12 tickets. How many does your 40 computers. How many printers
friend sell? does the store sell?

You 3 12 Printers 2 | 8 |
Friend 4 Computers |40

3)) 15. First and second place in a contest 16. A grade has 81 girls and 72 boys.
use a ratio to share a cash prize. When The grade is split into groups that
first place pays $100, second place have the same ratio of girls to boys
pays $60. How much does first place as the whole grade. How many girls
pay when second place pays $36? are in a group that has 16 boys?

19. DONATION A sports store donates basketballs and soccer

balls to the boys and girls club. The ratio of basketballs to
soccer balls is 7 : 6. The store donates 24 soccer balls. How
many basketballs does the store donate?

20. DOWNLOAD You are downloading songs to your MP3 player.

The ratio of pop songs to rock songs is 5 : 4. You download
40 pop songs. How many rock songs do you download?

SCRAMBLED EGGS In Exercises 21-25, use the ratio table showing

different batches of the same recipe for scrambled eggs.
er ee 21. How can you use Recipes B and D
“Servings 4 p 3 5 9 ipe E E2
to create Recipe
(ease 8 4 12 6 10°} 18 22. How can you use Recipes C and D
1 l 3 3 5 to create Recipe F?
= = = pees = i=

= : : 8 8 23. Howcan you use Recipes B and C

to create Recipe A?

24. How can you use Recipes C and F to create Recipe D2

25. Describe one way to use the recipes to create a batch with 11 servings.

202 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

Two whole numbers A and B satisfy the following conditions. Find A and B.
26. A+ B=30 27.
A+ B=44
A: Bis equivalent to 2: 3. A: Bis equivalent to 4: 7.
28, A— B= 18 2950A— B=225
A: Bis equivalent to 11:5. A: Bis equivalent to 13: 8.

Nutrition wae Facts iti

30. CASHEWS Th e nutrition facts label ona
Serving Size: 1 ounce (28g) container of dry roasted cashews indicates
Amount Per Serving there are 161 calories in 28 grams. You eat
Calories 161 Calories from Fat 109 9 cashews totaling We erams.
% Daily Value*
, Total Fat 139 20% a. How many calories do you consume?
Saturated Fat 3g 13%
Trans Fat b. How many cashews are in one serving?
Cholesterol Omg 0%

Soe ee
Total Carbohydrate 9g 3%
31. REASONING The ratio of three numbers
Dietary Fiber 1g 3% is 4:3: 1.The sum of the numbers is 64.
Sugars 1g What is the greatest number?
Protein 4g
(st ee

Wierik 5 0% *) Vitamin: 0% 32. SURVEY Seven out of every 8 students surveyed

Calcium 1% * Iron 9%
*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 owns a bike. The difference between the number of
calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or
lower depending on your calorie needs. students who own a bike and those who do not is 72.
How many students were surveyed?

33. BUG COLLECTION You and a classmate have a bug collection

for science class. You find 5 out of every 9 bugs in the
collection. You find 4 more bugs than your classmate.
How many bugs are in the collection?

34. You and a friend each have a collection of tokens.

Initially, for every 8 tokens you had, your friend had 3. After
you give half of your tokens to your friend, your friend now
has 18 more tokens than you. Initially, how many more tokens
did you have than your friend?

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Factor the expression using the GCF. (Section 3.4)
S554 21 36. 60x — 84 37. 42x + 28y

38. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression does not give the

area of the shaded figure? (Section 4.3)

@). 2(6) + 2{562)] [5a + 6)|

©-66) — 4(50)@)] @D 616) - 562)

Section 5.2 Ratio Tables 203

 5.3 Rates.

, ® )

Essential Question How can you use rates to describe changes in

real-life problems?
OSEAN
LEN
ULE
AI
i,

ACTIVITY: Stories Without Words .

RROD
Es
inhi
Soi

Work with a partner. Each diagram shows a story problem.

e Describe the story problem in your own words.
e Write the rate indicated by the diagram. What are the units?

C.

Population
© Common
CORE 6 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Rates : Year
In this lesson, you will :
e understand the concepts
of rates and unit rates. d.

>
@ write unit rates. January 2010
@ solve real-life problems. Length: 3 ft January 2014
Learning Standards Length: 7 ft
6.RP.2
6.RP.3a
6.RP.3b

204 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 IVITY:. Finding Equivalent Rates

Math Work with a partner. Use the diagrams in Activity 1. Explain how you found
Practice each answer.
Specify Units a. How many miles does the car travel in 1 hour?
How do the given b. How much money does the person earn every hour?
units help you find
the units for your
c. How much does the population of Sunny Acres Condos increase each year?
answer? How many feet does the alligator grow per year?

ACTIVITY: Using a Double Number Line

Work with a partner. Count the number of times
you can clap your hands in 12 seconds. Have
your partner keep track of the time and record
your results.
a. Use the results to complete the double
number line.
Number
of claps
0

0) 3 6 9 12
Seconds

b. Explain how to use the double number line to find the number
of times you clap your hands in 6 seconds and in 4 seconds.
c. Find the number of times you can clap your hands in 1 minute.
Explain how you found your answer.
d. Howcan you find the number of times you can clap your hands in
2 minutes? 3 minutes? Explain.

Nhat Is Your Answer?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use rates to describe changes in
real-life problems? Give examples to support your explanation.

5. MODELING Use a double number line to model each story in Activity 1.

Show how to use the double number line to answer each question in
Activity 2. Why is a double number line a good problem-solving tool for
these types of problems?

Use what you learned about rates to complete Exercises 3 and 4

on page 208.

Section 5.3 Rates 205

 Key Vocabular#@)
y G? Key Idea
rate, p. 206
unit rate, p. 206 Rate and Unit Rate
equivalent rates, Words A rate is a ratio of two quantities using different units.
0. 206 A unit rate compares a quantity to one unit of another
quantity. Equivalent rates have the same unit rate.
Numbers You pay $27 for 3 pizzas.

Rate: $27 : 3 pizzas

Ina rate a: b, you can
divide both a and b by
6 to find the unit rate. ; : : Ahm :
Algebra Rate: a units: b units Unit rate: b units : 1 unit
TNE RRSP ISRO

EXAMPLE ,.Writing a Rate

The double number line shows the rate at which you earn points for
successfully hitting notes in a music video game. Write a rate that
represents this situation.

Points
0 150 300 450 600 750

0) 1 2 3 4 5
Notes 600 points for 4 notes

s+ One possible rate is 600 points for every 4 notes.

EXAMPLE

_, Apiece of space junk travels 5 miles in 8 seconds. How far does

it travel per second?
Use a ratio table and divide by 8 to write an equivalent rate in
which the time is 1 second.

Distance (miles)

Time (seconds)

The rate 5 miles : 8 seconds is equivalent to -mile : 1 second.

*:+ So, the space junk travels °mile per second.

206 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates iQ) Multi-Language Glossary at satdaaeatieaen

 @ On Your Own
Le Rea ” 1. Write another rate that represents the situation in Example 1.
a 2. A Japanese bullet train travels 558 miles in 3 hours. How far does it
travel every hour?
3. You pay $8 for 16 ounces of sliced turkey. Write a rate that gives the
price for each ounce of turkey.

DON 3S _ Finding Equivalent Rates

a. Achef buys 6 pounds of salmon fillets for $51. How much will the
chef pay for 9 more pounds of salmon fillets?
Using a ratio table, divide to find the unit rate and then multiply to
—— find the cost for 9 pounds of salmon fillets.
—— D4) ae = 6h ot

ee
rae) ase
*:+ So, the chef will pay $76.50 for 9 more pounds of salmon fillets.

‘study Tip OM b. You buy 2 pounds of tilapia fillets for $16. What is the cost for
7 pounds of tilapia fillets?
The unit rate of cost per |
Because $16 is easily divided into halves, fourths, and eighths, it is
unit is called unit cost.
The unit cost of the appropriate to model the rate using a double number line.
salmon in Example 3(a)
is $8.50 perpound. | Dollars i aa
ee a d 0 16 32 48-36. 68 7 is halfway between 6 and
(Sy ince gE Os oc a ri 1 8. So, find the value halfway
0 2 4 6 7 8 between 48 and 64.
Pounds i ;

::+ So, the cost for 7 pounds of tilapia fillets is $56.

@ 0n Your Own
hpentauite Ready 4. Your download speed is 3 megabytes every 4 seconds.
es We a. How many megabytes can you download in 1 minute?
an
b. Construct a double number line that represents the
situation. How many megabytes can you download in
10 seconds?

Section 5.3 Rates 207

5.3 Exercises

GS Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. WRITING Describe a unit rate that you use in real life.
2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What is the cost per bagel? What is the cost per dozen bagels?

What is the unit cost of a bagel? How much does each bagel cost?

Practice and Problem Solving

Write a rate that represents the situation.
@ 3. Words 4. Students
0 15 30 45 60 fs) 0 9 18 27 36 45

0) 10 20 30 40 50 0 4 8 12 16 20
Minutes Computers

5. Inches 6. Gallons
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 30 60 90 120 150

0 3 6 9 2 15 0 5 10 15 20 25
Years Seconds

Write a unit rate for the situation.

2) 7. $28 saved in 4 weeks 8. 18 necklaces made in 3 hours
9. 270 miles in 6 hours 10. 228 students in 12 classes
11. 2520 kilobytes in 18 seconds 12. 880 calories in 8 servings
13. 1080 miles on 15 gallons 14. $12.50 for 5 ounces

15. LIGHTNING Lightning strikes Earth 1000 times in

10 seconds. How many times does lightning strike
per second?

16. HEART RATE Your heart beats 240 times in 4 minutes.

How many times does your heart beat each minute?

®) 17. CAR WASH You earn $35 for washing 7 cars.

How much do you earn for washing 4 cars?

18. 5K RACE You jog 2 kilometers in 12 minutes. At this

rate, how long will it take you to complete a 5-kilometer race?

208 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

Decide whether the rates are equivalent.
19. 24 laps in 6 minutes 20. 126 points every 3 games
72 laps in 18 minutes 210 points every 5 games
21. 15 breaths every 36 seconds 22. $16 for 4 pounds
90 breaths every 3 minutes $1 for 4 ounces
23. PRINTER A printer prints 28 photos in 8 minutes.
a. How many minutes does it take to print 21 more photos?
b. Construct a double number line diagram that represents the situation.
How many minutes does it take to print 35 more photos?

24. SUN VISOR An athletic director pays $90 for

12 sun visors for the softball team.
a. How much will the athletic director pay to buy
15 more sun visors?
b. Construct a double number line diagram that
represents the situation. What is the cost of
16 sun visors?
25. FOOD DRIVE The table shows the
amounts of food collected by two
homerooms. Homeroom A collects
21 additional items of food. How many
more items does Homeroom B need to
collect to have more items per student?

26. MARATHON Arunner completed a 26.2-mile marathon in

210 minutes.

a. Estimate the unit rate, in miles per minute.

b. Estimate the unit rate, in minutes per mile.
Another runner says, “I averaged 10-minute miles in the
marathon.” Is this runner talking about the kind of rate
described in part (a) or in part (b)? Explain your reasoning.

21. = Logic 3 You can do one-half of a job in an hour. Your

friend can do one-third of the same job in an hour. How long
will it take to do the job if you work together?

A cain Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Write two fractions that are equivalent to the given fraction. (Skil/s Review Handbook)

28, = Jon 30. 312-—

3 6 bh
O1| i<e)

32. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression is equivalent to 6(x) —- 6(2)? (Section 3.4)

CA) 2(x- 6) 62) © 124-1 @) 36(x - 2)

Section 5.3 Rates 209

 5.4 Comparing and Graphing Ratios

RE
ISR
ROIs

j Work with a partner.

: e You make purple frosting by adding 1 drop of red food coloring
for every 3 drops of blue food coloring.
e Your teacher makes purple frosting by adding 3 drops of red food
coloring for every 5 drops of blue food coloring.
a. Copy and complete the ratio table for each frosting mixture.

Your Frosting Your Teacher's Frosting :x :

Drops of Red | Drops of Blue Drops of Red |DropsofBlue

b. Whose frosting is bluer? Whose frosting is redder? Justify your answers.

STRUCTURE Insert and complete a new column for each ratio table above
that shows the total number of drops. How can you use this column to
answer part (b)?

Work with a partner. y=

oP nn
a. Explain how you can use the 14 oe +} af
© COMMON values from the ratio table for 37-4 a zi a
pone your frosting2 to create a graph ci | |a
Ratios and Rates 11
in the coordinate plane. | ni |
In this lesson, you will
© compare ratios. b. Use the values in the table to
© compare unit rates. h ints. as | |
© graph ordered pairs to plot t : POLE Then Ponnect TI
compare ratios and rates. the points and describe the oat ested ain
Learning Standards graph. What do you notice? blue
of
Drops i | | ia
6.RP.2 ie
6.RP.3a c. What does the line represent? =

WOH
nb
Sore
CO
©
ODN
OF 25354 Ge Cie Je OM anne a aei one
Drops ofred
210 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates
Math Work with a partner. The —_ 2
Practice graph shows the values 23
Look for from the ratio table for -:
Patterns your teacher’s frosting. 55
What patterns do
you notice in the
a. Complete the table 21
20
graph? What does and the graph.
this tell you about
the problem?

3 LS
: = 14+
Your Teacher's Sea |
Frosting
2
_ Bip
D

Drops | 4 11
of Blue | 10
)
3 8
@
6 6
5
9 4
3)
12 o|
1 atk i
15 oC | il
OS 2S 45 Gee Geo! SOR 2p a Aue one Gili apy

Drops of red

Explain the relationship between the entries in the ratio table

and the points on the graph.
How is this graph similar to the graph in Activity 2? How is
it different?
How can you use the graphs to determine whose frosting has
more red or blue in it? Explain.

What Is Your Ans: \

I) ’OU) er2
WAG}
Al Il
@)
>)

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you compare two ratios?

5. PRECISION Your teacher's frosting mixture has 7 drops of red in it. How can
you use the graph to find how many drops of blue are needed to make the
purple frosting? Is your answer exact? Explain.

>
Use what you learned about comparing ratios to complete
Exercises 3 and 4 on page 214.

Section 5.4 Comparing and Graphing Ratios 211

5.4 Lesson Check.
It. Out../
Lesson Tutorials
BiglIdeasMath
One way to compare ratios is by using ratio tables.

EXAMPLE ( {| Peon ele elies

You mix 8 tablespoons of hot sauce and 3 cups of salsa in a green bowl.
You mix 12 tablespoons of hot sauce and 4 cups of salsa in an orange
bowl. Which mixture is hotter?
Use ratio tables to compare the mixtures. Find a larger batch of each
mixture in which the amount of hot sauce or salsaisthesame. ,<

Green Bowl Orange Bowl

x 4 x3
ae . Loox
Hot Sauce Hot Sauce
(tablespoons) ae (tablespoons) a 20

|Salsa (cups) 4 12 | Salsa (cups) 4 |

\os eel
x 4 x3
The tables show that for a larger batch of each mixture
using 12 cups of salsa, the orange bowl would have
36 — 32 = 4 more tablespoons of hot sauce.
So, the mixture in the orange bowl is hotter.

> @N 2a-8 2 . Comparing Unit Rates

Which bag of dog food is the better buy?

Use ratio tables to find and compare the unit costs.
20-Pound Bag 30-Pound Bag
oe AN) as)
(ive Lo
Cost (dollars) 1A20 0.86 | Cost (dollars) 25.20 | 0.84

Food (pounds) 20 1 | Food (pounds) 30 | 1

30 lb Int 2) =A

The 20-pound bag costs $0.86 per pound, and the 30-pound bag costs
$0.84 per pound.
::* Because $0.84 is less than $0.86, the 30-pound bag is the better buy.

@ 0n Your Own
Nowntou're ry agit Example 1, you mix 10 tablespoons of hot sauce and 3 cups of
Exercises 3-10 salsa in a red bowl. Which mixture is the mildest? Explain.
2. A30-pack of paper towels costs $48.30. A 32-pack costs $49.60.
Which is the better buy? Explain.

212 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 ONDE 3) Graphing Values from Ratio Tables
A hot-air balloon rises 9 meters every 3 seconds. A blimp rises
7 meters every 2 seconds.
a. Complete the ratio table for each aircraft. Which rises faster?

Balloon Blimp
Time Height Time Height
(seconds) (meters) (seconds) (meters)
3 9 2 if ~\
ee a m2 eo:
C6 18> 4 ie ie |
ae x3 a x3
9 27 <6 Dee ws|
“ x4 raed et e. x
' 12 l 36 8 28 :

1 ie Every 6 seconds, the balloon rises 18 meters and the blimp rises
Rises 9 meters eT eters.
ons: -:+ So, the blimp rises faster.

b. Graph the ordered pairs (time, height) from the tables in part (a).
What can you conclude?
Write the ordered pairs.
Batlnon—(3, 9),(6, 18),(9; 27); (2s SG)
Blimp: ~ (2,7), (4, 14),.(6; 21), (8; 28)

Study Tip mee of ordered pairs. Then ites

When graphing speed, draw a line through .
you often place time each set of points.
on the horizontal axis
and distance on the
vertical axis.

(meters)
Height

Pas Tas 67 89 10.11 12 x

Time (seconds)

Both graphs begin at (0, 0). The graph for the blimp is steeper,
so the blimp rises faster than the hot-air balloon.

@ On Your Own
Ngwatau're Re 3. WHAT IF? The blimp rises 6 meters every 2 seconds. How does this
ady
: affect your conclusion?
Exercises 12 and 13

Section 5.4 Comparing and Graphing Ratios 213

5.4 Exercises elp with Homework. >
Sa on a BigldeasMath Wh
ia
G Vocabulary and Concept Check
<=
1. WRITING Explain how to use tables to
compare ratios.
2. NUMBER SENSE Just by looking at the graph,
determine who earns a greater hourly wage.
Explain.
(dollars)
Earnings

Time (hours)

@ 3. Car

Distance (miles)

Gallons Used 6 Gallons Used

Distance Galles)

Gallons Used [Feito nite

Cost (dollars)

Refills

Cost (dollars)

Pounds a 5 Slices

11. SALT WATER GARGLE Salt water gargle can a

temporarily relieve a sore throat. One recipe
calls for teaspoon of salt in 1 cup of water.
A second recipe calls for 1 teaspoon of salt in |
2 cups of water. Which recipe will taste saltier? i

214 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 Complete the ratio tables and graph the ordered pairs from the tables.
What can you conclude?

Or Swimming Pool
Time | Liters
13. iia
. Cost Cost
(min) | Leaked (dollars) (dollars) |
2 4 3 2 4
4 6 8
L 6 = 9 7

8 WP 16

* 14. MILK In whole milk, 13 parts out of 400 are milk fat. In 2% milk,
1 part out of 50 is milk fat. Which type of milk has more milk fat
per cup?

15. HEART RATE A horse's heart beats 440 times in 10 minutes.

A cow’s heart beats 390 times in 6 minutes. Which animal
has a greater heart rate?
16. CHOOSE TOOLS A chemist prepares two acid solutions.
a. Use a ratio table to determine which solution is
more acidic.
b. Use a graph to determine which solution is | ts \
more acidic. i ae 3Z

c. Which method do you prefer? Explain. SoLurion2

. 2 . a

F 3 parts sulfuric 4
f, acidto7 parts § 4 parts sulfuric ™@
17. NUT MIXTURE A company offers a nut mixture with
‘a water j » acid to9 parts 4
7 peanuts for every 4 almonds. The company changes q water 3
the mixture to have 8 peanuts for every 5 almonds,
but the number of nuts per container does not change.
a. Create a ratio table for each mixture. How many nuts are in the smallest
possible container?
b. Graph the ordered pairs from the tables. What can you conclude?
c. Almonds cost more than peanuts. Should the company charge more or less
for the new mixture? Explain your reasoning.

18. Structures The point (p, q) is on the graph ofvalues from a ratio table. What
is another point on the graph?

Fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Divide. (Section 1.1)
19. 544 = 34 20. 1520 + 83 21. 8439+ 245

22. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following numbers is equal to 9.32 when you
increase it by 4.65? (Section 2.4)

CA) 4.33 4.67 CC) 5.67 ©) 13.97

Section 5.4 Comparing and Graphing Ratios 215

 SD WR AS ON

You can use a definition and example chart to organize information about a concept.
Here is an example of a definition and example chart for ratio.

Ratio: a comparison of two quantities. Ratios can be part-to-part,

part-to-whole, or whole-to-part comparisons.

Example

Example

Example

teachers: students

On Your Own
\ \ (J \
5 (4 y os) \A\ \
Lp!) 3 wT) Ae A/S?)

Make definition and example charts to You feaeer A

help you study these topics. pou Fluffy before you
, . listed me:?
1. equivalent ratios een

2. ratio table

3S.) rate

4. unit rate

5 . equivalent rates

After you complete this chapter, make

definition and example charts for the
following topics. “My math teacher taught us how to make a
6. percent definition and example chart.”

7. U.S. customary system

8. metric system

9. conversion factor
10. unit analysis

216 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 z g
we
ae Bee cee
so =z Pan
NESSES Tea
SES oe
SREB =ie SSi SL ae =
Sa ies Be meee es sei cea
BSS ie
~ SS a Pd
er”
Te =3
s ta
iy qj i
i
ca kK. eS ey

BS ee
gpa
a
eS
ee eT
i
ON
REeR
eer eT sie em
AE
SA So ai i BG
Progress Check '
BigldeasMath :
Write the ratio. Explain what the ratio means. (Section 5.1)
1. tulips to lilies 2. crayons to markers

(om (ce aaa

Gigs Weep ((oranse (im
((qaem(l> ((_ Rea (Gp

7 (3c (am ((sceon (om

Find the — values in the ratio table. Then write the equivalent ratios. (Section 5.2)

S Shoes _ 4.

Boots

Write a rate that represents the situation. (Section 5.3)

5. Liters 6. Tickets
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 5 10 15 20 25

0 3 6 9 12 15 0 20 40 60 80 100
Minutes Points

Write a unit rate for the situation. (Section 5.3)

7. 12 touchdowns in 6 games 8. 15 text messages in 5 minutes

9. 80 entries in 4 contests 10. 75 questions in 25 minutes

11. DOWNLOADS Three album downloads cost $36. How much do 5 album
downloads cost? (Section 5.3)

12. SHAMPOO You can buy 20 fluid ounces of shampoo for $4.40 or
24 fluid ounces for $4.80. Which is the better buy? Explain. (Section 5.4)

13. NBA CHAMPIONSHIPS Write each ratio.

Explain what the ratio means.
(Section 5.1)

a. Celtics championships to
Lakers championships
b. Pistons championships to
Spurs championships spurs

c. Bulls championships to Pistons Mem © 2D championships

Lakers championships

Sections 5.1-5.4 Quiz 217

 5.9 Percents

Essential Question What is the connection between ratios, |

fractions, and percents?

‘| _ ACTIVITY: Writing Ratios

Work with a partner.
e Write the fraction of the squares that are shaded.
e Write the ratio of the number of shaded squares to the total number
of squares.
e Howare the ratios and the fractions related?

e Whencan you write ratios as fractions?

ERE b.
| mes

The Meaning of a Word @ percent

A century is 100 years. A cent is one hundredth In Mexico, a centavo is

of a dollar. one hundredth of a peso.

COMMON ne Re
65) CORE KT
Percents 21st Century
In this lesson, you will
@ write percents as
fractions with
denominators
of 100.
e write fractions
as percents.
Learning Standard Cent means one hundred, so percent means per one hundred. The symbol
6.RP.3¢ for percent is %.

218 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 Work with a partner.
e What percent of each diagram in Activity 1 is shaded?
e What percent of each diagram below is shaded? Write each percent as
a fraction in simplest form.

Work with a partner. Draw a model to represent the fraction. How can you
write the fraction as a percent?

RGeE
Math =< ; | |
Seeunee
pees | HEEBEEEEEED
}
0ERGBo
EEEEEFEEH
—o +$——— | is a SS ee a ee jaaat |

Practice | RP SeRCRESUls Eee

| He Me ca! Pe | | |
Consider Similar — | Bee ES
Problems PS) a A a lteter sedate
How is this problem
similar to ones you ip ack: cae
have seen before? 10 9
How does this
help you find d. 3 (Aya os
the solution? 4
Ne

What Is Your Answer?

YN ) 2 @ , ) \\ xt Wy V a) p)

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS What is the connection between ratios, fractions,

and percents? Give an example with your answer.
5. REASONING Your score on atest is 110%. What does this mean?

Use what you learned about percents to complete Exercises 5—7

on page 222.

Section 5.5 Percents 219

 Less
BiglIdeasMath :

Key Vocabulary
m@) GO Key Idea
PREG jh aa Writing Percents as Fractions
Words A percent is a part-to-whole ratio where the whole is 100. So,
you can write a percent as a fraction with a denominator of 100.

Numbers 60% % = 60 out out o of 100 = ——

60
a < (per|
pe)
one hundred (whole) |
n
Algebra 1% = —
100

EXAMPLE ( {|

Study Tip PM a. Write 35% as a fraction in simplest form.

} aToo asm = 3 Write as a fraction with

Equivalent fractions 100 a denominator of 100.
and percents represent _ 7
the same number using | = — Simplify.
different notations. )

t+ So, 35% =.20

b. Write 100% as a fraction in simplest form.
100 Write as a fraction with
a denominator of 100.

=] Simplify.

c. Write 174% as a mixed number in simplest form.

Write as a fraction with
a denominator of 100.

Simplify.

@ On Your Own
by ; Write the percent as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.
OY ercises 8-19 1. 5% 2. 168% 3. 36% 4. 83%

220 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates #4) Multi-Language Glossary at sine

 Writing Fractions as Percents
Words Write an equivalent fraction with a denominator of 100.
Then write the numerator with the percent symbol.
x25

> ei 2e-8 2 _ Writing a Fraction as a Percent

epee
Write aa as a percent.

a)
oa: Because 50 2 = 100, multiply the numerator
a ee ae 6% and denominator by 2. Write the numerator
with a percent symbol.

A drought affects 9 out of 12 midwestern states. What percent of the

midwestern states are affected by the drought?
Midwestern United States
9 3 Wan?
— =— Simplify.
12.0 44 Be

—=
75 ee —
(3x25
_ SS
75
100 | 4x25 100
= 75% Write the numerator with a percent symbol.

4 ‘J tt So, 75% of the midwestern states are affected by the drought.

@ On Your Own
, Write the fraction or mixed number as a percent.
aExercises dy 7. 19 gj.
i
21-28 5. 31 6. ae
50 Zo 20 2

9. WHAT IF? In Example 3, it rains in all the midwestern states.

In what percent of the states affected by drought does it rain?

Section 5.5 Percents 221

 GF Vocabulary and Concept Check
1. WRITING Explain how you can use a 10-by-10 grid to model 42%.
2. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which one does not have the same value as
the other three? Explain your reasoning.

10, 10% oe 0.01

3. OPEN-ENDED Write three different fractions that are less than 40%.

4. NUMBER SENSE Can 12be written as a percent? Explain.

Practice and Problem Solving

Use a 10-by-10 grid to model the percent.
5. 10% 6. 55% T2390

Write the percent as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.

@ 8. 45% 9. 90% 10. 15% 11. 7%
12. 34% WER okie 14. 77.5% 15. 188%
16. 8% 17. 224% 18. 0.25% 19. 0.4%

20. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the

error in writing 225% as afraction. x 254, — 225 ~ 9
1000 40

Write the fraction or mixed number as a percent.

@ 21. +10 22705 2320 24mps)

27 18 Wy 41
25. — 26. — . l— . 2—
50 Pas) a 50 ¢8 *=0

29. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the

error in writing =as a percent. Se hare 0.56% —
Z0 225 X.4 2100

30. LEFT-HANDED Of the students in your class, 12% are left-handed. What
fraction of the students are left-handed? Are there more right-handed or
left-handed students? Explain.

31. ARCADE You have 125% ofthe tickets required for a souvenir. What fraction of the
required tickets do you have? Do you need more tickets for the souvenir? Explain.

222 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

Find the percent.
32. 3 is what percent of 8? 33. 13 is what percent of 162
34. 9 is what percent of 16? 35. 33 is what percent of 402

36. SOCIAL NETWORKING A survey asked students to

choose their favorite social networking website.
The results are shown in the table. Website A
a. What fraction of the students chose Website A? Website B
b. What percent of the students chose Website C? Website C
Website D

37. GEOGRAPHY The percent of the total area of the United States that is in each
of four states is shown.
Alaska Florida Hawaii Illinois
,@
a

Um
0.288% ;

a. Write the percents as fractions in simplest form.

b. How many times larger is Illinois than Hawaii?
c. Compared to the map of Florida, is the map of Alaska the correct size?
Explain your reasoning.
d. RESEARCH Which of the 50 states are larger than Illinois?

38. CRITICAL THINKING A school fundraiser raised 120% of its goal last year and
125% of its goal this year. Did the fundraiser raise more money this year?
Explain your reasoning.

39. CRITICAL THINKING How can you use a 10-by-10 grid to model 5%

40. Write = as a percent. Explain how you found your answer.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Divide. Write the answer in simplest form. = (Section 2.2)
1 44. —-=2
41.‘fs —+-—
]

2 ==
42.9 43. 10+-— _9 =.

45. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following is not equal to 15? =(Section 2.1)

@® =-20 >+27 © 35-=3) ® 28-2)

Section 5.5 Percents 223

 5.6 Solving Percent Problems
esos Sicll Son ait a al a ones a a

Esse ntial Que

estion How can you use mental math to find the
percent of anumber?

| love
secrets.

“Il have a secret way for “10% is 8, and 1% is 0.8.” “So, 21% is 8 + 8 + 0.8 = 16.8.” |
finding 21% of 80.”

Work with a partner.

a. How did Newton know that 10% of 80 is ae )

Writed 0% as afractions 210%

a -ee=

Method 1: Use a model.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

° ;FPeREHReaRHHHmm »
Method 2: Use multiplication.

© ComMMON 10% of 80 Sapo

we =
all
CORE 10
belcents b. How do you move the decimal point to find 10% of a number?
In this lesson, you will
© find percents of numbers. Move the decimal point one place to the aaa. 10% of 80. = ‘tah
e find the whole given the uU
part and the percent.
Learning Standard
6.RP.3¢

Work with a partner.

a. How did Newton know that 1% of 80 is 0.82
b. How do you move the decimal point to find 1% of a number?

224 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 : Using Mental Math
Math A) Work with a partner. Use mental math to find each percent of a number.
Practice \) See b. 19% of50
Rene | Think: 12% = 10% + 1% + 1% Think: 19% = 10% + 10% — 1%
Does youranswer § —————_ —@_— e ese S S S S S S S C
seem reasonable? (10%a:
40 = ) ft% of40 = ia) (10%of50 = a) es
1% of50 = =)
How can you check _

ar a t+ ai - a =—s+ a - a - iki

Work with a partner. Use mental math to find each percent of a number.

. 20% tip for a $30 meal

18% tip for a $30 meal

6% sales tax on a $20 shirt

. 9% sales tax on a $20 shirt

6% service charge for a $200 boxing ticket

2% delivery fee for a $200 boxing ticket

. 21% bonus on a total of 40,000 points

. 38% bonus on a total of 80,000 points

What Is Your Answer?

5. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you use mental math
to find the percent of a number?
6. Describe two real-life examples offinding a percent of a number.
7. How can you use 10% of a number to find 20% of the number? 30%?
Explain your reasoning.

: Use what you learned about finding the percent of a number to

Practice complete Exercises 3-10 on page 229.

Section 5.6 Solving Percent Problems 225

 Finding the Percent of a Number
Words Write the percent as a fraction. Then multiply by the whole.
The percent times the whole equals the part.
Numbers 20% of 60 is |pee Model
Y 0% 20%: 40% 60% 80% 100%
= 12

DON a= | . Finding the Percent of a Number

25% of 40 is what number?

25% of 40 = ; - 40 Write the percent as a fraction and multiply.

10
You can use mental | 1-46
Divide out the common factor.
math to check your eas
answer in Example 1.
10% of 40 = 4 = 10 Simplify.
|

5% Of 4097 :
Se) Ore alan s3¢ SO, 25% of40 is 10. 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
= 0 ee
to ee 0 10 20 30 40

You can also use a ratio table to find the percent of a number.

DON a= 2) Finding the Percent of a Number Using a Ratio Table

60% of 150 is what number?
Use a ratio table to find the part. Let one row be the part, and let the
other be the whole. Find an equivalent ratio with 150 as the whole.

The first column represents | +2 x3

the percent.
t
=
whole
SUN
100
5,

° a x
+ So, 60% of 150 is 90. :

@ On Your Own
i Find the percent of the number. Explain your method.
PAUSES 2-0? 1. 90% 0f20 2. 75%o0f32 3. 10%0f110 4. 30%o0f75

226 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 You can use a related division equation to find the whole given the part
and the percent.

@° key Idea
Finding the Whole
Write the percent as a fraction. Then divide the part by the fraction.
Words The part divided by the percent equals the whole.
Numbers 20% of 60 is 12.

: x00. = li
Multiplication equation Related division equation

EXAMPLE ( 8) eealieltite marten ire fs

75% of what number is 482

48 + 75% = 48 + : Write the percent as a fraction and divide.

=48- ; Multiply by the reciprocal.

= 64 Simplify.

*t- So, 75% of 64 is 48. 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

0 16 32 48 64

EXAMPLE ( “4
120% of what number is 72?
Use a ratio table to find the whole. Find an equivalent ratio with 72 as
the part.
eee = al +20 12
( The first column represents
a Veea"
the percent.
part 120
= 120%
whole 100

‘+ So, 120% of 60 is 72.

@ On Your Own
Ow..You’re Find the whole. Explain your method.
@ Cady
Exercises 27-36 5. 5% of what number is 102 6. 62% of what number is 31?

Section 5.6 Solving Percent Problems 227

 > ON Je-8 5 Real-Life Application

The width of a rectangular room is 80% of its length. What is the area
of the room?
Find 80% of 15 feet.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
ae 3 0 3 6 9 12 15
_4xB
BK
i
al The width is 12 feet.

Use the formula for the areaA of a rectangle.

A= 15 X 12 = 180

::+ So, the area of the room is 180 square feet.

@ On Your Own
7. The width of a rectangular stage is 55% of its length. The stage
is 120 feet long. What is the area?

EXAMPLE | (6 Real-Life Application

unease You win an online auction for concert tickets. Your winning bid is 60%
KAG783 \cA GAY 124 MUSIC EKAG7@3
of your maximum bid. How much more were you willing to pay for the
S 4500 | CEN ADMISSION
s ag
45.80
COMMUNITY CONCERT SERIES
f}CA
at tickets than you actually paid?

area] acca INN | GY $72 $80 © $120 ©) $200

| f Your maximum bid is the whole, and your winning bid is the part. Find
See your maximum bid by dividing the part by the percent.
Winning bid: US $120.00 3
Time remaining: 0 sec 120°=60% = 120 A Divide the part by the percent.

5 : ‘
= 120- A Multiply by the reciprocal.

= 200 Simplify.

Your maximum bid is $200, and your winning bid is $120. So, you were
willing to pay 200 — 120 = $80 more for the tickets.

-:+ The correct answer is (B).

@ On Your Own
8. WHAT IF? Your winning bid is 96% of your maximum bid.
How much more were you willing to pay for the tickets than
you actually paid?

228 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

>.6 EXercises,
Help Gin omeene
BigIdeasMath

Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What is twenty percent of 30? What is one-fifth of 30?

Twenty percent of what number is 30? What is two-tenths of 30?

‘2.. NUMBER SENSE If 52 is 130% ofa number, is the number greater or

less than 52? Explain.

CE on : Hie) vadutaty Fe
SS Practice and Problem Solving
Find the percent of the number. Explain your method.
@ ®@® 3. 20% of 60 4. 10% of 40 5. 50% of 70 6. 30% of 30
7. 10% of 90 8. 15% of 20 9. 25% of 50 10. 5% of 60
11. 30% of 70 12. 75% of 48 13. 45% of 45 14. 92% of 19
15. 40% of 60 16. 38% of 22 17. 70% of20 18. 87% of 55
19. 140% of 60 20. 120% of 33 21. 175% of 54 22. 250% of 146
23. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding 40% of 75.

x 40% of 75 = 40% X 75 = 3000

24. PINE TREES A town had about 2120 acres ofpine trees 40 years ago. Only
about 13% of the pine trees remain. How many acres of pine trees remain?

25. SPIDER MONKEY The tail

of the spider monkey is
64% of the length shown.
What is the length of its tail?

26. CABLE A family pays $45 each month

for cable television. The cost increases 7%.

a. How many dollars is the increase?

b. What is the new monthly cost?

Section 5.6 Solving Percent Problems 229

 Find the whole. Explain your method.
© © 27. 10% of what number is 14? 28. 20% of what number is 18?

are 25% of what number is 21? 30. 75% of what number is 27?

31: 15% of what number is 12? 32. 85% of what number is 17?

33; 140% of what number is 35? 34. 160% of what number is 32?

55: 125% of what number is 25? 36. 175% of what number is 42?

37. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct 20% of what number is 5?

the error in finding the whole.
Bi 20%
20

aoe
4

38. COUPON You have a coupon for a restaurant.

o*.”*s |
You save $3 on a meal. What was the original
Gees. cost of the meal?
R
ae gaa .

Which language would

39. SURVEY The results of a survey are shown u |
Z
at the right. In the survey, 12 students said ae Bike aii
that they would like to learn French. Spanish i"WEEN 307
a. How many students were surveyed? sae a

b. How many of the students surveyed | erman Zz

would like to learn Spanish? Other LLB

40. WEIGHT A sixth grader weighs 90 pounds, which is 120% of what he weighed
in fourth grade. How much did he weigh in fourth grade?

41. PARKING LOT Ina parking lot, 16% of the cars

are blue. There are 4 blue cars in the parking lot.
How many cars in the parking lot are not blue?

42. LOTION A bottle contains 20 fluid ounces oflotion and sells for $5.80. The
20-fluid-ounce bottle contains 125% ofthe lotion in the next smallest size,
which sells for $5.12. Which is the better buy? Explain.

230 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.
43. 80% of 60 60% of 80 44. 20% of 30. 30% of 40
45. 120% of5\ 0.8% of 250 46. 85% 0f 40-25% of 136
47. TIME How many minutes is 40% of 2 hours?

48. LENGTH How many inches is 78% of 3 feet?

49. GEOMETRY The width of the rectangle is 75% of its length.

a. What is the area of the rectangle?
b. The length of the rectangle is doubled. What percent
of the length is the width now? Explain your reasoning. 24 in.

50. BASKETBALL To pass inspection, a new basketball should bounce

back to between 68% and 75% of the starting height. A new ball is
dropped from 6 feet and bounces back 4 feet 1 inch. Does the ball
pass inspection? Explain.

51. REASONING You know that 15% of a number 7 is

12. How can you use this to find 30% of n? 45%
of n? Explain.

52. SURFBOARD You have a coupon for 10% off the

sale price of a surfboard. Which is the better buy?
Explain your reasoning.
SALE
30% OFF
ALL
e
e
40% off the regular price
30% off the regular price and then 10% off
SURFBOARDS
the sale price

53. On three 150-point geography tests, you earned grades of 88%,

94%, and 90%. The final test is worth 250 points. What percent do you need
on the final to earn 93% of the total points on all tests?

> e e

A cair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Multiply. (Section 2.5)

54. 0.6 x 8 Lo eaeSirs at) 56. 0.74 x9 2 Aer ee BO

58. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the quotient of 75 and 2.4? =(Section 2.6)
CA) 0.032 CB) 0.3125 OTH ©) 31.25

Section 5.6 Solving Percent Problems 231

 5.7 Converting Measures

BDA

Essential Question How can you compare lengths between

the customary and metric systems?

CARSEAT
ANE

Sabie

Work with a partner.

a. Match the measure of length with its historical beginning.
Length Historical Beginning
Inch The length of a human foot
Foot The width of a human thumb
Yard The distance a human can walk in 1000 paces
(1 pace = 2 steps)
Mile The distance from a human nose to the end of an outstretched
human arm

b. Use a ruler to measure your thumb, arm, and foot. How do your
measurements compare to your answers from part (a)? Are they
close to the historical measures?
You know how to convert measures within the customary and metric systems.
5) Connon Equivalent Customary Lengths
CORE tt tin: lyd = 3ft 1 mi = 5280 ft
Converting Measures
In this lesson, you will Equivalent Metric Lengths
® use conversion factors
(rates) to convert units l1m=1000mm l1m=100cm 1 km = 1000 m
of measurement.
Learning Standard You will learn how to convert between
6.RP.3d
the two systems.
Converting Between Systems
lin. = 2.54cm
1 mi ~ 1.61 km

232 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

Math Work with a partner. Answer each question. Explain your answer. Use a
Pra ctice diagram in your explanation.
Analyze Givens Metric Customary
What is the a. Car Speed: Which is faster? 80 km/h 60 mi/h
relationship
between the given b. Trip Distance: Which is farther? 200 km 200 mi
see ty Human Height: Who is taller? 180 cm 5 ft 8 in.
are you trying
to find? ° d. Wrench Width: Which is wider? 8mm ey Moma
me e. Swimming Pool Depth: Which is deeper? 14m 4 ft

ACTI VITY: Changing, Units ina Rate

Work with a partner. Change the units of the rate by multiplying by a “Magic
One.” Write your answer as a unit rate. Show your work.
Original Rate Magic One New Units Unit Rate
a. Sample:

$120 - 1K i $120 : $2
XK 60 min 60 min 1 min

4. One problem-solving strategy is called Working Backwards. What does

this mean? How can you use this strategy to find the rates in Activity 3?

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you compare lengths between the
customary and the metric systems? Give examples with your description.

: Use what you learned about converting measures between systems

Practice to complete Exercises 4 and 5 on page 236.

Section 5.7 Converting Measures 233

5.7 Lesson
reeeen Watcrialer 7,
pigsgeg Mat

Key Vocabulary t@ ) intsi PER eee and weight. The metric system
U.S. customary system of measurement, based on powers of 10, that contains units for
system, p. 234 length, capacity, and mass.
metric system, p. 234 : .
eonversioniactor To convert from one unit of measure to another, multiply by one or more
p. 234 conversion factors. A conversion factor can be written using fraction notation.

@° Key Idea
unit analysis, p. 234

Conversion Factor
for is a rate that equals 1.
Runonee Conversion Factors
lm ea 3.28a, ft
Example 1m ~ 3.28 ft
3.28 ft lm

You can use unit anal ysis to decide which conversion factor will produce the
appropriate units.

EXAMPLE ( 4] fei 7saciepinG

a. Convert 36 quarts to gallons.
Use a conversion factor.
1 gal
= 4qt
v
36.qft« 1 galee ore gal
4 qt 4
= 9 gal

::+ So, 36 quarts is 9 gallons.

b. Convert 20 centimeters to inches.

Use a conversion factor
i fet ne S4em |

20 cH » ES
2.54 cnt
ia
-:> So, 20 centimeters is about 7.87 inches.

@ 0n Your Own
NOW OU're Reag Copy and complete the statement. Round to the nearest hundredth
Exercises 6-17 if necessary.
il: 48 ft = J yd 2. 7 Ib = RM oz 33 5g=|))))mg
4. 7mi~fkm 5. 12qt~ GL 6. 25kg~|)))\Ib

234 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates 1@) Multi-Language Glossary at figtdace nite
 EXAMPLE (7 Miquel ping :

Copy and complete the statement using < or >: 25 0z itt 2 kg.

Convert 25 ounces to kilograms.

(1b = 1602 } rect1b ~0.45 kg )

1 lb y. 0-45 kg _ 25-1 + 0.45 kg
25 0% X ~ 0.70 kg
16 OZ 1b 16°1

::+ Because 0.70 kilogram is less than 2 kilograms, 25 oz <2 kg.

> ON e- 5 _ Converting a Rate: Changing One Unit

How many liters does the human heart pump per minute?

anti, ! 1 1 qt ~ 0.95 L)
Pumps 5 Sa
quarts of o@t 0.95L 4.7513
blood per lmin_ lat 1 min
minute
‘t+ The rate of 5 quarts per minute is about 4.75 liters per minute.

>eN
i ae-8 4 . Converting a Speed: Changing Both Units
You are riding on a zip line. Your speed is 15 miles per hour. What is
your speed in feet per second?

1S mt(92007 | lly | Soe

lly 1 wai /\3600 sec 3600 sec

eee = 79,200 ft
(1 mi = 5280 ft ) | 3600 sec
a 22 tt
1h = 3600 sec =
1h = 3600 sec| 1 sec

-:+ Your speed is 22 feet per second.

@ On Your Own
hpsetautte tency Copy and complete the statement using < or >.
Exercises 20-31
Uh 7 cm ee 3 in. ) 3 oz a 70 g
10. An oil tanker is leaking oil at a rate of 300 gallons per minute.
What is this rate in gallons per second?
11. Atennis ball travels at a speed of 120 miles per hour. What is this
rate in feet per second?

Section 5.7 Converting Measures 235

 GG Vocabulary and Concept Check
10 mm
1. VOCABULARY Is a conversion factor? Explain.

2. WRITING Describe how to convert 2 liters per hour to milliliters per second.

3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

Convert 5 inches to centimeters. © Find the number of inches in 5 centimeters.

How many centimeters arein5inches? — Five inches equals how many centimeters?

Practice and Problem Solving

Answer the question. Explain your answer.
4. Which juice container is larger: 2 Lor 1 gal?
5. Which person is heavier: 75 kg or 110 lb?

Copy and complete the statement. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
@ «6. 3pt=—c 7. 1500
mL = (AL 8. 40 oz = ib
9. 12L~ iat 10. 14m
~ Br 11. 4 ft ~ i m
12. 641b~
| kg 13. 0.3km
~ SR mi 14, 75.2 in. ~ [i cm
15. 17kg
~ fb 16. 15cm~) in. 17. 9mi ~ kn

18. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in a) 02oae ee

converting the units. x eee 2" tL |
19. BRIDGE The Mackinac Bridge in Michigan is the = Gir oo
third-longest suspension bridge in the United States. ee
= 7.6
aki
a. How high above the water is the roadway in meters?
b. The bridge has a length of 26,372 feet. What is the length in kilometers?

236 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 Copy and complete the statement using < or >.
@ 20. 8kg 3002 21. 6ft — 300cm 22. 3gal 6L
23. 10in. 200mm 24. 1200g 5 lb 25. 1500m 3000 ft
Copy and complete the statement.

13km _ eS ..i 7 amlye Gail

® @ 26.
h h min h h sec

3km _ a. 30 Teas me ..
29.
min elo h min /

32. BOTTLE Can you pour the water from a full 2-liter bottle into a 2-quart
pitcher without spilling any? Explain.

33. AUTOBAHN Germany suggests a speed limit of

130 kilometers per hour on highways.
a. Is the speed shown greater than the
suggested limit?
b. Suppose the speed shown drops 30 miles per hour.
Is the new speed below the suggested limit?

34. BIRDS The table shows the flying speeds of

several birds.
a. Which bird is the fastest? Which is the slowest?
b. The peregrine falcon has a dive speed of
322 kilometers per hour. Is the dive speed
of the peregrine falcon faster than the flying
speed of any of the birds? Explain.

S55 SPEED OF LIGHT The speed oflight is about Spine-tailed swift | 2843.2 m/min
300,000 kilometers per second. Convert the
Spur-winged goose | 129.1 ft/sec
speed to miles per hour.
Eider duck 31.3 m/sec
36. One liter of paint covers 100 square Mallard 65 mi/h
feet. How many gallons of paint does it take to
cover a room whose walls have an area of 800 square meters?

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Find the percent of the number. (Section 5.6)
37. 25% of 120 38. 65% of 47 39. 120% of 15 40. 3.2% of 80

41. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the area of a parallelogram with a base of

15 centimeters and a height of 12 centimeters? (Section 4.1)

@ 90cm? 175 cm? © 180cm- (D) 205cm?

Section 5.7 Converting Measures 237

 Pe aE SAG AT Ne Sie Bee NOOR SUAS SE a
/ Check.1t, Out.
Pprogr ESS | 1e o Thy
pa
BigIdeasMath
Write the percent as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form. (Section 5.5) |
1. 14% 2. 124%

Write the fraction or mixed number asa percent. (Section 5.5) |

; = 4. i
20 4

Find the percent of the number. Explain your method. (Section 5.6)
5. 25% of 64 6. 120% of 50

Find the whole. Explain your method. (Section 5.6)

7. 60% of what number is 24? 8. 160% of what number is 802

Copy and complete the statement. Round to the nearest hundredth

ifnmecessary. (Section 5.7)
9. 6.4in.~ cm 10. 4qt~ [IL 11. 10kg~ ib |
12. ANATOMY About 62% of the human body is composed of water. Write this |
percent as a fraction in simplest form. (Section 5.5) |

13. SAVES A goalie’s saves ( +) and goals scored

against ( x ) are shown. What percent of shots
did the goalie save? Explain. (Section 5.5)

14. SHOPPING You went to the mall with $80. You

spent 25% of your money on a pair of shorts and
65% of the remainder on sandals. How much did
you spend on the sandals? Explain how you
found your answer. (Section 5.6)

15. WINDSURFING Determine which windsurfer is traveling faster. Explain

your reasoning. (Section 5.7)

Speed: Speed:
5 meters per second 720 feet per minute

238 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 ;, Chapter Review 4
Vocabulary Help
‘ BigldeasMath
Review Key Vocabulary
ratio, p. 192 unit rate, p. 206 metric system, p. 234
equivalent ratios, p. 198 equivalent rates, p. 206 conversion factor, p. 234
ratio table, p. 198 percent, p. 220 unit analysis, p. 234
rate, p. 206 U.S. customary system, p. 234

Review Examples and Exercises

Ei) Ratios (pp. 190-195)

Write the ratio of apples to oranges.
Explain what the ratio means.

3 sue L> 3to5 <{5 oranges } “ ect

“3+ So, fe,ratio of apples to oranges is 3 to 5,

or 3:5. That means that for every 3 apples,
there are 5 oranges.

Exercises
Write the ratio. Explain what the ratio means.
1. butterflies: caterpillars 2. saxophones: trumpets

EZ Ratio Tables (pp. 196-203)

4 Find the missing values in the ratio table. Trees 9 6
4 Then write the equivalent ratios. ne 5
Ca

You can use multiplication to find the

missing values.

*3+ The equivalent ratios are 2: 5,

6:15, and 12% 30.

Chapter Review 239

 Exercises
Find the missing values in the ratio table. Then write the equivalent ratios.

>| Levers 6 | 18 LF Cars 3 |6 | |

|Pulleys 3 6 | Trucks 4 | ‘al 24 |

3, Rates (pp. 204-209)

Ahorse can run 165 feet in 3 seconds. At this rate,

how far can the horse run in 5 seconds? +3, X5

Using a ratio table, divide to find the unit ane (feet) 975, |
rate. Then multiply to find the distance cn — ae =
that the horse can run in 5 seconds. a. ain
: a

s+ So, the horse can run 275 feet in 5 seconds. =

as x
ne

Exercises
Write a unit rate for the situation.
5. 12 stunts in 4 movies 6. 3600 stitches in 3 minutes

7. MUSIC A song has 28 beats in 4 seconds. At this rate, how many beats are
there in 30 seconds?

54 Comparing and Graphing Ratios (pp. 270-275)

There are 24 grams of sugar in 6 fluid ounces of Soft Drink A, and there are
15 grams of sugar in 4 fluid ounces of Soft Drink B. Which soft drink contains
more sugar in a 12-ounce can?
Use ratio tables to compare the soft drinks.
Soft DrinkA Soft Drink B
Ka?) x3

x2 x3
The tables show that a 12-ounce can of Soft Drink Ahas 48 — 45 = 3 more grams
of sugar than Soft Drink B.

‘+ So, a12-ounce can of Soft Drink Ahas more sugar.

Exercises
8. TUNA A5-ounce can of tuna costs $0.90. A 12-ounce can of tuna
costs $2.40. Which is the better buy?

240 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

5) Percents (pp. 278-223)

Write aa as a percent.
e 3

x5
4 f Because 20 x 5 = 100, multiply the
ae tn = 15% numerator and denominator by 5, Write
the numerator with a percent symbol.
x5

Exercises
Write the percent as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.
912% 10. 88% 11. 0.8%

Write the fraction or mixed number as a percent.

pie5) coe25 ha et
50

Es, Solving Percent Problems (pp. 224-231)

a. 75% of 80 is what number? b. 30% of what number is 272
20
9
75% OE =4 x 80 = 21 A ar60 97 30% = 07 sate
10
ors Neon
l

“+ So, 75% of 80 is 60. *+ So, 30% of 90 is 27.

Exercises
Find the percent of the number. Explain your method.
15. 60% of 80 16. 80% of 55 17. 150% of 48

Find the whole. Explain your method.

18. 70% of what number is 35? 19. 140% of what number is 562

E)// Converting Measures (pp. 232-237)

Convert 8 kilometers to miles.
SEY a ,
8 km X ae =~ 5 mi Because 1 mi fe~ 1.6 km, use the ratioas
eae

Exercises
Copy and complete the statement. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.

PR at
20. 3L~ 21. 9.2in.~ cm 22. 1I5lb~

Chapter Review 241

 Write the ratio. Explain what the ratio means.
1. scooters : bikes 2. starfish : seashells

(looms |
fume[2 to]
Write a unit rate for the situation.
5. $54.00 for 3 tickets 6. 210 miles in 3 hours
4

Write the fraction or mixed number as a percent.

Pa 17, 2
: 3.
25 20

Find the percent of the number. Explain your method.

10. 80% of 90 11. 30% of 50 12. 120% of 75

Find the whole. Explain your method.

13. 34 is 40% of what number? 14. 52 is 130% of what number?

Copy and complete the statement. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
15.5L~ qt 16. 56lb~ kg

17. SOUP There are 600 milligrams of sodium in 4 ounces of

Soup A, and there are 720 milligrams of sodium in 6 ounces
of Soup B. You prepare an 18-ounce bowl of each soup.
Which bowl of soup contains more sodium?

18. ORANGE JUICE A 48-fluid-ounce container of orange juice costs $2.40. A

60-fluid-ounce container of orange juice costs $3.60. Which is the better buy?

Video Download 19. DOWNLOAD Your computer displays the progress

of a downloading video. What fraction of the video
Progress... 5 : ¢
is downloaded? Write your answer in simplest form.
Trae en bail Fe ofl6MBcopied | 20. GLASSES Ina class of 20 students, 40% are boys.
pipes ro Twenty-five percent of the boys and 50% of the girls
wear glasses. How many students wear glasses?

242 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 ee ee

B® Standards Aceccement
ee UU eS aaah
Lisi Ls al

. What is the value of the expression below?

(6.NS. 1)

Ge
Qi,

Bas Deo2a,

2. Which fraction is not equivalent to 25%?

(6.RP3c)

FE a H. ,
4 20

G2 25
"5 " 100

3. The school store sells 4 pencils for $0.50. At that rate,

what would be the cost of 10 pencils? (6.RP3b)

A. $1.10 C. $2.00

B. $1.25 D. $5.00

4. Which expression is equivalent to the expression below? (6.EE.4)

2(m + n)

F. 2m
X 2n Here) a. 7)

Ge ciieae |. Camere
+ 1)

5. Aservice club wants to buy tickets to a baseball game. Tickets are

available for the grandstand and for the bleachers.

Grandstand Bleachers
Ticket Ticket
$25 S15

Which expression represents the total cost, in dollars, for g grandstand

tickets and b bleachers tickets? (6.EE.2a)
A. 375(g+ b) C. 25g+ 15b
J B. 40(gx b) D. 25gx 15b
Standards Assessment 243
 6. What property was used to simplify the expression? (6.EE.3)

12 xX 47 = 12 X (40 + 7)
=12x40+12x7
= 480
+ 84
= 564

F. Distributive Property

G. Identity Property of Addition

H. Commutative Property of Addition

I. Associative Property of Multiplication

7 Whatisd5% of 36% WGIRP3SC)

8. If5 dogs share equally a bag of dog treats, each dog gets 24 treats.
Suppose 8 dogs share equally the bag of treats. How many treats
does each dog get? (6.RP3b)

A. 3 C21

Bats D. 38

9. The figure below consists of a rectangle and aright triangle. (6.G.1)

What is the area of the shaded region?

F. 23 units? H. 48 units”

G. 40 units* I. 60 units?

244 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 reer RRDESRY

. What is the area, in square inches, 1

of the trapezoid-shaped award?
(6.G.1)

11 . Your friend evaluated an expression using k = 0.5 and p = 1.6 and got an
answer of 12. Which expression did your friend evaluate? (6.EE.2c)

A. 5p + 8k C. 0.5k + 1.6p
B. 8p + 5k D. 0.8k + 0.5p

. Fora party, you made a gelatin dessert in a rectangular pan and cut the
dessert into equal-sized pieces as shown below.

The dessert consisted of 5 layers of equal height. Each layer was a

different flavor, as shown below by a side view of the pan. (6.RP3c)

Your guests ate :of the pieces of the dessert.

Part A Write the amount of cherry gelatin eaten by your guests as a

fraction of the total dessert. Justify your answer.

Part B Write the amount of cherry gelatin eaten by your guests as a

percent of the total dessert. Justify your answer.

Standards Assessment 245

integers ana the —

" Gomparingjand Ordering Integers)

Fractions and Decimalsjon
the Number Line
Absolute Value
The) Goordinate Plane 4

Help! Ican't
S€e where

“Don’t worr
y. At negati
ve 29 miles
Still per
i under the Speed limit.” hour, we’re
3

That's not the

only thing that
is Missing.

“Dear Sir: You asked

me
to ‘find’ the Opposite
of —],” “I didn’t know it was
missing.”
 at You
first

Vnat You
4

Learned Before
@ Ordering Decimals (4.v¢.7)
- Example 1 Use a number line to order 0.25, 1.15, 0.2,
and 0.34 from least to greatest.
0:2 (0:25) (0:34
Vt /
ORBO sO.2m 0230.40.55 0/6N 05/2 018019 mlLOmet leale2uales

Try It Yourself
Use a number line to order the numbers from least to greatest.
a1, DAZ 0240.5 2.21.05, 0955057 5.01.01

Comparing Numbers (5.Net.3b)

Complete the number sentence with <, >, or =.
Example 2 10 ene 15 Example 3 0.875 Ai :

On a number line, 10 is closer 0.975 — 22 = B= 125 _ 7

to zero than 15. 1000 1000+125 8

ae SOU 15. “3+ So, 0.875 = -.

Example 4 Find three numbers that make the number sentence 1 < BM true.

‘+ Sample answer: 1=, >,2

Try It Yourself
Complete the number sentence with <, >, or =.

4. 4.5 = 5. 3.18 Me 3.2

Find three numbers that make the number sentence true.

6. <i 7. > i 8. 0.75

> ae
 6.1 Integers
PEELED DEEL a ee

; N ® . N LJ)

Essential Qu BS’ ion How can you represent numbers that are
less than 0?

- Reading Thermometers
Work with a partner. The thermometers show the temperatures in four cities.
Honolulu, Hawaii Anchorage, Alaska
Death Valley, California Seattle, Washington
Write each temperature. Then match each temperature with its most
appropriate location.
a. b. C. d.
oF 3 oF oF aa oF

120 —=} 120s 120 3} 120 ==

nl =| | =| | = |
100 =|) 100 —S} 100 —s| f 100
= a = =3) 5
80 —S 80 —S| 80S : 80 |
eos coe | oo =| 60—= |
40 = 40S 40—= 4 =
20 == 20 = : 20 a 20 =
= | a =)
OTe aa | Os =| |
=. =) = =)
-20 = -20 —=ii -20 S| -20 S|
—40 wie —40 = | —40 _= 4 —40 = [

/} sd ) @
bd >
wo |
|

e. How would you describe all the temperatures in relation to 0°F? |

ACTIVITY: Describing a Temperature

ComMoN ;
CORE Work with a partner. The thermometer shows the coldest oF a
Integers temperature ever recorded in Seattle, Washington. 120
sesso Cu sil
© understand positive
a. What is the temperature? 100 el
ie
and negative integers b. How do you write temperatures that are colder than this? ee |
and use them to describe =i
reatlife citations. c. Suppose the record for the coldest temperature in 60a)
° sist ates ona Seattle is broken by 10 degrees. What is the new coldest 403
Pee temperature? Draw a thermometer that shows the new =
Learning Standards 2 =
6.NS.5 coldest temperature. ; =
soa d. How is the new coldest temperature different from the =
temperatures in Activity 1?
| —
ye)oO ,|
oO

248 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 Work with a partner.
Math
Practice a. Copy and complete the number line using whole numbers only.
Maintain
Oversight
How does this
activity help you
represent numbers ° i i iit a i a
less than 0?

b. Fold the paper with your number line around 0 so that the lines overlap.
Make tick marks on the other side of the number line to match the tick
marks for the whole numbers.

c. STRUCTURE Compare this number line to the thermometers from

Activities 1 and 2. What do you think the new tick marks represent?
How would you label them?

What Is Your Answ

} ’ am UF, , VY

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you represent numbers that are less than 02
5. Describe another real-life example that
A
uses numbers that are less than 0. 120
6. REASONING How are the temperatures at[o)(=)

shown by the thermometers at the right © (oe)

similar? How are they different?

7. WRITING The temperature in a town on L oO

Thursday evening is 25°E On Sunday

pe)
morning, the temperature drops below 0°F,
Write a story to describe what may have oO
(oo)

happened in the town. Be sure to include | ye)S&S | pe)iS

the temperatures for each day. Liviipetnakeielh | £ MRT

| A [o) tionaieanieaaiiuenin (=)
ET

Practice
Use what you learned about positive and negative numbers to
complete Exercises 4—7 on page 252.

Section 6.1 Integers 249

6.1. Lesson
Positive
Ep Reed Pe
Posi ive)
eee RES
numo
SEP
ers are greater than 0. They can be written with or without a
Key Vocabulary s@ ) positive sign (+).
ce aa ay 5 6) 10,000

negative numbers, mbers are less than 0. They are written with a negative sign (—).
pe 250 = 2) — 10,000
opposites, p. 250
Two numbers that are the same distance from 0 on a number line, but on
integers, p. 250
opposite sides of 0, are called opposites. The opposite of 0 is 0.

G@° Key Idea

The Meaning Integers
of a Word Words Integers are the set of whole numbers and their opposites.
Graph | opposites |
Opposite
When you sit across
from your friend at
negative integers positive integers
the lunch table,
you sit opposite Zero is neither negative nor positive.
your friend.

'>eN JE 4 Writing Positive and Negative Integers

Write a positive or negative integer that represents the situation.

a. Acontestant gains 250 points on a game show.
Gains indicates a number greater than 0. So, use a positive integer.

52) 200,000)

b. Gasoline freezes at 40 degrees below zero.

Below zero indicates a number less than 0. So, use a negative
integer.

20

@ On Your Own
i y Write a positive or negative integer that represents the situation.
Exercises 8-13 1. Ahiker climbs 900 feet up a mountain.
2. You have a debt of $24.
3. Astudent loses 5 points for being late to class.
4 A savings account earns $10.

250 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane @) Multi-Language Glossary at sides
 EXAMPLE (2) MGeyoihr mies acs ss
Graph each integer and its opposite.
a. 3

f ais iheesme distance from 0 as 3.

Reading
You can think of the
negative sign (—) as b. —2 Graph —2.
referring to the }
opposite of a number. ores

In Example 2(b), you =e Sth Sep ae 0 | 2 3 4 5

can read —2 as “the aS
opposite of 2.” (2 is the same distance from 0 as —2. |

DON 2e-8 3 Real-Life Application

You deliver flowers to an office building. You enter at ground level and
go down 2 floors to make the first delivery. Then you go up 7 floors to
make the second delivery.
a. Write an integer that represents each position.
Position Integer
You enter at ground level. 0
You go down 2 floors. as
You go up 7 floors. +7
: : You go up seven
b. Write an integer that represents a
‘| ales (iy
how you return to ground level. a ae
Use a number line to model your
movement, as shown.
as
NIC

The second delivery is on the fifth

floor. You must go down 5 floors You enter at
to return to ground level. ground level. y
:+ The integer representing yom Ae
“down 5 floors” is —5. gies CoN)
two floors (—2).

@ On Your Own
: Graph the integer and its opposite.
Exercises 16-23 < 5. 6 6. —4 7B 8. 1

9. WHAT IF? In Example 3, you go up 9 floors to make the

second delivery. Write an integer that represents how you
return to ground level.

Section 6.1 Integers 251

6.1. Exercises. Check. It, Out, .
Help with Homework
BigldeasMath

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY Which of the following numbers are integers?

§=4,1, —9: 1.75, 22

2. OPEN-ENDED Describe a real-life example that you can represent by — 1200.
3. VOCABULARY List three words or phrases used in real life that indicate
negative numbers.

Practice and Problem Solving

Graph the number that represents the situation on a number line.
4. A football team loses 3 yards. 5. The temperature is 6 degrees below zero.
6. A person climbs 600 feet up amountain. 7. You earn $15 raking leaves.

Write a positive or negative integer that represents the situation.

@ 8. You withdraw $42 from an account. 9. An airplane climbs to 37,500 feet.

10. The temperature rises 17 degrees. 11. You lose 56 points in a video game.
12. A ball falls 350 centimeters. 13. You receive 5 bonus points in class.

14. STOCK MARKET A stock market gains 83 points. The next day, the stock
market loses 47 points. Write each amount as an integer.
15. SCUBA DIVING The world record for scuba diving is 318 meters below sea
level. Write this as an integer.

Graph the integer and its opposite.

@ 16. -5 17 ae 18. 14 19. 9
20. 30 215-150 2250372 23. 400

24. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in describing

positive integers.

x The positive integers are O,1,2,3,....

25. TEMPERATURE The highest temperature in February is 25°F The lowest

temperature in February is the opposite of the highest temperature. Graph
both temperatures.

252 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

Identify the integer represented by the point on the number line.
26. A 27. B PRP 29,-D

30. TIDES Use the information below.

e Low tide is 1 foot below the average

water level.
e High tide is 5 feet higher than
low tide.
Write an integer that represents the
average water level relative to high tide. |

31. REPEATED REASONING Choose any positive integer. aie

a. Find the opposite of the integer. b. Find the opposite of the integer in part (a)
c. Whatcan you conclude about the opposite of the opposite of the integer?
Is this true for all integers? Use a number line to justify your answer.
d. Describe the meaning of —(—(-—6)). Find its value.

S25 In a game of tug-of-war, a team wins by pulling the flag

over its goal line. The flag begins at 0. During a game, the flag moves
8 feet to the right, 12 feet to the left, and 13 feet back to the right. Dida
team win? Explain.

w
£
oO
°
UO

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Order the numbers from least to greatest. (Skills Review Handbook)

Sane8’ 2’ as 34. 4.5, 4.316, 4.32, 4.312

84
35. MULTIPLE CHOICE The height of a statue is 276 inches. What is the height of the
statue in meters? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth. (Section 5.7)

() 1.09m 7e0dsn CC) 108.66m ©) 701.04m

Section 6.1 Integers 253

 6.2. ComparingandOrdering Integers
») } 1%
eSssent ial Question How can you use a number line
to order real-life events?

LW
FAN IVITY: Secondsto Takeoff
Work with a partner. You are listening
to acommand center before the liftoff
of a rocket.

You hear the following:

“T minus 10 seconds ... go for main
engine start...T minus9...8...
The eine oan BOGS wirto emo loin
we have liftoff.”

Rocket clears Launch Main engine start

launchpad tower verification

16 seconds before 3 seconds before

6 seconds after liftoff liftoff liftoff

Rocket topping
sequence complete

COMMON . 110 seconds before 90 seconds before

J CORE liftoff liftoff
Integers
In this lesson, you will
@ use anumber line
to compare positive
and negative integers.
@ use a number line to a. Drawa number line. Then locate the events shown above at appropriate
order positive and points on the number line.
negative integers
for real-life situations. b. Which event occurs at zero on your number line? Explain.
Learning Standard . :
fac c. Which of the events occurs first? Which of the events occurs last?
6.NS.7a How do you know?
6.NS.7b
d. List the events in the order they occurred.

254 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 Work with a partner.
a. Use a number line to show that the phrase “3 seconds away from liftoff”
can have two meanings.
Reword the phrase “3 seconds away from liftoff” in two ways so that each
meaning is absolutely clear.
Explain why you must be very careful with terminology if you are working
in the command center for a rocket launch.

ACTIVITY: A Day. in the Life of an Astronaut

A oxnh Treo

Make a time line that shows a day

Math
in the life of an astronaut. Use the
Practice oe
Internet or another reference source
Recognize the
to gather information.
Usefulness of
Tools
e Usea number line with units
Which sources
would give you representing hours. Start at 12 hours
the most accurate before liftoff and end at 12 hours
information? How after liftoff. Locate the liftoff at 0.
do you know Assume liftoff occurs at noon.
you can trust
the information Include at least five events before
you find? liftoff, such as when the astronauts
ROR MEARS A
suit up.
Include at least five events after liftoff, such as when the rocket enters
Earth’s orbit.

e How do you determine where each event occurs on the number line?

What Is Your Answer?

IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use a number line to order
real-life events?
5. Describe how you can use a number line to create a time line.

Use what you learned about number lines to complete

Exercises 4-7 on page 258.

Section 6.2 Comparing and Ordering Integers 255

6.2 Lesson
BigIldea
On a horizontal number line, numbers to the left are less than numbers to
the right. Numbers to the right are greater than numbers to the left.

aN 28-8 1) _ Comparing Integers on a Horizontal Number Line

Compare 2 and —6.

| Graph 2.

“t+ 2 is to the right of —6. So, 2 > —6.

On a vertical number line, numbers below are less than numbers above.
Numbers above are greater than numbers below.

>eN [18-8 2 . Comparing Integers on a Vertical Number Line

Compare —5 and —3.

me 5 iS: DelOW =5200) 5:5 =a: Sra Cellet

=6

@ On Your Own
NOWaOU're Reg4 Copy and complete the statement using < or >.
@ Exercises 4-11”
1. of-4 2, —5 (is 3. -8{))-7

EXAMPLE ( 8) eeOcelsailem eyes

Order —4, 3, 0, —1, —2 from least to greatest.

Graph each integer on a number line.

-§ -4 -3 -2 -1 60 1 2 3 4S

Write the integers as they appear on the number line from left to right.

::+ So, the order from least to greatest is —4, —2, —1, 0, 3.

256 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 DON Je- 4 Reasoning with Integers
A number is greater than —8 and less than 0. What is the greatest
possible integer value of this number?

@ -10 (Bez Oral ar

The number is greater than —8 and less than 0. So, the number must be
to the right of —8 and to the left of 0 on a horizontal number line.
In Example 4, you can |
ee. | The number is
eliminate Choices A and | oe Shea ae.
D because —10 is to the |
leftof-Sand2isto | ———>—_ + +++ + + + HH
the right of 0. 10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Sa aetna The greatest possible integer value between —8 and 0 is the integer
farthest to the right on the number line between these values, which

EXAMPLE Real-Life Application

Wallops The diagram shows the coldest ee a Sera
°F island recorded temperatures for 2 OS hash sl and: O°F,
=1 several cities in Virginia. ynchburg Richmond:
ae
= a. Which city has the . J ie a od
ore a3)
-3 -@ Norfolk poldestrecorded Roanoke: —11°F ae -
temperature? —3°F
=f a eee Senay

: Graph each integer on a vertical number line.

Be “t+ —12 is the lowest on the number line. So, Richmond

has the coldest recorded temperature.
-7
_8 b. Has a negative Fahrenheit temperature ever been recorded on
: Wallops Island? Explain.

=i Lynchburg -> The coldest recorded temperature on Wallops Island is 0°F,

which is greater than every negative temperature. So, a negative
—11 Roanoke
temperature has never been recorded on Wallops Island.
—12 Richmond
@ On Your Own
No Te Reac, Order the integers from least to greatest.
ON eercises 14-19 Ae? Oy ela Pye ibaa omar
and 22
6. In Example 4, what is the least possible integer value of
the number?
7. In Example 5, Norfolk recorded a new record low last night.
The new record low is greater than the record low in Lynchburg.
What integers can represent the new record low in Norfolk?

Section 6.2 Comparing and Ordering Integers 257

6.2 Exercises
Kiel AA A NADA RA

GvVocabulary and Concept Check |

Explain how to use a number OEP CO
. WRITING
line to compare two integers.

2. REASONING The positions of four fish

are shown.

a. Use red, blue, yellow, and green dots

to graph the positions of the fish on a
horizontal number line and a vertical
number line.
b. Explain how to use the number lines
from part (a) to order the positions |
from least to greatest.
3. NUMBER SENSE a and bare negative integers. <—
—-—__ >
Compare a and b. Explain your reasoning. a b

Practice and Problem Solving

Copy and complete the statement using < or >.

@O® 4.3/0 5, —2 io 6.
s. -1 9. -7 fi -s 10. —3 i -2 1
ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in comparing the negative numbers.
12. Batis:
xX Compare —3 and —1. | 4 Compare —7 and —3.
3>1.S0, -3>-1. : Because —7<—3, —7istothe —
. right of -Z3onanumber line.

Order the integers from least to greatest.

3) 14 2OR= Bish 3 15S S42 32h) 16, =2, 3-3, 2-454

ADs ices Opec 1877.10 310530 ee 30 een 0) ae Re— tay ea Mee 2S

20. ARCHAEOLOGY An archaeologist discovers the

two artifacts shown.
a. What integer represents ground level?
b. A dinosaur bone is found 42 centimeters below
ground level. Is it deeper than both of the artifacts?

21. TEMPERATURE The freezing temperature of nitrogen

is —210°C, and the freezing temperature of oxygen is
— 223°C. Which temperature is colder?

258 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

® 22. REASONING A number is between —2 and —10. What is the least possible
integer value of this number? What is the greatest possible integer value of
this number?

Tell whether the statement is always,

sometimes, or never true. Explain.
23. A positive integer is greater than
its opposite.

24. An integer is less than its opposite

and greater than 0.

25. ELEVATION The table shows the highest

and lowest elevations for five states.

a. Order the states by their highest Arkansas 2,753 55

elevations, from least to greatest. California 14,494 —282
b. Order the states by their lowest Florida 345 0
elevations, from least to greatest. Louisiana 535 8
c. What does the lowest elevationfor Tennessee 6,643 178
Florida represent?

26. NUMBER LINE PointA is on a number line halfway between —17 and 5. Point
B is halfway between point A and 0. What integer does point B represent?

27. TEMPERATURE Eleven Fahrenheit temperatures are shown on a map during

a weather report. When the temperatures are ordered from least to greatest,
the middle temperature is below 0°F. Do you know exactly how many of the
temperatures are represented by negative numbers? Explain.

28. = Puzzle 2 Nine students choose integers. Here are seven of them:
oe 610 .—1,-— 1220 ands.

a. When all nine integers are ordered from least to greatest, the middle
integer is 1. Describe the integers chosen by the other two students.
b. When all nine integers are ordered from least to greatest, the middle
integer is -3. Describe the integers chosen by the other two students.

cA; Fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Graph the decimal on anumber line. (Skills Review Handbook)
29. 2.4 3090123 31;..0.65 322:45

33. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the area 9 ft

of the trapezoid? (Section 4.3)
4.2 ft
@ 6.3 ft? 44,1 ft?
©) 50.4 ft? (D). 882i 12 ft

Section 6.2 Comparing and Ordering Integers 259

 Fracuions and Decimals
rc
]
On tHe NoMper Line

,& hl Avs. ; > eX ;

Essential Q . estion How can you use a number line to compare

positive and negative fractions and decimals?

ly ACT, IVITN: Locating Fractions on a Number Line

On your time line for “A Day in
the Life of an Astronaut” from ee ee es
Activity 3 in Section 6.2, include 3 i l ‘ u 2 :
the following events. Represent Noon
each using a fraction or a
mixed number.

a. Radio Transmission: 10:30 a.m. b.

c. Physical Exam: 4:45 a.m. d. Photograph Taken: 3:15 a.m.

COMMON
CORE
Fractions and Decimals : ;
In this lesson, you will e. Float in the Cabin: 6:20 p.m.
@ understand positive
and negative numbers
and use them to describe
real-life situations.
e graph numbers ona
number line.
Learning Standards
6.NS.5
6.NS.6a
6.NS.6c
6.NS.7a
6.NS.7b

260 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 = oe ry,
2 ACTIVITY: “
Fractions and Deci1mals on a Number Line
Work with a partner. Find a number that is between the two numbers.
Math
Practice The number must be greater than the green number and less than the
' blue number.
Make a Plan |
How can you find a. 2 1
anumber between 3 3
two given numbers? eg ge eee
| / = 2 a 0 1 2 3

ACTIVITY: Decimals on a Number Line

Work with a partner.
Snorkeling: Scuba diving: Deep-sea diving:
me UICteIsS —50 meters —700 meters

a. Write the position of each diver in kilometers.

CHOOSE TOOLS Would a horizontal or a vertical
number line be more appropriate for representing
these data? Why?
c. Use anumber line to order the positions from deepest to shallowest.

What Is Your Answer?

i ) D) I \ Sy a. ' a) a SW A)

4. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you use a number line to compare positive
and negative fractions and decimals?
5. Draw a number line. Graph and label three values between —2 and —1.

a Use what you learned about fractions and decimals on a number

» Practice line to complete Exercises 4 and 5 on page 264.

Section 6.3 Fractions and Decimals on the Number Line 261

 Check. It Out.
esson Tutorials
BigIdeasMath
In Section 6.1, you learned that integers can be negative. Fractions and
decimals can also be negative.

2 Ane?

oie : 3
mr is the same distance from 0 as a: |

ba 6 Graph —1.6.

P20) Ald) 12 =O OF 0) OE OSS 1) AW

ela
1.6 is the same distance from 0 as —1.6. |

@ On Your Own
wre ee Graph the number and its opposite.
Exercises 6-9 1 4
1. 2- 2 ie 3D) Awe o2 5

1
a. Compare —— and — a b. Compare 42 and —4,
2 4 6 6

3 Be 42 1 |

—+—e—_# ++ <+ >» +++ #4 +-

Bayete) pee Tt gon Agooat
g eee
4 2 4 OG. doe mae Pernas

ie : 3) ne
——is to the right of ——;
7
—4— is to the left of —4-.1
4 6 6
; 1 3 . 5 1
°
ote So, ——> 5 aa 4 5
ose 00; ee 4Ne ee 4.
i ey

262 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 ON a a 3 Comparing Decimals .
Compare —3.08 and —3.8.

(Graph — 38) (Graph —3.08,)

—_——— >_+—- Y—\\ + eo +
At oie) Sis) shy) Shs), shi) e}yl —eych eeche) Sch] 6)

—3.08 is to the right of —3.8.

s+ So, —3.08 > —3.8.

EXAMPLE 4 __Real-Life Application

A Chinook wind is a warm mountain wind that can cause rapid

temperature changes. The table shows three of the greatest
temperature drops ever recorded after a Chinook wind occurred.
On which date did the temperature drop the fastest? Explain.

DISSIPATING CLOUDS
January 10, 1911 -3=°F per minute ©
14,000 ft
November 10, 1911 -3°F per minute

January 22, 1943 -22F per minute

3000 ft

—3 = is farthest to the left.

-;+ So, the temperature dropped the fastest on January 10, 1911.

@ On Your Own
No Y re 'e id
Copy and complete the statement using < or >.
Exercises
and 20-23
10-18
és -1-M-1- 7. -05 filles
Meno
8. WHAT IF? In Example 4, a temperature change of =e F per minute
is recorded. How does this temperature change compare with the
other temperature changes? Explain.

Section 6.3 Fractions and Decimals on the Number Line 263

6.3. Exercises Check.It, Ou |

G Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. NUMBER SENSE Which statement is not true?

a. Onanumber line, -2- is to the left of -25,

b. Yd is less than 25h

3 6
Hh 2
c. —2-—is greater than —2-.
6 3
: De, il
d. Onanumber line, Bos is to the left of =e

2. NUMBER SENSE Is a negative decimal always, sometimes, or never equal to a

positive decimal? Explain.
. NUMBER SENSE Ona number line, is —2.06 or —2.6 farther to the left?

Practice and Problem Solving

Find a fraction or mixed number that is between the two numbers.
4. une) et 5: -22 25

>
ie aee —
Noa
Se ee
=> Sp 4 0 1 2 3 =. = =i 0 1 2 3

Graph the number and its opposite. |

@ «.2 oe A See 9. 2.15

3 4 |

Copy and complete the statement using < or >.

@ ® 10. -3,1 is: 2 1

1. -—-- 1
12) -
3 5
i;

13. 2;2 i -2-1 14. 15 iF3 15. -4.6| —4.8

16. —0.12 —0.05 17. 2.41

fl —3.16 18. —3.524)
| —3.542

19. SAND DOLLARS In rough water, a small sand dollar

1
burrows aes centimeter into the sand. A larger sand
\ aa dollar burrows — 7 centimeters into the sand. Which

sand dollar burrowed farther2

264 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 Order the numbers from least to greatest.
33 2 1
4 ieTa DesoR lykale
Pcie ly aya sere
7H a
1 5
ear a Oe
3

2203-2, 1.8, 0h eS 23. —4, —4.35, -4.9, —5, -4.3

24. STARS The apparent magnitude of a star measures how bright the star appears as seen
from Earth. The brighter the star, the lesser the number. Which star is the brightest?

Star Alpha Centauri Antares Canopus Deneb | Sirius

Apparent Magnitude = —0.27

hue

0.96 aie? 125 |°—1.46

25. LOWTIDE The daily water level is recorded for seven

TIDE ony straight days at a tide station on the Big Marco River in
i Florida. On which days is the water level higher than on
PIER— ccc the previous day? On which days is it lower?

Dey Sun. |Mon. | Tues.

26. PROBLEM SOLVING A guitar tuner allows you to tune a guitar string to its
correct pitch. The units on a tuner are measured in cents. The units tell
you how far the string tone is above or below the correct pitch.

What number on the tuner represents a correctly tuned guitar string?

Which strings have a pitch below the correct pitch?
Which string has a pitch closest to its correct pitch?
Which string has a pitch farthest from its correct pitch?
hae
ea The tuner is rated to be accurate to within 0.5 cent of the
true pitch. Which string could possibly be correct?
Number wv Peo xen tak ;
27: What integer values of x make the statement a4 true?

Fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Graph the integer and its opposite. (Section 6.1)
238-7 29. 40 30. 100 3115

32. MULTIPLE CHOICE You pay $48 for 8 pounds of chicken. Which is an
equivalent rate? (Section 5.3)

(A) $44 for 4 pounds $28 for 4 pounds

(©) $15 for 3 pounds @®) $30 for 5 pounds

Section 6.3 Fractions and Decimals on the Number Line 265

 phic Organizer, /4
5
4
Barden uate
‘ You can use a summary triangle to explain a concept. Here is an example of a summary
; triangle for integers.

Definition: The set of

whole numbers and
their opposites

3 1 1 Zz 3

Examples: —5, —2, O, and 4 are integers.

On Your Own
i 4 ( ‘J ‘a \

Make summary triangles to help you

study these topics.
1. positive integers

2. negative integers
3. Opposites

After you complete this chapter, make

summary triangles for the following topics.
4. absolute value

5. coordinate plane
6. origin “Pm posting my new summary triangle
on my daily blog. Do you think it will
7. quadrants get me more hits?”

266 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

6.1-6.3 Quiz
Brogrege check” l
BigIdeasMath &
Write a positive or negative integer that represents the situation. (Section 6.1)
1. The price of a stock goes up $2. 2. You descend 15 feet.

Graph the integer and its opposite. (Section 6.1)

Sh as 4. -3

Copy and complete the statement using < or >. (Section 6.2)
5. —5 Bo 6. -7//)-9
Order the integers from least to greatest. (Section 6.2)
Toy 2 OEM es SOMO oy ONT

Graph the number and its opposite. (Section 6.3)

3
9. =: 10 al.1.4

Copy and complete the statement using < or >.

(Section 6.3)

11. - 2 a -2- 12.

13. ROLLER COASTER At the top ofa roller coaster
hill, you are 210 feet above ground. At the bottom
of the hill, you are 15 feet above ground. Write an
integer that represents the change in height from
the top to the bottom. (Section 6.1)

14. PLANETS The table shows the average surface temperatures of four planets.
Which planet is the coldest? Explain. (Section 6.2)

Jupiter Neptune

15. STOCK The table shows the changes in the value

of a stock over several days. Order the numbers l |
from least to greatest. (Section 6.3) 2 | 0.26
©) —0.45
4 | 0.37

Sections 6.1-6.3 Quiz 267

 Essential Question
Re?
How can you describe how far an object is
from sea level?

Work with a partner. Write an integer that represents the elevation of each
object. How far is each object from sea level? Explain your reasoning.

MOCO S (4
°
STIS
f

b. Seaplane ————————_> ——

¢: bald cacle=—— »

d. Leatherback turtle———— |
cH Whee lalla) == =

f. Whale - canal meters

—3000 meters

g. Jason Jr.—H—_»>»
COMMON h. Alvin —>
' CORE —5000 meters
Absolute Value
In this lesson, you will
—6000 meters
e find the absolute value
of numbers.
@ use absolute value to
compare numbers in : :
Raiko —7000 meters
real-life situations.
Learning Standards
—8000 meters
6.NS.7c
6.NS.7d

268 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 Finding a Distance
Work with a partner. Use the diagram in Activity 1.
a. What integer represents sea level?
b. The vessel Kaiko ascends to the same depth as the U.S.S. Dolphin. About
how many meters did Kaiko travel? Explain how you found your answer.
c. The vessel Jason Jr. descends to the same depth as the Alvin. About how
many meters did Jason Jr. travel? Explain how you found your answer.
d. REASONING Which pairs of objects are the same distance from sea level?
How do you know?
e. REASONING An airplane is the same distance from sea level as the Kaiko.
How far is the airplane from sea level?

iB) | y: Oceanography
Project

Work with a partner. Use the Internet or some other resource to write a report
Math that describes two ways in which mathematics is used in oceanography.
Practice
Use Technology Here are two possible ideas. You can use one or both ofthese, or you can use
to Explore other ideas.
How can you find
more information
on oceanography?
What information
is useful to
your report?

Diving Bell Mine Neutralization Vehicle

} . eo jy
f fl i) (eg AN 9 hme VY
UY
DJ)
I Gow
oF ES) Sy
ea: | J)
7S @)

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you describe how far an object is from
sea level?
5. PRECISION In Activity 1, an object has an elevation of —7500 meters. Is
—7500 greater than or less than —7000? Does this object have a depth
greater than or less than 7000 meters? Explain your reasoning.

eee : Use what you learned about elevation and sea level to complete
Practice’ Exercises 4—6 on page 272.

Section 6.4 Absolute Value 269

6.4 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials.
BigIdeasMath X

Key Vocabulary s@)

absolute value,
p. 270
absolute value of a number is the distance between
the number and 0on a number line. The absolute value
of anumber ais written as |a].

Numbers 22 22

2 units 2 units

DON Jes | Finding Absolute Value

a. Find the absolute value of 3.

Graph 3 on a number line. |

a ER Rw a Ir os) me =
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
PK
The distance between 3 and 0 is 3.

b. Find the absolute value of -2-.

Graph -24 on a number line.

++ +++ +>
—
=A 3 £5) =4) 0 1

ae
The distance between -23 and 0 is 25.

@ On Your Own
, Find the absolute value.
Or aes . 4. |8 | 2. |-6| 3. |0 |

4. =]
1
5 75
1
|-12.9|

270 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane 1@) Multi-Language Glossary at siceae
 > ONE 2) Comparing Values

Compare 2 and |5 |.

Graph 2 on a number ine. (Graph |—5| = 5 ona number ine.

se
=
eae
0 1
Se 3 RE
4 5
erry
6

€ is to the leftof |—5 )

*+ So, 2<|—5].

tgs) On Your Own

Qu’re Reg Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.
Exercises 172
8. —5 | 5|
10. 3.9 |-3.9|
senor

The table shows the elevations of several animals.

Shark = a. Which animal is the deepest? Explain. Seagull: 56

- 50
Sea lion Graph each elevation.
Seagull 56 40

Shrimp ite The lowest elevation represents the animal 30

that is the deepest. The integer that is lowest
Turtle m/e eee 20
on the number line is —65.
10
So, the shrimp is the deepest. ; sea lion: 5
Shark: —4
—10
b. Is the shark or the sea lion closer to sea level?
‘és ca Turtle: —22
an Because sea level is at 0 feet, use absolute values. ~30

Shark: |—4| = 4 Sealion: |5|=5 ~40

; —50
Because 4 is less than 5, the shark is closer
to sea level than the sea lion. TOUR OMe e
Shrimp: —65
~70

@ On Your Own
11. Is the seagull or the shrimp closer to sea level? Explain
your reasoning.

Section 6.4 Absolute Value 271

 _ »
6.4 Exercises
Help with Homework, /4
sonsenaeememmmmsemmenatl BigIdeasMath

G Vocabulary and Concept Check

. VOCABULARY Explain how to find the absolute value of an integer.
2. REASONING Which integer is greater, —50 or 25? Which has the greater
absolute value? Explain.
3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

How far is —3 from 0? What integer is 3 units to the left of 02

What is the absolute value of —3? What is the distance between —3 and 0? ©

Practice and Problem Solving

Use a vertical number line to graph the location of each object. Then tell
which object is farther from sea level.
4. Scuba diver: —15m 5. Seagull: 12m 6. Shark: —40m
Dolphin: —22m School offish: —4m Flag onaship: 32m

Find the absolute value.

@ 7. |-2| g. |23| 9, |—8.35| 10. =
it |-32 | 12a el 13. |14.06| 14. | 68 |
15. REASONING Write two integers that have an absolute value of 10.

16. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the

error in finding the absolute value. x |14| = —-

Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.

@ 17. 6!) |-8| 18. |-3| Bs 19. |-5.5|

| -3.1|
3 2
20. ‘a |--| | 21. |-6.8|
| 8.25 | 22. —12 | 12 |

23. CAVES Three scientists explore a cave. Which scientist is farthest underground?
Scientist A: —48 ft Scientist B: —62 ft Scientist €7= 53 it

MATCHING Match the account balance with the debt that it represents.
Explain your reasoning.
24. account balance = —$25 25. account balance < —$25 26. account balance > —$25
A. debt > $25 B. debt = $25 C. debt < $25

272 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 Order the values from least to greatest.
27. 5,0, ae 2 28. |-3|, |5|, -3, -4, |-4|
29, 102 = 64,9) (3p =11,.0 30. —18, |30|, -19, |-22]|, -20, |-18|
Simplify the expression.
31. |0| 32. —|6| 33. —|-1|
34. ABSOLUTE ZERO The coldest possible temperature
Absolute Zero | is called absolute zero. It is represented by 0 Kon
Thermometers compare Fahrenheit, the Kelvin temperature scale.
Celsius, and Kelvin scales.
100°C ()373K a. Which temperature is closer to 0 K:
Sy FOO Ge
b. What do absolute values and temperatures
on the Kelvin scale have in common?
Tell whether the statement is always, sometimes,
or never true. Explain.
35. The absolute value of a number is greater
than the number.
36. The absolute value of a negative number
is positive.

37. The absolute value of a positive number is

its opposite:

38. PALINDROME A palindrome is a word or sentence that reads the same

forward as it does backward.
a. Graph and label the following points on a number line: A = —2,
C= —1, E=0, R= —3. Then graph and label the absolute value
of each point on the same number line.
b. What word do the letters spell? Is this a palindrome?
Make up your own palindrome.

39. Sod Find values of xand yso that|x|<|y|andx > y.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Draw the polygon with the given vertices in a coordinate plane. (Section 4.4)
40. AQ, 1), BG, 5), C5, 0) 41. D(0,,6), BC, 1), (6, 3)

42. P(2, 1), Q(4, 4), RB, 4), S(6, 1) 43. W(1, 6), XQ, 6), Y(9, 1), Z(4, 1)

44, MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression represents “6 less than the product of
4andanumberx”? (Section 3.2)
@ (6-4)x 6 — 4x a @) 4x-6
Ax

Section 6.4 Absolute Value 273

 6.5 The Coordinate Plane

Essential Question How can you graph and locate points that
contain negative numbers in a coordinate plane?
You have already graphed points and polygons in one part of the coordinate
plane. In Activity 1, you will form the entire coordinate plane:

ACTIVITY: Forming
the Entire Coordinate Plane
Work with a partner.
a. In the middle of a sheet of grid paper, construct a horizontal number line
as shown. Label the tick marks. On a different sheet of grid paper, construct
and label a similar vertical number line.

PL 4 es
or ————)
ee
Ve Se i eee

ts
(ars),
a
| Eolas
mo i an
SS SSS ee

Cut out the vertical number line and tape it on top of the horizontal
number line so that the zeros overlap. Make sure the number lines
are perpendicular to one another. How many regions did you form by
doing this?
REASONING What ordered pair represents the point where the number
lines intersect? Why do you think this point is called the origin? Explain.

ITY: Describing Pointsin the Coordinate Plane

ACTIVI
Le BBW

Work with a partner. Use your perpendicular number lines from Activity 1.
COMMON a. Plot and label (3, 2) on your coordinate plane. Shade this region in your
CORE coordinate plane. What do you notice about the integers along the number
Coordinate Plane lines that surround (3, 2)?
In this lesson, you will bin lat aa A | eaves
5 aLa OR aCe - Can you plota point in your coordinate plane so that it is surrounded by
of points in the negative numbers on the axes? If so, where is this point? Use a different
coordinate plane. color to shade this region in your coordinate plane.
e plot points in the ; ‘
coordinate plane given c. What do you notice about the integers along the number lines for points
ordered pairs. in the regions that are not shaded?
e find distances j
between points in the d. STRUCTURE Describe how you would plot (—3, —2). How is plotting this
coordinate plane. point similar to plotting (3, 2)? Plot (—3, —2) in your coordinate plane.
Learning Standards 5 ;
6.NS.6b e. REASONING Where in your coordinate plane do you plot (2, —4)? Where
es do you plot (—2, 4)? Explain your reasoning.

274 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 Work with a partner. Plot and connect the points to make a picture.
Math
Describe and color the picture when you are done.
Practice
Check Progress 1(6, 9) 2(4, 11) (22) 4(0, 11) 5(— 259)
How can you check 6(—6, 2) Vie Sel) Be le —3) ie) 105748)
your progress to
make sure you are iWSSRs) J2(—4,.—8) 13(—6,— 10) LA( 3) — 9) 15(—37-10)
accurately drawing LG (4 ie) 4 12) el Bl Lh) I9(—2, —12)) 4 Z0G2
the picture?
2a le 22 Lr se 2a 2425.9) 25 (Vo)
26(2, —8) za (2, — 10) 265 11) Z29(1, —12) 30(2;--15)
31 (312) 32(95 11) 33(4, —12) 34(4, —11) 35 (3; 10)
36(3, —8) 37(4, —6) 38(6, 0) SO a0) 40(9, —-1)
41(8, 1) 42(5, 3) 43(3, 6) 44(3, 7) 45(4, 8)

What Is Your Answer?

) >) 4 J) VA 1h wo \ ~J SA

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you graph and locate points that
contain negative numbers in a coordinate plane?

5. Make up your own “dot-to-dot” picture. Use at least 20 points.

Your picture should have at least two points in each region of the
coordinate plane.

: Use what you learned about the coordinate plane to complete

Practice Exercise 4 on page 279.

Section 6.5 The Coordinate Plane 275

6.5 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials ,_/
BigIdeasMath
Previously, you plotted points with positive coordinates. Now you will plot
Key Vocabulary 1@) points with positive and negative coordinates.
coordinate plane,
p. 276 1) we a y, 1
;
origin, p. 276 Gc Key Idea
quadrants, p. 276
The Coordinate Plane

ce inate planeis formed by the intersection of a horizontal

number line and a vertical number line. The number lines intersect
in andue the coordinate plane into four regions

By 36
fat is The origin is
at (0,
(0, 0).0)

1adrant
IV
aie
An ordered pair is used to locate a point in a coordinate plane.
ordered pair: (4, —2)

EXAMPLE ( { Identifying an Ordered Pair

Which ordered pair corresponds to point T? |
Gy (3,2) (—3,3)
©) G3) (De Gs)
Point Tis 3 units to the right of the origin
and 3 units down. So, the x-coordinate is
3 and the y-coordinate is —3.

“+ The ordered pair (3, —3) corresponds

to point T. The correct answer is CC).

@ On Your Own
NoWetou Te Reg : Use the graph in Example | to write an ordered pair corresponding
Exercises 5-14 to the point.
1; -Pomt P 2. Point Q 3)-Point 4. PointS

276 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane 1) Multi-Language Glossary at sigtacanna thee
 > NI 28- 2 Plotting Ordered Pairs sai
Plot (a) (—2, 3) and (b) (0, —3.5) in a coordinate plane. Describe the
location of each point.
a. Start at the origin. Move 2 units left and 3 units up. Then plot
the point.
-:+ The point is in Quadrant II.

b. Start at the origin. Move 3.5 units down. Then plot the point.
::> The point is on the y-axis.

@ On Your Own
ae Plot the ordered pair in a coordinate plane. Describe the location
Exercises 15-22 ” of the point.
5 (3, =D) 6. (—5,0) a PIG aD) [—15,;]

> Ni 2a-8 3 _ Finding Distances in the Coordinate Plane

An archaeologist divides an area using a coordinate plane in which
each unit represents 1 meter. The corners of a secret chamber are
shown in the graph. What are the dimensions of the secret chamber?
The length of the chamber is the distance between (—4, 5) and (2, 5).
The width of the chamber is the distance between (2, 5) and (2, 1).

You can use absolute values to find the distances between the points.

( Add the absolute values.

al lai (I-41 +[2/=44+2=6
\
Reading !
An archaeologist
studies ancient ruins |5|
and objects to learn
about people and
cultures.

-s> The secret chamber is 6 meters long and 4 meters wide.

@ On Your Own
, 9. In Example 3, the archaeologist finds a gold coin at (—1, 4), a silver
o Exercises see coin at (—4, 2), and pottery at (—4, 4). How much closer is the
pottery to the silver coin than to the gold coin?

Section 6.5 The Coordinate Plane 277

 You can use line graphs to display data that is collected over a period of time.
Graphing and connecting the ordered pairs can show patterns or trends in
the data. This type of line graph is also called a time series graph.

EXAMPLE ( /) BReeve oer

Wait
A blizzard hits a town at midnight. The table shows the hourly
temperatures from midnight to 8:00 A.M.

a. Display the data in a line graph.

Write the ordered pairs.
(0, 7) (1, 5) (2, 3)
(3, 0) (are) (S, —4)
(6) 2) (BF)
Plot and label the ordered pairs.
Then connect the ordered pairs
with line segments.

Fahrenheit)
(degrees
Temperature
. Make three observations
from the graph.
Hours after midnight
The observations given Three possible observations follow:
in Example 4(b) are e The hourly temperatures decrease from midnight to 6:00 a.m.
sample answers. You
can make many other e The hourly temperatures increase from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m.
correct observations.
e The greatest decrease in hourly temperatures from one hour to
the next is 3°E This happens twice: from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and
from 4:00 A.M. to 5:00 a.m.

@ On Your Own
10. In Example 4, the blizzard hits another town at noon. The table
shows the hourly temperatures from noon to 6:00 p.m.

Te de ca teenie |
eF | 7B | sf | ie | ise | ome| o3en
a. Display the data in a line graph.
b. Make three observations from the graph.

278 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

6.
5 Exercises

- VOCABULARY How many quadrants are in a coordinate plane?

2. VOCABULARY Is the point (0, —7) on the x-axis or the y-axis?
3. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which point does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

(—2, 1) (=455) (2, —3) (-1,,3)

GC \7 : = | A
Practice and Problem Solvin g
4. Plot and connect the points to make a picture.
15; 0) a2, ==3) 02,0) 4(0;->2) a(S) 2)
6(—3, 0) 2-332) 8(0, 2) 9(2, 2) 10(2, 3)

Write an ordered pair corresponding to the point.

@ 5. PointA 6. Point B
FAS OEE, 8. PointD
9. Point E 10. PointF
17.) PointG 12. Point H
134 Poms 14. Point]

Plot the ordered pair in a coordinate plane. Describe the location of the point.
24) 15. K(4, 3) 405-(-L) V7 VO = 6) 1SSNG 5,-1.5)

19. P(2, —4) 20. R(—4, 1) 21. s(25, 0] yay erae)

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in the solution.

23: 24.
To plot (4, 5), start at (0, 0) To plot (-6, 3), start at (O, O)
and move 5 units right and and move 6 units right and
4 units up. 3 units down.

Plot the points and find the distance between the points.
(6, -3)
© 25. (2, -3), 26. (4, 2), (4, -1)
27a 1) (alr) 2a Oy ee) ee)

29. (—3, 4), (5, 4) 30. (—2, -4), (-2, )

Section 6.5 The Coordinate Plane 279

 31. REASONING The coordinates of three vertices of a square
are shown in the figure. What are the coordinates of the
fourth vertex?

Draw the figure with the given vertices in a coordinate plane.

Find the perimeter and the area of the figure.
322) D0, 1) BU 2) Ge) G2)
33; 12s, 3), O06; S) SRS: li) a5 eZ} 10)

B45 OW (=3, 2), X(2) 2) eee te)

35. POPULATION The line graph shows the
population of a city from 2005 to 2013.
cu
a. Estimate the population of the city ios
in 2012. 33
: ©

b. Between which two years did the a

. 2. °

population increase the most? 0

20053920075) 2009) 2011) 201 Siar
c. Estimate the total change in Year
population from 2005 to 2013.
36. MODELING The table shows the total miles run through 18 weeks for a
marathon training program.

46 | 72 96 124

ole 8LO 397 437 | 473 506 = 5530 544

a Create a table for the distance run during each week of training.
b. Display the data from part (a) in a line graph.
c. Make three observations from the graph.
d Explain the pattern shown in the graph.
37. PROFITS The table shows the profits of a company from 2007 to 2013.

Srna teesSiaeet
te
O60) 9502) ei 2 0.8 1 =30.6

Display the data in a line graph.

Make three observations from the graph.
What was the total profit from 2007 to 2013?
ts
ih How could you include profits from the years 1990 to 2006 on your graph? Explain.
seep

Describe the possible location(s) of the point (x, y).

38. x>0,y>0 39 OV) 40. x>0,y<0
41. x>0 42. y<0 43. x=0,y=0

280 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 Tell whether the statement is sometimes, always, or never true. Explain your reasoning.
44. The x-coordinate of a point on the x-axis is zero.
45. The y-coordinates of points in Quadrant III are positive.
46. The x-coordinate of a point in Quadrant II has the same sign as the
y-coordinate of a point in Quadrant IV.

ZOO In Exercises 47-51, use the map

of the zoo.
47. Which exhibit is located at (2, 1)? ="
48. Name an attraction on the
positive y-axis.
49. Is parking available in
Quadrant II? If not, name a
quadrant in which you can park.
50. Write two different ordered
pairs that represent the
location of the Rain Forest.

=) Which exhibit is closest to (—8, —3)?

32: NUMBER SENSE Name the ordered pair that is 5 units right and 2 units down
from (—3, 4).
D3. OPEN-ENDED The vertices of triangle ABC are A(—6, --3) and B(2, —3). List four possible
coordinates of the third vertex so that the triangle has an area of 24 square units.

54. Your school is located at (2, —1), which is 2 blocks east and 1 block
south of the center of town. To get from your house to the school, you walk 5
blocks west and 2 blocks north.
a. What ordered pair corresponds to the location of your house?
b. Is your house or your school closer to the center of town? Explain.
c. You can only walk along streets that are north and south or streets that are
east and west. You are at the center of town and decide to take the shortest
path home that passes by the school. When you are at the school, what
percent of the walk home remains?

cs fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Write the phrase as an expression. § (Section 3.2)
55. 4 less than a numbery 56. the product of 18 and a number b

57. a number x increased by 9 58. a number w divided by 3

59. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the ratio

au
of ducks to swans? (Section 5.1) cette
a" ot
CAeAy 9 Ges tam
Zs ite
(65-4 (DB) 529 ya aggid Se

Section 6.5 The Coordinate Plane 281

Exiencion) Reflecting Points im the
6/5) Goordinate\Plane

The red points are mirror images of each other

in the x-axis because the x-coordinates are the
same and the y-coordinates are opposites. So,
the red points are 3 units from the x-axis in
opposite directions. The red points represent
a reflection in the x-axis.
The blue points are mirror images of each other
in the y-axis because the y-coordinates are the same and the x-coordinates
are opposites. So, the blue points are 4 units from the y-axis in opposite
directions. The blue points represent a reflection in the y-axis.

@° Key Idea
Reflecting a Point in the Coordinate Plane
e To reflect a point in the x-axis, use the same x-coordinate and take
the opposite of the y-coordinate.
e To reflect a point in the y-axis, use the same y-coordinate and take
the opposite of the x-coordinate.

EXAMPLE ( {| | Reflecting Points in One Axis

a. Reflect (—2, 4) in the x-axis.

Plot (—2, 4).

To reflect (—2, 4) in the x-axis, use

the same x-coordinate, —2, and take
the opposite of the y-coordinate.
The opposite of 4 is —4.

:t+ So, the reflection of (—2, 4) in

the x-axis is (—2, —4).
| COMMON b. Reflect (—3, —1) in the y-axis.
CORE
Coordinate Plane
PlOt Sct ls
In this extension, you will
To reflect (—3, —1) in the y-axis, use
e understand reflections
of points in the the same y-coordinate, —1, and take
coordinate plane. the opposite of the x-coordinate.
Learning Standard The opposite of —3 is 3.
6.NS.6b

e598 00, theretlection of (—3, in

the y-axis is (3, —1).

282 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 >ONUe- 2 Reflecting a Point in Both Axes
Reflect (2, 1) in the x-axis followed by the y-axis.

Step1: First, plot (2, 1).

Step 2: Next, reflect (2, 1) in the x-axis.

: Use the same x-coordinate, 2, and
Common Error 3 take the opposite of the y-coordinate.
af aay
"When reflecting The opposite of1 is —1.
The point (2,i! 1) reflected in the
eae ee Basen
use the retlected pointio" eee
and not the original X-axis 1s (2, 1).
point.
Step 3: Finally, reflect (2, —1) in the y-axis.
Use the same y-coordinate, —1, and
take the opposite of the x-coordinate.
The opposite of 2 is —2.
The point (2, —1) reflected in the
y-axis is (—2, —1).

“t+ So, (2, 1) reflected in the x-axis followed

by the y-axisis @=2-—1),,

@ Practice
Reflect the point in (a) the x-axis and (b) the y-axis.
Ao, 2) 2. (—4,4) Sa) (=); 6) 4. (4, -7)

a eae Gees 0) 706 AS) 8. [-55,3]

Reflect the point in the x-axis followed by the y-axis.

9. (4,5) 1 ORs sy)
4fentl sere 12;(6.5,-= 1020)
13. REASONING A point is reflected in the x-axis. The reflected point is (3, —9).
What is the original point? What is the distance between the points?

14. REASONING A point is reflected in the y-axis. The reflected point is (5.75, 0).
What is the original point? What is the distance between the points?

15. a. STRUCTURE In Exercises 9-12, reflect the point in the y-axis followed by the
x-axis. Do you get the same results? Explain.

b. LOGIC Make a conjecture about how to use the coordinates of a point to

find its reflection in both axes.

16. GEOMETRY The vertices of a triangle are (—1, 3), (—5, 3), and (—5, 7). How would you
reflect the triangle in the x-axis? in the y-axis? Give the coordinates of the reflected
triangle for each case.

Extension 6.5 Reflecting Points in the Coordinate Plane 283

 Lal _zapn die aus ad paar hee
Reeoceans aod mce Naa kaas

6.4-6.5
a a
uIZ }
il

ies”

Find the absolute value. (Section 6.4)

1. |-12| 20 14

Copy and complete the statement using <, >, Or =.

(Section 6.4)

3. 5 il -9| 4, |—11| [| -10|

Write an ordered pair corresponding to the point.
(Section 6.5)
5. PointA

6. Point B

7. Point GC

8. Point D

Plot the ordered pair in a coordinate plane. Describe the location of the point.
(Section 6.5)

90255) 10. R(1, —4) Te Se 257355) UPS r(0, -15]

Reflect the point in (a) the x-axis and (b) the y-axis. (Section 6.5)

13013) 14, (=2)6)

Reflect the point in the x-axis followed by the y-axis. (Section 6.5)
1535672) 16.7(—457-5)

17. HIKING The table shows the elevations of several "Elevation (feet)
checkpoints along a hiking trail. (Section 6.4) i ip |

a. Which checkpoint is farthest from sea level? 2 38

Which checkpoint is closest to sea level? 3 a8
c. Is Checkpoint 2 or Checkpoint 3 closer to 4 12
sea level? Explain. ke) —142

18. GEOMETRY The points A(-4, 2), B(1, 2), C(1, —1), and
D(-4, -1) are the vertices ofa figure. (Section 6.5)

a. Draw the figure in a coordinate plane.

b. Find the perimeter of the figure.
c. Find the area of the figure.

284 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 BigldeasMath
Review Key Vocabulary
positive numbers, p. 250 integers, p. 250 Origin, p..275
negative numbers, p. 250 absolute value, p. 270 quadrants, p. 276
opposites, p. 250 coordinate plane, p. 276

Review Examples and Exercises

A Gp Integers (pp. 248-253)

Write a positive or negative integer

to represent losing 150 points ina
pinball game.

“Lose” indicates a number less than 0.

So, use a negative integer.

“t+ —150

Exercises
Write a positive or negative integer that represents the situation.
1. An elevator goes down 8 floors. 2. You earn $12.

Graph the integer and its opposite.

Bu 7 4. 13 sy Ose 100

G2, Comparing and Ordering Integers (pp. 254-259)

Order —3, —4, 2,0, —1 from least to greatest.

Graph each integer on a number line.

5 4 3} 2 1 0 1 2 ) 4 5)

Write the integers as they appear on the number line from left to right.

“t+ So, the order from least to greatest is —4, —3, —1, 0, 2.

Exercises
Order the integers from least to greatest.
Hee a Oe | Sima 20 1.0) L054

9. Order the temperatures —3°C, 8°C, —12°C, —7°C, and 0°C from
coldest to warmest.

Chapter Review 285

 GS) Fractions and Decimals on the Number Line (pp. 260-265)

Compare -3- and -3-.

Graph —3 3 7 Graph —3 3 3
—
eee | Ww
s ww N —

-32 is to the left of -3=.

spl soos vicars

8 8

Exercises
Graph the number and its opposite.

10 5
fe 4 (pe Ne T3554 2575

Copy and complete the statement using < or >.

14. -2-Il i -225 15. ai

Il 1
16. ~3.27 (il -2.68

GS Absolute Value (pp. 268-273)

Find the absolute value of —3.

Graph —3 on a number line.

SSE
ENEEEEPEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEnEeneeeeel
Une
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
| eae Ges
——— The distance between —3 and 0 is 3.
7090, 35) 13.

Exercises
Find the absolute value.

ee | | 18. |13| 19. 3S] 20. |—1.34|

Copy and complete the statement using <, > , or =.

21. |-2| M2 22. |4.4| | -2.8 | 1 2

23. |=|Ml -=

286 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 The Coordinate Plane (pp. 274-283)

a. Plot (—3, 0) and (4, —4) in a coordinate plane. Describe the location of
each point.
To plot (—3, 0), start at the origin. Move 3 units left.
Then plot the point.
To plot (4, —4), start at the origin. Move 4 units
right and 4 units down. Then plot the point.
-+ The point (—3, 0) is on the x-axis.
The point (4, —4) is in Quadrant IV.

b. Reflect (2, —3) in the x-axis.

Plo. 3),
To reflect (2, —3) in the x-axis, use the same
x-coordinate, 2, and take the opposite of the
y-coordinate. The opposite of —3 is 3.
*s- So, the reflection of (2, —3) in the x-axis is
(es),

c. Reflect (2, —3) in the y-axis.

Plot (2, =3).

To reflect (2, —3) in the y-axis, use the same

y-coordinate, —3, and take the opposite of the
x-coordinate. The opposite of 2 is —2.
“t+ So, the reflection of (2, —3) in the y-axis is
(-2, -3).

Exercises
Plot the ordered pair in a coordinate plane. Describe the location
of the point.
24. A(1, 3) 25275 (0,3)
26, C42) Zh ed (= Ge)

Reflect the point in (a) the x-axis and (b) the y-axis.
28. (4, 1) 7a: raedCes degee})

30Nh(25-=5) 9 ia Goes) PamaA)

Reflect the point in the x-axis followed by the y-axis.

B22) 33. (=4,:6)

34. (3, —4) Bb (3,3)

Chapter Review 287

6 Chaptertest
Order the integers from least to greatest.
Le OR SZ cowl 4 2: —G3—=3, 5, Ahan

Graph the number and its opposite.

3. 14 4. —40

Bie 6.1.75
3
Find the absolute value.
7. |=7| 8. |-11|
Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.

9. -- a -- 10. 1.55
i -2.46
11. |-6
| i -3 12. —2.5
| 2.5|

Plot the ordered pair in a coordinate plane. Describe the location of the point.
13. J(4, 0) 14. K(—375)

1 yee) 16. M253)

Reflect the point in the x-axis followed by the y-axis.

17 (254) 1S 2n(—- os)

19. POOL A diver is on a springboard that is 3 meters above the

surface of a pool. Another diver is 2 meters below the surface
of the pool.
a. Write an integer for the position of each diver we
relative to the surface of the pool. 3 meters
b. Find the absolute value of each integer.
c. Who is farther from the surface of the pool?

. 20. OPEN-ENDED Two vertices of a triangle are F(1, —4) and

G(6, —4). List two possible coordinates of the third vertex
so that the triangle has an area of 20 square units.

21. MELTING POINT The table shows the melting points (in degrees Celsius) of
several elements. Compare the melting point of mercury to the melting point
of each of the other elements.

‘Element Mercury Radon | Bromine | Cesium | Francium

got cm mel 2

288 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 eet oe

Standards Assessme
raTemeneine

1. What is the value of the expression below

when a= 6,b=5,andc=4? (6.EE.2c)

8a — 3c+5b

A. 11 Geol

Ba O38 D. 107

2. Point Pis plotted in the coordinate

plane below.

Spe
e an
swerjn
yummy
treats1

What are the coordinates of point P? (6.NS.8)

F(=55— 3) Hoo) 5)

G.(-5353) Lolo 3)

3. What is the value of the expression below? (6.NS.1)

8 2

4. Which list of numbers is in order from least to greatest? (6.NS.7)

Are 3,|, (412-6 c. -—6,| -3|,2,|4|

B. —6,|4|,2,|-3| D. —6,2,|-3],|4|

5. Which percent is equivalent ton? (6.RP3c)

F. 20% H. 80%

G. 45% I. 125%

Standards Assessment 289

 6. Which property is illustrated by the statement below? (6.EE.3)

4+(6+n=(4+6)+n

A. Associative Property of Addition

B. Commutative Property of Addition

C. Associative Property of Multiplication

D. Distributive Property

7. You bought 0.875 kilogram of mixed nuts. What "MIXED NUTS |

was the total cost, in dollars, of the mixed nuts sabe per |
that you bought? (6.NS.3) (ee
: r sceseal)

8. On Saturday, you earned $35 mowing lawns. This was x dollars more than
you earned on Thursday. Which expression represents the amount, in dollars,
you earned mowing lawns on Thursday? (6.EE.6)

ey ESSE min 68 8)

Gre 55 [eo Dae

9. Helene was finding the percent of a number in the box below.

75% of 24 is what number?

75%9 of 24 = 24 +AP,i

oe

What should Helene do to correct the error that she made? (6.RP3c)

A. Divide 24 by 75. C. Multiply 24 by 75.

B. Divide ;by 24. D. Multiply 24 by -.

290 Chapter 6 Integers and the Coordinate Plane

 10. In the mural below, the squares that are painted red are marked with
the letter R.

What percent of the mural is painted red? (6.RP3c)

F. 24% H. 48%

G. 25% I. 50%

11. Use grid paper to complete the following. (6.NS.8)

Think
Solve
Explain

Part A Draw an x-axis and a y-axis in the coordinate plane. Then plot
and label the point (2, —3).
Part B Plot and label four points that are 3 units away from (2, —3).

12. Which expression is equivalent to the expression below? =(6.NS. 1)

Standards Assessment 291

 ye
Bert
“
.
ationsjinjOne Variable
‘Equati
Ais

_ &

ai

g Inequalities Using Multiplication

Division ~ | :

W
e Cc(eo)rv 1e = a
“you're \

Can someone cal{

the society for
(rh Srvelty to cats?

\
l

“With the help of

your twin brother,
I think |
have figured it out.” “You weigh 36 dog
biscuits.”
 at You
Learned Before
@ Evaluating Expressions (6.c€.2c)
Example 1 Evaluate 7x + 3y when
: are ina
x=2andy=4. 2: Januar ye
y 2nd, Fo
b, uary 2nd, Pa
ot OV 1 2 Poe Substitute 2 for x and 4 for y.
= 14+ 12 Using order of operations, multiply from left to right.
= 26 Add 14 and 12.

Example 2 Evaluate 5x* — 2(y + 1) + 9 when x = 2 and y=1.

ee 2(y+1)+9= 5212 2014+1)+9 Substitute 2 for

x and 1 for y.

=G(0)) = 2102-9 Using order of operations, evaluate within

the parentheses.
Using order of operations, evaluate
the exponent.
Using order of operations, multiply from
left to right.
Subtract 4 from 20. Add the result to 9.

Try It Yourself
’ 1
Evaluate the expression when a = 5 and b = 7.

1. 6ab 2. l6a—b 3°'3b=2a—9 Ab? = i6a 5

Writing Expressions (6.€€.2a)

Example 3. Write the phrase as an expression.
a. the sum of twice a number 7 and five b. twelve less than four times a number y
2n+5 4y — 12
Try It Yourself
Write the phrase as an expression.
5. six more than three times a number w 6. the quotient of seven and a number p

7. two less than a number ¢ 8. the product of a number x and five

9. five more than six divided byanumberr 10. four less than three times a number b
 7.1 Writing Equations in One Variable

mbit

Essential. Question How does rewriting a word problem help you

solve the word problem?

ACTIVITY: Rewriting a Word Problem

SCREENS
CNRS
Sie
esos,
Si
Work with a partner. Read the problem several times. Think about how you
could rewrite the problem. Leave out information that you do not need to
solve the problem.
Given Problem (63 words)

Your minivan has a flat,

rectangular area in the
back. When you fold
down the rear seats of
the van and move them
forward, the width of the
rectangular area in the van
is increased by 2 feet, as
shown in the diagram. F2 ft-—
3 ft

By how many square feet does the rectangular area increase when
the rear seats are folded down and moved forward?

Rewritten Problem (28 words)

When you fold down the back seats of a minivan, the added area is a
5-foot by 2-foot rectangle. What is the area of this rectangle?

Can you make the problem even simpler?

COMMON Added Area = 2 x 5
Rewritten Problem (ae words) 10:2
CORE AeA
Ee

Writing Equations
In this lesson, you will
@ write word sentences
as equations.
Learning Standard
6.EE.6 Explain why your rewritten problem is
easier to read.

F- 2 ft —-+— 3 ft —J

294 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

Math NITY: Rewriting a Word Problem
Practice
Analyze Givens Work with a partner. Rewrite each problem using fewer words. Leave
What information out information that you do not need to solve the problem. Then solve
do you need to F the problem.
solve the problem?
a. (63 words)

A supermarket is having its grand opening on Saturday morning. Every fifth customer
will receive a $10 coupon for a free turkey. Every seventh customer will receive a
$3 coupon for 2 gallons of ice cream. You are the manager of the store and you expect
to have 400 customers. How many of each type of coupon should you plan to give away?

b. (71 words)

You and your friend are at a football game. The stadium is 4 miles from your home.
You each brought $5 to spend on refreshments. During the third quarter of the game,
you Say, “I read that the greatest distance that a baseball has been thrown is 445 feet
10 inches.” Your friend says, “That’s about one and a half times the length of the football
field.” Is your friend correct?

c. (90 words)

You are visiting your cousin who lives in the city. To get back home, you take a taxi.
The taxi charges $2.10 for the first mile and $0.90 for each additional mile. After riding
13 miles, you decide that the fare is going to be more than the $20 you have with you. So,
you tell the driver to stop and let you out. Then you call a friend and ask your friend to
come and pick you up. After paying the driver, how much of your $20 is left?

What Is Your Answer?

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How does rewriting a word problem help you solve
the word problem? Make up a word problem that has more than 50 words.
Then show how you can rewrite the problem using at most 25 words.

“Solving a math word problem is “You need to boil down 40 gallons

of sap from a sugar maple tree to
like making maple syrup.”
get 1 gallon of syrup.”

2 Use what you learned about writing equations to complete

) Practice Exercises 4 and 5 on page 298.

Section 7.1 Writing Equations in One Variable 295

7.1

Key Vocabulary i ) to show — two expressions are equal.

equation, p. 296 Expressions Equations
4+8 4+8=12
anor: x+8=12
To write a word sentence as an equation, look for key words or
phrases such as is, the same as, or equals to determine where to place
the equal sign.

>a ae-8 of . Writing Equations |

Write the word sentence as an equation.
a. The sum of anumber 7 and 7 is 15.
The sum of a number n and 7 is 15.
& <—— ney

n+7 =Baise15 Sum of means addition.

*+ An equation isn +7 = 15.

b. Anumber y decreased by 4 is 3.
A number y decreased by 4 is 3.

y-4 =3 Decreased by means subtraction.

*t+ An equation is y — 4 =3.

c. 12 times a number p equals 48.

12 times a number p equals 48.
SS

12p — 48 Times means multiplication.

‘+ An equation is 12p = 48.

@ On Your Own
Now You're oe Write the word sentence as an equation.
Exercises 6-13 1. 9 less than a number b equals 2.
2. The product of a number gand 5 is 30.
3. Anumber k increased by 10 is the same as 24.
4. The quotient of a number g and 4 is 12.

296 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities 1@) Multi-Language Glossary at staan

 DON R 2) Writing an Equation
Ten servers decorate 25 tables for a wedding. Each table is decorated
as shown. Let c be the total number of white and purple candles.
Which equation can you use to find c?
@) c=25+ (4x6) c = 25(4
+ 6)
©@ c=1025+4+4+6) @®M c=10(4+6)

Words The total is thenumber times the number

number of of tables of candles on
candles each table.

Variable Let c be the total number of candles.

Equation C = 2a Xx (4 + 6)

-:+ The correct answer is ().

> ON 28-8 5) Real-Life Application

After two rounds, 24 students are eliminated from a spelling bee.
There are 96 students remaining. Write an equation you can use
to find the number of students that started the spelling bee.

A\ Words The number minus the number is the number

Readi ox of students of students of students
eaaing 4 that started eliminated remaining.
The word eliminated
means subtraction.
Variable Lets be the number of students that started.

Equation . — 24 a 96

«> An equation is s — 24 = 96.

@ On Your Own
5. Youenter an elevator and go down 7 floors. You exit on the
10th floor. Write an equation you can use to find the floor
where you entered the elevator.
6. Together you and a friend have $52. Your friend has $28. Write
an equation you can use to find how much money you have.
7. Atypical person takes about 24,000 breaths each day. Write an
equation you can use to find the number of breaths a typical
person takes each minute.

Section 7.1 Writing Equations in One Variable 297

1.1. Exercises,.
GF Vocabulary and Concept Check
1. VOCABULARY How are expressions and equations different?
2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Write “both” equations.

4 less than a number nis 8. A number nis 4 less than 8. _

A number n minus 4 equals 8. 4 subtracted from a number 77 is 8. |

3. OPEN-ENDED Write a word sentence for the equation 28 — n= 5.

Practice and Problem Solving

Rewrite the problem using fewer words. Leave out information that you do
not need to solve the problem. Then solve the problem.
4. Inacross-country race you run at a steady rate of 7 minutes per mile.
After 21 minutes, you finish in fourth place. How long is the race?
5. Fora science project, you record the high temperature each day. The
high temperature on Day 1 was 6° less than on Day 4 and 4° less than
on Day 10. The high temperature on Day 10 was 62°F What was the
high temperature on Day 1?

Write the word sentence as an equation.

@ 6. The sum of a number x and 4 equals 12. 7. Anumbery decreased by 9 is 8.
8. 9 times a number bis 36. 9. Anumber w divided by 5 equals 6.
10. 54 equals 9 more than a number f. 11. 5is one-fourth of a number c.
12. 11 isthe quotientofanumberyand6. 13. 9 less than a number n equals 27.

14. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe the

error in writing the sentence A number nis 5 more than 12.
; ; n+5=12
as an equation.

15. FUNDRAISING Students and faculty raised $6042 for band

uniforms. The faculty raised $1780. Write an equation
you Can use to find the amount a raised by
the students.

16. GOLF You hit a golf ball 90 yards. It travels

three-fourths ofthe distance to the hole.
Write an equation you can use to find the
distance d from the tee to the hole.

298 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

GEOMETRY Write an equation that you can use to find the value of x.
17. Perimeter of triangle: 16in. 18. Perimeter of square: 30 mm

19. MUSIC You sell instruments at a Caribbean

music festival. You earn $326 by selling 12 sets of maracas,
6 sets of claves, and x djembe drums. Write an equation you
can use to find the number of djembe drums you sold.

20. SALES TAX Find a sales receipt from a store that

shows the total price and the total amount paid
including sales tax.
a. Write an equation you can use to find the sales tax rate r.
b. Can you use r to find the percent for the sales tax? Explain.

21. STRAWBERRIES You buy a basket of.24 strawberries. You eat them
as you walk to the beach. It takes the same amount of time to walk
each block. When you are halfway there, half of the berries are gone.
After walking 3 more blocks, you still have 5 blocks to go. You reach
the beach 28 minutes after you began. One-sixth of your strawberries
are left.
a. Is there enough information to find the time it takes to walk each
block? Explain.
b. Is there enough information to find how many strawberries you
ate while walking the last block? Explain.

14 in.
22. Geometry A triangle is cut from a rectangle. The height
of the triangle is half of the unknown side length s. The area
of the shaded region is 84 square inches. Write an equation s
you can use to find the side length s.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Evaluate the expression when a= 7. (Section 3.1)

23. 6+a DA GA 25. 4a se

27. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression is equivalent to 8(x + 3)? (Section 3.4)

As s8x3 CB) 8x+ 24 © 8x+1l @M «+24

Section 7.1 Writing Equations in One Variable 299

 Solving Equations Using
7.2
Addition of subtraction,

Essential Question How can you use addition or subtraction to

solve an equation?

When two sides of a scale weigh When you add or subtract the same amount

&&
the same, the scale will balance. on each side of the scale, it will still balance.

Work with a partner.

a. Use a model to solve n+ 3 = 7.
e Explain how the model represents the equation n + 3 = 7.

i ae a TTT

irs
i
e How much does one G weigh? How do you know?
‘+ The solution is n = 7.

© COMMON b. Describe how you could check your answer in part (a).
CORE
Which model below represents the solution of n + 1 = 9?
Solving Equations
How do you know?
In this lesson, you will
e use addition or subtraction
to solve equations.
@ use substitution to
check answers.
e solve real-life problems.
Learning Standards ©
ee ee Pies ; a =
©re a ~<a sas
6;EE5
6.EE.7 2 7 Secrecy |

300 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 SO ON OTN Nate ee ee ee

Practice G
Understand
Quantities
What does the
variable represent
in the equation?

3 _,, ACTIVITY: Solving Equations Using Mental Math

nn oe

Work with a partner. Write a question that represents the equation. Use
mental math to answer the question. Then check your solution.

Equation ab im Question Solution Check

a x+1=5 a,

bf 4.5 mH)

| c 8=a+3

d.x<— 0— 21

Pee =p-A4

,
What hat Is YourAnswer?
- } >) re »)
I 4
. ij )
J 9) JL
) A \\
Ja UU)
ot ly
A
\
A
Le
®
Al

4. REPEATED REASONING In Activity 3, how are parts (d) and (e) different from
parts (a)—(c)? Did your process to find the solution change? Explain.
5. Decide whether the statement is true or false. If false, explain your reasoning.
a. In an equation, you can use any letter as a variable.
b. The goal in solving an equation is to get the variable by itself.
c. Inthe solution, the variable must always be on the left side of the equal sign.
d. If you add a number to one side, you should subtract it from the other side.

6. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use addition or subtraction to solve an
equation? Give two examples to show how your procedure works.
7. Are the following equations equivalent? Explain your reasoning.
ou 12 and L2G

s Use what you learned about solving equations to complete

Practice Exercises 12-17 on page 305.

Section 7.2 Solving Equations Using Addition or Subtraction 301

7.2__ Lesson
Equations may be true for some values and false for others. A solutior
Key Vocabulary w@) an equation is a value that makes the equation true.
solution, p. 302
inverse operations, Value of x x+3=7 Are both sides equal?
p. 303

\
Reading a
The symbol # means |
is not equal to.
Se a

So, the value x = 4 is a solution of the equation x + 3 = 7.

> ON ae 4) _ Checking Solutions

Tell whether the given value is a solution of the equation.
ap. 10'=338; p = 18
2
18 + 10 = 38 Substitute 18 for p.
28 # 38 x Sides are not equal.

-:+ So, p = 18 is nota solution.

b. 4y = 56; y= 14
2
4(14) = 56 Substitute 14 for y.
56 = 56 / Sides are equal.

56 56
~ | ciinaataatn coh aad

+ So, y= 14isasolution.

@ On Your Own
,
Tell whether the given value is a solution of the equation.
Pete et des!) 1, a16—=1(;¢=9 25+ 9g
= Sia
3. 35=7n
= . =
n=5 4, 7 =28; q=14
ns . =

302 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities 1@) Multi-Language Glossary at aucaaouee

 You can use inverse operations to solve equations. Inverse operations
undo” each other. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations.
a“ "ye . . .

’ Ideas
Addition Property of Equality
Words When you add the same number to each side of an equation,
the two sides remain equal.
Numbers = 8 Algebra x—-4= 5
Dee BS +4 +4
13= 13 x= 9

Subtraction Property of Equality

Words When you subtract the same number from each side of an
equation, the two sides remain equal.
Numbers C= Algebra x+4= 5
2) Sy. gee
3= 3 x= 1

6 Write the equation.

( Undo the subtraction. /-—> ee ala2 Addition Property of Equality

x= 8 Simplify.

*** The solution is x = 8.

| UNoece ar Write the equation.

You can check your
solution by substituting seh 7 Addition Property of Equality
it for the variable in the as A.
original equation. (a= Simplify.

*:+ The solution is x = 25.

@ On Your Own
iw Te Reag, Solve the equation. Check your solution.
Exercises 18-20 5 kK-3=1 6. n-10=4 7. 15=r-—-6

Section 7.2 Solving Equations Using Addition or Subtraction 303

 D>eN a 3 Solving Equations Using Subtraction
a. Solvex+2=49.
Ke Write the equation.

(undo the addition, }}—> —2 —=2 Subtraction Property of Equality

x= 7 Simplify.

-> The solution is x = 7.

b. Solve 26 = 11+.

26= 11+ Write the equation.

to age ll) Subtraction Property of Equality

15=x Simplify.

-+ The solution is x = 15.

Your parents give you $20 to help buy the new pair of shoes shown.
After you buy the shoes, you have $5.50 left. Write and solve an equation
to find how much money you had before your parents gave you $20.

Words The starting plus the amount minus the cost is the amount
amount your parents of the len.
gave you shoes

Variable Let s be the starting amount.

Equation s SE 20 = 59.95 = 5.50

S220 59/95 = 5:50 Write the equation.

JME CTEIEOISre CUMS,
solve the problem
s + 20 — 59.95 + 59.95 = 5.50 + 59.95 Addition Property of Equality
arithmetically by s+ 20 = 65.45 Simplify.
working backward
from $5.50 a | $4220 — 20 = 65,457-=20 Subtraction Property of Equality
SOR rome 0N iy Ss = 45.45 Simplify.
= 45.45 | :
So, your answer is > You had $45.45 before your parents gave you money.
reasonable.
@ On Your Own
A You're peady Solve the equation. Check your solution.
Exercises 21-23 * Bi ee ale, 9. I=y a6 10. 13+m=20
11. You eat 8 blueberries and your friend eats 11 blueberries from a
package. There are 23 blueberries left. Write and solve an equation
to find the number of blueberries in a full package.

304 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

7.2. Exercises

G Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. WRITING How can you check the solution of an equation?

Name the inverse operation you can use to solve the equation.
PRET 6 i 52 =Ftbreed ee A. b+14=33

5. WRITING When solving x + 5 = 16, why do you subtract 5 from the left side of
the equation? Why do you subtract 5 from the right side of the equation?

Practice and Problem Solving

Tell whether the given value is a solution of the equation.
@ 6. x+42=85; x=43 7. 8b = 48; b=6
m
8. 19-g=7; g=15 arp NE Ha

10 Oo — 41 — 28 ies — O05 —" 11s79

‘Use a scale to model and solve the equation.

12. n+7=9 ie gpa Abs) 14.c+2=8

Write a question that represents the equation. Use mental math to answer
the question. Then check your solution.
15. a4-5=—12 16. v+9=18 17. 20=d-6

Solve the equation. Check your solution.

@ 18. y-7=3 19°23 —13 20,8 =r= 14
© 21. p+5=8 22. k+6=18 23. 64=h+30
3 atl
Yel sR SAS 25. 25=q+14 26. ee

a7. x+oao 28, 12=m=—25 29. a+55=173

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in solving the equation.
30. 31.
x K+7 = 13 x 34 = y—12
+7 47 —12,, 7 opel
x = ID) 22= y

Section 7.2 Solving Equations Using Addition or Subtraction 305

 PENGUINS An emperor penguin is 45 inches tall. It is
24 inches taller than a rockhopper penguin. Write and
solve an equation to find the height of a rockhopper
penguin. Is your answer reasonable? Explain.
33. ELEVATOR You get in an elevator and go down 8 floors.
You exit on the 16th floor. Write and solve an equation
to find what floor you got on the elevator.

ces
j

tia>
34. AREA The area of Jamaica
is 6460 square miles less than
the area of Haiti. Write and
solve an equation to find the
area of Haiti.
Dae

x+3=12 Write
theequation.
35. REASONING The solution of the
e332) oe mie
aaNIUESIERTRUNLTEN I T o a
equation x + 3 = 12 is shown.
Explain each step. Use a x+0=9 hi} & ee ee
property, if possible. x=9
STEERER ea
hite
|

EON Toe i

Write the word sentence as an equation. Then solve the equation.

36. 13 subtracted from a number wis 15. 37. Anumber kK increased by 7 is 34.
38. 9 is the difference ofanumbernand7. 39. 93 is the sum of a number g and 58.

Solve the equation. Check your solution.

40. b+7+12=30 41. y+4-1=18 42. m+18
+ 23 =71

43. v—-7=94+12 44. 54+44=2¢+r 45. 22+15=d-17

GEOMETRY Write and solve an addition equation to find x.

46. Perimeter = 48 ft 47. Perimeter = 132 in. 48. Perimeter = 93 ft

Med 18ft fA M18 ft

20 ft
sft REED 15
12 ft F .
49. REASONING Explain why the equations x + 4 = 13 and4 + x = 13 have the
same solution.
50. REASONING Explain why the equations x — 13 = 4and 13 — x = 4do not
have the same solution.

306 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 51. SIMPLIFYING AND SOLVING eS and contrast the two problems.

pail ou
. : i ait!

52. PUZZLE In a magic square, the sum of the numbers in each row,
column, and diagonal is the same. Write and solve equations to
find the values of a, b, and c.

-53. FUNDRAISER You participate in a dance-a-thon fundraiser. After

your parents pledge $15.50 and your neighbor pledges $8.75, you
have $66.55. Write and solve an equation to find how much money
you had before your parents and neighbor pledged.

54. MONEY On Saturday, you spend $33, give $15 to a friend, and receive $20 for
mowing your neighbor's lawn. You have $21 left. Use two methods to find
how much money you started with that day.

Bumper Cars: $1.75 2

Roller Coaster: $1.25 more than Ferris Wheel . DRY 55. AMUSEMENT PARK You have $15.
Giant Slide: $0.50 less than Bumper Cars ~* ]
Ferris Wheel: $1 .50 more than Giant Slide ——— a. How much money do you
— cae , 7 : have left if you ride each
ride once?

b. Do you have enough

money to ride each ride
twice? Explain.

56. Ge Consider the equation x + y = 15. The value of x increases by 3.

What has to happen to the value of y so that x + y = 15 remains true?

Cia ° ‘
A sain Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check your answer. §(Seciion J.1)
oY le op 58: 13% 16 Shs Papes acaall ) 60. 72 +3

61. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the area ofthe parallelogram?

(Section 4.1)

(@) 25in.” 30 in.”

(©we50.in () 100in.*

Section 7.2 Solving Equations Using Addition or Subtraction 307

 Solving Equations Using
Multiplication) or, Division)

l
Essentiaal Que stion How can you use multiplication or division to
solve an equation?

ACTIVITY:, Finding Missing Dimensions

Work with a partner. Describe how you would find the value of x. Then find
the value and check your result.
a. rectangle b. parallelogram c. triangle
Area = 24 square units Area = 20 square units Area = 28 square units

i
x 5 g

/ITY: Using an Equation to Model a Story...

Work with a partner.
a. Use a model to solve the problem.

Three people go out to lunch. They decide to share the $12 bill evenly.
How much does each person pay?
|
e What equation does the model represent? Explain how this represents |
the problem. |

|
COMMON
CORE
Solving Equations &
In this lesson, you will a
e use multiplication or i?
division to solve equations.
use substitution to
check answers. sl ha EE rarnge
solve real-life problems.
Learning Standards
6.EE.5
e How much does one @ weigh? How do you know?
G;EEs/,
‘+ Each person pays’.
b. Describe how you can check your answer in part (a).

308 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 LuV Soa ieaioe eee aI uid ios

‘3 ACTIVITY:, Using Equations to Model a Story

Work with a partner.
What is the unknown?
Write an equation that represents each problem.
What does the variable in your equation represent?
Explain how you can solve the equation.
Answer the question.

Problem

Three robots go out to lunch. They decide to

share the $11.91 bill evenly. How much does each
robot pay?

On Earth, objects weigh 6 times what they weigh on Petco

the Moon. A robot weighs 96 pounds on Earth. What
does it weigh on the Moon?

Practice
aa ; At maximum speed, a robot runs 6 feet in 1 second.
sete How many feet does the robot run in 1 minute?
What does the
solution represent? —s_
Does the answer Four identical robots lie on the ground head-to-toe
make sense? and measure 14 feet. How tall is each robot?

What Is Your Answer?

4. Complete each sentence by matching.
e The inverse operation of addition e is multiplication.
e@ The inverse operation of subtraction e is subtraction.
e The inverse operation of multiplication © is addition.
e The inverse operation of division e is division.

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use multiplication or division to solve
an equation? Give two examples to show how your procedure works.

Use what you learned about solving equations to complete

Exercises 15-18 on page 312.

Section 7.3 Solving Equations Using Multiplication or Division 309

7.3. Lesson

@° Key Ideas
Multiplication Property of Equality

Remember Words When you multiply each side of an equation by the same
nonzero number, the two sides remain equal.
Inverse operations
“undo” each other. Numbers bee 2) Algebra a)
Multiplication and 4 4
division are inverse i
operations. SAO eA Lis A

8=8 x=8

Multiplicative Inverse Property

; ; 1
Words The product of a nonzero number 7 and its reciprocal, 7718 il
1 1 1
Numbers 5°—=1 Algebra ne—=—-°n=1,n#0
5 nN n

EXAMPLE | {| |

’=12 Write the equation.

4
ae Ww Multiplication Property
Undo the division. iit°4=12 -4
of Equality

w = 48 Simplify.

::+ The solution is w = 48.

b. Solve =x= 63

2 =6 Write the equation.

7
Use the Multiplicative 7 E |= 7=
> lSse]) ah Multiplication Property of Equality
Inverse Property. PD We 2
x=21 Simplify.

::+ The solution is x = 21.

@ On Your Own
‘re Solve the equation. Check your solution.
Exercises 7-10 a 2
de 7) tae 3. 3z+2=9

310 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 Ge Key Idea
Division Property of Equality
Words When you divide each side of an equation by the same
nonzero number, the two sides remain equal.

Numbers 8° 4 = 32 Algebra 4x = 32

8°4+4=32-+4

8 = 8 Sew

5b = 65 Write the equation.

Undo the multiplication. ~= ~ Division Property of Equality

b=13 Simplify.

‘+ The solution is b = 13.

> ON ie 3 . Real-Life Application

The area of the parallelogram-shaped courtyard is 2730 square feet.
What is the length of the sidewalk?
The height of the parallelogram represents the length of the sidewalk.
A=bh Use the formula for area of a parallelogram.
2730 = 65h Substitute 2730 for A and 65 for b.

27a eso re
— = —— Division Property of Equalit
65 65 es

42=h Simplify.

“t+ So, the sidewalk is 42 feet long.

@ On Your Own
Now.YOU're Reg Solve the equation. Check your solution.
Exercises 11-14 © 4. p-3=18 5. 129'= 60 6. *81 =9r

7. You and four friends buy tickets to a baseball game. The total
cost is $70. Write and solve an equation to find the cost of
each ticket.

Section 7.3 Solving Equations Using Multiplication or Division 311

7.3. Exercises _ Check
e
It,Out.
p with Homewor
BiglIdeasMath

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. NUMBER SENSE What number divided by 12 equals 1?

2. WRITING What property of equality would you use to solve %= 7?

Explain how you would use the property.

Copy and complete the first step in the solution.

3. 4x=24 4. all 5. 8=n=+3

Ax 24 = = 11 - s-M-~-3)- i

6. OPEN-ENDED Write an equation that can be solved using the Division

Property of Equality.

Practice and Problem Solving

Solve the equation. Check your solution.
OQ 7. =10 =7 id ee5 qa 6= 20 10) 24s4
@ 11. 3a=12 12. 5°z=35 13. 40
= 4y 14. 42=7k
hey HEN Os) 1625) 75)
=— 62 10 17. J3\=d-—6 18. -9=1=5

19. = a8 208 7he 12242 21 lo eee 22. 3.4m = 204

23. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in y ace ; |

solving the equation. xX xt4_ 28
4 4 |
24. ANOTHER WAY Show how you can solve the equation x=7 |
3x = 9 by multiplying each side by the reciprocal of 3. |

25. BASKETBALL Forty-five basketball players |

participate in a tournament. Write and

solve an equation to find the number of
3-person teams that they can form.

26. THEATER A theater has 1200 seats. Each

row has 20 seats. Write and solve an
equation to find the number of rows in
the theater.

312 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

Solve for x. Check your answer.
27. rectangle 28. rectangle 29. parailelogram

Area = 45 square units Area = 176 square units Area = 104 square units

x 16

30. TEST SCORE Ona test, you correctly answer six 5-point questions and eight
2-point questions. You earn 92% of the possible points on the test. How many
points p is the test worth?
Your Cards
31. CARD GAME You use index cards to play a homemade — 48 Sah ae
game. The object is to be the first to get rid of all your —_
ds. H . “ )
cards. How many cards are in your friend’s stack? 2 Friend's Cards
a
=. 15) (NN

32. SLUSH DRINKS A slush drink machine fills

1440 cups in 24 hours.
a. Write and solve an equation to find the
number c of cups each symbol represents.
b. To lower costs, you replace the cups with
paper cones that hold 20% less. Write and solve
an equation to find the number n of paper cones
that the machine can fill in 24 hours.

STRUCTURE Solve the equation. Explain how you

found your answer.

B38 -oKr on = Ox tS 34. 8y + 2y = 2y + 40

35. The area of the picture

is 100 square inches. The length is
4 times the width. Find the length
and width of the picture.

Fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Write the word sentence as an equation. (Secfion 7.1)
36. The sum of a number b and 8 is 17. 37. Anumber tf divided by 3 is 7.

38. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of a> when a= 4? (Section 3.1)

@ 12 43 ©) 64 ©) 81

Section 7.3 Solving Equations Using Multiplication or Division 313

 Writing Equations im
ha Iwo Varianies
RA SAAS RR SERS s
3_ yyseidaic LUE Sonaaeaaee
7
|

= my ey ¥
5 LA ff} X a | LEXA Ny ie i
<, ) |» 4h) J} 7) We) S, _ a __/ J)
=

two variables?

Work with a partner. You earn $8 per hour

working part-time at a store.
a. Complete the table.

Hours Money Earned |

Worked (dollars)
= Saas

1 |

2 | |
3

4 |

: a
b. Use the values from the table to
complete the graph. Then answer
each question below.
e What does the horizontal axis
represent? What variable did
you use to identify it?
e What does the vertical axis
represent? What variable did
you use to identify it?
(| COMMON
~ CORE e Howare the ordered pairs in
Writing Equations the graph related to the values
In this lesson, you will in the table?
e identify independent and ; i :
dependent variables. e Howare the horizontal and vertical distances shown on the graph
© write equations in related to the values in the table?
two variables.
e use tables and graphs to
Sicatin te adanin c. Howcan you write an equation that shows how the two variables
between two variables. are related?
Learning Standard ; ;
6.EE.9 d. What does the green line in the graph represent?

314 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 : Describing Variables
Work with a partner. Use the equation you wrote in Activity 1.
a. How is this equation different from the equations earlier in this chapter?
b. One of the variables in this equation depends on the other variable.
Determine which variable is which by answering the following questions:
e Does the amount of money you earn depend on the number of hours
you work?
e Does the number of hours you work depend on the amount of money
you earn?
What do you think is the significance of having two types of variables?
How do you think you can use these types of variables in real life?

ITY: Describing, a Formulain Two Variables.

Work with a partner. Recall that the perimeter of a square is 4 times
Math its side length.
Practice
Look for a. Write the formula for the perimeter of a square.
Patterns Tell what each variable represents.
What pattern do b. Describe how the perimeter of a square changes as
you notice in the
table for the
its side length increases by 1 unit. Use a table and
perimeter of a graph to support your answer.
the square? c. In your formula, which variable depends on which?

Answer?
4. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you write an equation in two variables?

5. The equation y = 7.75x shows how the number of movie tickets is related
to the total amount of money spent. Describe what each part of the
equation represents.

6. CHOOSE TOOLS In Activity 1, you want to know the amount of money you
earn after working 30.5 hours during a week. Would you use the table, the
graph, or the equation to find your earnings? What are your earnings?
Explain your reasoning.

7. Give an example of another real-life situation that you can model by an

equation in two variables.

Use what you learned about equations in two variables to

ePractice 4 complete Exercises 4 and 5 on page 319.

Section 7.4 Writing Equations in Two Variables 315

7.4 Lesson.
Lesson Tutorials
BigIdeasMath

Anequation
intwovariables represents1
relationship to one another. As
an ordered pair that makes the TR artes

EXAMPLE

Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the equation.

Key Vocabulary @)
— a. y= 2x; (3, 6) b. y= 4x ~ 3; (4, 12)
equation In two 2 2

variables, p. 376 6 = 2(3) Substitute. 12 = 4(4) -3

solution of an
equation in two
oon Compare. 12413 X
Peraeeasus te So, (3, 6) is a solution. st So, (4, 12) is not a solution.
independent variable,
p. 316
You can use equations in two variables to represent situations involving
dependent variable,
2 316 two related quantities. one feteSN the quantity that

scant ienewarble

EXAMPLE 2 Using an Equation in Two Variables

The equation y = 128 — 8x gives the amount y (in fluid ounces) of milk
remaining in a gallon jug after you pour x cups.
a. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
-+ Because the amount y remaining depends on the number x
of cups you pour, y is the dependent variable and x is the
4 independent variable.
b. How much milk remains in the jug after you pour 10 cups?
a Use the equation to find the value of ywhen x = 10.
= y = 128 — 8x Write the equation.
= 128 — 8(10) Substitute 10 for x.
= 48 Simplify.
*:+ There are 48 fluid ounces remaining.

@ 0n Your Own
ady Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the equation.
Exercises 6—11
and 13-17 1: eee) 2. y=5x+1;(3, 16)
3. The equation y = 10x + 25 gives the amounty (in dollars) in
your savings account after x weeks.
a. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
b. How much is in your savings account after 8 weeks?

316 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities "@) Multi-Language Glossary at BigldeasMathW/com

 Tables, Graphs, and Equations
You can use tables and graphs to represent equations in two variables.
The table and graph below represent the equation y = x + 2.
through the points, you | ——

graph all the solutions Independent | Dependent | Ordered Pair,

of the equation. Variable, x Variable, y (x, y) :
| 3 ag) ‘
3
4 (2, 4) :
i
io (359) 0
= i a ae 1 (38

EXAMPLE 3) ..Writing and Graphing an Equatiin

onTwo Variables
An athlete burns 200 calories weight lifting. The athlete then works out
on an elliptical trainer and burns 10 calories for every minute. Write and
graph an equation in two variables that represents the total number of
calories burned during the workout.

Words The total equals calories plus calories — times the number
number burned burned per of minutes.
of calories weight minute
burned lifting
understand the context |
of the problem. Because | Variables Let c be the total number of calories burned, and let m be the
you cannot have a | number of minutes on the elliptical trainer.
negative number of
minutes, use only whole | Equation c = 200 ac 10 ° m
number values of m. :

To graph the equation, first make a table. Then plot the ordered pairs and
draw a line through the points.

saute F Deeks om th ki ce

10 | c = 200 + 10(10) 300 (10, 300) E

20 c = 200 + 10(20) 400 (20, 400) <

30 c = 200 + 10(380) 500 (30, 500)

Minutes

@ 0n Your Own
u're €ady 4. It costs $25 to rent a kayak plus $8 for each hour. Write
Exercises 22 and graph an equation in two variables that represents
and 23 the total cost of renting the kayak.

Section 7.4 Writing Equations in Two Variables 317

 You can model many rate problems by using the distance formula d = rt,
where d is the distance traveled, ris the speed, and tis the time. When
you are given a speed, you can use the formula to write an equation in
two variables that represents the situation.

G° Key Idea
Distance Formula
Remember
Words _ To find the distance traveled d, multiply the speed r by the
Speed is an example of |
time f¢.
a rate.
Algebra d= It

D>eNNe- 4 _ Real-Life Application,

A train averages 40 miles per hour between two cities. Use a graph to
show the relationship between the time and the distance traveled.
Method 1: Use a ratio table.

You can use a ratio table and multiplication to find equivalent rates. Then
e plot the ordered pairs (time, distance) from the table and draw a line
|
FE through the points.
|
2 xo2 x 4 |
3 |
a
Time (hours) 1 | 2 | 4 :

40 | 80 | 160 |
Time (hours) Distance (miles)

x2 x 4

Method 2: Use an equation in two variables.

Use the distance formula to write the equation d = 40¢. Use the equation
to make a table. Then plot the ordered pairs and draw a line through the
points, as shown in the graph above.

Time (hours), t | d = 40t Distance (miles), d | Ordered Pair, (t, d)

2 d = 40(2) 80 (2, 80) |

4 d = 40(4) 160 (4, 160)

65 | 4= 406) P 240 i
: (6, 240)

@ On Your Own
Now. You’re Ready 5. WHAT IF? The train averages 50 miles per hour. Use a graph to show
Exercise 25 the relationship between the time and the distance traveled.

318 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

7.4 sExercises

1. VOCABULARY How are independent variables and dependent variables different?

2. PRECISION Explain how to graph an equation in two variables.
3. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which one does not belong with the other three?
Explain your reasoning.

y= 12x + 25 c=10t-5 a=7b+11_ n=4n-6

Practice and Problem Solving

Write a formula for the given measure. Tell what each variable represents.
Identify which variable depends on which in the formula.
4. the perimeter of a rectangle with a length of 5 inches
5. the area of a trapezoid with base lengths of 7 feet and 11 feet

Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the equation.

@ 6. y = 4x; (0, 4) 7. ¥= 32%; (2; 8) 8.) =-o7 — 10 G5)
OY =a 741, 6) 10. y= 7x + 2; (2, 0) 11. y= 2x — 3; 435)

12. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

the error in finding a solution of the x 15
equation in two variables. 5=3(1)+2
5=5
So, (5, 1) is a solution.

Identify the independent and dependent variables.

2H) 13. The equationA = 25w gives the area A (in square feet) of a rectangular
dance floor with a width of w feet.

14. The equation c = 0.09s gives the amount c (in dollars) of commission
a salesperson receives for making a sale of s dollars.

15. The equation t= 12p + 12 gives the total cost ¢ (in dollars)
of a meal with a tip of p percent (in decimal form).

16. The equation h = 60— 4m gives the height h (in inches)

of the water in a tank m minutes after it starts to drain.

17. DRUM SET The equation b = 540 — 30m gives the

balance b (in dollars) that you owe on a drum set
after m monthly payments. What is the balance after
9 monthly payments?

Section 7.4 Writing Equations in Two Variables 319

 OPEN-ENDED Complete the table by describing possible independent or
dependent variables.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

—-

18. |The number of hours you study for a test

19. |The speed you are pedaling a bike
_—-

Your monthly cell phone bill

The amount of money you earn

. PIZZA A cheese pizza costs $5. Additional toppings cost $1.50 each. Write and
graph an equation in two variables that represents the total cost of a pizza.

23. GYM MEMBERSHIP It costs $35 to join a gym. The monthly fee is $25.
Write and graph an equation in two variables that represents the
total cost of a gym membership.

24. TEXTING The maximum size of a text message is 160 characters.

A space counts as one character.

a. Write an equation in two variables that represents the

remaining (unused) characters in a text message as you type.

b. Identify the independent and dependent variables.

c. How many characters remain in the message shown?

@ 25. CHOOSE TOOLS A car averages 60 miles per hour on a

road trip. Use a graph to show the relationship between
the time and the distance traveled. What method did
you use to create your graph?

Write and graph an equation in two variables that shows

the relationship between the time and the distance traveled.
26. 27.
Moves 2 meters
every 3 hours. Pine 5 stories
every 6 seconds.

28. 29.

Moves 660 feet

every 10 seconds.
Moves 960 kilometers
every 4 minutes.

320 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

Fill in the blank so that the ordered pair is a solution of the equation.
30. y=8x+3;(1, 0) 31. y=12x+2;(
fe, 14) 32. y= 22 — 9x; (4)

33. CRITICAL THINKING Can the dependent variable cause

a change in the independent variable? Explain.

34. OPEN-ENDED Write an equation in two variables that has

(3, 4) as a solution.

12a: 35. WALKING You walk 5 city blocks in 12 minutes. How

many city blocks can you walk in 2 hours?

36. ANT How fast should the ant walk to go around the
16 in. rectangle in 4 minutes?

37. LIGHTNING To estimate how far you are from lightiing (in miles), count the
number of seconds between a lightning flash and the thunder that follows.
Then divide the number of seconds by 5. Use a graph to show the relationship
between the time and the distance. Describe the method you used to create
your graph.

38. PROBLEM SOLVING You and a friend start biking in opposite directions from the
same point. You travel 108 feet every 8 seconds. Your friend travels 63 feet every
6 seconds.

a. How far apart are you and your friend after 15 minutes?
b. After 20 minutes, you take a 5-minute rest, but your friend does not. How far
apart are you and your friend after 40 minutes? Explain your reasoning.

39: The graph represents the cost c (in dollars)

of buying n tickets to a baseball game.
a. Should the points be connected with a line to
show all the solutions? Explain your reasoning. Dollars

b. Write an equation in two variables that represents

the graph.

Tickets

A coir Game RevieW what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Write the fraction asa percent. (Section 5.5)
9
40. ee
=3 a1. = 4- 42. mi
—

44. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the area of the

triangle? (Section 4.2)

@® 36cm? 68 cm”
©w7.cn. @>) 76.5cm?

Section 7.4 Writing Equations in Two Variables 321

 You can use an example and non-example chart to list examples and non-examples of a
vocabulary word or term. Here is an example and non-example chart for equations.

Equations

Examples

XO

2a = 16

x+4=19

5=x+d9

On Your Own |
\ ‘
»\ dg nVNK dy Y VI al
A J i> “2 —_} | eS hed J

Make example and non-example charts to help you study these topics. |
1. inverse operations

2. equations solved using addition

or subtraction
Hyenas,
3. equations solved using multiplication definitely
or division

4. equations in two variables Eee rma

After you complete this chapter, make
example and non-example charts for the C oa]
following topics.
5. inequalities

6. graphs ofinequalities
7. inequalities solved using addition
or subtraction
8. inequalities solved using multiplication “I need a good non-example of a cool animal
for my example and non-example chart.”
or division

322 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 Progress Check /4
> i GA
ise

BigldeasMath X
Write the word sentence as an equation. (Section 7.1)
1. Anumber x decreased by 3 is 5. 2. Anumber a divided by 7 equals 14.

Solve the equation. Check your solution. (Section 7.2 and Section 7.3)

3.4+k=14 4. 35=m-—22
4w
Se isearas 6. 31=6.2-y

Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the equation. (Section 7.4)
1 Vie= 643524) 8. y= 3x + 4; (4, 16)

Write and graph an equation in two variables that shows the relationship between
the time and the distance traveled. (Section 7.4)
9. 10. Moves 900 feet
every 10 seconds.

Rises 4 feet as
2 in 9 seconds.

11. RIBBON The length of the blue ribbon is two-thirds the en

length of the red ribbon. Write an equation you can use to
find the lengthroftheredribbon. (Section 7.1) ewes

12. BRIDGES The main span of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge is 360 meters long.
The Skyway’s main span is 30 meters shorter than the main span of the
Dames Point Bridge. Write and solve an equation to find the length @ of the
main span of the Dames Point Bridge. (Section 7.2)

13. SHOPPING Ata farmer’s market, orecoer

you buy 4 pounds of tomatoes and pei
2 pounds of sweet potatoes. You :
spend 80% of the money in your
wallet. Write and solve an equation
to find how much money is in your
wallet before you pay. (Section 7.3)

14. SUNDAE A sundae costs $2. Additional

toppings cost $0.50 each. Write and
graph an equation in two variables
that represents the total cost of
asundae. (Section 7.4)

Sections 7.1-7.4 Quiz 323

 Ze ‘ Writing and Graphing Inequalities
Seta eR NRE Se ENN oe
_ pulses nue ee nia tia tn eA CRONE RN NO BE EE RI RNR I RI SIMOI RA ase se Lo

y 2) a \ ee

Essential Question How can you use a number line to represent

solutions of an inequality?

ACTIVITY: Understanding Inequality Statements

Work with a partner. Read the statement. Circle each

number that makes the statement true, and then
answer the questions.
a. “Your friend is more than 3 minutes late.”

23) 22 S10 ee ee eee eG |

e What do you notice about the numbers that you circled?
e Is the number 3 included? Why or why not?
e Write four other numbers that make the statement true.

b. “The temperature is at most 2 degrees.”

ao —4 = =e = 0 i 2 3 4
e What do you notice about the numbers that you circled?
e Can the temperature be exactly 2 degrees? Explain.
e Write four other numbers that make the statement true.

c. “You need at least 4 pieces of paper for your math homework.”

Te ee ill 0 | Z 3) 4 5 6

e What do you notice about the numbers that you circled?

e Can you have exactly 4 pieces of paper? Explain.
© COMMON e Write four other numbers that make the
CORE
ae “ef statement true.
Writing Inequalities
In this lesson, you will

, ieee d. “After playing a video game for 20 minutes, you

enneeacnentncte have fewer than 6 points.”
graph the solution set
of inequalities, 2 =A 0 ih 2 RS) 4 5 6 if
@ use inequalities to :
represent real-life e What do you notice about the numbers that you circled?
situations.
Feaming geaniiards e Is the number 6 included? Why or why not?
6.EE.5
6 FE 8 e Write four other numbers that make the statement true.

324 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 ACT] IVITY: Understanding Inequality Symbols
a |

Work with a partner.

a. Consider the statement “x is a number such that x < 2.”
e Can the number be exactly 2? Explain.
e Circle each number that makes the statement true.

Math = =4l =% —y = Jl 0 ] 7, 3 4
Practice e Write four other numbers that make the statement true.
State the
Meaning of
Symbols b. Consider the statement “x is a number such that x = 1.”
What do the e Can the number be exactly 1? Explain.
symbols < and
= mean? e Circle each number that makes the statement true.

= 5 —4 =3 2 = || 0 Il 2D 33 4

e Write four other numbers that make the statement true.

3 _ ACTIVITY: How Close Can You Come to 0?

Work with a partner.

a. Which number line shows x > 0? Which number line shows x = 02
Explain your reasoning.

b. Write the least positive number you can think of that is still a
solution of the inequality x > 0. Explain your reasoning.

What Is Your Answer?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use a number line to represent
solutions of an inequality?
5. Write an inequality. Graph all solutions of your inequality ona
number line.
6. Graph the inequalities x > 9 and 9 < x on different number lines.
What do you notice?

: Use what you learned about graphing inequalities to complete

Practice Exercises 17-20 on page 329.

Section 7.5 Writing and Graphing Inequalities 325

7.5 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials
BigIdeasMath
nequality is a mathematical sentence that compares expressions.
Key Vocabulary s@ ) It contains the symbols <, >, <, or >.To write an inequality, look for the
inequality, p. 326 following phrases to determine where to place the inequality symbol.
solution of an
inequality, p. 327
Inequality Symbols
solution set, p. 327
graph of an < lA
inequality, p. 328
e is less e is greater e is less than or e is greater than
Key than than equal to or equal to
Phrases | @isfewer | @ iS more e is at most e is at least
than than e isno more than e is no less than

EXAMPLE ¢ {| Writing Inequalities

Write the word sentence as an inequality.

a. A number cis less than —4.

A number c is less than —4.

——_-

C < ai

-<+ An inequality isc < —4.

A number k plus 5 is greater than or equal to 8.

A number k plus 5 is greater than orequalto 8.
a ee \- =a

|Gere a
=) 8
“+ An inequality isk +5 > 8.

. Four times a number g is at most 16.

Four times a number g is at most 16.

Aq mw «(OG
*+ An inequality is 4g < 16.

@ On Your Own
, Write the word sentence as an inequality.
e eddy /

Exercises 5-10 1. Anumber 7 is greater than 1.

2. Twice a number p is fewer than 7.
3. Anumber w minus 3 is less than or equal to 10.
4. A number z divided by 2 is at least —6.

326 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities 1@) Multi-Language Glossary at seinen

 A soluti
of an inequality
on is a value that makes the inequality true. An
inequality can have more than one solution. The set of all solutions of an
inequality is called the solution set.

Is the inequality true?

2
3+3<7
es
rena i
: \ hae
Readin 4 +3S7 es
g 7<7Vo
The symbol ¢ means 2 wre
is not less than or | 5+3<7
‘ 847K no
equal to. )

EXAMPLE ( 2) Wai lyehilepeye tities : i

Tell whether the given value is a solution of the inequality.

ie a mal baa as Ga 6

0oe ot lewd Write the inequality.

2
oS bee Substitute 8 for x.
ey eh / Add. 9 is greater than 7.

‘+ So, 8 is a solution of the inequality.

b. 7y < 27; y=4
NESSIE Write the inequality.
2
MAT. Substitute 4 for y.
Yaa) 6 eM x Multiply. 28 is not less than 27.

‘+ So, 4 is nota solution of the inequality.

c,, ae Oi ae
5

s>5 Write the inequality.

15%
a = 5 Substitute 15 for z.

Deze / Divide. 5 is greater than or equal to 5.

-> So, 15 is a solution of the inequality.

, Tell whether 3 is a solution of the inequality.

di
@" vercises 11-16 © 5. b+4<6 6 97 26 TomoSe LO

Section 7.5 Writing and Graphing Inequalities 327

 The graph of an inequality shows all the solutions of the inequality ona
number line. An open circle © is used when a number is nota solution.
A closed circle @ is used when a number is a solution. An arrow to the
left or right shows that the graph continues in that direction.

>eN 26-8 3 _ Graphing an Inequality

>A Graph
g> 2. Use an open circle because
Reading | 2 is not a solution.

The inequalityg > 2 is

the same as 2 < g.

Test a number to the left of 2. Test a number to the right of 2.

g = 0is not a solution. g = 3 is a solution.

Shade the number line on the side where you

found the solution. The graph shows there are
infinitely many solutions.

> oN 26-8 4) _ Real-Life Application

The NASA Solar Probe Plus can withstand temperatures up to and

including 2600°R. Write and graph an inequality that represents
the temperatures the probe can withstand.
Words temperatures _ up to andinclu ling 2600°F
Variable Let t be the temperatures the probe can withstand.
Inequality t = 2600
‘+ An inequality is t < 2600.

2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000

@ 0n Your Own
, Graph the inequality on a number line.
e
id
Exercises 25-36 * 8. a<4 Shei. Sal 10. n>0 yaIeemeaygreat5

Write and graph an inequality for the situation.

12. Acruise ship can carry at most 3500 passengers.
13. A board game is designed for ages 12 and up.

328 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 Help
BigIdeasMath
Vocabulary and Concept Check
1. VOCABULARY How are greater than and greater than or equal to similar?
How are they different?
2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Write “both” inequalities.

Anumber nis at most 3. A number n is at least 3.

A number 77 is less than or equal to 3. A number 7 is no more than 3.

3. WRITING Explain how the graph of x < 6 is different from the graph of x < 6.
. WRITING Are the graphs of x < 5 and 5 = x the same or different? Explain.

€ 1e =
Cx Practice and Problem Solving
| le aig

Write the word sentence as an inequality.

@ 5. Anumber kis less than 10. 6. Anumber ais more than 6.

7. Anumber Z is fewer than = 8. Anumber bis at least —3.

9. One plus a numbery is no more than —13.

10. A number x divided by 3 is at most 5.

Tell whether the given value is a solution of the inequality.

@ 11, x=-1<7;«=6 (Vig) oacelR
ayeully
13. 32>6; Z=3 14. >> 6; b=10

15. ¢€4+ 25-243;

c= 18 16. a<0; a=—5

Match the inequality with its graph.

1)smeces ities AD oe 20S 2

A, <pa f}——$}—

Section 7.5 Writing and Graphing Inequalities 329

 Write an inequality and a word sentence that represent the graph.

Se 2 ee 0 1 2 3 =P) 0 1 2 3 4

Graph the inequality on a number line.

i
@ 25. a>4 26. n>8 27 3a 28.
y<>

29, x<= Ly) 26 31s 32a

1 is
cei) TueSe rh be eG, PS Me 5OR tr

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in graphing the inequality.
37. 38.
x21 x>—1

FISHING You are fishing and are allowed

to catch at most 3 striped bass. Each
striped bass must be no less than
18 inches long.
a. Write and graph an inequality to
represent the number of striped
bass you are allowed to catch.
b. Write and graph an inequality to
represent the length of each striped
bass you are allowed to catch.

40. MODELING Fora food to be labeled low sodium, Nutrition Facts

there must be no more than 140 milligrams of sodium Serving Size cup (114g)
per serving. Servings Per Container 4
Amount Per Serving
a. Write and graph an inequality to represent the Calories 90 Calories from fat 30
amount of sodium in a low-sodium serving. Sea
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 3g 5%
b. Write and graph an inequality to represent the Saturated Fat 0g 0%
amount of sodium in a serving that does not qualify Cholesterol Omg 0%
; Sodium 300mg 13%
as low sodium. Total Carbohydrate 13g 4%
c. Does : the food represented by: the nutrition facts label posiiberss at
; : Sugars 3g
qualify as a low-sodium food? Explain. Protein 3g
(SURES SA SR
Vitamin A 80% * Vitamin C 60%
Calcium 4% ° Iron 4%

330 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

41. SHOPPING You have $33. You want to buy a necklace
and one other item from the list.

a. Write an inequality to represent the situation.

b. Can the other item be a T-shirt? Explain.
c. Can the other item be a book? Explain.

wf PeeREToe ee ae
~~
:

Determine whether the statement is sometimes, always, or never true.

Explain your reasoning.
~42. Anumber that is a solution of the inequality x > 5 is also a solution of the
inequalityx > 5.
43. A number that is a solution of the inequality 5 < x is also a solution of the
inequalityx > 5.

44. BUS RIDE A bus ride costs $1.50. A 30-day bus pass costs $36. Write an
inequality to represent the number of bus rides you would need to take
for the bus pass to be a better deal.

45. MOVIE THEATER Fifty people are seated in a movie theater. The maximum
capacity of the theater is 425 people. Write an inequality to represent the
number of additional people who can still be seated.

46. Co ad The map shows the elevations above sea level for an area of land.
a. Graph the possible elevations of A. Write
the set of elevations as two inequalities.
b. Graph the possible elevations of C. How
can you write this set of elevations as a
single inequality? Explain.
c. What is the elevation of B? Explain.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Solve the equation. Check your solution. (Section 7.2)
ATR ole, AS. .«%—6=8 49. 16+ x= 44 6:5
50, /.6—=%—
. bi ou)
51. MULTIPLE CHOICE A stack of boards is 24 inches high. Each board is a of an
inch thick. How many boards are in the stack? (Section 2.2)

B) = ord ©) 64

Section 7.5 Writing and Graphing Inequalities 331

 “Solving Inequalities Using
7 ANelelielon of ouyeretioy
JARI E AIEEE EISMESA Es sibs earn a ed RNa eR ae ee eT

> > fl Lian :

sential Question How can you use addition or subtraction to
solve an inequality?

ITY: Writing an Inequality

Work with a partner. In 3 years,
your friend will still not be old
enough to vote.
a. Which of the following represents
your friend’s situation? What does
x represent? Explain your reasoning.

aie onolG esr BS Ie

x+ 318 CEES 8

b. Graph the possible ages of your friend on a number line. Explain how you
decided what to graph.

>
ACTIVITY: Writing an Inequality
AT 1\ g

Work with a partner. Baby manatees

are about 4 feet long at birth. They
grow to a maximum length of
13 feet.
a. Which of the following can
represent a baby manatee’s
~COMMON
~ CORE growth? What does x represent?
Solving Inequalities Explain your reasoning.
In this lesson, you will
e use addition or subtraction Xa A eS Xia Ars 13
to solve inequalities.
@ use a number line to
graph the solution set
of inequalities. A aS A Ave1S
e solve real-life problems.
Applying Standards
6.EE.5
6.EE.8
b. Graph the solution on a number line. Explain how you decided
what to graph.

332 Chapter7 Equations and Inequalities

 a
US ee Nie i a all as ee

(: Solving Inequalities
Work with a partner. Complete the following steps for Activity 1. Then repeat
the steps for Activity 2.
Math e Use your inequality from part (a). Replace the inequality symbol with an
Practice equal sign.
Interpret |
Results e Solve the equation.
What does ; ; oe 5 .
Recainban oF e Replace the equal sign with the original inequality symbol.
the inequality | e Graph this new inequality.
represent?
eee cS e Compare the graph with your graph in part (b). What do you notice?

Work with a partner. Draw different triangles whose

sides have lengths 10 cm, 6 cm, and x cm.
a. Which of the following describes how small x can be?
Explain your reasoning.

Sew <a10 Ses up ise he

Orv 0 oa apn, eden 1)

ents. 6cm

b. Which of the following describes how large x can be?

Explain your reasoning.

Wow <2 0 pe eee x= Oc 10 C= O72 10

c. Graph the possible values of x on a number line.

What Is Your Answer?

5. INYOUR OWN WORDS Howcan you use addition or subtraction to solve
an inequality?
6. Describe a real-life situation that you can represent with an inequality.
Write the inequality. Graph the solution on a number line.

| : Use what you learned about solving inequalities to complete

» Practice Exercises 5-7 on page 336.

Section 7.6 Solving Inequalities Using Addition or Subtraction 333

7.6 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials.
BigIdeasMath

Vg) a y :

StudyTipYona oer
ae Addition Property of IInequality
li
inequalities the Words When you add the same number to each side of an inequality,
same way you solve the inequality remains true.
pee Uo: Ree Numbers oe Algebra x-—4> 5
Operations to get the |
variable by itself. pet ee +4. +4
nd aie if tn ane

Graph 9
Caen eel

Subtraction Property of Inequality

Words When you subtract the same number from each side of an
inequality, the inequality remains true.
Numbers Ss DO) Algebra x+4> 5

~2 72 ake Sane
Lee sgl

Graph Xa
pe ee

EXAMPLE | {|

Solve x — 3 > 1. Graph the solution.

eon 2 Write the inequality.

[undo the subtraction, J}p—> eo ra Addition Property of Inequality
ie 2 Simplify.
Check: i
“> The solution is x > 4.
797) Soeal
OT x x>4
2
x=5: 5-351 =| 0 1 a 4 5 Ghee? 8

2>1 J (x = 3 is nota solution. x = 5 is asolution. }

@ On Your Own
Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.
NX — 228 2: XO Sheer x= |

334 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 SENT IE 2) Solving an Inequality Using Subtraction
Solve 15 2 6 + x. Graph the solution.

RAT ONGise a3 Write the inequality.

Undo the addition. /—> 0" 0 Subtraction Property of Inequality
era Simplify.

Reading
The inequality x < Ons.
the same as 9 > x. | <> tH

@ On Your Own
a4 Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.
€ad
Exercises 5-16” APE AO al SP sirens|Ws RG Sig inaie)

A flea market advertises that it has more than 250 vending booths.
Of these, 184 are currently filled. Write and solve an inequality to
represent the number of vending booths still available.

Words Thenumber plus thenumber isgreater the total

of booths ofremaining than number
filled booths of booths.

Variable Let b be the number

of remaining booths.
Inequality 184 a b > 250

LS4ee Oe 250 Write the inequality.

— 184 — 184 Subtraction Property of Inequality
ae 66 Simplify.

-> More than 66 vending booths are still available.

@ On Your Own
7. You have already spent $24
shopping online for clothes. es
Write and solve an inequality FREE Standard Shipping:
when you spend $75|
to represent the additional | or more |
amount you must spend to
get free shipping.

Section 7.6 Solving Inequalities Using Addition or Subtraction 335

7.6. Exercises.
elp with Homework, /
BigIdeasMath
GF Vocabulary and Concept Check
1 OPEN-ENDED Write an inequality that can be solved by subtracting 7 from
each side.
WRITING Explain how to solve the inequality x — 6 > 3.
WRITING Describe the graph of the solution of x+ 3 < 4.

OPEN-ENDED Write an inequality that the graph represents. Then use the
Subtraction Property of Inequality to write another inequality that the
graph represents.

Practice and Problem Solving

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.
O®@ 5. belo (theo) Oo er ite 7. Tic ore awe

8. Sesice tl OSS2 ax 10. 37+2z<54

ats y-21< 85 12. g-17217 13. 7.2<x+4.2

14. eS Ge 15, 422,
2
16
3 4

Nd ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

: i ‘ 282t-9
solving the inequality.
=o eee
192¢t

18. AIR TRAVEL Your carry-on bag can weigh at most

40 pounds. Write and solve an inequality to represent
how much more weight you can add to the bag and still
meet the requirement.

19. SHOPPING It costs $x for a round-trip

bus ticket to the mall. You have $24.
\ Write and solve an inequality to represent
the greatest amount of money you can
spend for the bus fare and still have
enough to buy the baseball cap.

Write the word sentence as an inequality. Then solve the inequality.

20. Five more than a number is less than 17.

21; Three less than a number is more than 15.

336 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.
OD Rs Siar vor 23 Ae ass20 243, 6.10.
22°63tal

25. VIDEO GAME The high score for a video game is 36,480. Your current score is
34,280. Each dragonfly you catch is worth 1 point. You also get a 1000-point
bonus for reaching 35,000 points. Write and solve an inequality to represent
the number of dragonflies you must catch to earn a new high score.

26. PICKUP TRUCKS You can register a pickup truck as a passenger vehicle if the
truck is not used for commercial purposes and the weight ofthe truck with
its contents does not exceed 8500 pounds.

a. Your pickup truck weighs 4200 pounds. Write an inequality to represent the
number of pounds your truck can carry and still qualify as a passenger vehicle.
Then solve the inequality.
b. Acubic yard of sand weighs about
1600 pounds. How many cubic yards of
sand can you haul in your truck and still
qualify as a passenger vehicle? Explain
your reasoning.

27. TRIATHLON You complete two events of a triathlon. Your goal is to finish with
an overall time of less than 100 minutes.
a. Write and solve an inequality to represent how
many minutes you can take to finish the running
event and still meet your goal.
b. The running
A
event
:
is 3.1 miles long. Estimate ; how Swimming 18.2
many minutes it would take you to run 3.1 miles. at
mat Biking 45.4
Would this time allow you to reach your goal? :
Explain your reasoning. Running

28. The possible values of x are given by x — 3 2 2. What is

the least possible value of5x?

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Solve the equation. Check your solution. (Section 7.3)

29. oad 30. 6=— 31. 8x=72 cpl. hada

ane of- Brand en e ae é a D

33. MULTIPLE ae
* 2 t = ~~ aad Da ft ; =
turkeyis the best buy? (Section 5.4) Cost (dollars) 10.38 | 13.47 | 21.4534.93

(A) BrandA Brand B Pounds — : 5 3 | 5 7

(©) BrandC ©) BrandD '

Section 7.6 Solving Inequalities Using Addition or Subtraction 337

 > Solving Inequalities, Using
Multiplication) or Division
a SpOSBEE SS GS ape lye ia set ae lk SG se cot eat rsa

aSta
ae
Bitataat
Cen
POS
Essential Question How can you use multiplication or division to
solve an inequality?

| _ ACTIVITY: Writing an Inequality

Work with a partner. A store has a clearance rack
of shirts that each cost the same amount. You buy
2 shirts and have money left after paying with
a $20 bill.
a. Which of the following represents your purchase?
What does x represent? Explain your reasoning.

2x 720 2X20

PG SAA 20202)

b. Graph the possible values of xon a number

line. Explain how you decided what to graph.
c. Can you buy a third shirt? Explain
your reasoning.

Work with a partner. One of your favorite stores is having a 75% off sale.
You have $20. You want to buy a pair of jeans.
a. Which of the following represents your
ability to buy the jeans with $20? What
does x represent? Explain your reasoning.
_ COMMON
' CORE il 1
a 2) See PAW
Solving Inequalities 4 4
In this lesson, you will
e use multiplication
or division to solve 1 il
inequalities. ie: > 20 Tee 2 20
@ use a number line to
graph the solution set
of inequalities. b. Graph the possible values of xon a number line.
© solvereal-tite problems. Explain how you decided what to graph.
Applying Standards
ise c. Can you afford a pair of jeans that originally costs $1002
ie Explain your reasoning.

338 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 3) , ACTIVITY: Solving Inequalities
yale
of |

Work with a partner. Complete the following steps for Activity 1.

Then repeat the steps for Activity 2.
e Use your inequality from part (a). Replace the inequality symbol with an
equal sign.
e Solve the equation.
e Replace the equal sign with the original inequality symbol.
e Graph this new inequality.
e Compare the graph with your graph in part (b). What do you notice?

Work with a partner. Match the inequality with its graph. Explain
your method.

a. 3x <9 b. 3x <9 521

d. 6 <2% e. 12 < 4x ee

Math
Practice | :
Make a Plan oe ee ee ns
. 3 =6 uy 5) 0 2 4 6 8
What strategy will

the correct graph? 2 6 ay 23 0 2 4 6 8

Ls uy -4 -¥) 0 2 4 6 8
E. <— + + +t _f_ +++

243 =6 “3 =2 0 2 4 6 8
F. Se ne nS UD AS ZR

eS a 24 =) 0 2 4 6 8

What Is Your Answer?

5. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you use multiplication or division to solve
an inequality?

: Use what you learned about solving inequalities to complete

aaclad aes Exercises 8-11 on page 342.

Section 7.7 Solving Inequalities Using Multiplication or Division 339

7.7. Lesson Check It,Out,
Lesson Tutorials
BigIdeasMath

@° Key Ideas
Multiplication Property of Inequality
Words When you multiply each side of an inequality by the same
Multiplication and positive number, the inequality remains true.
division are inverse
operations. Numbers 8>6 Algebra. 22

8x2>6x2 ee
167-al2 aca

Division Property of Inequality

Words When you divide each side of an inequality by the same
positive number, the inequality remains true.
Numbers G6 Algebra 4x < 8

8+2>6—2 pd < e
4 4

AN es) Bags 7's

These properties are also true for < and 2.

>eNNa= 1. Solving an Inequality Using Multiplication

Solve :< 2. Graph the solution.

=a2 Write the inequality.

Undo the division, }—> Oe S210) Multiplication Property of Inequality

G2 1.0 Simplify.

“t+ The solution is x < 10.

x<10
arn NnU nnn RRR EER

5 Ge 7-8 10, a 12g) al ee eS

ey
x = 5 is a solution. x = 15 is nota solution.

@ On Your Own
‘ Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.
¥
Exercises 6-9 APD ahah49 Zi 39 <6 Bigeles—
3

340 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 ONE 2) _ Solving an Inequality Using Division __
Solve 4n > 32. Graph the solution.
4n > 32 Write the inequality.
tere “y AIS 32,
Undo the multiplication. -—> | > i Division Property of Inequality

n>8 Simplify.

«s+ The solution is n > 8.

onere eres A one-way bus ride costs $1.75. A 30-day bus pass costs $42.
a. Write and solve an inequality to find the least number of one-way
rides you must take for the 30-day pass to be a better deal.
b. You ride the bus an average of 20 times each month. Is the pass
a better deal? Explain.

a. Words Thepriceofa times thenumberof ismore $42.

one-way ride one-wayrides than
Variable Let r be the number of one-way rides.
Inequality LS) . r . 42

1.75r > 42 Write the inequality.

ols 42 nhl ‘
——__ > -—— Division Property of Inequalit
L775 Ere) ne 4 :

r>24 Simplify.

So, you need to take more than 24 one-way rides for the pass
to be a better deal.
b. No. The cost of 20 one-way rides is less than $42. So, the pass is
not a better deal.

@ On Your Own
Le Reg dy Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.
OM exercises 10-13 Anmiiine 33 5. 5°j>20 6. 50<2m
7. The sign shows the toll for driving on Alligator Alley.
Write and solve an inequality to represent the number of
times someone can drive on Alligator Alley with $15.

Section 7.7 Solving Inequalities Using Multiplication or Division 341

= Be Exercises Help with H w//
BigIdeasMath

G Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. REASONING Howis the graph of the solution of 2x > 10 different from the
graph of the solution of 2x = 10?

Name the property you should use to solve the inequality.

<27
2. 3x > 49
3. 7x 4. 5< 36
5. OPEN-ENDED Write two inequalities that have the same solution set: one that
you can solve using division and one that you can solve using multiplication.

Practice and Problem Solving

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.

@ 6. 2<4 7. n+6>2 seen

3
920.29
ih
8

< 96
@ 10. 12x > 25
11. 5x 12. 8-w<72 < 42
13. 7p

14, “b> 15 15. 6x<90 16. 35

>36 17, 20< 45
5 Ox
18. 4¢> 72 19. ee 205 12132 21. moe

22. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in 2 ’

solving the inequality. x = S30 |
xX .6< 30 |
23. GEOMETRY The length ofa rectangle is 8 feet, and its 6 ee
area is less than 168 square feet. Write and solve an Rec ts
inequality to represent the width of the rectangle. ionaaneiaieeneneinsascelsace anal

24. PLAYGROUND Students at a playground are divided into 5 equal

groups with at least 6 students in each group. Write and solve an
inequality to represent the number of students at the playground.

Write the word sentence as an inequality.

Then solve the inequality.
25. Eight times a number 7 is less than 72.
26. A number ¢ divided by 32 is at most 4.25.
27. 225 is no less than 12 times a number w.

342 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 Graph the numbers that are solutions to both inequalities.
28. x+7> 9 and 8x < 64 29) Neos Canoe

30. THRILL RIDE A thrill ride at an amusement park holds

a maximum of 12 people per ride.

a. Write and solve an inequality to find the least

number of rides needed for 15,000 people.
b. Do you think it is possible for 15,000 people to
ride the thrill ride in 1 day? Explain.
31. FOOTBALL A winning football team more than doubled
the offensive yards gained by its opponent. The opponent
gained 272 offensive yards. The winning team had
80 offensive plays. Write and solve an inequality to find
the possible number of yards per play for the winning team.

Park Hours
32. LOGIC Explain how you know that 7x < 7x has no solution.
10:00 A.M.—10:00 P.M.

33. OPEN-ENDED Give an example of a real-life situation in which you can list
all the solutions of an inequality. Give an example of a real-life situation in
which you cannot list all the solutions of an inequality.

, Schoo! Fundraiser
Seo yeaa seri

—_ ,,
~___ Earn $5 for every $50 in sales! TAKE ONE.
34. FUNDRAISER You are selling items from a
—
catalog for a school fundraiser. Write and
solve two inequalities to find the range
of sales that will earn you between $40
and $50.

SHH Let a > band x > y.Tell whether the statement is always true.
Explain your reasoning.

25 .edae Day SO rier kee: Vy, 37. ax > by, ee

what you learned in previous grades & lessons

\ . .
sain Game RevieW
; } 4
A
i | ‘

Classify the quadrilateral. (Ski lls Review Handbook)

39. 40. 41,

42. MULTIPLE CHOICE On anormal day, 12 airplanes arrive at an airport every

15 minutes. Which rate does not represent this situation? (Section 5.3)

() 24 airplanes every 30 minutes (B) 4airplanes every 5 minutes

(©) 6airplanes every 5 minutes (@) 48 airplanes each hour

Section 7.7 Solving Inequalities Using Multiplication or Division 343

 riage Ti CRRA LARCH INSTRU LTIITARII AMI STON DET

75-77 Quiz
jonialsiadoes sana pet eeaisac ooo Naess aoiasanutS

Progress Check , /4
BigIdeasMath X
Write the word sentence as an inequality. (Section 7.5)
1. Anumber x is greater than 0. 2. Twice a number cis at least —8.

Tell whether the given value is a solution of the inequality. (Section 7.5)

Wee Ip) us)

Cy Ae AL rele s39 ex

Graph the inequality on anumber line. (Section 7.5)

Di Viet 6. m<=

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution. (Section 7.6)

Ihas Gadi boc 8. 18> 167g

Write the word sentence as an inequality. Then solve the inequality. (Section 7.6)
9. Two less than a number is more than 15.

10. Seven more than a number is less than or equal to 27.

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution. (Section 7.7) |

11. < 24 12. 121 > lls |

Write the word sentence as an inequality. Then solve the inequality. (Section 7.7)
13. Three times a number x is more than 18.

14. 84 is no less than 7 times a number k.

15. WATER PARK Each visit to a water park costs $19.95.

An annual pass to the park costs $89.95. Write an
inequality to represent the number of times you
would need to visit the park for the pass to be a
better deal. (Section 7.5)

16. GARDEN You want to use a square section of your

yard for a garden. You have at most 52 feet of
fencing to surround the garden. Write and solve
an inequality to represent the possible lengths of
each side of the garden. (Section 7.7)

17. DELIVERY You were planning to spend $12 ona

pizza. Write and solve an inequality to represent
the additional amount you must spend to get
free delivery. (Section 7.6)

344 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 7 , Chapter Rev
—

Review Key Vocabulary

equation, p. 296 solution of an equation in inequality, p. 326
solution, p. 302 two variables, p. 376 solution of an inequality, p. 327
inverse operations, p. 303 independent variable, p. 376 solution set, p. 327
equation in two variables, p. 376 dependent variable, p. 376 graph of an inequality, p. 328

Review Examples and Exercises

Writing Equations in One Variable (pp. 294-299)

Write the word sentence “The quotient of a number b and 6 is 9” as
an equation.

The quotient of anumber b and 6 is 9.

AF

b+6 = 9 Quotient of means division.

:+ An equation is b + 6 = 9.

Exercises
Write the word sentence as an equation.
1. The product of a number m and 2 is 8.
2. 6 less than a number fis 7.
3. Anumber m increased by 5 is 7.
4. 8 is the quotient of a number gand 3.

Solving Equations Using Addition or Subtraction (pp. 300-307)

Solvez+5= 13.

: | fae 15 Write the equation.

4 ( Undo the addition. ) De 5 Subtraction Property of Equality

: | z= 8 Simplify.
‘+ The solution is z = 8.

Exercises
Solve the equation. Check your solution.
5. xk LS 8 6.11 LZ =D

Chapter Review 345

 Solving Equations Using Multiplication or Division (pp. 308-313)

Solve 4c = 32.

Ac = 32 Write the equation.

Undo the AC ae.32 ae
——
; F Division Property rty of
of Equality
Equalit

| c=8 Simplify.

Exercises
Solve the equation. Check your solution.
Suing = 42 9. 7k+3=21 10. 2 = 25

Writing Equations in Two Variables (pp. 374-321)

Tell whether (6, 16) is a solution of the equation y = 3x — 4.
2
16 = 3(6) - 4 Substitute.
16 # 14 x Compare.

“t+ So, (6, 16) is nota solution. |

|

Exercises |
Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the equation. |
TS yx 27) 12. y= 7x — 4; (4, 22)

13. TAXI A taxi ride costs $3 plus $2.50 per mile. Write and graph an equation in
two variables that represents the total cost of a taxi ride.

Writing and Graphing Inequalities (pp. 324-331)

Write the word sentence as an inequality.
a. Anumber x is more than —9. b. Anumber r divided by 2 is at most 4.
A number x is more than —9. A number r divided by 2 is atmost 4.
ee Nee ey, = Spt we eran 3

2 a 5 = 4
red r ea

s+ An inequality isx> —9. ‘+ An inequality is ay

Exercises
Write the word sentence as an inequality.
14. Anumber mis less than 5. 15. Anumber h is at least —12.
Graph the inequality on a number line.
16.07-5-0) 4W arabes VS eee

346 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 Solving Inequalities Using Addition or Subtraction (pp. 332-337)
Solve 1 < x — 4. Graph the solution.

Liste 4 Write the inequality.

Undo the subtraction. -— +4 +4 Addition Property of Inequality
init 5 Sx Simplify.

The inequality 5 < xis the same as x > 5.

:+ The solution is x > 5.
x>5

Exercises
Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.
19. x+1>3 20. k-7<0 21.
y+ 829
22.247 =— [Nae 23.4.7, 4 24: Xx20> 24

25. b+12< 26 26 52 5 27. + m<-

Solving Inequalities Using Multiplication or Division (pp. 338-343)

Solve 7n < 42. Graph the solution.

7n < 42 Write the inequality.

( Undo the multiplication. = 2 < = Division Property of Inequality

n<6 Simplify.

++ The solution is n < 6.

n«<&

—2 —1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Exercises
Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.

28. x+2<4 >63

29. 9n 30. 3X S10

31. 9>3b 32. 10p > 40 33. —k< 15

34. TICKETS The cost of three tickets to a movie is at least $20. Write and
solve an inequality that represents the situation.

Chapter Review 347

a PE SATE

- Mchapter Test
Check It,Out,
BigideasMath com
Write the word sentence as an equation.
1. 7 times a number s is 84. 2. 13 is one-third of anumber m.

Solve the equation. Check your solution.

Me ihe eas AG 5 50

63h 45 7, <M= 30 g. = 32

Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the equation.

OV 9X, (aye 0) 10. y= 4x + 2; (8, 36)

Write an inequality for the situation.

11. An MP3 player holds up to 300 songs. 12. Riders must be at least 48 inches tall.

Graph the inequality on a number line.

135.0255 142

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.

197 i Oi 16: 122i e8.G

17. sb < 12 18. 72> 12p |

19. SCHOOL DANCE Each ticket to a school dance is $4. The total amount
collected in ticket sales is $332. Write and solve an equation to find
the number of students attending the dance.

20. T-SHIRTS A soccer team will sell T-shirts for a fundraiser.

The company that makes the T-shirts charges $10 per shirt
plus a $20 shipping fee per order.
a. Write and graph an equation in two variables that represents
the total cost of ordering the shirts.
b. Choose an ordered pair that lies on your graph in part (a).
Interpret it in the context of the problem.

21. HURRICANE A hurricane has wind speeds that are greater than or
equal to 74 miles per hour. Write an inequality to represent the
possible wind speeds during a hurricane.

348 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

7 Standard sessment
CSAC
OSS ee Reo Les ehh eeMea e ERINLnC:

1. What is the area of the balcony shown below?

(6.G.1)
4.25 ft king xcat, ee nae
S24. How many is th ato ||

S775 ik

Reo CG 261

B. 18 ft? D. 52 ft?

2. You are making identical fruit baskets using

16 apples, 24 pears, and 32 bananas. What
is the greatest number of baskets you can
make using all the fruit? (6.NS.4)

BE 2 H. 8

G. 4 1 16

3. Which equation represents the word sentence below? (6.EE.7)

The sum of 18 and 5 is equal to 9 less than a number y.

A. 18-5=9-y Cc. 18+5=y-9

B. 18+5=9-y D. 18-5=y-9

4. Which number line is a graph of the solution of the inequality below? =(6.£E.8)
pan

F. A$$ pj Fn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7) 8 9

Standards Assessment 349

 What should your friend change in order to divide the two mixed
numbers correctly? (6.NS.1)

A. Find a common denominator of 5 and 2.

B. Multiply by the reciprocal of =

C. Multiply by the reciprocal of -

D. Rename 3=as 2=.

6. An inequality is graphed on the number line below.

What is the least whole number value that is a solution of the inequality?
(6.EE.8)

Ve A company ordering parts receives a charge of $25 for shipping and handling
plus $20 per part. Which equation represents the cost c of ordering p parts?
(G.EE,9)

F. c= 25+ 20p H. p=25

+ 20c

G. c=20+ 25p Is P= 20-7256

8. Which property is illustrated by the statement below? (6.FE.3)

5(3 + 6) = 5(3) + 5(6)

A. Associative Property of Multiplication

B. Commutative Property of Multiplication

C. Commutative Property of Addition

D. Distributive Property

350 Chapter 7 Equations and Inequalities

 9. What is the value of the expression below? (6.NS.3)

46.8 + 0.156

10. Ina fish tank, 75% of the fish are goldfish. How many fish are in the tank if
there are 24 goldfish? (6.RP3c)

F. 6 H. 32

G. 18 I. 96

ok . What are the coordinates of point P in the coordinate plane below?

(6.NS.6c)

Aral, 2) Ca 7s)

By (3; —2) DAG 2,2)

12. What is the first step in evaluating the expression below? (6.EE.1)

3-( +2)? +7

F. Multiply 3 and 5. H. Evaluate 5.

G. Add 5 and2. |. Evaluate 27.

13. Jeff wants to save $4000 to buy a used car. He has already saved $850. He
tam plans to save an additional $150 each week. (6.EE.7)
Solve
Explain Part A. Write and solve an equation to represent the number of weeks
remaining until he can afford the car.

Jeff saves $150 per week by saving .of what he earns at his job each week.
He works 20 hours per week.

Part B Write an equation to represent the amount per hour that Jeff must
earn to save $150 per week. Explain your reasoning.

Part C What is the amount per hour that Jeff must earn? Show your work
and explain your reasoning.

Standards Assessment 351

 Ssurtace F!
ai

©
ana \

f$93. Surfa ce)Areas ofPyramids

Add a bunk bed,

and we can have
a sleepover J

“I petitioned my own
er for
a
doghouse with greater
volume.”

int the insi

inside a nd
| want to pain
: sure “Then, Doe eeal will multiply by 2 Doe s this
int
«| want to pain my doghousé- Senti to
ount of paint, the outs! seem right to you?
| buy the cor rect
tne am
lateral surfa ce area.
calculate
 Polly Prism,>a
_ SY Pyramid

|. coon oe
Cici Cylinder, and

What You
Learned Before
@ Classifying Figures (5.6.4)
Example 1 Example 2 eNametne

a
: these F4
Identify the figure. Identify the figure. shapes.

-* Because the figure has a *:> Because the figure is a

right angle and three sides quadrilateral with opposite
of different lengths, it is a sides that are parallel, it isa
right scalene triangle. parallelogram.

Try It Yourself
Identify the figure.
1.

finding Volumes of Rectangular Prisms (s5.mp.5a)

Example 3
Find the volume of the rectangular prism.
There are 4 X 7 = 28 unit cubes in each layer.
Because there are 5 layers, there are
5 X 28 = 140 unit cubes in the prism.

‘z+ So, the volume is 140 cubic units.

Try It Yourself
Find the volume of the rectangular prism.

ENN
 8.1 Ihree-Dimensional Figures

Essential Question How can you draw three-dimensional figures?

Dot paper can help you draw three-dimensional figures, or solids.

Square Dot Paper Isometric Dot Paper

Corner view

Y: Drawing Views of. a Solid

1\ ihe
BIZ EI

Work with a partner. Draw the front, side, and top views of each stack of
cubes. Then find the number of cubes in the stack.

a. Sample: [ela 7a aa eT
Ee Seece82S
fe Seccenoo
~[ront
[[side] | top |
Number of cubes: 3

= ad, => s b. dK Gs

COMMON
CORE
Geometry
In this lesson, you will
e draw three-dimensional
figures.
e find the number of faces, cS f.
edges, and vertices
of solids.
Preparing for Standard
6.6.4

354 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

 Work with a partner.
a. Use isometric dot paper to draw three
different solids that use the same number
of cubes as the solid at the right.

b. Use square dot paper to draw a different

solid that uses the same number
of prisms as the solid at the right.

Work with a partner. Use the solid shown.

Math ur £ a. Match each word to the figure. Then
Practice j write a definition for each word.
View as | face edge vertex
EOmponents ' b. Identify the number of faces, edges,
ee aietent and vertices in a rectangular prism.
parts of a three-
dimensional object? c. When using dot paper to draw a solid, what
How can dot paper represents the vertices? How do you draw edges? How do you draw faces?
(Oe Ee d. What do : you think
;
it means
: for ; lines or planes ; to be parallel or
parts of the object?
ee eee perpendicular in three dimensions? Use drawings to identify one pair
of each of the following:
e parallel faces e perpendicular faces
e parallel edges e perpendicular edges
e edge parallel to a face e edge perpendicular to a face

What Is Your Answer?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you draw three-dimensionai figures?

Use what you learned about three-dimensional figures to complete

Practices Exercises 7-9 on page 358.

Section 8.1 Three-Dimensional Figures 355

8.1

Key Vocabulary s@)

solid, p. 356
polyhedron, p. 356
face, p. 356
edge, p. 356
vertex, p. 356
prism, p. 356
| Anedgeis a line segment A aa is a point where
three or more edges intersect.
‘it nasal fwhere : te
two faces intersect

EXAMPLE ( {| Finding, the Number of Faces, Edges, and Vertices

Find the number of faces, edges, and vertices of the solid.

The solid has 1 face on the bottom, 1 face

on the top, and 4 faces on the sides.

The faces intersect at 12 different line segments.

The edges intersect at 8 different points.
::+ So, the solid has 6 faces, 12 edges, and 8 vertices.

@ On Your Own
@ Read 1. Find the number of faces, edges, and vertices
,

Exercises 10-12 ” of the solid.

@° Key Ideas
Prisms Pyramids
prism is a polyhedron that has A pyramid is a polyhedron that
two parallel, identical bases. The has one base. The lateral faces
lateral faces are parallelograms. are triangles.

base lateral face

base |
lateral face base

Triangular Prism Rectangular Pyramid

The shape of the base tells the

name of the prism or the pyramid.

356 Chapter8 Surface Area and Volume iq) Multi-Language Glossary at visitas
 EXAMPLE (2 Weve ninreye ith : 2
a. Draw a rectangular prism.
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:
Draw identical Connect corresponding Change any hidden
rectangular bases. vertices. lines to dashed lines.

a
pew
b. Draw a triangular pyramid.
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:
Draw a triangular Connect the vertices of Change any hidden
base and a point. the triangle to the point. __ lines to dashed lines.

> ON e-8 3 _ Drawing Views of a Solid :

Draw the front, side, and top views of the eraser.

The front view is The side view The top view is

a parallelogram. is a rectangle. a rectangle.

@ On Your Own
Now You're Reag Draw the solid.
@ Exercises 13-22 x 2. square prism 3. pentagonal pyramid

Draw the front, side, and top views of the solid.

Section 8.1 Three-Dimensional Figures 357

8.1. Exercises

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

LOGIC Decide whether the statement is true or false. If false, explain
your reasoning.
1. A triangular prism has three 2. A triangular prism has three
triangular faces. rectangular faces.
3. Arectangular pyramid has one 4. Arectangular pyramid has three
rectangular face. triangular faces.
5. All of the edges of a rectangular 6. None of the edges of a rectangular
prism are parallel. pyramid are parallel.

Draw the front, side, and top views of the stack of cubes. Then find the number of cubes
in the stack.

Draw the solid.

2) 13. triangular prism 14. pentagonal prism
15. rectangular pyramid 16. hexagonal pyramid

Draw the front, side, and top views of the solid.

® 17. 18.

21.

358 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

23. PYRAMID ARENA The Pyramid of Caius Cestius
in Rome, Italy, is in the shape of a square pyramid.
Draw a sketch of the pyramid.
24. RESEARCH Use the Internet to find a picture of
the Washington Monument. Describe its shape.

Draw a solid with the following front, side, and top views.

7 front
@ side
EN top

side top

27. PROJECT Design and draw a house. Name the different solids that you can
use to make a model of the house.

28. REASONING Two of the three views of a solid are shown.

a. What is the greatest number of unit cubes in the solid? Pa

b. What is the least number of unit cubes in the solid?
c. Draw the front views of both solids in parts (a) and (b).
side

29. Draw two different solids with five faces.

a. Write the number of vertices and edges for each solid.
b. Explain how knowing the numbers of edges and vertices helps
you draw a three-dimensional figure.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Find the area of the figure. (Section 4.1, Section 4.2, and Section 4.3)
30. 31; 52 6 ft

BS

33. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which statement is true when x = —2 andy = |—2|?

(Section 6.4)

@ x=y y<0 @) x>y Days

Section 8.1 Three-Dimensional Figures 359

 Surface Areas of Prisms

) ) @

‘ Essential Question How can you find the area of the entire
surface of a prism?

ACTIVITY: Identifying Prisms

We nin
wihh|

Work with a partner. Label one of the faces as a “base” and the other as a
“lateral face.” Use the shape of the base to identify the prism.
b.

ACTIVITY: Using Grid Paper to Construct.a Prism

Work with a partner.
a. Copy the figure shown below onto grid paper.
b. Cut out the figure and fold it to form a prism. What type of prism does
it form?

COMMON
CORE
Geometry
In this lesson, you will
© use nets to
represent prisms.
e find the surface area
of prisms.
@ solve real-life problems.
Learning Standard
6.G.4

360 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

 Work with a partner. Label each face in the two-dimensional representation
of the prism as a “base” or a “lateral face.” Then find the area of the entire
surface of each prism.
a

Math ©) |
Practice YQ
Repeat
Calculations (>
When finding the 6
areas of the faces,
what calculations
do you repeat? :

b.

4 - ioiny>

t5

faa
(a\ ACTIVITY: Drawing Two-Dimensional
: Representations of Prisms
Work with a partner. Draw a two-dimensional representation of each prism.
Then find the area of the entire surface of each prism.
|
a.

:
3

4
3

What Is Your Answ

\, f) Wh e@, Y) ) >) , = Wy Vy

5. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you find the area of the entire surface of
a prism?

s Use what you learned about the area of the entire surface of a prism
Practice to complete Exercises 3-5 on page 364.

Section 8.2 Surface Areas of Prisms 361

8.2 Lesson

Key Vocabulary s@) use aGRRE representation of a solid, called a net, to ane the
surface area, p. 362 surface area of the solid. Surface area is measured in square units.
net, p. 362

G@° key Idea

4 ) " y .

Net of a Rectangular Prism

A rectangular prism is a prism with rectangular bases.

> ON 2e-8 of) ..Finding the Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism

Find the surface area of the rectangular prism.

Use a net to find the area of each face.

Top: 7°4=28
Bottom: 7 +4 = 28
BrONt) se tice)
Back: 7°*3=21
Side; 4°3=12
Side: 4°3=12

Find the sum of the areas of the faces.

Surface _ Area of 5 Area of , Area of ,, Area of P Area of msArea of

Area top bottom front back a side a side
S = 20 4 0 Re 2 ee 12 et 12
= 122

s+ So, the surface area is 122 square inches.

362 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume "@) Multi-Language Glossary at BigtdeasathVom
 Net of a Triangular Prism
A triangular prism is a prism with triangular bases.
Remember
The area A of a triangle |

2 Finding the Surface Area of a Triangular Prism _

Find the surface area of the triangular prism.
Use a net to find the area of each face.

Bottom: 12°8=96

Bront: x (area

Back 5112+5 =30

Side: 13+°8= 104
Side: 8+«5= 40

Find the sum of the areas of the faces.

Surface _ Areaof Areaof Areaof a Areaof

Area front back aside |
S = 96 to O08) AP Se 80F er OAs oe 00)

*:+ So, the surface area is 300 square centimeters.

@ 0n Your Own
NoWetou'reRe,ad Find the surface area of the rectangular prism.
@ Exercises 6-11 :
Suatt

40 ft

Section 8.2 Surface Areas of Prisms 363

 G Vocabulary and Concept Check
1. VOCABULARY Explain how to find the surface area of a prism.
2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What is the sum of the areas of the faces of the prism? —

What is the area of the entire surface of the prism?

What is the area of the triangular faces of the prism?

What is the surface area of the prism?

, : — Jean ee 7 |

Practice and Problem Solving

Draw a two-dimensional representation of the prism. Then find the area
of the entire surface of the prism.

Find the surface area of the prism.

@ ©. gift 7.

Q 9. 2.2 ft 10. 11.

12. GIFT BOX A gift box in the shape of a rectangular

prism measures 8 inches by 8 inches by 10 inches.
What is the least amount of wrapping paper needed
to wrap the gift box? Explain.
13. TENT What is the least amount of fabric needed
to make the tent?

364 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

 14. AQUARIUM A public library has an aquarium
in the shape of a rectangular prism. The base
is 6 feet by 2.5 feet. The height is 4 feet. How
many square feet of glass were used to build
the aquarium? (The top of the aquarium is open.)

° 15. STORAGE BOX The material used to make a

storage box costs $1.25 per square foot. The
boxes have the same volume. How much
does a company save by choosing to make
50 of Box 2 instead of 50 of Box 1?

5 4 fn 16. RAMP A quart of stain covers

me 100 square feet. How many quarts
should you buy to stain the wheelchair
ramp? (Assume you do not have to
stain the bottom of the ramp.)

Critical
17. Sayhiteee A cube is removed froma
rectangular prism. Find the surface area
of the figure after removing the cube.

A coir Game Review what you tearned in previous grades & lessons
Find the area of the triangle. (Section 4.2)
18. 19.

iam rz ft
21. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which value is not a solution of the inequality x— 4 > 2?
(Section 7.5)

De 10 eas) GQ 7-4 Dy =14

Section 8.2 Surface Areas of Prisms 365

 SSBB ai REI Sa iSi ah aca eo aie ea lar ceocean iI pt
i ic re rganizer

eraidereane
You can use a process diagram to show the steps involved in a procedure. Here is an
example of a process diagram for drawing a prism.

Example

Drawing a Triangular
prism prism

Draw identical
bases.

Connect
corresponding
vertices.

Change any
hidden lines to
dashed lines.

On
ww) ©) ©) Y r Own
1)

ur
—

Make process diagrams with examples to

help you study these topics. LCS "| prefer the
1. drawing a pyramid grab and grow\
method.
2. finding the surface area of a prism ae

After you complete this chapter, make

process diagrams with examples for
the following topics.
3. finding the surface area of a pyramid
4. finding the volume of a rectangular prism
“Descartes, you should use my
process diagram when you eat your
treats.”

366 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

21
82

Progr ,
BigldeasMath X
Find the number of faces, edges, and vertices of the solid. (Section 8.1)
1: 2.

Draw the solid. (Section 8.1)

3. trapezoidal prism 4. octagonal pyramid

Draw the front, side, and top views of the solid. (Section 8.1)
5: 6.

Find the surface area of the prism. (Section 8.2)

4cm 8.

Suir.
10cm

2 in.
din.

9. CEREAL A cereal box has the dimensions

shown. (Section 8.2)
2,
a. Find the surface area of the cereal box.
Sy
12 in. b. The manufacturer decides to decrease the size
of the box by reducing each of the dimensions
by 1 inch. Find the decrease in surface area.

10. GIFT BOX Find the

surface area of the
gift box. (Section 8.2)

Sections 8.1-8.2 Quiz 367

 8.3 Surface Areas of Pyramids
SSE SSES SUE BLL ALLL EEE LEBEL ESL LEL DL SELLE EA ELLE NEEDED SEES DIA BIS EEE ETERS SEIS

Essential Question How can you use a net to find the surface
area of a pyramid?

: Identifying Pyramids
f\ CTi\ VITY gy
AS

Work with a partner. Label one of the faces as a “base” and the other as a
“lateral face.” Use the shape of the base to identify the pyramid.

RG Pyramid
: Using a Net.
ACTI VJiT\V:

Work with a partner.

a. Copy the net shown below onto grid paper.
b. Cut out the net and fold it to form a pyramid. What type of rectangle is
the base? Use this shape to name the pyramid.
c. Find the surface area of the pyramid.

Common
CORE
Geometry
In this lesson, you will
e use nets to represent
pyramids.
e find the surface area
of pyramids.
e solve real-life problems.
Learning Standard
6.G.4

368 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

 Work with a partner. Label each face in the net of the triangular pyramid asa
“base” or a “lateral face.” Then estimate the surface area of the pyramid.

Math
Practice
Analyze Givens
What information is
given in the diagram?
How does this help
you estimate the
surface area of
the pyramid?

Work with a partner. Draw a net for each square pyramid. Use the net to find
the surface area of the pyramid.
b.

Nhat Is; Your Answer?

5: IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use a net to find the surface area of
a pyramid?
CONJECTURE Make a conjecture about the lateral faces of a pyramid when
the side lengths of the base have the same measure. Explain.

: Use what you learned about the surface area of a pyramid to

Practice complete Exercises 3-5 on page 372.

Section 8.3 Surface Areas of Pyramids 369

83 Lesson

@° Key Idea
Net of a Square Pyramid
A square pyramid is a pyramid with a square base.

> ON Ie=8 of) Finding the Surface Area of a Square Pyramid

Find the surface area of the square pyramid.
a Use a net to find the area of each face.

Cs Bottom: 7+°7=49

Side: 1035
7m 2

Side: 517 +10=35

Side: 57710 =35

Side: 51710 = 35

Find the sum of the areas of the faces.

Surface Areaof Areaof Areaof Areaof Areaof

Area bottom ~— aside aside aside a side
ee cme coer CHIME Ie wey te ss) =

So, the surface area is 189 square meters.

@ 0n Your Own
, p oy
AY You're Find the surface area of:the q square pyr amid. ;
Exercises 6-8

3 ft

ete

370 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

 i Key Idea
Net of a Triangular Pyramid
A triangular pyramid is a pyramid with a triangular base.

The base of each

triangular pyramid '
in this section is an
equilateral triangle.

EXAMPLE (» }
Find the surface area of the triangular pyramid.
Use a net to find the area of each face.

at Bottom: 5+6+5.2 = 15.6

Ci _
or Side: 5 6-6 =24

. 1
Side: —°6+°8=24
SS 2
US ft 1
Side: 2 “6 = DA

Find the sum of the areas of the faces.

Surface - Areaof Areaof Areaof

Area bottom aside a side a side
S = 15.6 “= a2ee 24 ee 4

= 87.6

So, the surface area is 87.6 square feet.

@ 0n Your Own
Now..You're Reg 7 Find the surface area of the triangular pyramid.
e Exercises 9-11 23 4. 5.
3cm

1.7.cm

HES
i 2cm

Section 8.3 Surface Areas of Pyramids 371

 G Vocabulary and Concept Check
1. PRECISION Explain how to find the surface area of a pyramid.

2. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which figure does not belong with the other
three? Explain your reasoning.

ND
Practice and Problem Solving
Draw a net of the square pyramid. Then find the surface area of the pyramid.
3. 4. 5.

A 8 5 3
3
5

Find the surface area of the pyramid. The side lengths of the base are equal.
@ 6. 5 in 8.

17 cm

6 yd 12 cm

NE...

12. PAPERWEIGHT A paperweight is shaped like a

triangular pyramid. The base is an equilateral
triangle. Find the surface area of the paperweight.

372 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

 13. LOUVRE The entrance to the Louvre Museum
in Paris, France, is a square pyramid. The side
length of the base is 116 feet, and the height of
one of the triangular faces is 91.7 feet. Find the
surface area of the four triangular faces
of the entrance to the Louvre Museum.

14. LIGHT COVER A hanging light cover made of glass is

shaped like a square pyramid. The cover does not
have a bottom. One square foot of the glass weighs
2.45 pounds. The chain can support 35 pounds. Will
the chain support the light cover? Explain.
Dat

15. GEOMETRY The surface area of a square pyramid is

84 square inches. The side length of the base is 6 inches.
What is the value ofx?
6 in.

Base
16. STRUCTURE In the diagram of the base
of the hexagonal pyramid, all the triangles
are the same. Find the surface area of
the hexagonal pyramid.

6.93 cm
8cm

17. iii Can you form a square pyramid

using four of the triangles shown? Explain
your reasoning.

14 in.

cs fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Find the missing values in the ratio table. Then write the equivalent ratios. (Section 5.2)

1 Apples |10 5

Oranges | 4 | 12

20. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which ordered pair is in Quadrant II? (Section 6.5)

CY iG) (—2, —3) © (2,4) (Dati)

Section 8.3 Surface Areas of Pyramids 373

 8.4 Volumes Of Rectangular Prasms

— . 1. ® ' » @

Essential Question How can you find the volume of a rectangular

prism with fractional edge lengths?

Recall that the volume of a three-dimensional figure is a measure of the amount of

space that it occupies. Volume is measured in cubic units.
A unit cube is a cube with an edge length of 1 unit.

1 unit

1 unit

Work with a partner. The parallel edges of the unit cube have been divided
into 2, 3, and 4 equal parts to create smaller rectangular prisms that
are identical.

4 equal parts

Common 3 equal parts

CORE
Geometry
In this lesson, you will
e find the volume of prisms
with fractional edge
lengths by using models.
e find the volume of prisms
by using formulas.
Learning Standard : : ; : : ;
6.G2 a. Draw one of these identical prisms and label its dimensions.
b. What fraction of the volume of the unit cube does one of these identical
prisms represent? Use this value to find the volume of one of the identical
prisms. Explain your reasoning.

374 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

 Work with a partner.
a. How many of the identical prisms in Activity 1(a) does it take to fill the
Math ; rectangular prism below? Support your answer with a drawing.

Practice
Analyze
Relationships = unit
What is the
relationship between
the solid shown here
and the solid in
the previous activity?

3 :
A unit

b. Use the volume of one of the identical prisms in Activity 1(a) to find the
volume of the rectangular prism above. Explain your reasoning.

Y: Finding the Volumes of Rectangular Prisms

Pools oh bf be oh as
q ¥z | Wy
aay J i

Work with a partner. Explain how you can use the procedure in Activities 1
and 2 to find the volume of each rectangular prism. Then find the volume of
each prism.
b.

—_

4. You have used the formulas V= Bh and V= @wh to find the volume V of
a rectangular prism with whole number edge lengths. Do you think the
formulas work for rectangular prisms with fractional edge lengths? Give
examples with your answer.
5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you find the volume of a rectangular prism
with fractional edge lengths?

Use what you learned about the volume of a rectangular prism to

Practice complete Exercises 4-6 on page 378.

Section 8.4 Volumes of Rectangular Prisms 375

8.4 Lesson
"esson Tutorials _/
BigIdeasMath

O ) oe | \ om)
Key Vocabulary #@) & Key Idea
volume, p. 374 :
Volume of a Rectangular Prism
Words The volume Vofa rectangular area of base, B
prism is the product of the
area of the base and the height
of the prism.
Algebra V= Bh or V=lwh length, @

> eV Je-8 | . Finding Volumes of Rectangular Prisms

Find the volume of each prism.

In Example 1(b), the

rectangular prism Is a
cube. You can use the
formula V = s? to find |
the volume V of a cube |
with anedge length
of s. Va—iwh Write formula. V= lwh

1
= a3] Substitute values. — (5)(5]
8\2)\8 INO AINE,
55 F Di
=
oi M
ultiply fE ye
A

— 33
8

“t+ So, the volume is ‘+ So, the volume is

35 : 3}
—
oe cubic meter. 3 = cubicici inches.

@ 0n Your Own
(ol Find the volume of the prism.
Exercises 4-9 ¥
1;

376 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume 1@) Multi-Language Glossary at sigideauanee .
 EXAMPLE gme
the Volu
(7 )Usin of a.Rectangular Prism,
One cubic foot of dirt weighs about 70 pounds. How many pounds of
dirt can the dump truck haul when it is full?

Find the volume of dirt that the dump truck can haul when
itasaull.

Vi Lwh Write formula for volume.

= 17(8)(45] Substitute values.

= 646 Multiply.

So, the dump truck can haul 646 cubic feet of dirt when it is full.
To find the weight of the dirt, multiply by —

70 |b
4 1 eae
646 2 45,220
Ib

The dump truck can haul about 45,220 pounds of dirt when it is full.

> eNV 280 3) Finding a Missing Dimension of a Rectangular Prism

Write and solve an equation to find the height of the computer tower.

Vin Write formula for volume.

h 1792=16@)h Substitute values.

1792 = 112h Simplify.

-* 1792 112h alco F

7
16 in. 0 SS
1D — 112 Division Property
perty of gqEqualit y

Volume = 1792 in.® [6ey7 Simplify.

So, the height of the computer tower is 16 inches.

@ On Your Own
3. WHAT IF? In Example 2, the length of the dump truck is
20 feet. How many pounds of dirt can the dump truck
haul when it is full?
N d d Write and solve an equation to find the missing dimension of
© Gee the prism.
4. Volume = 72 in.” 5. Volume = 1375 cm?

Section 8.4 Volumes of Rectangular Prisms 377

$4 Exercises
el with Homework,/
BigIdeasMath &

vyVocabulary and Concept Check

CRITICAL THINKING Explain how volume and surface area are different.
2. REASONING Will the formulas for volume work for rectangular prisms with
decimal edge lengths? Explain.
3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

How much does it take to fill the rectangular prism?

10 cm
What is the capacity of the rectangular prism?

How much does it take to cover the rectangular prism? —

How much does the rectangular prism contain? |

Write and solve an equation to find the missing dimension of the prism.
® 10. Volume = 1620 cm° 11. Volume = 220.5 cm? 12. Volume = 532 in.°

3.,
17, in.

9cm 9cm

378 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

13. FISH TANK One cubic foot of water weighs
about 62.4 pounds. How many pounds of
water can the fish tank hold when it is full?
ff Sant
3 ;
14. CUBE How many q centimeter cubes
do you need to create a cube with an edge
length of 12 centimeters?
ae
Zou

15. REASONING How many 1-inch cubes do you need to fill a cube that has an
edge length of 1 foot? How can this result help you convert a volume from
cubic inches to cubic feet? from cubic feet to cubic inches?

16. FOOD STORAGE

a. Estimate the amount of casserole left in the dish.
b. Will the casserole fit in the storage container?
Explain your reasoning.

TO ier,
7 in.
7 in.

17. PROBLEM SOLVING The area of the shaded face is 96 square

centimeters. What is the volume of the rectangular prism?

18. Project 2 You have 1400 square feet of boards to use for a new tree house.
a. Design a tree house that has a volume of at least 250 cubic feet. Include
sketches of your tree house.
b. Are your dimensions reasonable? Explain your reasoning.

fair Game Review what you iearned in previous grades & lessons
Tell whether the given value is a solution of the equation. (Section 7.2)

498 = 24a 20. == 6; x= 35 — — 21

19 = 427
2\a
22. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which set of integers is ordered from least to greatest?
(Section 6.2)

Ce 133-5570;12 —1,3, —5, —8, 12

Oe, = 27.10 @) —14, —9,6, —4,2

Section 8.4 Volumes of Rectangular Prisms 379

 SaaS EY TE

= peiidaiaie
RE aSuita uaSalsa eal laacantante ean

i] a iy
2
wy
wg PI DAD DI AAI
6 IS SEE PE NS US LANL AO REN IS SERA ROADS
rogress Che -

BigIdeasM
Find the surface area of the pyramid. The side lengths of the base are equal. (Section 8.3)

dient

8 ft

Find the volume of the prism. (Section 8.4)

Write and solve an equation to find the missing dimension

ofthe prism. (Section 8.4)

5. Volume = 1620 in.? 6. Volume = 154 in. 7. Volume = 4250 in.?

tins

erin
y, P2 Wii):

8. GREAT PYRAMID The Great Pyramid of Giza is a

4.8 cm
square pyramid. A gift shop sells miniature models
of this pyramid. Find the surface area of the model
shown at the left. (Section 8.3)

7.6.cm 9. CUBE How many 1-inch cubes do you need to create

a cube with an edge length of 7 inches? (Section 8.4)

16 in.
10. TOY CHEST A toy company sells two different
toy chests. The toy chests have different
16 in.
dimensions, but the same volume. What
is the width w of Toy Chest 2? (Section 8.4)

380 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

8 Chapter Review

Review Key Vocabulary

solid, p. 356 vertex, p. 356 net, p. 362
polyhedron, p. 356 prism, p. 356 volume, p. 374
face, p. 356 pyramid, p. 356
edge, p. 356 Surtace area, p. 362

Review Examples and Exercises

Gl) Three-Dimensional Figures (pp. 354-359)

a. Find the number of faces, edges, and vertices of the solid.
|

The solid has 1 face on the bottom and 4 faces on the sides.
The faces intersect at 8 different line segments.
The edges intersect at 5 different points.

ot So, the solid has 5 faces, 8 edges, and 5 vertices.

Ss. Drawa triangular prism.

Draw identical Connect corresponding Change any hidden
triangular bases. vertices. lines to dashed lines.

Exercises
Find the number of faces, edges, and vertices of the solid.
as 2.

a | Draw the solid.

| 3. square pyramid 4. hexagonal prism

Chapter Review 381

 82) Surface Areas of Prisms (pp. 360-365)
Find the surface area of the rectangular prism.

Use a net to find the area of each face.

Stk

Top:.5 «3 =15 Front: 5 °2= 10 Side: 3°2=6

Bottom: 5°3=15 Back: 5 +2 = ] 0 Side: 3°2=6
Find the sum of the areas of the faces.
S10 157 10 +10 464.6

= 62

“t+ The surface area is 62 square feet.

Exercises
Find the surface area of the prism.

382 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

83) Surface Areas of Pyramids (pp. 368-373)

Find the surface area of the triangular pyramid.

Use a net to find the area of each face.

Bottom: +6 + 5.2 = 15:6 Side: +6« 10 = 30

Side: 5+6 + 10 = 30 Side: =+ 6 + 10 = 30

Find the sum of the areas of the faces.

S = 15.6
+ 30 + 30 + 30 = 105.6

‘+ The surface area is 105.6 square yards.

Exercises
Find the surface area of the pyramid. The side lengths of the base are equal.
ihe 12. 13.
94cm
10m

\)
N= 8
BO meen wah

GS Volumes of Rectangular Prisms (pp. 374-379)

Find the volume of the prism.

V=/wh Write formula for volume.

= (2)) Substitute values.

6\4/\5

1 :
a5 Multiply.
ply

. eek: ee
°*> The volume is > cubic inch.

Exercises
Find the volume of the prism.

comm

3 ft
2

Chapter Review 383

 5 Chapter Test

Find the number of faces, edges, and vertices of the solid.

1; 2.

Find the surface area of the prism.

3. <meesaaiee 4.
Zit

—___— 1 tt
Bat 12 ft

Find the surface area of the pyramid. The side lengths of the base are equal.

9. DRAWING A SOLID Draw an octagonal prism. TE Ren

10. DVD COLLECTION You are wrapping the boxed DVD

collection as a present. What is the least amount of
wrapping paper needed to wrap the box?

15.2 tt SKATEBOARD RAMP A quart ofpaint covers

80 square feet. How many quarts should you buy
19.5 ft to paint the ramp with two coats? (Assume you
14 ft will not paint the bottom of the ramp.)

12. CUBE A cube has an edge length of 4 inches. You double the side lengths.
How many times greater is the volume of the new cube?

384 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

9 Standards Assessment
1. The temperature in a town has never been
above 38 degrees Fahrenheit. Let t
represent the temperature, in degrees
Fahrenheit. Which inequality represents
thetemperature in the town?
(6.EE.8)

A. t< 38 Garr .38 | ir

- B. t<38 D. t>38 y Vj BG

2. Which number is equivalent to the “Scan the test andg

expression below? (6.FE.1) estions F;
volume Sie Cn
Sir
b 2

3. What is the volume of the package shown below? (6.G.2)

BR OA0ine C. 480 in.

B. 376in. D. 960 in.

4. A housing community started with 60 homes. In each of the following years,

8 more homes were built. Let y represent the number of years that have
passed since the first year, and let n represent the number of homes. Which
equation describes the relationship between nandy? (6.EE.9)

F. n= 8y + 60 H. n=60y+8

G. n= 68y I n=60+8+y

Standards Assessment 385

 5. What is the value of m that makes the equation below true? (6.EE.7)

4m=6

6. A square pyramid is shown below.

The square base and one of the triangular faces of the square pyramid are
shown below with their dimensions.

5 in.

aa
3 in. Sin:
Square Base A Triangular Face

What is the total surface area of the square pyramid? (6.G.4)

A. 16.5 in.” (es Bia
B. 31.5 in.2 D. 69 in.”

- A wooden box has a length of 12 inches, a width of 6 inches, and a height

Think of8inches. (6.G.2, 6.G.4)
Solve
Explain PartA Draw and label a rectangular prism with the dimensions of the
wooden box.

Part B What is the surface area, in square inches, of the wooden box?
Show your work.

PartC You have a 2-ounce sample of wood stain that covers 900 square
inches.
Is this enough to give the entire box two coats of stain? Show your
work
and explain your reasoning.

386 Chapter 8 Surface Area and Volume

 cruel TODSPLPEEIEEstSUSU UMEL ERE TESA Sen

ei

| 8. A biologist measures the lengths of a crazy ant and a green anole that he
has in his laboratory. His measurements are shown below.
) Crazy ant Green anole

| 21 =
° Not drawn to scale

The length of the green anole is how many times greater than the length of
the crazy ant? (6.NS.1)

Fae16 H. 16
G. Bee l. 64
BY

9. What is the missing value in the ratio table? (6.RP3a)

Towers

10. What is the area of the shaded figure shown below? (6.G.1)

A. 32 units” C. 40 units?

B. 36 units? D. 64 units’

Standards Assessment 387

 FLUFFY!
asked Fut
before you
asked me!f 3

“Mom, ; my ow
ner, and Fluff
areca to Particip
ate ihe
y. Will you be my
feurtn
Participant?”

Help! I've got anN

itch. Can someone
please scratch me?)

their sum
tr ying to find the mean
of 6, 8, and 10 by dividing
“Please hold still. lam
into three equal piles.”
jy ad
 i at ;

se — = LLP
ince |S One of us js

What You ay
Learned Before
SE TO, AB PER 4
@ Ordering Decimals (.Nr.7) ; urmeq n weight is 18 oar
po

. Example 1 Use a number line to order 8, 6.5, 7.25,

5.5, 4.25, and 7 from least to greatest.
4.25 oie) es) If L2> 8
<—_+—_}_o—_+—_e—__+—_0—__¢-0_@—___+_>
3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Try It Yourself
Use a number line to order the numbers from least to greatest.
AS 722084-Ge O12; 050, O15 2a 42, Dy Oe Oey 4s ONC

Se B FON 3) 3.019,10.0 4. 1°25, 5:5, 4:75,.42,'3.5, 2:25

@ Analyzing Double Bar Graphs (3.M0.3, 4.NBT.4)

Example 2. How many more male
athletes than female
athletes participated in the
@ Male @ Female
1992 Summer Olympics?

6652 — 2704 = 3948

Number of male | Number of female

athletes in 1992 athletes in 1992
of
Number
athletes

2000 2004 2008 2012

*;+ 3948 more male athletes participated. Year

Example 3 How many athletes participated

in the 2000 Summer Olympics?
“t+ 6582 + 4069 = 10,651 athletes participated in the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Try It Yourself
5. How many more female athletes participated in the 2012 Summer Olympics
than in the 1992 Summer Olympics?
. Describe the relationship between the number of athletes in the 2000 Summer
Olympics and the number of athletes in the 2004 Summer Olympics.
 Essential Question How can you tell whether a question
is a statistical question?

Your heart rate is the number of times your heart beats in a certain time period, such
as 1] minute. To measure your heart rate, you can check your pulse. The illustration
shows how to check your pulse by pressing lightly on your wrist.

Here are other places to

check your pulse:
e inside your elbow
e side of your neck
¢ top of your foot

Work with a partner.

a. Find your pulse by counting the number of beats in 10 seconds. Have your
partner keep track of the time. Write a rate to describe your result.

Complete the ratio table. What Time (seconds)

is your heart rate in beats per
minute? Number of Beats

(i Collect the recorded heart rates (in beats per minute) of the students in
your class, including yourself. Compare the heart rates.
MODELING Make a line plot of your data. Then answer the following
questions:
e How many values are in your data set?

©
e Do the heart rates cluster around a particular value or values?
COMMON
CORE e Are there any peaks or gaps in the data?
Statistics e Are there any unusual heart rates that are far removed from the
In this lesson, you will other values?
® recognize statistical
REASONING How would you answer the following question by using only
questions. i
e use dot plots to display one value? Explain your reasoning. |
numerical data.
“What is the heart rate of sixth grade students?”
Learning Standards
6.SP.1 REASONING Read and compare the following questions. How did
6.SP.4
you
answer each question? Could the answer be the same for both questi
ons?
Explain.
@ What is your heart rate?
¢ What is the heart rate of sixth grade students?

390 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

 IVITY: Identifying Types of Questions
Work with a partner.
a. Answer each question below on your own. Then compare your answers
- with your partner’s answers. For which questions should your answers be
Math 7 )) the same? For which questions might your answers be different?
Practice | 1. What is your shoe size?
Build | How many states are in the United States?
_ Arguments
How can camparing
How many brothers and sisters do you have?
your answers help How many U.S. presidents have been in office?
_ you support your
What is your favorite type of movie?
conjecture?
fFWN
Pa How tall are you?

b. CONJECTURE Some of the questions above are considered statistical

questions. Which ones do you think they are? Why?

3) _ACTIVITY: Analyzing a Question in a Survey

Work with a partner. A student asks the following question in a survey:

“Do you prefer salty potato chips or

healthy granola bars to be sold in
the school’s vending machines?”

a. Do you think this is a fair question to ask in a survey? Explain.

b. LOGIC Identify the words in the question that may influence someone's
response. Then explain how you can reword the question.
c. How might the results of the survey differ when the student asks the
original question and your reworded question in part (b)?

What Is Your Answer?

} ide) =) Vig. 2) y = 44) S77

4. REASONING What do you think “statistics” means?

5. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you tell whether a question is a
statistical question? Give examples to support your explanation.
6. Find the least and the greatest heart rates in your class. How can you
use these two values to answer the question in Activity 1(e)?
7. Create a one-question survey. Explain why your question is a statistical
question. Then conduct your survey and organize your results in a line
plot. Make three observations about your data set.

| : Use what you learned about different types of questions to complete

Practice Exercises 4-7 on page 394.

Section 9.1 Introduction to Statistics 391

del
Pescontuterias’ "4
BigldeasMath x

Key Vocabulary s@ )
Statistics, p. 392 answel. Instead, you Si: a variety of answers, and you are interested in
statistical question, the distribution and tendency of those answers.
(epeePe
Recall that a dot plot uses a number line to show the number of times each
value in a data set occurs. Dot plots show the spread and the distribution of
a data set.

PONJe | . Answering
a Statistical Question
You conduct a science experiment on house mice. Your
teacher asks you, “What is the weight of a mouse?”
a. Is this a statistical question? Explain.
::+ Because you can anticipate that the weights
of mice will vary, it is a statistical question. |
b. You weigh some mice and record the weights
(in grams) in the table. Display the data ina
dot plot. Identify any clusters, peaks, or gaps
in the data.
Draw a number line that includes the least value, 18, and greatest
value, 28. Then place a dot above the number line for each data value.

Weight
Dot plots are sometimes | ay)
called line plots. It is
easy to see clusters, Most of the data are clustered around 20. There is a peak at 20 anda
peaks, and gaps ina gap between 23 and 27. ,
dot plot. | |
2. c. Use the distribution of the data to answer the question.
::> Most mice weigh about 20 grams.

@ On Your Own
5 He 1. The table shows the ages of some people
Exercises 8-16 who retired early. You are asked, “How old are
people who retire early?”
a. Is this a statistical question? Explain.
b. Display the data in a dot plot. Identify any
clusters, peaks, or gaps in the data.
c. Use the distribution of the data to answer
the question.

392 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures #4) Multi-Language Glossary at sigtasasmaiton

 EXAMPLE (72 MUST eye aye :
You record the high temperature every day while at summer camp in
August. Then you create the vertical dot plot.
| a. How many weeks were you at
summer camp? s7—| |—ecece
Because there are 28 data values on the Aes Wesecees
dot plot, you were at camp 28 days. = ~
pene 85 — @6E
28 days ¢ = 4 weeks
idays
Z a4 an =
“s+ So, you were at summer camp for
4 weeks. me adh

b. How can you collect these data?

What are the units?

‘+ You can collect these data with a

thermometer. The units are degrees
Fahrenheit (°F).

c. Write a statistical question that

you can answer using the dot plot. wean
Then answer the question.
One possible statistical question is:

What is the daily high temperature in August?

-+ The high temperatures are spread out with about half of

the temperatures around 81°F and half of the temperatures
around 86°F

@ On Your Own
ow. You're
NOWelOu're Reag
2. The dot plot shows the times of sixth grade students in a
4 100-meter race.
Exercises 17 and 18
e
ee
ee @
» eee @
® e©eeee 6 @ @
ie ue
13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0
How many students ran in the race?
How can you collect these data? What are the units?
c. Write a statistical question that you can answer using the dot
plot. Then answer the question.

Section 9.1 Introduction to Statistics 393

 9.1 Exercises

oe Vocabulary and Concept Check

. VOCABULARY What is a statistical question? Give an example.
2. CRITICAL THINKING What process can you use to answer
a statistical question?
3. NUMBER SENSE The results of a survey are shown in the
table. Did the survey ask a statistical question? Explain.

Practice and Problem Solving

Answer the question. Tell whether your answer would be the same as your classmates’.
4. How many inches are in 1 foot? 5. How many pets do you have?
6. On what day of the month were you born? 7. How many senators are in Congress?

Determine whether the question is a statistical question. Explain.

@ 8. What is the eye color of sixth grade students?
9. At what temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) does water freeze?
10. How many pages are in the favorite books of students your age?
11. How many hours do sixth grade students use the Internet each week?

Display the data in a dot plot. Identify any clusters, peaks, or gaps in the data.
12.

14. 8 |
2011 2008 2013 2009 85 | 80 | 83 | 90 |88
2009 | 2010 2010 |2009 O27 Go: 4 ok 80 89
2010 2012 | 2009 | 2010 895; 84 | 86°87 |83

16. SURVEY You conduct a survey to answer: “How many

hours does a sixth grade student spend on homework
during a school night?” The table shows the results.
a. Is this a statistical question? Explain.
b. Display the data in a dot plot. Identify any clusters,
peaks, or gaps in the data.
c. Use the distribution of the data to answer the question.

394 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures ;

 2!) 17. EARTHWORMS The dot plot shows the lengths of earthworms. \c9 ot: il) eee, en CT

Length
ASS SO GPS S7 B20 21422 239 8245 OSra Giri 28

a. How many earthworms does it represent?

b. How can you collect these data? What are the units?
c. Write a statistical question that you can answer using the
dot plot. Then answer the question.

| 18. BASKETBALL The vertical dot plot shows the heights of

| * the players on a recent NBA championship team.
a. How many players were on the team?
b. How can you collect these data? What are the units?
Write a statistical question that you can answer
using the dot plot. Then answer the question.

Use the Internet to research and identify the method of measurement

and the units used when collecting data about the topic.
19. wind speed 20. amount of rainfall 21. earthquake intensity

The dot plot shows the speeds of cars in a traffic study. Estimate the speed limit.
Explain your reasoning.
22. 7de fe e
ee e
* eee e@ e ee
2 @eeee 8 @ @ @ 6 @ @ @@@ @
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

24. REASONING “How many letters are in the English alphabet?” is nota
statistical question. Write a question about letters that is a statistical question.
Explain your reasoning.

25. A bar graph shows the favorite colors of 30 people. Does it make
sense to describe the distribution of these data? Explain.

fair Game REVIEW what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the equation. (Seciion 7.4)
26. y = 4x; (2, 8) 27. = 3X29; (3, 15) 28. y = 6x — 15; (4, 9)

29. MULTIPLE CHOICE A point is reflected in the x-axis. The reflected point is
(4, —3). What is the original point? (Section 6.5)

@ (-3,4) (—4, 3) DAG en) @® (4,3)

Section 9.1 Introduction to Statistics 395

 9.2 Mean

SSIES LEDEEDS
IBID II BIIEEE III ENAD REED SEN ITER SE IEEE SE OOS ESESS IUD ESVsPENSE EES GEE eSB NE re Nee foe NBN OSENON aoe
y
7

oe d \ ba yy) we a 1 N 5
essential Quest ion
]
How can you find an average value of a
data set?

\CTIVITY:, Finding a Balance Point

hI

Work with a partner. Discuss the distribution of the data. Where on

the number line do you think the data set is balanced? Is this
a good representation of the average? Explain.
a. number of quarters brought to a batting cage

b. annual income of recent graduates

(in thousands of dollars)

ACTIVITY:. Finding a Fair Share

© poeon Work with a partner. It costs $0.25 to hit 12 baseballs in a batting cage. The
a aed table shows the numbers of quarters six friends bring to the batting cage.
ie ececnsvautvil They want to group the quarters so that everyone has the same amount.
@ understand the concept

e find the mean of data sets. ~ John — Miguel

© compare and interpret the
means of data sets. 6 5 4 5 2 4
Learning Standards
ale Use counters to represent each number in the table. How can you use
the
Bones counters to determine how many times each friend can use the
batting cage?
6.SP.5¢ Explain how this procedure results in a “fair share.”

396 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures a

 ACTIVITY: Finding an Average
Work with a partner. Use the information in Activity 2.
a. What is the total number of quarters the group of friends brought to the
batting cage?
b. REASONING How can you use math to find the average number of quarters
that each friend brought to the batting cage? Find the average number of
quarters. Why do you think this average represents a fair share?

ACTIVITY: Answering a Statistical Question

Work with a partner. The table shows the

numbers of quarters several people bring io a ATT > ?a
batting cage. You want to answer the question: ~~ ?a,
Math “How many quarters do people : “a
Practice bring to a batting cage?” Quarters ~~
Use Clear
Definitions a. Explain why this question is a statistical ote ~
What does it mean
question. %
for data to have an b. MODELING Make a dot plot of the data. G
average? How does Use the distribution of the data to answer 4
this help you answer
the question. Explain your reasoning.
the question?
c. REASONING Use an average to answer the
question. Explain your reasoning.

} \ Yay, y) \
Ad Al
— Ss

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you find an average value of a data set?
6. Give two real-life examples of averages.
7. Explain what it means to say the average of a data set is the point
on a number line where the data set is balanced.
8. There are 5 students in the cartoon. Four
of the students are 66 inches tall. One is
96 inches tall.

a. How do you think the students decided

that their average height is 6 feet?
b. Does a height of 6 feet seem like a good
representation of the average height of
the 5 students? Explain why or why not. “Yup, the average height in
our class is 6 feet.”

: Use what you learned about averages to complete Exercises 4 and 5

Section 9.2 Mean 397

 A mean is a type of average.
Key Vocabulary 0)
mean, p. 398 G° Key Idea
outlier, p. 399
Mean
Words The mean ofa data set is the sum of the data divided by the
number of data values.
8+5+6+9 _ 28
Numbers Data: 8,5,6,9 Mean: =7
4 Pat
4 data values

> ON 2a | . Finding the Mean

The table shows the number of text messages sent by a group of
ee friends over 1 week. What is the mean number of messages sent?
Mark: 120
Laura: 95 A) 100 102 ©) 103 (D> 104
Stacy: 101
Josh: : 125 Fagen Shon
WAD) se GS) se III us = uf 82 + 108 be
+ 90 Sum
= esof the data
—
Kevin: 82 is Number of values |
Seat an = =, or 103 Simplify.
Manny: 90

::+ The mean number of text messages sent is 103. The correct
answer is (C).

> N28 2) Comparing Means

The double bar graph
shows the monthly
rainfall amounts for
two cities over a 3
six-month period. f=
Compare the mean 2
monthly rainfalls. iE
ec

3.5+2.24+19+214254 3.4 Mil5G

City 1mean: POG
6 6
City 2 mean: Lie e622 :re Wee a! aad ing o ae oe
6
a
—

Because 2.6 is greater than 2, City 1 averaged more rainfall.

398 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures @) Multi-Language Glossary at sigtdeaamat ae

| @ 0n Your Own
, Find the mean of the data.
Peeters Read,
xercises 6-9 Te 49, 627525545618 7085553 FEY [hPeg otal AU knew lobe

An outlier is a data value that is much greater or much less than the other
values. When included in a data set, it can affect the mean.

ON es 3) Finding the Mean With and Without an Outlier

The table shows the heights of several Shetland ponies.
a. Identify the outlier.
b. Find the mean with and without the outlier.
c. Describe how the outlier affects the mean.

. Display the data in a dot plot.

Outlier, @ ©
: if thd © Height
(inches)
26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42

The height of 28 inches is much less than the other heights.

So, it is an outlier.

. Mean with outlier:

AQ aS ee
7.39 AO AZ 58 a0. oleae o ie 40 eee
10 Spo ee

Mean without outlier:

AQ 37 + 39 + 40-142 +38 7 38437 440) 351

, or 39
9 9

c. With the outlier, the mean is less than all but three of the heights.
Without the outlier, the mean better represents the heights.

@ On Your Own
You're Ro ¥ For each data set, identify the outlier. Then describe how it affects
ad,
Exercise 14 “ the mean.
3. Weights (in pounds) of dogs at a kennel:
AG oUN SDF OU, G0, 00
4. Prices for flights from Miami, Florida, to San Juan, Puerto Rico:
$456, $512, $516, $900, $436, $516

Section 9.2 Mean 399

9.2 Exercises

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY Arrange the words to explain how to find a mean.

the data values divide by the number of data values add then

2. NUMBER SENSE Is the mean always equal to a value in the data set? Explain.
3. REASONING Can you use the mean to answer a statistical question? Explain.

Practice and Problem Solving

Describe an average value of the data.
AmACES Mi aclass: liye ell 2 ere 5. Movies seen this weeko0,070;1 273

Find the mean of the data.

@ «6. ie 7
Brandon | Amanda g

a : Eve x g g i g
Mark I
. Joseph 2 $ 2 =
Nicole ill!
Steve 0 Michael 5 4

of
Number

10. GOLF The table shows tournament finishes

for a golfer.

a. What was the golfer’s mean finish?

b. Identify two outliers for the data.

11. COMMERCIALS You and your friends are watching

Time (minutes) ce ;seni show. One of your friends asks, “How
ong are the commercial break 2”
4.2 | oo | 4.55 | Zens zea) 6 Bacpeceten
et AUER Oe
a. Is this a statistical question? Explain.
b. Use the mean of the values in the table to
answer the question.

400 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

 12. RAINFALL The table shows
the monthly rainfall at a
Jan 2.29 Jul 3.97 measuring station. What is
! the mean monthly rainfall?
Feb
Be Aug 5.40
Mar
Leg Sep 5.45
Apr 2.06 Oct 434 13. OPEN-ENDED Create two
May 3.48 Nov 2 64 different sets of data that
Jun oem Dee 214 ee bi values and a mean

@ 14. CELL PHONE The bar graph shows your cell phone usage for five months.
a. Which data value is an outlier? Explain.
b. Find the mean with and
without the outlier. Then
describe how the outlier
affects the mean.
c. Describe a situation that
could have caused the aussie July Aug
outlier in this problem. Pela aa EHH Se ETH Month

15. HEIGHT The table shows the heights of the volleyball players from two
schools. What is the difference between the mean heights of the two teams?
Do outliers affect either mean? Explain.

Be 58 61 :
66 |58 54 |55 61
16. REASONING Make a dot plot of the data set 11, 13, 17, 15, 12, 18, and 12. Use the
dot plot to explain how the mean is the point where the data set is balanced.

17. ALLOWANCE In your class, 7 students do not receive a weekly allowance, 5 students
receive $3, 7 students receive $5, 3 students receive $6, and 2 students receive $8.
What is the mean weekly allowance? Explain how you found your answer.

18. A collection of 8 backpacks has a mean weight of 14 pounds.

A different collection of 12 backpacks has a mean weight of 9 pounds. What
is the mean weight of the 20 backpacks? Explain how you found your answer.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Evaluate the expression. (Section 1.3)

19. coat 20. _ 31, 18 ;

18+ 19
22. 144+ 17

iD

23. MULTIPLE CHOICE 60% of what number is 105? (Section 5.6)

(A) 63 175 C630 (D) 1750

Section 9.2 Mean 401

 Measures of Genter,

| be ) in
: Essential Question In what other ways can you describe an
| average of a data set?

: a7 ACTIVITY: Finding a Median

| Work with a partner.
a. Write the total number of letters in the first and
‘ last names of 19 celebrities, historical figures, or
people you know. Organize your data in a table.
One person is already listed for you.

Number of letters in
Person first and last name
_tibraham Lincoln

b. Order the values in your data set from least to

1 eT ne ei
greatest. Then write the data on a strip of grid Ml i;aul
HlPace i
paper with 19 boxes.

— L = i" —

c. Place a finger on the square at each end of the strip. Move your fingers
toward the center of the ordered data set until your fingers touch.
On what value do your fingers touch?

Common ARRRERRERESESTS, ¢
CORE .
Statistics
In this lesson, you will
e understand the concept : : Pa:
A pore Saeaee paris d. Now take your strip of grid paper and fold it in half. On what number
patind mie micdian and mode is the crease? What do you notice? This value is called the median.
of data sets. How would you describe to another student what the median of a
Learning Standards data set t represent
repr
55e3 s‘ 2
6.5P.3 e. How many values are greater than the median? How many are less
6.SP.5¢
than the median?
f. Why do you think the median is considered an average of a data set?

402 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

 Work with a partner.
a. How many total letters are in your first
name and last name? Add this value to
the ordered data set in Activity 1. How
many values are now in your data set?

b. Write the ordered data, including

your new value from part (a), ona
strip of grid paper.

c. Repeat parts (c) and (d) from Activity 1. Explain your findings.
How do you think you can find the median of this data set?

d. Compare the medians in Activities 1 and 2. Then answer the

following questions. Explain your reasoning.
e Do you think the median always has to be a value in the data set?
e Do you think the median always has to be a whole number?

WIKRE
Work with a partner.
a. Make a dot plot for the data set in Activity 2. Describe the distribution of
Math the data.
Practice
Which value occurs most often in the data set? This value is called the mode.
Use a Graph
How can you use
Do you think a data set can have no mode or more than one mode? Explain.
the dot plot to find Do you think the mode always has to be a value in the data set? Explain.
the mode?
op
aoWhy do you think the mode is considered an average of a data set?

What Is Your Answer? a NE#

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS In what other ways can you describe an average ofa
data set?
5. Find the mean of your data set in Activity 2. Then compare the mean,
median, and mode. Is there one measure that you think best represents
your data set? Explain your reasoning.

Use what you learned about the median of a data set to complete
AGUS Exercises 5 and 6 on page 407.

Section 9.3 Measures of Center 403

9.3 Lesson

Key Vocabulary s@ ) of a data set. The

eee is one type of measure of center. Here are
measure of center, two others.
p. 404
median, p. 404
mode, p. 404 G° Key Ideas.

Median
Words Order the data. For a set with an odd number of values, the
median is the middle value. For a set with an even number of
values, the median is the mean of the two middle values.
Numbers Data: 5, 8,9, 12, 14 The median is 9.

Data:.275; (5; 7107 =

t The median is = or 6. |

The mode is the only 7

measure of center that | Mode
you can use to describe Words The mode ofa data set is the value or values that occur most
a set of data that is not — often. Data can have one mode, more than one mode, or no
made up of numbers.
mode. When all values occur only once, there is no mode.
Numbers Data: 11, 13, 15, 15, 18, 21, 24, 24
Spree cancer
The modes are 15 and 24.

> ON a= of) . Finding the Median and Mode

Find the median and mode of the bowling scores.

120 L354 e160 4 1250590 90105 5120),1255195,145, 160 616091757205 Order the data.
205 |160 |175 |105 |145
: 135-14 F
Median: . = or 140 Add the two middle values and divide by 2.

Mode: 90, 105, 120, 125, 135, 145, 160, 160, 175, 205
Nou
(thevalue 160 occurs most often.|

*t+ The median is 140. The mode is 160.

@ 0n Your Own
Regee Find the median and mode of the data.
Exercises 7-12 1,°20)4517,812, 0n5n20 se 2. 100, 75, 90, 80, 110, 102 \

i
404 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures 1) Multi-Language Glossary at BigtdoasmaniAen
| eV Vie 2) Finding the Mode
The list shows the favorite types of movies for students in a class.
Organize the data in a frequency table. Then find the mode.

Action Jat ae roommce __| The number of tally

Comedy | JH Ill 8 marks is the frequency. |
Drama Ul 4
Horror | 4H Il oes

— _{ Make a tally for each vote. |

Comedy received the most votes.
:s+ So, the mode is comedy.

Le Reg 3. One member of the class was absent and ends up voting
Exercises 14-15 ” for horror. Does this change the mode? Explain.

>eNiae-8 3 _ Choosing the Best Measureof Center

Find the mean, median, and mode of the sneaker prices. Which
measure best represents the data?

; 20 + 31 + 122 + 48 + 37 + 20+ 45+ 65 _ 388

Mean: , or 48.5
8 8

Median: 20, 20, 31, 37, 45, 48, 65, 122 Order from least to greatest.

ah tie = Ses or 41
2 2

Mode: 20, 20, 31, 37, 45, 48, 65, 122 The value 20 occurs most often.

te
@ @e ee @ €
Price
(dollars)
261) 30" --40> 50% 60 70 encom SO) 100" “410 9120130
a

Mode: 20 Median: 41 (eevee 48.5

‘> The median best represents the data. The mode is less than most of
the data, and the mean is greater than most of the data.

@ On Your Own
2 Find the mean, median, and mode of the data. Choose the measure
) Exercises 17-20 2 that best represents the data. Explain your reasoning.
4. 1,93, 46, 48, 34, 194, 67, 55 5 96-50-1025 87 0505
sos

Section 9.3 Measures of Center 405

 '>e- ae 4) Removing an Outlier
Identify the outlier in Example 3. Find the mean, median, and mode
without the outlier. Which measure does the outlier affect the most?
The price of $122 is much greater than any other price. So, it is
the outlier.

:> The mean is affected the most by the outlier.

@ On Your Own
Now. You’re fad 6. The times (in minutes) it takes six students to travel to school
Exercises 21-22” are 8, 10, 10, 15, 20, and 45. Identify the outlier. Find the mean,
median, and mode with and without the outlier. Which measure
does the outlier affect the most?

EXAMPLE (5) Changing the Values of a Data Set

The prices of six video games at an online store
are shown in the table. The price of each game
increases by $4.98 when a shipping charge is $53.42 | $35.69 -
included. How does this increase affect the mean,
median, and mode?
$18.99 $25.13
; $27.97 | $53.42 |
Make a new table by adding $4.98 to each price. mee -
Then find the mean, median, and mode of both data sets.

Original Price _
Pricewith
$58.40 $40.67
$23.97 |$30.11
$32.95 $58.40 Compare:
Mean: 40.75 — 35.77 = 4.98
Median: 36.81 — 31.83 = 4.98
Mode: 58.4 — 53.42 = 4.98

‘+ By increasing each video game price by $4.98 for shipping, the

mean, median, and mode all increase by $4.98.

@ On Your Own
7. WHAT IF? The store decreases the price of each video game by
$3. How does this decrease affect the mean, median, and mode?

406 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

9.3 Exercises

Gutec’ and Concept Check

. NUMBER SENSE Give an example of a data set that has no mode.
2. WRITING Which is affected most by an outlier: the mean, median, or mode? Explain.

3. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG Which word does not belong with the other three?
Explain.

median outlier mode mean

4. NUMBER SENSE A data set has a mean of 7, a median of 5, and a mode of8.
Which of the numbers 7, 5, and 8 must be in the data set? Explain.

Practice and Problem Solving

Use grid paper to find the median of the data.
5B ee ne 026, OF, 35 6. 16; 240.13, 36.22, 26,22,26,25

Find the median and mode(s) of the data.

@ 7. 3,5,7,9,11,3,8 8. 14,19, 16, 13, 16, 14
9. 93, 81, 94, 71, 89, 92, 94, 99 105744513; 36702,-19) 27-33

Dee o3 ls ooo. le t'7, 4, 2 12, 55, 44740; 55, 48:44 58: 67

13. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error oe —— \

in finding the median of the data. x iglesia ge, |

63, 55, 49:58, 50, 59, 51

Find the mode(s) of the data.

@ 14. 153
Black Singing Dancing Comedy
Pink Black Singing Singing Dancing
Gray Blue Juggling Dancing Singing
Blue Red Singing | Poetry Dancing
Yellow Blue Comedy Magic Dancing
Black Black Poetry | Singing | Singing
Black

16. REASONING In Exercises 14 and 15, can you find the mean and median
of the data? Explain.

Section 9.3 Measures of Center 407

 Find the mean, median, and mode(s) of the data. Choose the measure that best
represents the data. Explain your reasoning.
®) 17. 48, 12, 11, 45, 48, 48, 43, 32 18.5.125.13;40,.95, 365%, 99

19252731 O25 56,97 20. 126, 62, 144, 81, 144, 103

Find the mean, median, and mode(s) of the data with and without the outlier.
Describe the effect of the outlier on the measures of center.
V4) 21. 45; 52517 ,63, 019427 a4 oo 22. 30, 11, 21, G6n 91, Gano

Find the mean, median, and mode(s) of the data.

| Mtseed Nees nessa eel
23. 4.7,/8:01, 0:5; '7-42,,9.045.7.2,,9:5 24 . oF ,6—,
oe oF 3—, 5-,
Fa6—, 5-, 10—,oS4

25. WEATHER The weather forecast for a week is shown.

ae]
@[es |S
| Sun | Mon | Tue _

EN E
eer

a. Find the mean, median, and mode(s) of the high temperatures. Which
measure best represents the data? Explain your reasoning.
b. Repeat part (a) for the low temperatures.

26. RESEARCH Find the unit costs of 10 different kinds of cereal. Choose one
cereal whose unit cost will be an outlier.

a. Find the mean, median, and mode(s) of the data. Which measure best
represents the data? Explain your reasoning.
b. Identify the outlier in the data set. Find the mean, median, and mode(s)
of the data set without the outlier. Which measure does the outlier affect
the most?

ees
atininatshaker) 27. PROBLEM SOLVING The bar graph shows the numbers of hours you volunteered at
an animal shelter. What is the minimum
number of hours you need to work in the
seventh week to justify that you worked an
average of 10 hours for the 7 weeks? Explain
Hours your answer using measures of center.

28. REASONING Why do you think the mode

is the least frequently used measure to
describe a data set? Explain.

408 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

29; MOTOCROSS The ages of the racers in a bicycle motocross race
are 14, 22, 20, 25, 26, 17, 21; 30, 27, 25, 14, and 29. The 30-year-old
drops out of the race and is replaced with a 15-year-old. How are
the mean, median, and mode of the ages affected?

ON SALE
NOW! 30. CAMERAS The data are
the prices of several
digital cameras at a store.
$130 $170 $230 $130
$250 $275 $130 $185
a. Does the price shown in the advertisement represent the prices well?
Explain.
b. Why might the store use this advertisement?
c. In this situation, why might a person want to know the mean?
the median? the mode? Explain.

=o SALARIES The table shows the

monthly salaries for employees at a
company. 1940 1660 1860 2100 1720
1940 1820 1600
j |
1540 1760
a. Find the mean, median, and mode
of the data.
b. Each employee receives a 5% raise. Find the mean, median, and mode of
the data with the raise. How does this increase affect the mean, median,
and mode of the data?
c. Use the original monthly salaries to calculate the annual salaries. Find the
mean, median, and mode of the annual salaries. How are these values related
to the mean, median, and mode of the monthly salaries?

32. Consider the algebraic expressions 3x, 9x, 4x, 23x, 6x, and 3x.
Assume x > 0.
a. Find the mean, median, and mode.
b. Is there an outlier? If so, what is it?

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Find the value of the expression. (Section 1.1)
eI), AS -=135 34. 188 — 123 Son 2161-20 36. 6249 — 3374

373 MULTIPLE CHOICE A shelf in your room can hold at most 30 pounds.
There are 12 pounds of books already on it. Which inequality represents
the number of pounds you can add to the shelf? (Section 7.6)
x18 ye Soaks) O24 242 (Db) 418

Section 9.3 Measures of Center 409

 Graphic Organizer, /
BigldeasMath

You can use a concept circle to organize information about a concept. Here is an example
of aconcept circle for a statistical question.

Statistical Question

Questions for which

you do not expect
a single answer

Example Non-Example
What is the How many feet ©
height of a are ina mile?
student?

Record and analyze

the heights of

On Your Own
\ \ \
Th yV)
A)
A oe li Ad.) )) /// 8) 8}
C—O eo 9

Make concept circles to help you study ¢ Yes, you got

these topics.
Dog biscuits your point }f
aS rewards,
1. mean 2. outlier

3. measures of center 4. median

5. mode

After you complete this chapter, make

concept circles for the following topics.
6. measures ofvariation
7. range

8. quartiles “Do you think this concept circle will help

my owner understand that ‘Speak’ and
9. interquartile range ‘Sit? need motivation?”

10. mean absolute deviation

410 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures -

9.1-9.3 Quiz
Progrese Chenk vay f
BigldeasMath X
re the data in a dot eae Identify any clusters, Boeke,or gaps inthe data. (Section 9.1)

Find the mean of the data. (Section 9.2)

3. a apuratese 4.

Judge 1
| a | Judge 2 9.4
| SaSi) Se Judge 3 8.6
| fel aE ST HIE ESSE ia
September | AKT

Find the median and the mode(s) of the data. (Section 9.3)
Brenan, 1153 6.24437, 06,.6706.45

Find the mean, median, and mode(s) of the data. Choose the measure that
best represents the data. Explain your reasoning. (Section 9.3)
7. 47, 147, 24, 47, 38, 42 B25 4 0 206 00,0

9. EXERCISE You conduct a survey to answer: “How many

hours does a sixth-grade student spend exercising
during a week?” The table shows the results. (Section 9.1)

a. Is this a statistical question? Explain.

b. Display the data in a dot plot. Identify any clusters, peaks, or gaps in the data.
c. Use the distribution of the data to answer the question.

10. EMAILS The number of emails you received in 5 days is

shown. What is the mean number of emails you received
per day? (Section 9.2)

11. QUIZZES The data are your quiz scores for a class.
Find the median and the mode of the data. (Section 9.3)
OPO eel A202 Only |

12. MUSIC The data are the lengths of the

songs (in minutes) on your new CD. Which
measure of center best represents the data
with and without the outlier? Explain. (Section 9.3)
DORAN. 10, aby 0) 3.2).0:4, 14,2

Sections 9.1-9.3 Quiz 411

 94 Measures of Variation

Essential Question How can you describe the spread of a

data set?

ACTIVITY: Interpreting Statements

Wann hVAbavs

Work with a partner. There are 24 students in

your class. Your teacher makes the following
statements:
e “The exam scores range from 75% to 96%.”
e “Most of the students received high scores.”

a. What do you think the first statement means? Explain.

b. In the first statement, is your teacher describing the center of
the data set? If not, what do you think your teacher is describing?
c. What do you think the scores are for most of the students in the class?
Explain your reasoning.
d. Use your teacher's statements to make a dot plot that can represent the
distribution of the exam scores of the class.

ACTIVITY:, Grouping Data,

Wen w

Work with a partner. The numbers of U.S. states

visited by each student in a sixth grade class SecA hi
are shown. ! 7 5 4
Between what values do the data range? LG Media 2)
b. Write the ordered data values on a strip of z i ;
grid paper and fold it to find the median. 10 : 7 :
COMMON
How many values are greater than the Maat
CORE
median? How many are less than the median?
Statistics
In this lesson, you will c. REPEATED REASONING Fold the strip in half
e find the range of data sets.
again. On what values are the two new creases?
¢ find the interquartile range
of data sets. What do you think these values represent?
© check for outliers in
data sets.
d. Into how many parts did you divide the data set? i
Learning Standards How many data values are in each part?
6.SP.2
6.SP.3 e. Graph the median and the values you found in parts (a) and (c)
6.SP.5¢ on a number line. Are the distances the same between these points?
f. How can you use these values to describe the spread of the data?

412 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

 =
3, ACTIVITY: Adding a Value to a Data Set
Wem ehVik ats

Work with a partner. A new student joins the class in Activity 2. The new
student has visited 41 states.
a. Add this value to the ordered data set in Activity 2. Does your answer to
part (a) change? Explain.
b. How does the distribution of the data change when this value is added?
Explain your reasoning.
c. How does adding this value affect the values on your number line in
part (e) of Activity 2?

4 _ACTIVITY:, Analyzing Data Sets _

Work with a partner. Identify the data set that is the least spread out and the
data set that is the most spread out. Explain your reasoning.
a. &
@

Math af
Practice J |
Analyze Givens b. @
@ 6@@ @@ 66 @ @6 @
How can you use ee
the given information — 25 30 35 40 A5 50 55
to determine how
spread out the CG:
data are?? @ ee0ee

2
eae
See
@e@ 660660

Zi) 30 35 40 45 50 55

d. @ t
@eeo @ @ @@ 6@ & OG @

25 30 35 40 45 50 55

What Is Your Answer?

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you describe the spread of a data set?
6. Make a dot plot of the data set in Activity 2. Describe any
similarities between the dot plot and the number line in part (e).

: Use what you learned about variation to complete Exercises 4 and 5

Practice on page 416.

Section 9.4 Measures of Variation 413

9.4 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials ’f
BigIdeasMath
ariation is a measure that describes the distribution of a
data set. A simple measure of variation to find is the range. The range
data set is the difference between the greatest value and the least value.

> ON ViJe=8 1 Finding the Range.

| The table shows the lengths of several
Key Vocabulary a) Burmese pythons captured for a study. Find
measure of variation, and interpret the range of their lengths.
p. 414
To find the least and the greatest values, order
range, p. 414
the lengths from least to greatest.
quartiles, p. 474
first quartile, p. 474 96:29, 8,010 I ljeh2.5 cl 45a) 5-5 e1.6:25 518up
third quartile, p. 474
The least value is 5. The greatest value is 18.5.
interquartile range,
p. 414 *:+ So, the range of the lengths is 18.5 — 5, or 13.5 feet. This means that
the lengths vary by no more than 13.5 feet.

@ 0n Your Own
Nott Ou eR 1. The ages of people in line for a roller coaster are 15, 17, 21, 32, 41, 30,
@ eee iii 25, 52, 16, 39, 11, and 24. Find and interpret the range of their ages.

G° Key Ideas
Quartiles
The quartiles of a data set divide the data into four equal parts. Recall
Readi NW that the median (second quartile) divides the data set into two halves.
eaaing lower half Median = 90 upper half
The first quartile can | r — — | -— A ———,
also be called the 18 21 Aas 24 28 30 ey! 32 36 om
lower quartile. The A
third quartile can also | 1 zl
be called the upper | The median of the lower half The median of the upper half
gute J is the first quartile, Q,. is the third quartile, Q..
Interquartile Range (IQR)
The difference between the third quartile and the first quartile is
called the interquartile range. The IQR represents the range of the
middle half of the data and is another measure of variation.

18 Te| jedi 24 28 30 31 32 36 fay!

] Se)N | N i)

4
R

414 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures tq) Multi-Language Glossary at Bigtdeasattion

| DON R= 2) _ Finding the Interquartile Range
The dot plot shows the top speeds of 12 sports cars. Find and
interpret the interquartile range of the data.

. @
° 4 Speed
(miles per hour)
PRM PANS) RIO) 7253S, aK) ly 0) Ess Aho) XG}, 27K)

Order the speeds from slowest to fastest. Find the quartiles.

‘Nei
ian: ee 15 |

lower half ei ats : upper half

220 230 230 240 240 245 250 250 250 260 260 270
he t
( +
G 4 ataes Q,: oe 255
=

‘i+ So, the interquartile range is 255 — 235 = 20. This means that the
middle half of the speeds vary by no more than 20 miles per hour.

You can use the quartiles and the interquartile range to check for outliers.
Any value less than Any value greater than
Q, — 1.5(IQR) is an outlier. Q3 + 1.5(IQR) is an outlier.

Outliers | pa gee F
outers
Q, — 1.5(1QR) First Median Third Q; + 1.5(1QR)
quartile, Q, quartile, Q,

.
>We 3) ..Checking,for Outliers..
Check for outliers in the data set in Example 2.
Or 1-5(1QR) Outlier boundaries Q, + 1.50.QR)
2a0 — 115(20) Substitute values. 200 lea(20)

205 Simplify. 285

-t+ There are no speeds less than 205 miles per hour or greater than
285 miles per hour. So, the data set has no outliers.

@ 0n Your Own
‘re 2. The number of pages in each of an author’s novels is shown.
; y.
ee {is14 356, 364, 390, 468, 400, 382, 376, 396, 350
an

a. Find and interpret the interquartile range of the data.

b. Does this data set contain any outliers? Justify your answer.

Section 9.4 Measures of Variation 415

 Bt

94 Exercises Check.It,Out. Aan

veVocabulary and Concept Check

. VOCABULARY How are measures of center different from measures of
variation?

2. VOCABULARY How many quartiles does a data set have?

3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.
53, 47, 60, 45, 62, 59, 65, 50, 56, 48

What is the interquartile range of What is the range of the data?

the data?

What is the range of the middle half What is the difference between the
of the data? third quartile and the first quartile?

Practice and Problem Solving

Use grid paper to find the median of the data. Then find the median of the lower
half and the median of the upper half of the data. Describe the spread of the data.
AAO, 7, Olona no ». 82, 62795, G1; 89/51, 72.56.90 70a one

Find the range of the data.

@ 67°26, 21527, 53924,.29 7. 52, 40, 49, 48, 62, 54, 44, 58, 39
Si los,elin, 152.127, 168. 146s074 9) 4.6, 0.5, 4.2, 6.9, 3-4) 7 oeoS

10. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the

error in finding the range of the data. x in48, 51, 41, 35, 44, 56

The range is 49 — 38, or 11. |

Find the median, first quartile, third quartile, and interquartile range of the data.
2) 11, 40,33; 37, 54, 41, 34,27, 39735 12. 84, 75, 90, 87, 99, 91, 85, 88, 76, 92, 94
132 152,127, 106,140) 1585135129138 14. 38, 55, 61, 56, 46, 67, 59, 75, 65, 58

15. PAPER AIRPLANE The table

shows the distances traveled by a
paper airplane. Find and interpret the
range and the interquartile range of
the distances.

416 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

—
\

16. WRITING Consider a data set that has no mode. Which measure of variation
is greater, the range or the interquartile range? Explain your reasoning.
3)) 17. OUTLIERS Use the interquartile range to identify any outliers in
Exercises 11-14.
18. REASONING How does an outlier affect the range of a data set? Explain.
19. BASKETBALL The table shows the numbers ofpoints scored by players ona
basketball team.

116°) 122401938

a. Find the range and the interquartile range of the data.

b. Use the interquartile range to identify the outlier(s) in the data set. Find the
range and the interquartile range of the data set without the outlier(s). Which
measure did the outlier(s) affect more?
20. STRUCTURE Two data sets have the same range. Can you assume that the
interquartile ranges of the two data sets are about the same? Give an example
to justify your answer.
21. SINGING The tables show the ages of the finalists for two
reality singing competitions.
a. Find the mean, median, range, and
interquartile range of the ages for
each show. Compare the results.
b. A 21-year-old is voted off Show A,
and the 36-year-old is voted off
Show B. How do these changes
affect the measures in part (a)?
Explain.

22. Odea! Create a set of data with 7 values that has

a mean of30, a median of26, a range of 50, and an
interquartile range of 36.

Sit j @) ry

A coir Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Find the mean of the data. (Section 9.2)

PCy neil ly Reis ree van AT Aaa vemohes) 2455, 64,56,45;49, 00

25. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the surface area

of the rectangular prism? (Section 8.2)
@® 62m? 72
©) 88m* @) 124m?

Section 9.4 Measures of Variation 417

 9.5 Mean Absolute Deviation

Essential westion How can you use the distances between each
data value and the mean of a data set to measure the spread of a data set?

The Meaning of a Word @ Deviate

When you deviate from something, you stray or depart from the normal {
course of action.

Work with a partner. The table shows the exam scores of 14 students in
your class.

COMMON
CORE
Statistics a. What is the mean exam score?
In this lesson, you will
ee tcersaidineneaangat b. Make a dot plot of the data. Place an “X” on the number line to represent
mean absolute deviation. the mean.
e find the mean absolute
devistionter dates c.Is the number of exam scores that are greater than the mean equal to the
Learning Standards number of exam scores that are less than the mean? Explain.
6.5P.2
6 SP3 d. Which exam score deviates the most from the mean? Which
exam score
6.SP.5c deviates the least from the mean? Explain how you found your
answers.
e. Overall, do you think the exam scores are close to the mean
or far away
from the mean? Explain your reasoning.

418 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

| Work with a partner. Use the information in Activity 1.
| a. Complete the table below. Add rows if needed. Be sure to find the sum of
the values in the last column of the table.
Math
Practice eC. ? Student with Score Distance from
Less Than the Mean etalbh Rested the Mean
Use Operations
What operation can
you use to find the
distance from the
mean? ieee
SERINE ncaa RRR aoe

Sum:

b. Create a table similar to the one above for students with scores
greater than the mean.
| c. LOGIC What do you notice about the sums you found in your tables?
) Why do you think this happens?

TIVITY: Interpreting Distances from the Mean

Work with a partner.

a. LOGIC Add the sums you found in your tables in Activity 2. Divide
that amount by the total number of students. Round your result to the
nearest tenth.
In your own words, what do you think this value represents?
b. REASONING Ina data set, what do you think it means when the value
you found in part (a) is close to 0? Explain.

What Is Your Ansv vers A PEN

IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use the distances between each data
value and the mean of a data set to measure the spread of a data set?
5. REASONING Find the range and the interquartile range of the data set in
Activity 1. What do you think it means when these values are close to 0?
Explain.

: Use what you learned about distances from the mean to complete
Practice Exercises 3 and 4 on page 422.

Section 9.5 Mean Absolute Deviation 419

 Another measure of variation is the mean absolute deviation. The mean
Key Vocabulary #@) absolute deviation is an average of how much data values differ from
mean absolute the mean.
deviation, p. 420

@° Key Idea
Finding the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)
Step 1: Find the mean of the data. .
Step 2: Find the distance between each data value and the mean.
Step 3: Find the sum of the distances in Step 2.
Step 4: Divide the sum in Step 3 by the total number of data values.

DON e- of 6 Finding the Mean Absolute Deviation

You record the numbers of raisins in 8 scoops of cereal. Find and
interpret the mean absolute deviation of the data.
1, 2,2,2,4,4,4,5

Step 1: Mean =
1+24+24+2+4+4+4+44+524
=3
8 8
Step 2: You can use a dot plot to organize the data. Replace each dot with
its distance from the mean.

Each data value of 4 is 1 unit from the mean.

(> I
® ®@ 1 1
® 2) [aaap> 1 1
e@ ®@ e@ @ 222 4 We 2
+++» +++ +++
oO — N Ww oS ul (o>) Oo =s, N Ww 4 a) cop)

The data value 1 is 2 units from the aul

Step3: The sum of the distances

is2 +1+1+1+1+1+1+2=10.

Step 4: The mean absolute deviation is . = 120%

=> So, the data values differ from the mean by an average of 1.25 raisins.

@ On Your Own
Gpenitiice Ready 1. Find and interpret the mean absolute deviation of the
data.
xercises 5-8
5, 8; By LO; 1G ai 6

420 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures tq) Multi-Language Glossary at Bigtdecsmattihon i

 SONU 2) . Real-Life Application
The smartphones show the numbers of runs allowed
by two pitchers in their last 10 starts.
a. Find the mean, median, and mean absolute
deviation of the numbers of runs allowed for
each pitcher.
Order the runs allowed for Mendoza:
6
6 OS040 (2-4 457626. 35
)
8 BD Z ¥ +4 :
Mean =—=— 35 Median
= ——— = 4
4 10 2
5
fe) ate
3 Mean absolute deviation:
0 & 3.5
® & @ ES 35 0.5 2.5
| ) & e@ @ @ e 3.5 1.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 45
| <—_——_—-—_—--_ a
Que GD: Ss, Ai <5. 16047 28 Osis 133. 40 ae Ome ee

The mean absolute deviation is — ae

Order the runs allowed for Rodriguez: 0, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6.

in/Loss Runs” 39 ; Al se fl
L 6 Mean = — = 3.5 Median = —— = 4
Ww 4 10 2
Ww 4 fant
5 5 Mean absolute deviation:
w 0
Ww 2 e 0.5
: : & e @ ae 1.5 0.5.45
ro 7 @ © © @ @ @ 35 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5
Ww 5 er eee ee <——__}--___+—__}>
(eS i ea ae OG OMe 2eeesee 4s 556
hee 5 la!
The mean absolute deviation is aA sles

b. Which measure can you use to distinguish the data? What can you
conclude about the pitchers from this measure?
You cannot use the measures of center to distinguish the data
because they are the same for each data set. The measure of
The greater the mean
variation, MAD, is 2.4 for Mendoza and 1.4 for Rodriguez. This
absolute deviation, the |
greater the variation of |
indicates that the data for Rodriguez has less variation.
the data.
-t+ Using the MAD to distinguish the data, you can conclude that
Rodriguez is more consistent than Mendoza.

@ On Your Own
2. WHAT IF? Mendoza allows 4 runs in the next game. How would you
expect the mean absolute deviation to change? Explain.
ee

Section 9.5 Mean Absolute Deviation 421

 9.5 Exercises

G Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. REASONING Describe a data set that has a mean absolute deviation of 0.

2. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which one does not belong with the other
three? Explain your reasoning.

range interquartile range mean mean absolute deviation |

CONF ° ma °
Practice and Problem Solving
Find the average distance each data value in the set is from the mean. Round
your answer to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
3. Model years of used cars on a lot: 2010, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2001

4. Prices ofkites at a shop: $7, $20, $9, $35, $12, $15, $7, $10, $20, $25

Find and interpret the mean absolute deviation of the data. Round your answer
to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
@ 5.

9. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe _ 95+ 40+384+324+42+41 _

and correct the error in finding x Apaathas 6 wee
the mean absolute deviation of _3IR2+4+644 430
MAD = = 3.6
the data set 35, 40, 38, 32, 42, 5
and 41. So, the values differ from the mean by an
average of 3.6.

10. MUSEUMS The data set shows the admission prices

at several museums.

$20, $20, $16, $12, $15, $25, $11

Find and interpret the range, interquartile range,
and mean absolute deviation ofthe data.

422 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

 11. MENU The table shows the prices
of the five most-expensive and
least-expensive dishes on a menu.
$28 $30 $28 $39 "$95 |
Find the MAD of each data set.
| Then compare their variations.
12. COINS The data sets show the years of the coins in two collections.

Derek's collection: 1950, 1952, 1908, 1902, 1955, 1954, 1901, 1910

Paul’s collection: 1929, 1935, 1928, 1930, 1925, 1932, 1933, 1920

Find the measures of center and the measures of variation for each
| data set. Compare the measures. What can you conclude?

13. PROBLEM SOLVING You survey students in your class about the number of
movies they watched last month. The results are shown in the table.
a. Find the measures of center and the measures of
variation for the data.

b. Anew student joins the class who watched

21 movies last month. Is 21 an outlier? How does
including this value affect the measures of center
and the measures of variation? Explain.

REASONING Which data set do you think would have the greater mean absolute
deviation? Explain your reasoning.
14. guesses for number of gumballsinajar 15. monthly rainfall amounts in a city
guesses for number of baseballs in a jar monthly amounts of water used in a home
16. REASONING The MAD ofa data set is considered a more reliable measure of
variation than the range or the interquartile range. Why do you think this is true?

Ae eile Add and subtract the MAD from the mean in the original data
set in Exercise 13.
a. What percent of the values are within one MAD of the mean? two MADs of
the mean? Which values are more than twice the MAD from the mean?

b. What do you notice as you get more and more MADs away from the
mean? Explain.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Find the mean, median, and mode(s) of the data. (Section 9.2 and Section 9.3)

18:.45'6;7,-9,6;4 56,8; 10 aI JoiUsp Waco Ware ad Ud be 2 era Ne

20. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the surface area of \K 9.2 yd

the square pyramid? (Section 8.3)
CA) 100.8 yd? 147.2 yd? “
@ Pi Wie () 368 yd* _
y

Section 9.5 Mean Absolute Deviation 423

 pb tS cc EN SN ae St Set

| Bigidea com
Find the range of the data. (Section 9.4)
130,76, 43, 53; 34, 67 PRT NMoe peedCA asc20, MS 8 Hae Na A

Find the median, first quartile, third quartile, and interquartile range of the data.
(Section 9.4)
3. 56, 48, 72, 37, 35, 42,48, 33,28 4. 95, 14, 86, 62, 55, 46, 28, 37, 33, 70, 31

Find and interpret the mean absolute deviation of the data. Round your answer
to the nearest tenth if necessary. (Section 9.5)

7. AMUSEMENT PARKS The data set

shows the admission prices at several
amusement parks.

$65, $70, $40, $55, $35, $40, $60

Find and interpret the range, interquartile

range, and mean absolute deviation of the
data. (Section 9.4 and Section 9.5)
8. TEACHING EXPERIENCE The tables show the years
of teaching experience of faculty members at two
schools. (Section 9.4)
a. Find the mean, median, range, and interquartile
range of the years of experience for each school.
Compare the results.
b. The teacher with 11 years of experience leaves
School A, and the teacher with 33 years of
experience retires from School B. How does
this affect the measures in part (a)? Explain.

9. BOOK CLUB You survey the students in your book club about the number
of books they read last summer. The results are shown in the table.
(Section 9.4 and Section 9.5)

a. Find the measures of center and the measures of variation

for the data.

b. A new student who read 18 books last summer joins the club.
Is 18 an outlier? How does adding this value to the data set
affect the measures of center and variation? Explain.

424 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

 heck I+ Out,
Vocabulary Help
BigldeasMath &
Review Key Vocabulary
Statistics, p. 392 median, p. 404 first quartile, p. 414
Statistical question, p. 392 mode, p. 404 third quartile, p. 474
mean, p. 398 measure of variation, p. 474 — interquartile range, p.414
outlier, p. 399 range, p. 414 mean absolute deviation,
measure of center, p. 404 quartiles, p. 474 p. 420

Review Examples and Exercises

Eh Introduction to Statistics (pp. 390-395)

Display the data in a dot plot. Identify any
clusters, peaks, or gaps in the data.

Height
(inches)

Exercises
Display the data in a dot plot. Identify any clusters, peaks, or gaps in the data.

£2, Mean (pp. 396-4017)

Find the mean of 5, 9, 10, 6, 6, and 12.

5+9+10+6+6+412<— sumofithe data |

mean =
————————————
{number of values }

= * or 8 Simplify.

Exercises
Find the mean of the data.
Buon ela elicl2y 13 AIS be Bylo) Ore Os

Chapter Review 425

 913) Measures of Center (pp. 402-409)
Find the median and the mode of the movie lengths in the table.
Order the data from least to greatest.
Median: Mode:
JL 92,012, 12, 122, 126,142,144 SIMeesYa a ek me 122, 126, 142, 144

li2
+ 122 _ 234 or 117 The value 112 occurs most often. |
2 : : TATE TTT TTT

ate The median is 117 minutes, and the mode is 112 minutes.

Exercises
Find the median and the mode(s) of the data.
D283) G, 076,40, 6 6.” 24774, 61, 29730)27, 00,04

OF4 Measures of Variation (pp. 412-417)

The table shows the weights of several adult emperor
SP URES EABEARS LYS
penguins. (a) Find and interpret the range. (b) Find and
interpret the interquartile range. (c) Check for outliers.
a. Ordered from least to greatest, the weights are 23.5,
Pay CON, 29-2013 00791 20,02) 05 o¢andoo
‘+ So, the range of the weights is 36 — 23.5, or
12.5 kilograms. The weights vary by no more
than 12.5 kilograms.
. Find the quartiles.

Nfodiary 29:25 :50) /5a= 30

lower half upper half

%
A— a
Narre
23 Oe e218 29.25, 30.75, S125 52)80 325, 36

**+ So, the interquartile range is 32 — 25 = 7. This means that

the middle half of the weights vary by no more than 7 kilograms.
Calculate the outlier boundaries.

Q, — 1.50QR) = 25 — 1.5(7) = 14.5

Q, + 1.5(1QR) = 32 + 1.5(7) = 42.5
“+ There are no weights less than 14.5 kilograms or greater than 42.5
kilograms.
So, the data set has no outliers.

426 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

 Exercises
Find the range of the data.
TaAS, 76,98; 21552;,39 S. G5nG38702,. 6, 95916, 4203702

| Find the median, first quartile, third quartile, and interquartile range of the data.
| 92220; 40F2 oOo, 25,11 Gora 1077 14) 25;.97, 55,66, 28,.92,38794

cor} Mean Absolute Deviation (pp. 478-423)

You record the prices of 8 printers.
Find and interpret the mean absolute
deviation of the data.

$120, $150, $90, $110,

$140, $120, $140, $90

120 + 150 + 90+ 110 + 140 + 120 + 140 + 90 _ 960 7 120

Step 1: Mean =
8

Step 2: Use a dot plot to organize the data. Replace each dot with its
distance from the mean.
The data value 110 is 10 units from the ele

® ® # » x 0 20
6 ee ° e 30 10 0 20 30
ee SS
907 100) 110) 120) 41205 140.150 90> 100 110= 1201305 41405 3150

Each data value of 140 is 20 units from the mean.

Step 3: The sum of the distances is 30 + 30 + 10 +0 +0 + 20 + 20 + 30 = 140.

Step 4: The mean absolute deviation is = = 17.50.

-:+ The data values differ from the mean by an average of $17.50.

Exercises
Find and interpret the mean absolute deviation of the data. Round your answer
to the nearest tenth if necessary.
sh Fe 12:

Chapter Review 427

 9 Ch Anas a ey sURURSNTan rene

Display the data in a dot plot. Identify any clusters, peaks, or

gaps in the data.

Find the mean, median, and mode(s) of the data.

c Beara ee Fike die | AA ate Oy) Oe LOMO

Find the mean, median, and mode(s) of the data. Choose the measure
that best represents the data. Explain your reasoning.
5. 5, 6, 4, 24, 18 6. 46, 27, 94, 56, 53, 65, 43

Find the range of the data.

7. 24, 56, 9, 83, 77, 14 8.43, 12,55, 916257867 3402301

Find the median, first quartile, third quartile, and interquartile range of the data.
9. 32,98, 19736, 44,5726, 74 10. 36,245,495 32537, 28, 38, 40; 39

Find and interpret the mean absolute deviation of the data. Round your answer
to the nearest tenth if necessary.
11. 12.

13. HOTEL The table shows the numbers of guests

at a hotel on different days.
a. Find the range and the interquartile range of
the data.
b. Use the interquartile range to identify the outlier(s) in the data set. Find
the range and the interquartile range of the data set without the outlier(s).
Which measure did the outlier(s) affect more?

14. JOBS The data sets show the numbers of hours worked each week by two
friends for several weeks.

Gress hours: 9lbel2)6,9,21.35- 12

Toms hours: 12,18,.15, 16,14, 12, 15,18
1
é

Find the measures of center and the measures of variation for each data set.
Compare the measures. What can you conclude?

428 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

 te

1. What is the value of the expression below?

(6.NS. 1)
ie ss
ea length

|
AdeeiW 39 88
21 Soe 27

;
Briveye3) D. 39—Zi
.
2. What is the value of the expression below?
. (6.NS.3)
.
| 4.18 + 6.225 + 5.7
F. 15.005 H. 16.005
Sift Or 4j
5 in.”

Grinos |. 16.105

3. One number is missing from the data set in the box below.

Pr4 18, 24, 22, 30, 26, 95

nee

The median of the data set is 24. What is the greatest possible value of
the missing number? (6.SP5c)

4. The number of hours that each of 6 students spent reading last week is
shown in the bar graph below.

read
Hours

Arnie Betsy Chan Donna Elena asay =) a

Student

For the data in the bar graph, which measure is the least? (6.SP.5c)

A. mean Cc. mode

B. median D. range

Standards Assessment 429

 5. You go to a beach and collect buckets of shells. Of the many shells you have
collected, you notice the following.

e 9% of the seashells are auger shells.

e ;of the seashells are coquina shells.

e 11% of the seashells are rough scallop shells.

e 0.1 of the seashells are fighting conch shells.

Which list correctly shows the types of shells in order from least to greatest? (6.NS.6c)

F. auger, coquina, rough scallop, fighting conch

G. fighting conch, coquina, auger, rough scallop

H. fighting conch, auger, rough scallop, coquina

I. auger, fighting conch, rough scallop, coquina

. What is the mean absolute deviation of the data shown in the line plot,
rounded to the nearest tenth? (6.SP5c)

x
x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x
os

A. 1.4 Gayo.2

B. 3 D.5

. A family wants to buy tickets to a theme park. There are separate ticket prices
for adults and children.

Rollercoaster World!
. $30 for adults
Tickets: as
$20 for children

Which expression represents the total cost, in dollars, for a adult tickets
and c child tickets? (6.EE.2a)
F. 600(a + c) H. 30a + 20c

G. 50(a xX c) l. 30a X 20c

430 Chapter 9 Statistical Measures

 8. What is the value of the expression below? (6.NS.3)
52.0 —OSLG

9. What is the value of the expression below when a = 6 and b = 14? (6.FE.2c)

0.8a + 0.02b

A. 0.4828 C. 5.08

B. 0.8814 D. 16.4

10. Which property was not used in the box below to simplify the expression? (6.EE.3)

0.3 X 53 + 53 X 0.7 = 53 X 0.3 + 53 X 0.7

= 53 x (0.3 + 0.7)
S501 2

F. Distributive Property

G. Associative Property of Addition

H. Identity Property of Multiplication

|. Commutative Property of Multiplication

11. Determine a data set of 5 numbers that has the following measures:
Think
-
SCWTE e ameanof7 and

Explain @ amedian of 9.
Explain how you determined your data set. Then demonstrate that the mean of
your data set is 7 and the median is 9. (6.SP5c)

12. What is the value of the expression below? (6.RP3c)

25% of 400

A. 16 C= 2000

B. 100 D. 10,000

Standards Assessment 431

1U) Data Displays f 3
-Lea
Ste m-and
10.1

owners on
how
a survey of seat should treat
«| took ; da
MOT ny times
ur pet
dO

Jf Use litter box 2% fo the sake

Claw furniture 6.3% 2 of privac ,
wellaeel The 2
part as “Other?”

“I’ve complciens
cirrc
mi cle
lacrgra
e
analyzing what
you do Bak pith

j ; e a

: bai Mee. 5 ‘0 a Be ile

What You
Learned Before
“Okay, I Gy

Its
need your hanstocBox. But
y box-and-whisker om
@ Analyzing Bar Graphs (3.0.3) Bae

_ Example 1 The bar graph shows the

favorite colors of the
students in a class. How
many students said their
favorite color is blue?
The height of the bar labeled “Blue” is 8.

°
s+ e
So, 8 students said their favorite color
is blue. of
Number
students
Cette
ee
IG
2CO
S)
OY
(tO
OT
Orange Blue Green Red Yellow
Try It Yourself Color

. What color was chosen the least?

. How many students said green or red is their favorite color?
. How many students did not choose yellow as their favorite color?
. How many students are in the class?

finding Percents (6.RP.3c)

Example 2. The circle graph shows the favorite fruits of Favorite Fruit
the students in a class. There are 20 students
in the class. How many students said their
favorite fruit is an orange?
Find 25% of 20.
5
25%
of 20=+1-29='#=5
4 fe

‘> So, 5 students said their favorite fruit is an orange.

Try It Yourself
5. How many students said their favorite fruit is an apple?

6. How many students said their favorite fruit is a banana?

 10.1 Stem-and-Leaf Plots

Essential Question How can you use place values to represent

data graphically?

IVITY: Making a Data Display.

Work with a partner. The list below gives the ages of these women when they
became first ladies of the United States.

ee
Se
ER
ERROR
SOUR
ee

THE WHITE HOUSE |

SES
fj WASHINGTON |
Frances Cleveland - 21 Mamie Eisentwwer - 5G
Caroline Harrison - 56 qacgueline Kennedy ~ Af
Ida Mexinley ~ 49 Claudia Johnson ~ 50 |
Edith, Roosevelt — 40 Patrida Nixon - 56
ttelen Taft - 48 Elizabeth ford - 5G
Ellen Wilson - 52 Kosalynn CAtaeieamed
Florence trarding ~ Ob Naney ‘Reagan - 54
Grace Coolidge aa Barbara Bush - 63
Lou ttoover - 54 Hillary Clinton - 45
Eleanor Roosevelt — 48 Laura Bush - 54
Elizabeth Truman — G0 Michelle Obama - 46

a. The incomplete data display shows the ages Ages of First Ladies
of the first ladies in the left column of the 2 l
list above. 3
; What do the numbers to the left of the line 4 \9 awaceee
COMMON represent? What do the numbers to the right
G CORE of the line represent? Sale
Data Displays 6 WD)
In this lesson, you will b. This data display is called a stem-and-leaf plot.
¢ make and interpret What numbers do you think represent the
stem-and-leaf plots.
Applying Standard
stems? leaves? Explain your reasoning.
6.SP.4
c. Complete the stem-and-leaf plot using the remaining ages in the right
column. Order the numbers to the right of the line in numerical order.

d. REASONING Write a question about the ages of first ladies that would
be easier to answer using a stem-and-leaf plot than a dot plot.

434 Chapter 10 Data Displays

r
 Work with a partner. The table below shows the ages of presidents of the
United States from 1885 to 2009 on their first inauguration day.

a. On your stem-and-leaf plot from

Activity 1(c), draw a vertical line to
the left of the display. Represent the
ages of the presidents by including
numbers to the left of the line.
b. Find the median ages of both the
first ladies and the presidents of
the United States.
c. Compare the distribution of each
data set.

Work with a partner. Use two number cubes to conduct the

following experiment.

Interpret
Results e Toss the cubes and find the product
How can you use of the resulting numbers.
the stem-and-leaf
plot to interpret e Repeat this process 30 times. Record
your results? your results.
Explain.

a. Use astem-and-leaf plot to organize your results.

b. Describe the distribution of the data.

What Is Your Answer?

IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use place values to represent
data graphically?
5. Howcan you display data in a stem-and-leaf plot whose values range
from 82 through 129?

: Use what you learned about stem-and-leaf plots to complete

Practice Exercises 4 and 5 on page 438.

Section 10.1 Stem-and-Leaf Plots 435

 Lesson Tutorials, /
BigIdeasMath

Key Vocabulary @) GO Key Idea

stem-and-leaf plot,
0. 436 Stem-and-Leaf Plots
stem, p. 436 stem-and-leaf plot Stem | Leaf
leaf, p. 436 ANE Tanaes to organize a data set. Each mG file & %
data value is broken into a stem (digit or By patincs
digits on the left) and a leaf (digit or digits = 4 | »5
on the right). 5/189
A stem-and-leaf plot shows how data Key: 2|0 = 20
are distributed.
The key explains what the
fee and leaves represent. |

> eV 2e-0 1 . Making a Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the length of the 12 cell phone calls.

MINUTES Step 1: Order the data.
2730, OnLO L418 723 23700 nso eoo.

Step 2: Choose the stems and the leaves. Because the data values
range from 2 to 55, use the fens digits for the stems and the
ones digits for the leaves. Be sure to include the key.
Step 3: Write the stems to the left of the vertical line.
MO) JULY
11 |
Me JULY11 [10 Step 4: Write the leaves for each stem to the right of the vertical line.
Me JULY11 [2
43|JULY 11 | 36 Cell Phone Call Lengths
Order the stems vertically. Stem a Leaf
The stem for data values Ore235G te the leaves |
less than10 is 0. LalpO.4a8 horizontally. |
VEG Corea) ,

Include stems am aoe

without leaves i
ss Be clues

Key: 1|4 = 14 minutes

@ On Your Own
Hpselauire Reg2 1. Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the hair lengths.
Exercises 4—9

436 Chapter 10 Data Displays tq) Multi-Language Glossary at sigtaecsatti a

 ON de= 2 Interpreting a Stem-and-Leaft Plot
Test Scores The stem-and-leaf plot shows student test scores. (a) How many
Stent Lest students scored less than 80 points? (b) How many students
Alte scored at least 90 points? (c) How are the data distributed?
Fi esier aes a. There are five scores less than 80 points:
OF 1s 1, B94. 6 .948.9 667-1
/oa 0),
anid 70.
25) 0° 279 -:+ Five students scored less than 80 points.
IMO o8,
dhs -r f b. There are four scores of at least 90 points:
ey: 9/2 = 92 points 90, 92, 99, and 100.
Four students scored at least 90 points.

c. There are few low test scores and few high test scores.
So, most of the scores are in the middle.

@ 0n Your Own
, 2. Use the grading scale at the right. A: 90-100
qpsnitte Re sees 4 B:: 80-89
Exercises 12-15 a. How many students received a B on
the test? e ae
b. How many students received a C on E: 59 Baere
the test? eis
eernenseosen

> ON 2e-8 3) _ Making Conclusions from a Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Which statement is not true? Plant Heights

(A) Most of the plants are less Stem | Leaf
than 20 inches tall. 011245689
The median plant height is Iesl Ohana alten: “7g
11 inches. Dares)
(C) The range of the plant heights euae
is 35 inches. Key: 1|5 = 15 inches
(D) The plant height that occurs
most often is 11 inches.
There are 15 plant heights. So, the median is the eighth
data value, 10 inches.

“t+ The correct answer is (B).

@ On Your Own
3. You are told that three plants are taller than 20 inches.
Is the statement true? Explain.

Section 10.1 Stem-and-Leaf Plots 437

 10.1 Exercises Check. It
| Help with Ho
shiennnsenanachooenineanidaansaennseiaiassteeencnaaiancennil BigldeasMath

G Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY The key for a stem-and-leaf plot is 3|4 = 34. Which number
is the stem? Which number is the leaf?

2. WRITING Describe how to make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data values

142259713,30; 6) 25 rande2g:

. WRITING How does a stem-and-leaf plot show the distribution of data?

Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data.

@ 4.

(8) Ale 105) 990 | 40-1 26

86 | 96 | 115 | 100 | 3.622 |
DRG ieSNe gid 6OM ISAO es

10. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error

in making a stem-and-leaf plot of the data.
51725;47, 42; 55,26, 50744555

11. PUPPIES The weights (in pounds) of eight puppies

at a pet store are 12, 24, 17, 8, 18, 31, 24, and 15.
Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data. Describe the
distribution of the data.

438 Chapter 10 Data Displays :

 VOLLEYBALL The stem-and-leaf plot shows eee, Stem | Leaf
the number of digs for the top 15 players at A te eee
a volleyball tournament.
Sl). oe ee
@ 12. How many players had more than 60 digs? Sdn lal
13. Find the mean, median, mode, range, and : °
interquartile range of the data. 9g | 7
14. Describe
cribe the distribution
the distributi of the data. Key: 5/0=50 digs

15. Which data value is the outlier? Describe how

the outlier affects the mean.

16, REASONING Each stem-and-leaf plot below has a mean of 39.

Without calculating, determine which stem-and-leaf plot has
the lesser mean absolute deviation. Explain your reasoning.
Stem | Leaf Stem | Leaf
rae lsya Zille cn PA <8 79
Sno 70, 9 alleoues
A Wele2 5 6 4/5
DS 1 -L 4 Deleon Ol0/AO

Key: 4|1
= 41 Key: 5|3
= 53

17. TEMPERATURE The stem-and-leaf plot shows the daily Stem | Leaf
high temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit) for the first Sail) Tees:
15 days of a month. (1-0\0'°3 456) Sag
a. Find and interpret the mean absolute deviation of ee a
the data. Key: 6|7 = 67°F
b. After you include the daily high temperatures for the rest of the
month in the stem-and-leaf plot, the mean absolute deviation
increases. Where do you think most of the data values for the rest
of the month are located in the stem-and-leaf plot? Explain.

18. The back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot Rich| |Will

shows the 9-hole golf scores for two golfers. Only 7&3
one of the golfers can compete inatournament. g854321/4/234467789
Use measures of center and measures of variation BO WSO
i
to give reasons why h you would Id C choose each g golfer. Keral \4 |nial and ae Srobet

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Draw the solid. (Section 8.1)
19. square pyramid 20. hexagonal prism

21. MULTIPLE CHOICE Ina bar graph, what determines the length of each bar?
(Skills Review Handbook)
(A) frequency data value (CC) leaf (D) change in data

Section 10.1 Stem-and-Leaf Plots 439

 10.2 Histograms

Essential Question How can you use intervals, tables, and graphs
et
ea
rea

to organize data?

‘1. ACTIVITY: Conducting an Experiment

| Work with a partner.
a. Roll anumber cube 20 times.
Record your results in a tally chart.
b. Make a bar graph of the totals.
c. Goto the board and enter your
totals in the class tally chart.
d. Make a second bar graph showing
the class totals. Compare and
contrast the two bar graphs.

Work with a partner. You are judging a paper airplane contest. A contestant
flies a paper airplane 20 times. You record the following distances:
20:5 ft, °24.51t, 91835 ft, "19.516 20 foe AO re 2S TG e205 1G, 17.5 ft. 24a
19>, L701 18.5 ft 12.0 1 25 16825. Often S steel Ot 2275 10 Ome
a. Complete the tally chart and the bar graph of the distances.

9
10.0—12.9 :
7
130-31 5:9 e
© COMMON
CORE
16.0-18.9 ae
s
; IS-0=21:9 2 4
Data Displays 3
In this lesson, you will Le aacA 2
@ make histograms. 1
e use histograms to .
abrnitihes b. Make a different tally chart and 0 SC
Learning Standards bar graph of the distances. Use ~ << re
6.5P.2 the following intervals: NOE
6.SP.4
10021 ogee cea ele peal
16.0-17.9, 18.0-19.9, 20.0-21.9,
22.0—23.9, 24.0-25.9
c. Which graph do you think represents the distances better? Explain.

440 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 AGRA
aN Mines
cl
6
AHiervin ‘ "
eavia
a
‘
a NN ae es SOLO
Ar alu SS I ca ii ee
y
J cvADUUiuuinudbieddernea ste }

The tally chart in Activity 2 is also called a frequency table. A frequency table groups
data values into intervals. The frequency is the number of values in an interval.

LY;, Developing an Experiment

|M P th (Pr Work with a partner.
Practice VL) a. Make the airplane shown from a single sheet of 8 --by-l--inch paper. Then
SeSciRUnIGS set design and make your own paper airplane.
|
What units will you
use to measure
| the distance flown
| each time? Will the
units you use affect
the results in your
frequency table?
Explain.

An 4
| 1. Fold in half. a aba GOERere: 3. Fold corners
Then unfold. again.

5. Fold wings out

on both sides. 6. Fold wing edges
4. Fold in half. UD:

b. PRECISION Fly each airplane 20 times. Keep track of the distance flown
each time.
c. MODELING Organize the results of the flights using frequency tables and
graphs. Which airplane flies farther? Explain your reasoning.

What Is Your Answer?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use intervals, tables, and graphs to
organize data?
5. What intervals could you use in a graph that displays data whose values
range from 40 through 59?

: Use what you learned about organizing data into intervals to

Practice complete Exercises 4 and 5 on page 445.

Section 10.2 Histograms 441

10.2 Lesson

Key Vocabulary #@) G@° Key Idea

frequency table, J
p. 441 Histograms
frequency, p. 447 A histogram is a bar graph
histogram, p. 442 that shows the frequency of 5
data values in intervals of the > 4
same size. d 3
Sue
The height of a bar represents gE,
the frequency of the values in OMB DTmIa7O=To4x 30-42

LaSunS cell Hath Number of CDs

EXAMPLE ( {| MeIELCie
Re oer el
The frequency table shows the numbers ‘Number ofLaps Frequency
of laps that people in a swimming class
completed today. Display the data in tae i:
a histogram. 4-6 4
1-9 0
Step 1: Draw and label the axes. 1 3
Step 2: Draw a bar to represent the 13215 5
frequency of each interval.

Include any interval

with a frequency of 0.
The bar height is 0.

Frequency
There is no space between
1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 the bars of a histogram.
Number of laps

@ On Your Own
NOWWe¥Ou're Rea 1. The frequency table shows the ages of people riding a
Exercises6-8 roller coaster. Display the data in a histogram.

= 10-19 ae 30-39 40-49 |50-59

rel Gigaity pel 5 ”) 4 ;
r
4
’

442 Chapter 10 Data Displays @) Multi-Language Glossary at sigtdeasnatAam

 > CN" 2e- 2) Using
a Histogram sit : |
The histogram shows the winning speeds at the Daytona 500.
(a) Which interval contains the most data values? (b) How many of the
winning speeds are less than 140 miles per hour? (c) How many of the
winning speeds are at least 160 miles per hour?

Frequency
0
120-129 130-139 140-149 150-159 160-169 170-179
Speed (miles per hour)

a. The interval with the tallest bar contains the most data values.

| at So, the 150-159 miles per hour interval contains the most
data values.

b. One winning speed is in the 120-129 miles per hour interval, and
four winning speeds are in the 130-139 miles per hour interval.

“+ So, 1 + 4 =5 winning speeds are less than 140 miles per hour.

c. Seven winning speeds are in the 160-169 miles per hour

interval, and five winning speeds are in the 170-179 miles
per hour interval.

‘+ So, 7 + 5 = 12 winning speeds are at least 160 miles per hour.

@ On Your Own
, 2. The histogram shows the numbers of hours that students
?) € dy ; ;
Exercises 10-13 in a class slept last night.
a. How many students slept at least 8 hours?
b. How many students slept less than 12 hours?

Frequency

0-3 4-7 8-11 12-15

Time (hours)

cor

Section 10.2 Histograms 443

 >eN 8-8 3) Comparing Data Displays
The data displays show how many push-ups students in a class
completed for a physical fitness test. Which data display can you
use to find how many students are in the class? Explain.

Push-Ups Push-Ups

students
of
Number 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49
Number of push-ups

--> You can use the histogram because it shows the number of students
in each interval. The sum of these values represents the number of
students in the class. You cannot use the circle graph because it does
not show the number of students in each interval.

EXAMPLE _ Making Conclusions from Data Displays

Which statement cannot be made using the data displays in Example 3?
(A) Twelve percent of the class completed less than 10 push-ups.
Five students completed at least 10 and at most 19 push-ups.
(C) Atleast one student completed more than 39 push-ups.
(D) Twenty-nine percent of the class completed 30 or more push-ups.

The circle graph shows that 12% completed 0-9 push-ups.

So, Statement A can be made.
In the histogram, the bar height for the 10-19 interval is 5, and the bar
height for the 40-49 interval is 1. So, Statements B and C can be made.
The circle graph shows that 24% completed 30-39 push-ups, and
4% completed 40-49 push-ups. So, 24% + 4% = 28% completed
30 or more push-ups. Statement D cannot be made.

-t+ The correct answer is (D).

@ 0n Your Own
NOWetOu're Regoh 3. In Example 3, which data display should you use to describe the
Exercises 14 and 15 portion ofthe entire class that completed 30-39 push-ups?
4. Make two more conclusions from the data displays in
Example 3.

444 Chapter 10 Data Displays -

J10.2 Exercises,
Helpwith eens
BiglIdeasMath

1 ‘ec wi ets io
: @ 100
Explain your reasoning. te Al
=
2. REASONING Describe @ °%7
the outliers in the § 4 students
Number
of
histogram. Rent Food Car Other
Expenses
3. REASONING How can
you tell when an
interval of a histogram
has a frequency of zero?

Practice and Problem Solving

Make a tally chart and a bar graph of the data.

"SERRE at: 2 ei i cacboines scored

1 cca

| ADE PAGO SNS GE | SeBOIM IE 56

: }

13 2} | B8 ats 1 SoH Tag ataadG

Mge| tise 215) 14 Bl | 2a | 450) aaa ap
Dees the data in a histogram.

9. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

the error made in displaying the data xX 14
in a histogram.
> 10
5.8
=)
os 6
y ( re2 9 al

0-2 5 2
3-5 i e Oy Ee Gs =F
6-8 9 Cases

9-11 | 12

Section 10.2 Histograms 445

 @) 10. MAGAZINES The histogram shows the
number of magazines read last month
by the students in a class.
>
a a. Which interval contains the fewest =
data values? so :
b. How many students are in the class? 3
c. What percent of the students read Oe 4 529 75
less than six magazines? Magazines read
d. Can you find the mean or the median eeeiimnemeee
of the data? Explain. \

Amount ofTime toDownload Songs 11. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the
error made in reading the histogram.

x 12% of the songs took

5-8 seconds to download.

Frequency

1-4 5-8 9-12 13-16

Time (seconds)

12. VOTING The histogram shows

the percent of the voting-age
population that voted in a recent
presidential election. Explain
whether the graph supports
each statement.
a. Only 40% of one state voted. of
Number
states
40-44.9 45-49.9 50-54.9 55-59.9 60-64.9 65-69.9 70-74.9 {i
b. In most states, between Percent of voting-age population
50% and 64.9% voted.
c. The mode of the data is between 55 and 59.9.

13. PROBLEM SOLVING The histograms show the areas of counties in Pennsylvania
and Indiana. Which state do you think has the greater area? Explain.

(od hii inet

48
42
36

N Lb

of
Number
counties of
Number
counties
0-399 400-799 800-1199 1200-1599 0-199 200-399 400-599 600-799 |
Area (square miles) Area (square miles) |

446 Chapter 10 Data Displays

3)) 14. GARBAGE The data displays show how many pounds of garbage apartment
residents produced in 1 week. Which data display can you use to find how many
residents produced more than 25 pounds of garbage? Explain.

of residents
Number

0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39

Pounds

15. REASONING Determine whether you can make each statement by using
the data displays in Exercise 14. Explain your reasoning.
a. One resident produced 10 pounds of garbage.
b. ‘Twelve residents produced between 20 and 29 pounds of garbage.

16. NUMBER SENSE Can you find the range and the
interquartile range of the data in Exercise 7? If so, find
them. If you cannot find them, explain why not.

17. CRITICAL THINKING The table shows the

weights of guide dogs enrolled ina
training program.
a. Make
a histogram of the data starting 71 51 |92 77 79 +77
with the interval 51-55. 83 80 |54 |80 81 73
b. Make another histogram of the data 59 84 75 76 68 78.
ing different-sized intervals. | |
we 83 | 78 | 55 | 67 | 85 | 79 |
c. Compare and contrast the : ,
two histograms.

18. = Logic = What are the possible values for the median in Exercise 10?

Fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Find the percent of the number. =(Section 5.6)
19. 25% of 180 20. 30% of 90 21. 16% of 140 22. 64% of 80

23. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which is the solution of the inequality represented by

“Four times a number n is at least 28”? (Section 7.7)

ON Ts Heer. Oreia7 «DD B27

Section 10.2 Histograms 447

 LTA EE SSS

ve:raphic Organize
BigIdeasMath

You can use a word magnet to organize information associated with a vocabulary word.
Here is an example of a word magnet for histogram.

A histogram is a bar graph

that shows the frequency of
data values in intervals of The histogram shows
:
the same size.
the number of times
students were absent
from homeroom this year.
The height of a bar
represents the frequency of
the values in the interval.

You can make a histogram

Frequency
from a frequency table. O=1=2-54-5 6-7
A frequency table groups
Number of absences
data values into intervals.
The frequency is the number
of data values in an interval.

Make a word magnet to help you study

this topic.
1. stem-and-leaf plot
| see “humble”
After you complete this chapter, make didn't make
word magnets for the following topics.
2. shapes of distributions
3. box-and-whisker plot
4. Choose three other topics that you
studied earlier in this course. Make
a word magnet for each topic. “How do you like the word magnet I made
for ‘Beagle’?”

448 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 10.1-10.2 Quiz
o oer i a oad eae
Sete SES E Roe
So be 216
Ss ce i

Progress Check ,_/

Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data. (Section 10.1) BigideasMath

Display the datain ahistogram. (Section 10.2)

8. WEIGHTS The weights (in ounces) of nine packages are 7, 22, 16, 12, 6, 18, 15,
13, and 25. Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data. Describe the distribution
ofthe data. (Section 10.1)

9. REBOUNDS The histograin shows the number

ek
ere
ee
TS
of rebounds per game for a middle school
fob
ratyalat
basketball player this season. (Section 10.2)

a. Which interval contains the most

data values?
Frequency
b. How many games did the player
play this season?
O=1 2-3 4-5 6-7
c. What percent of the games did the Rebounds
player have 4 or more rebounds? :

Stem | Leaf 10. STAGE CREW The stem-and-leaf plot shows the
0/6889 number of hours 11 stage crew members spent
aon 2 3 ae building sets. Find the mean, median, mode, range,
210 and interquartile range of the data. (Section 10.1)

Key: 0|9 = 9 hours

Sections 10.1-10.2 Quiz 449

 10.3 Shapes of Distributions
SND DNL Sie S SR SECRESSS EGE AOIR Gece a a
pciedipe SOSSbOSOADIN desde cc a ipsa DIANNA is SS eects
4

Essential Question How can you describe the shape of the

distribution of a data set?

ACTIVITY: Describing, the Shape of a Distribution

| Work with a partner. The lists at the left show the last four digits
-7253 8678 of a set of phone numbers in a phone book.
cee +2063 a. Create a list that represents the last digit of each phone number
-1192 eae shown. Make a dot plot of the data.
-1142
es b. In your own words, how would
|-3500 7957 you describe the shape of the
-2531 »-7246 distribution? What single word do
ae 2119 you think you can use to identify
5341 Bas this type of distribution? Explain
ae 9154 your reasoning.
5406
7875
J335
0494
pone
-2184
p20

Work with a partner. The lists at the right show

the first three digits of a set of phone numbers | ra ie
in a phone book. ! 664-! Baa.
G “Common
, ze
a. Create a list that represents the first digit of
761-
|868-
855-
os
CORE each phone number shown. Make a dot plot | 5384
Data Displays of the data. |735- 654.
In this lesson, you will b. In your own words, how would you describe the he 654
= pepe Ua shape of the distribution? What single word do 725, 4 eei
amin sanders you think you can use to identify this type of 556- 799:
6.SP.2 distribution? Explain your reasoning. ee | 764-
6.SP.4 456, fee
c. In your dot plot, draw a vertical line through the
middle of the data set. What do you notice?
576;
d. Repeat part (c) for the dot plot you constructed 664
in Activity 1. What do you notice? Compare the >:664:
eee
SS

distributions from Activities 1 and 2. 725-

450 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 Work with a partner. The table shows the
ages of cellular phones owned by a group
of students.
1
a. Make a dot plot of the data. 2
b. In your own words, how would you describe 1
the shape of the distribution? Compare it 0
to the distributions in Activities 1 and 2.
1 |
c. Why do you think this type of distribution is
MS
ee)
SNe 2 eae
&S
Ss
S&S
ci
=
wor
we
OD
KF
eS
called a skewed distribution?

ACTIVITY: Finding Measures of Center

Math GP Work with a partner.

Practice (2: Tie Find the means and the medians of the data sets in Activities 1-3.
Use Prior b. What do you notice about the means and the medians of the data sets and
Results the shapes of the distributions? Explain.
How is the
Bian of th c. Which measure of center do ¥ you think best describes the data set in
aei.O ee
rea fela Activity 2? in Activity 3? Explain your reasoning.
the mean and d. Using your answers to part (c), decide which measure of variation you think
the median? best describes the data set in Activity 2. Which measure of variation do you
all think best describes the data set in Activity 3? Explain your reasoning.

What Is Your Answer?

5. IN YOUR OWNWORDS How can you describe the shape of the
distribution of a data set?

6. Name two other ways you can describe the distribution of a data set.

: Use what you learned about shapes of distributions to complete

» Practice Exercises 3 and 4 on page 454.

Section 10.3 Shapes of Distributions 451

10.3 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials
BigIdeasMath
You can use dot plots and histograms to identify shapes of distributions.

@° Key Ideas
Symmetric and Skewed Distributions

If all the dots of a

dot plot or bars of a |
histogram are about the.
same height, then the
distribution is a flat, or Skewed left Symmetric Skewed right |
uniform, distribution.
A uniform distribution e The “tail” ofthe graph e Theleftsideofthe e@ The “tail” of the graph |
is also symmetric. extends to the left. graph is a mirror extends to the right.
e Most data are on image ofthe right» Most data are on
the right. side of the graph. the left.

EXAMPLE Describing the Shapes of Distributions

Describe the shape of each distribution.
a. Daily Snowfall Amounts b.
8 20
e @ Che
c
@ @ NG
ee >
® @ ®@ allt?
Pere
O07 0). Le
OO)© Ou. SSC
vy Ae Ss aES
Ss S
0 tlaaes ed. pene Number of passes

Most of the data are on the The left side of the graph is
left, and the tail extends to approximately a mirror image
the right. of the right side of the graph.
::+ So, the distribution :*+ So, the distribution
is skewed right. is symmetric.

er) On Your Own Daily Spam Emails Received

No ae ce 1 Describe the shape e
eee anton of the distribution. - . .
eee
e©eee @
ee Number
1 2. 3a of emails

452 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 EXAMPLE { 2 Describing the Shape of a Distribution
The frequency table shows the ages of people watching a comedy
in a theater. Display the data in a histogram. Describe the shape
of the distribution.
Draw and label the axes. Then draw iae
a bar to represent the frequency of
each interval. a
c
co}
Most of the data are on the right,
2
=
[o)
and the tail extends to the left. ira
3° So, the distribution is > Vd Pm A
skewed left. Wann eS oe

EXAMPLE 3 Comparing Shapes of Distributions

The histogram shows the ages of
people watching an animated movie
in the same theater as in Example 2.
a. Describe the shape of
the distribution.
Frequency
Most of the data are on the left,
and the tail extends to the right. ° BRON, 2 PD
NN
ha Ve 97
eV

*<+ So, the distribution is

SS ay oe SOF

skewed right. eves

b. Which movie has an older audience?

The intervals in the histograms are the same. Most of the data
for the animated movie are on the left, while most of the data
for the comedy are on the right. This means that the people
watching the comedy are generally older than the people
watching the animated movie.
o°e
e
°
So, the comedy has an older audience.

@ On Your Own
» 2. The frequency table shows the ages of people watching a
oPExercise “ady historical movie in a theater.
9

— ad a 39 |40—49 60- 69.

59 60-69,
50-59
36 East 5)

a. Display the data in a histogram. Describe the shape of

the distribution.
b. Compare the distribution of the data to the distributions
in Examples 2 and 3. What can you conclude?
ceo Larencom reameoanate,

Section 10.3 Shapes of Distributions 453

 10.3 Exercises
atei LA i Ae UR Ne NO RSD”

vyvocamnanitl and Concept Check

. VOCABULARY How does the shape of a symmetric distribution differ from
the shape of a skewed distribution?
2. VOCABULARY For a distribution that is skewed right, which direction does
the tail extend? Where do most of the data lie?

Make a dot plot of the data. In your own words, how would you describe the
shape of the distribution?
3. 4. | Raffle Ti sold

15 {12 kee ae
13 | 16|14) 12)p15 | 2] 14] ©
Describe the shape of each distribution.
@ oy Class Sizes 6. Heights of Plants
@ e
@ @ ®
@ @ @ eee
© ee @ @e@e@ @ @
Sea nee er ont Number of i b Merde? se: Height
students (inches)
25 26 27 28 29 30 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

7 aa tnasoa) 8.

Frequency Frequency

i
/ N oe N
ee SY
Minutes

® ® 9. POLICE The frequency table shows the years of service for the police officers
of Jones County and Pine County. Display the data for each county ina
histogram. Describe the shape of each distribution. Which county’s
police force has less experience? Explain.

454 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 10. REASONING What is the shape of the
distribution of the restaurant waiting
times? Explain your reasoning.
>
25
11. LOGIC Are all distributions either
. . .

d 15
c 20

approximately symmetric or skewed? @ 10

Explain. If not, give an example. Saget
0
12. REASONING Can you use a stem-and-leaf plot
to describe the shape of a distribution? Explain Minutes
your reasoning. eae
_ 13. CHARITY The table shows the donation amounts received by a charity
in one day.

| 15 | 40 |
|
| 50 | 18 | 20 | 100| 40 | 80 !
|

2521280 ||
4

a. Make a histogram of the data starting with the interval 0-14. Describe the
shape of the distribution.
b. Acompany adds $5 to each donation. Make another histogram starting
with the same first interval as in part (a). Compare the shape of this
distribution with the distribution in part (a). Explain any differences
in the distributions.

14. apes Describe the shape of the distribution of each bar graph. Match
the letters A, B, and C with the mean, the median, and the mode of the data
set. Explain your reasoning.

a. b.
30
> z 24
5=} 5 18
> >=| 12+
@o
wie Le
Y- 6
Oo

fair Game REVIEW What you learned in previous grades & lessons
of the
Find the median, first quartile, third quartile, and interquartile range
data. (Section 9.4)
15= 68, 74, 67, 72, 63,,70} 78, 64, 76 16. 39, 48, 33, 24, 30, 44, 36, 41, 28, 53

17. MULTIPLE CHOICE Sixty people participate in a trivia contest. How many
four-person teams can be formed? (Section 7.3)

(@) 15 (B) 56 © 64 (@) 240

Section 10.3 Shapes of Distributions 455

ipeals ) Choosing Appropriate Measures

You can use a measure of center and a measure of variation to describe

the distribution of a data set. The shape of the distribution can help you
choose which measures are the most appropriate to use.

@° Key Idea
Choosing Appropriate Measures
The mean absolute deviation (MAD) uses the mean in its calculation.
Practice G So, when a data distribution is symmetric,
Understand e use the mean to describe the center and
Quantities
e use the MAD to describe the variation.
What effect can
outliers have on The interquartile range (IQR) uses quartiles in its calculation.
the mean? on the
median? Explain.
So, when a data distribution is skewed,
e use the median to describe the center and
e use the IQR to describe the variation.
]

> ON 2e-8 of ,..Choosing Appropriate Measures |

The dot plot shows the average number of hours students in a class
sleep each night.

Amount of Sleep

@
. . :

++ + tt Time (hours)
10 |
a. What are the most appropriate measures to describe the center |
and the variation?
© COMMON Most of the data values are on the right clustered around 9, and the
CORE tail extends to the left. The distribution is skewed left.
Data Displays .
In this extension, you will s+ So, the median and the interquartile range are the most
; “ 3 1
© choose appropriate appropriate measures to describe the center and the variation. |
measures of center and |
ae to represent b. Describe the center and the variation of the data set. |
ata sets. }
Learning Standard The median is 8.5 hours. The first quartile is 7.5, and the third
6.5P.5d quartile is 9. So, the interquartile range is 9 — 7.5 = 1.5 hours.
:+ The data are centered around 8.5 hours. The middle half of the
data varies by no more than 1.5 hours.

456 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 Le 2 ..Choosing Appropriate Measures
The frequency table shows the number of states that border
| each state in the United States.
0-1 3 a. Display the data in a histogram.
2-3 13 | Draw and label the axes. Then TNE
4-5 22 draw a bar to represent the fe if
6-7 10 frequency of each interval. 9 5
o
8-9 2 & 10
2
LL

ow

y v
Number of bordering states

b. What are the most appropriate measures to describe

the center and the variation?
The left side of the graph is approximately a mirror image of
the right side of the graph. The distribution is symmetric.

*:+ So, the mean and the mean absolute deviation are the
most appropriate measures to describe the center
and the variation.

@ Practice
Choose the most appropriate measures to describe the center and the variation.
Find the measures you chose.
4. Prices of Jeans Z. Weekly Biking Times
©
@ ®
@ @ e® @© 6
6 @ @ @ ® © © 6 @
Oe ern tre. ice eoeoeeeee ,..
< (dollars) (hours)
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 D 3 4 5 6 7 8

3. REASONING Can you find the exact values of the mean and the mean
absolute deviation for the data in Example 2? Explain.

4. GAS MILEAGE The frequency table shows the gas mileages

of several vehicles made by a company.
a. What are the most appropriate measures to describe
the center and the variation?

b. What conclusions can you make?

5. OPEN-ENDED Construct a dot plot for which the mean

is the most appropriate measure to describe the center
of the distribution.

Extension 10.3 Choosing Appropriate Measures 457

 10.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots

Essential Question How can you use quartiles to represent

data graphically?

Work with a partner. Numbers of Pairs of Footwear

The numbers of pairs of footwear 2 5 eee ome
owned by each student in a sixth grade 7 ai 4 6
class are shown. _— 140:
os 6
ee 26
5;
SS
Re
OUANU
SS
AUST
SOS
IBIS
TSR
NOU
ORR
RDI
a 9 20 Ee 10
& SCIP ic Ga es) noD
Ae
sets
Mie

a. Order the data set from least to greatest. Then write the data on a strip of
grid paper with 24 boxes.

| REE REEEEEES
b. Use the strip of grid paper to find the median, the first quartile, and the
third quartile. Identify the least value and the greatest value in the data set.
c. Graph the five numbers that you found in part (b) on the number line below.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

d. The data display shown below is called a box-and-whisker plot. Fill in the

> <=am
missing labels and numbers. Explain how a box-and-whisker plot uses
quartiles to represent the data.

CORE
Data Displays
In this lesson, you will a italA th |
Pairs of
e make and interpret
box-and-whisker plots. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 bas oowvess
© compare box-and-whisker
plots. e. Using only the box-and-whisker plot, which measure(s) of center can you
Learning Standards
6.SP.2
find for the data set? Which measure(s) of variation can you find for the
6.SP.4 data set? Explain your reasoning.
6.SP.5c
f. Why do you think this type of data display is called a box-and-whisker plot?
Explain.

458 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 Have your class conduct a survey. Each student will write
on the chalkboard the number of pairs of footwear that
he or she owns.
Now, work with a partner to draw a box-and-whisker
plot of the data.

Work with a partner. The box-and-whisker plots

Math
Practice 7 how the test score distributions oftwo sixth
show the test score distributionsof twosixth grade grad
achievement tests. The same group of students
View as ' took both tests. The students took one test in the
eanyenane fall and the other in the spring.
What do the different ;
components of a a. Compare and contrast the test results.
box-and-whisker ;
plot represent? b. Decide which box-and-whisker plot
represents the results of which test.
How did you make your decision?

Test score

What Is Your Answer?

4. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you use quartiles to represent data
graphically?
5. Describe who might be interested in test score distributions like those
shown in Activity 3. Explain why it is important for such people to
know test score distributions.

i Use what you learned about box-and-whisker plots to complete

amo(alil dag Exercise 4 on page 463.

Section 10.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots 459

10.4 Lesson

Key Vocabulary @)
box-and-whisker plot,
p. 460
five-number
summary, p. 460 by using the least nine the greatest value, and the quartiles of
the data. A box-and-whisker plot shows the variability of a data set.

DEtaNenSe oe el third quartile

whisker \f ee. ——7]¥ ~whisker
least eee, irai ae! greatest
value value

<—_}_}
—+—_+—_+—_+—_+—_
+4 +—
The five numbers at ELS up the box-and-whisker plot are called

> ON a-0 of Making a Box-and-Whisker Plot

Make a box-and-whisker plot for the ages (in years) of the
spider monkeys at a zoo:
15, 20, 14, 38, 30, 36, 30, 30, 27, 26, 33, 35

Step 1: Order the data. Find the median and the quartiles.
lower half upper half
i a= =< A

lest
value
14 15 20 26 27 30 30 30 33 35 36 38 Sat
value

first quartile, 23 median, 30 third quartile, 34

Step 2: Draw a number line that includes the least and greatest
values. Graph points above the number line that represent
the five-number summary.
Step 3: Draw a box using the quartiles. Draw a line through the median.
Draw whiskers from the box to the least and the greatest values.

BS AS NA
Age
(years)

@ On Your Own
; 4 1. A group of friends spent 1, 0, 2, 3, 4, 3, 6, 1, 0, 1, 2, and 2 hours
Exercises 5-8” online last night. Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data.

460 Chapter 10 Data Displays "@) Multi-Language Glossary at fiedaneen

 The figure shows how data are distributed in a box-and-whisker plot.

About ;of the data About $of the data About ;of the data
| ‘Study Tip Vom are in each whisker. are in the box. are in each whisker.

A long whisker or box \ \ j

indicates that the data _ eee eae
are more spread out. <—{—_+_+—__++__ 4 4 1
oes
a
first third
quartile quartile

> ON et 2) Analyzing a Box-and-Whisker Plot

The box-and-whisker plot shows the body mass index (BMI)
of a sixth grade class.
i

OS
OS
WARy
—{_ pp}. el
SS
SSS a SS
¥. sS oe. %

KS “SS .\
~
=es3 bg Se
iq? a Te “1829190 820 M21” 20a s geese 627 ee
322 @ @ 2?
ee | «
$5 e :
-. o>i 7, a. What fraction of the students have a BMI of at least 22?
“a, ZS
A
\
— al weso The right whisker represents students who have a BMI of at least 22.
a. pe A er :
“Hom BM. ss So, about ;of the students have a BMI of at least 22.

b. Are the data more spread out below the first quartile or above the
third quartile? Explain.
The right whisker is longer than the left whisker.
*:+ So, the data are more spread out above the third quartile than
below the first quartile.

c. Find and interpret the interquartile range of the data.

interquartile range = third quartile — first quartile
=22-19=3

‘3+ So, the middle half of the students’ BMIs varies by no more than 3.

@ On Your Own
You're Reag 2. The box-and whisker plot shows the heights of the roller coasters
O Exercises 11 4 at an amusement park. (a) What fraction of the roller coasters are
and 12 between 120 feet tall and 220 feet tall? (b) Are the data more spread
out below or above the median? Explain. (c) Find and interpret the
interquartile range of the data.

» Height
; (feet)

Section 10.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots 461

 A box-and-whisker plot also shows the shape of a distribution.

G° Key Ideas
Shapes of Box-and-Whisker Plots
Study Tip
If you can draw a line
—i- —<- _—
through the median | Skewed left Symmetric Skewed right
of a box-and-whisker ;
plot, and each side | e Left whisker longer e Whiskers about e Right whisker longer
is a mirror image of than right whisker same length than left whisker
the other, then the
distribution is
e Most data onthe right ¢ Median in the e Most data on the left
symmetric. middle of the box

The double box-and-whisker plot represents the prices of snowboards

at two stores.

Nl Price
(dollars)
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

. Identify the shape of each distribution.

For Store A, the whisker lengths are equal. The median is in the
middle of the box. The data on the left are the mirror image of the
data on the right. So, the distribution is symmetric.
For Store B, the right whisker is longer than the left whisker,
and most of the data are on the left side of the display. So, the
distribution is skewed right.
. Which store’s prices are more spread out? Explain.
~, Both boxes appear to be the same length. So, the interquartile range
_ of each data set is equal. However, the range of the prices in Store B
is greater than the range of the prices in Store A. So, the prices in
Store B are more spread out.

@ On Your Own
d i‘ 3. The double box-and-whisker plot represents the life spans of
ExercisesI3170 crocodiles and alligators at a zoo. Identify the shape of each
distribution. Which reptile's life spans are more spread out? Explain.

Alligator —+ ¢ f+
Life span
25 30 35 40 45 (years)
50 55 60 65 70:75 So. 85

462 Chapter 10 Data Displays

10.4 Exercives
eaeSen ere ene SESE AS es Sin asta

vy Vocabulary and Concept Check

- VOCABULARY Explain how to find the five-number summary of a data set.
2. NUMBER SENSE Ina box-and-whisker plot, what fraction of the data is
greater than the first quartile?
3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

Is the distribution skewed right? —+ ¢ }—_

Is the left whisker longer than <—olceuaelanr eee cia | meee CS)
the right whisker?
{Jap Wh ey See 21 22 23

Are the data more spread out below the first quartile than above the third quartile? |

Does the lower fourth of the data vary more than the upper fourth of the data?

Practice and Problem Solving

4. The box-and-whisker plots represent the daily attendance at two beaches
during July. Compare and contrast the attendances for the two beaches.

ST ey a ral eae <1 aca dima a oe

80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data.

@ 5. Ages of teachers (in years): 30, 62, 26,.35,4.5,22, 49,32, 2000072 o>

6. Quiz scores: 8; 12,9, 10, 12, 8,5, 9,7, 10, 8, 9, 11

7. Donations (in dollars): 10, 30,5, 15, 50, 25,5, 20, 15, 35, 10,30, 20

8. Skilengths (in centimeters): 180, 175, 205, 169, 210, 175, 190, 205, 190, 160, 165, 195

2,6, 3, 3, 7, 4, 6,9; 6G) Oo, ore

9. ERRORANALYSIS Describe and
correct the error in making a —+ $¢ f¢-
box-and-whisker plot for the data.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10. CAMPING The numbers of days 12 friends went camping during the summer
the
are 6, 2, 0, 10, 3, 6, 6, 4, 12, 0, 6, and 2. Make a box-and-whisker plot for
data. What is the range of the data?

Section 10.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots

 2) 11. DUNK TANK The box-and-whisker plot
represents the numbers of gallons of water
needed to fill different types of dunk tanks
offered by a company.

350 450 500 600 750

350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

a. What fraction of the dunk tanks require at

least 500 gallons of water?
b. Are the data more spread out below the first
quartile or above the third quartile? Explain.
c. Find and interpret the interquartile range of the data.

12. BUILDINGS The box-and-whisker plot represents the heights (in meters) of
the tallest buildings in Chicago.

A ne
250 261 293 345 442
Nl Height
(meters)
250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450

a. What percent of the buildings are no taller

than 345 meters?
b. Is there more variability in the heights above
345 meters or below 261 meters? Explain.
ee c. Hind and interpret the interquartile range of
the data.

Identify the shape of the distribution. Explain.

17. RECESS The double box-and-whisker plot represents the

start times of recess for two schools.

See,
10 A.M. 11 AM. 12 PM. 1PM. start time

a. Identify the shape of each distribution.

b. Which school’s start times for recess are
more spread out? Explain.
c. Which school is more likely to have recess
before lunch? Explain.

464 Chapter 10 Data Displays |

Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data.
18. Temperatures (in °C): 5, 1, 4, 0, 9, 0 809) 2A elle |
One
19. Checking account balances (in dollars): 30, 0, —10, 50, 20,
90, —15, 40, 100, 45, —20, 70
20. REASONING The data set in Exercise 18 has an outlier. Describe
how removing the outlier affects the box-and-whisker plot.
21. CHOOSE TOOLS What are the most appropriate measures
to describe the center and the variation of the distribution
in Exercise 122

22. OPEN-ENDED Write a data set with 12 values that has a

symmetric box-and-whisker plot.
23. CRITICAL THINKING When would a box-and-whisker plot
not have one or both whiskers?

24. STRUCTURE Draw a histogram that could represent the

distribution shown in Exercise 15.
25. REASONING The double box-and-whisker plot represents the runs
scored per game by two softball teams during a 32-game season.

i — i
ee
' ! Nl Runs scored
per game
OUND eet) O60 ech O peal 4 G

a. Which team is more consistent at scoring runs? Explain.

b. In how many games did Team 2 score 6 runs or less?
c. Team 1 played Team 2 once during the season. Which
team do you think won? Explain.

d. Which team do you think has the greater mean? Explain.

26. a A market research company wants to summarize the variability of the

SAT scores of graduating seniors in the United States. Do you think the company
should use a stem-and-leaf plot, a histogram, or a box-and-whisker plot? Explain.

fair Game REVIEW what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Copy and complete the statement using < or >. (Seciion 6.3)

27, _2a _3; 2 8.

30. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which ofthe following items is most likely represented by
a rectangular prism with a volume of 1785 cubic inches? (Section 6.4)
CA) closet computer tower
(©) filing cabinet () your math book

Section 10.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots 465

 A ee ea ea

“10.3-10.4 Quiz
Progress Check, _//
raha ne taien S
Describe the shape of each distribution. (Section 10.3)

& aSsid

ee S
® @ @ o
@ @ @ @ Ss
eeoeeee. ,.. E
(hours) Sy 1) ~ ood) pe & ®
Senoe7 a a9" 10 Ces
SS SS

Choose the most appropriate measures to describe the center and the variation.
Find the measures you chose. (Section 10.3)
3. Prices of Shoes 4. Commute Times
@ ®
e@ @ @® 6 ©
®@e6 @ ® © © «6 «@
@ Cn on on on oe ) Price e@®eeeeeese ese Tinta

(dollars) (minutes)
20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 fy MO). IE ays 40)

Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data. (Section 10.4)

5. Science test scores: 85, 76, 99, 84, 92, 95, 68, 100, 93, 88, 87, 85

Gr ohoesizes: 12, 8.55.9), 1079811 5711.5; 9) 9510 eLOR L023

7. MOVIES The box-and-whisker plot represents the lengths (in minutes) of

movies being shown ata theater. (Section 10.4)

90 110 120 130 160

<1 + —+ —_+-—__-_ +—_ + Length
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 iroinutes)

a. What percent of the movies are no longer than 120 minutes?

b. Is there more variability in the movie lengths longer than 130 minutes or
shorter than 110 minutes? Explain.
c. Find and interpret the interquartile range of the data.

8. EXPERIENCE The frequency table shows the years of experience of employees

at two branches of a company. Display the data for each branch in a
histogram. Describe the shape of each distribution. Which branch has less
experience? Explain. (Section 10.3)

466 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 Review Key Vocabulary
stem-and-leaf plot, p. 436 frequency table, p. 447 box-and-whisker plot, p. 460
stem, p. 436 frequency, p. 4417 five-number summary, p. 460
leaf, p. 436 histogram, p. 442

Review Examples and Exercises

& Stem-and-Leaf Plots (pp. 434-439)

Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the number of DVDs rented each day at a store.
Step 1: Order the data. 19, 25, 28, 39, 50, 50, 53

Step 2: Choose the stems and the leaves. Because the data range from
Mon | 19 19 to 53, use the tens digits for the stems and the ones digits for
Tue | 25 the leaves. Be sure to include the key.
Wed ~—- 28 : ; :
leu }
Step 3: Write the stems to the left of the vertical line.
Pr. aa | Step 4: Write the leaves for each stem to the right of the vertical line.
_ DVDs Rented
Sat ey cecal Order the stems vertically. | oe
The stem for data values | Stem | Leaf
less than 10 is 0. : 1/9 | the leaves
Write :
eaiecaceamiidaadiaal 24-5 horizontally. j

Include stems 4

eae 51003
Key: 2|5 = 25 DVDs

Exercises
- Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data.
4 1.

2
oe

The stem-and-leaf plot shows the weights Ste Leaf

(in pounds) of yellowfin tuna caught during TAG
a fishing contest. B12 57 9
3. How many tuna weigh less than 90 pounds? Ji"5, 6
1ORee
. What is the median weight of the tuna?
zi Key: 8|5 = 85 pounds

Chapter Review 467

 The frequency table shows the number of
crafts each member of a craft club made for
a fundraiser. Display the data in a histogram.

Crafts Frequency” Step 1: Draw and label

0-2 10 the axes.
Frequency
Poe G Step 2: Draw a bar to
O>23=5 So CS 3a
6-8 9 represent the
Crafts
9-11 0 frequency of
12-14 2 each interval.

Exercises
Display the data in a histogram.
5

50-54 1 0-19 | 5
55 269 8 20-39 | 9
|
60-64 5 402591) a bio
65-69 2 60-79 | 3

Ga.) Shapes of Distributions (pp. 450-457)

Describe the shape of each distribution.
a. Pets Owned

@
e@ ® >
a ra
eee S
eeee 5
eee @ @ @ Number
ira
: of pets
O? Moto 1 seed 5

Most of the data are on the Most of the data are on the
left, and the tail extends to right, and the tail extends to
the right. the left.

‘t+ So, the distribution is *:* So, the distribution is

skewed right. skewed left.

468 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 Exercises
7. Describe the shape of 8. Choose the most appropriate
the distribution. measures to describe the center
and the variation. Find the measures
you chose.

Students’ Heights

Frequency
20
al
2 FD
See O@ PD
8 © PO SPL
Soe SCS ‘
VAM
ae

Height
Temperature (°F) A (inches)
2 SS) 6) i

10% Box-and-Whisker Plots (pp. 458-465)

Make a box-and-whisker plot for the weights
(in pounds) of pumpkins sold at a market.

16, 20, 14, 15, 12, 8, 8, 19, 14, 10, 8, 16

Step 1: Order the data. Find the median and the quartiles.
lower half upper half
he F
Coser SSS

least value—> 8 8 8 10 12 14 14 15 16 16 19 20 <~greatest value

first quartile,9 median,14 third quartile, 16

Step 2: Draw a number line that includes the least and the greatest values.
Graph points above the number line that represent the
five-number summary.
Step 3: Draw a box using the quartiles. Draw a line through the median.
Draw whiskers from the box to the least and the greatest values.

Exercises
Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data.
9. Ages of volunteers at a hospital: 10. Masses (in kilograms) of lions:
14517,,20; 16, 17, 14,21, 18 120, 200, 180, 150, 200, 200, 230, 160

Chapter Review 469

 t e s tS e
“10 Capr o n

Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data.

1 23

3. Find the mean, median, mode, 4. Display the data in a histogram.

range, and interquartile range ag CC |
of the data. |

Cooking Time (minutes)

Stem | Leaf
Sl Ome
MEN
TQ 1 08}
Sel 0) 47 Ae59
G0
Key: 4|1 = 41 minutes

5. WATER The dot plot shows the number of glasses Water Consumed
A ete ait
of water that the students in a class drink in one day.
@
a. Describe the shape of the distribution. . :
Choose the most appropriate measures to ne 3 . . . .
describe the center and the variation. Find Se SE ES
the measures you chose. 4S) Gm eT eoeeg4 10 nee

/| | Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data.

a :
A i" . 6. Ages (in years) of 7. Lengths (in 8. Hours practiced
ie dogs at a vet’s inches) of fish in a each week: 7, 6,
7 ottice: 15355) 11, pond: 12713576; by Mame lap Terese
hone) 14, 6, 13, 10 Oy Oged,et Oy Oro

9. CELL PHONES The double box-and-whisker plot compares

the battery life (in hours) of two brands of cell phones.
a. What is the range of the upper 75% of each brand?
b. Which battery has a longer battery life? Explain.

Brand A OOS aH

ae ae
a ee ee ee ee eee ee
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 45 5 5.5 6 6.5 i (hours)

470 Chapter 10 Data Displays

4 QO Stan
TRENT . ESET nFEAT PTETFou ETE

1. Research scientists are measuring the number

of days lettuce seeds take to germinate. Ina
study, 500 seeds were planted. Of these, 473
seeds germinated. The box-and-whisker plot
summarizes the number of days it took the seeds
to germinate. What can you conclude from the
box-and-whisker plot? (6.SP4, 6.SP5c)

Oe Se aS 867 oy eee Oe 0 12013) 14

A. The median number of days for the

seeds to germinate is 12.

B. 50% of the seeds took more than

8 days to germinate.

C. 50% of the seeds took less than 5 days to germinate.

D. The median number of days for the seeds to germinate was 6.

2. You are comparing the costs of buying bottles of water at the supermarket.
Which of the following has the least cost per liter? (6.RP3b)

F. six 1-liter bottles for $1.80

G. one 2-liter bottle for $0.65

H. eight 5liter bottles for $1.50

I. twelve sliter bottles for $1.98

3. What number belongs in the box to make the equation true? (6.NS.1)

3
Ane
—s
Cc. —
7
3
p Js Dis
» Z

Standards Assessment 471

 4. What is the mean number of seats? (6.SP5c)

of
Number
seats

F. 2.4 seats H. 6.5 seats

G. 5seats l. 7 seats

5. On Wednesday, the town of Mims received 17 millimeters of rain. This

was x millimeters more rain than the town received on Tuesday. Which
expression represents the amount of rain, in millimeters, the town received
on Tuesday? (6.EE.2a, 6.EE.6)

A. 17x C. x+17

Bala Deet2'7,

6. One of the leaves is missing in the Leaf

stem-and-leaf plot.
54

The median of the data set represented by

the stem-and-leaf plot is 38. What is the
ATARI,
SAND
value of the missing leaf? (6.SP4, 6.SP5c)
Ql1li14

OVA Ss

Key: 1|4=14

7. Which property is demonstrated by the equation below? (GEES)

723+ (8848277) = (29 42 (277 + 884)

F. Associative Property of Addition

G. Commutative Property of Addition

H. Distributive Property

I. Identity Property of Addition

472 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 8. A student took 5 tests this marking period and had a mean
score of 92.
Her scores on the first 4 tests were 90, 96, 86, and 92.
What was her score
on the fifth test? (6.SP5c)

A. 92 G6

B. 93 D8

9. At the end of the school year, your teacher counted up the number of
absences for each student. The results are shown in the histogram below.

Frequency

OO
WO
or
HU
NW
DN
0-4 5-9 1014 {5M DOA
Number of absences

Based on the histogram, how many students had fewer than 10 absences?
(6.SP4)

. The 16 members of a camera club have the ages listed below. (6.SP4, 6.SP5c)
Think 40, 22, 24, 58, 30, 31, 37, 25, 62, 40, 39, 37, 28, 28, 51, 44
Solve
Explain
PartA Order the ages from least to greatest.

Part B Find the median of the ages.

Part C Make a box-and-whisker plot for the ages of the camera club members.

Standards Assessment 47
 Bs jersjand Absolute Want
ddingjIntegers "
11/3) Subtrac
11.4 Multip!
11.5 Dividing|Integers

to
I'm going yS
+o
count My

Flu ffy’s a
nd
9° over to
“Now, you e missing So ueaky
fy comes trieve th
ur frie nd Fluf at
re :
y- It’s easy
“aft er yo notice th mouse fo
is not that visit, You ssing.”
btraction over for a to ys is mi
“Look, su you have squeaky
I m a gin e th at one of the
diff ic ul t. e toys: ie
aky mous
five sque

i “Dear
Sigee: Sir:
ir: Youa
ind’ the Apart tell

x
oH | didn’
e t know it was missi ing.”
 Eass
kitten

What You Oe yl
Learned Before 5 Cy
@ Commutative and Associative oppo offe
si eaus®IIs the
Properties (6.ce.3) © Fahrenheit te meg Point on
pera ure Scale.”

Example 1 a. Simplify the expression 6 + (14 + x).

6+ (14+ x)=(64+14)4+x Associative Property of Addition
= 20% Add 6 and 14.

b. Simplify the expression (3.1 + x) + 7.4.

(S42 xX) B74 Se sly 7A Commutative Property of Addition
=% + (3.1 + 7.4) Associative Property of Addition
=x+ 10.5 Add 3.1 and 7.4.

c. Simplify the expression 5(12y).

5(12y) = (5 « 12)y Associative Property of Multiplication
= 60y Multiply 5 and 12.

Try It Yourself
Simplify the expression. Explain each step.
ih aia (len cy! 2) (a +46 3. 6(5p)

@ Properties of Zero and One (6.3)

Example 2 a. Simplify the expression 6 « 0 = q.
6°0°q=(6:0)°q Associative Property of Multiplication
=0°-g=0 Multiplication Property of Zero

b. Simplify the expression 3.6 * s+ 1.

3.6°se¢1=3.6 (se 1) Associative Property of Multiplication
=3.6°s Multiplication Property of One
= 3.65

Try It Yourself
Simplify the expression. Explain each step.
4. 13-m:0 Spleens 29 6. (n+ 14) +0
 11.1 Integers and Absolute Value
i RS I GOI GE SS ES I BIE ER CII ERIE CESsia Sa i ac acess seadiaie

Essential tion
Qu estio ni How can you use integers to represent the
velocity and the speed of an object?

On these two pages, you will investigate vertical motion (up or down).
e Speed tells how fast an object is moving, but it does not tell the direction.
e Velocity tells how fast an object is moving, and it also tells the direction.
When velocity is positive, the object is moving up.
When velocity is negative, the object is moving down.

: Falling Parachute
>. ACTIVITY

Ni
1 y PACHLAINVS

iWW
Work with a partner. You are gliding to the ground
wearing a parachute. The table shows your height
above the ground at different times.

= Describe the pattern in the table. How many feet do you move each
second? After how many seconds will you land on the ground?
I What integer represents your speed? Give the units.
Do you think your velocity should be represented by a positive or
negative integer? Explain your reasoning.
= What integer represents your velocity? Give the units.

> ACTIVITY. ; Rising, Ba

lloons.

Work with a partner. You release a group of balloons.

The table shows the height of the balloons above the
ground at different times.
G COMMON
CORE
Integers
In this lesson, you will
e define the absolute
value of a number.
e find absolute values
Describe the pattern in the table. How many feet do
of numbers. the balloons move each second? After how many seconds
° solve real-life problems. will the balloons be at a height of40 feet?
Preparing for Standard ‘
Se pike aa bee b. What integer represents the speed of the balloons? Give the units.
ae c. Do you think the velocity of the balloons should be represented by a
positive or negative integer? Explain your reasoning.
d. What integer represents the velocity of the balloons? Give the units.

476 Chapter 11 Integers

 =. ACTIVIT
3 ACTIVITY

Work with a partner. The table shows

the height of a firework’s parachute
above the ground at different times.
Math
Practice
Use Clear
Definitions
What information
can you use to
support your
answer?

a. Describe the pattern in the table. How many feet does the parachute
move each second?
b. What integer represents the speed of the parachute? What integer
represents the velocity? How are these integers similar in their relation
to 0 on a number line?

Inductive Reasoning
4. Copy and complete the table.

Velocity (feet per second) _ —14 | 20 | —2

Speed (feet per second)

5. Find two different velocities for which the speed is 16 feet per second.
6. Which number is greater: —4 or 3? Use a number line to explain your reasoning.
7. One object has a velocity of —4 feet per second. Another object has a velocity
of 3 feet per second. Which object has the greater speed? Expiain your answer.

What Is Your Answer?

8. IN YOUR OWN WORDS Howcan you use integers to represent the velocity
and the speed of an object?

9, LOGIC In this lesson, you wiii study absolute value. Here are some examples:
| -16| = 16 |16| = 16 Kopec |-2|=2
Which of the following is a true statement? Explain your reasoning.

|velocity |= speed |speed|= velocity

: Use what you learned about absolute value to complete

iaa(atilaao Exercises 4-11 on page 480.

Section 11.1 Integers and Absolute Value 477

11.1 Lesson

The following numbers are integers:

Key Vocabulary #@) roy ae, Ok comes
integer, p. 478
absolute value, p. 478

G@° Key Idea

a ag

Absolute Value
Words The absolute value of an integer is the distance between
the aha and 0 on anumber line. The absolute value of
a number ais written as |a |.
4 units 4 units

=) =A 2352 0 1 2 3a 24e7 a

Numbers |-4|=4 |4| =

>eNNlJa- 1) . Finding Absolute Value

Find the absolute value of 2.

4 Graph 2 on a number line.

ee
—4 =5} = =] 0 1 2 3 4

——— The distance between 2 and 0 is 2. }

> eV se-6 2) . Finding Absolute Value

a + Graph —3 on a number line. }

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

———— The distance between —3 and 0 is 3. )

Pee Stay aie} |= Se

@ On Your Own
Now.You'reReag Find the absolute value.
Exercises 4-19 a 1. |7 | 2. |-1| 3. |-5| 4. |14 |

478 Chapter 11 Integers @) Multi-Language Glossary at BigtdeasMattGom

 PON 18-3) Comparing Values
Compare 1 and |—4 |.
Remember
A number line can be |Graph 1 on a number line. (Graph|-4| =4ona soe line.
used to compare and peal .
order integers Numbers | to
to the left are less than Gee ame ed en a ee ae
numbers to the right. ay hy: wv es helen [al]
Numbers to the right oe ee .)
are greater than Se ;
numbers to the left. | SO les|=4))

@ On Your Own
d

3
Exercises
ady
20-25

The freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid

becomes a solid.
Butter 35 mya: Which substance in the table has the lowest
freezing point?
Airplane fuel =53
4 b. Is the freezing point of mercury or butter closer to
Honey ag the freezing point of water, 0°C?
Mercury =o
Candle wax a

a. Graph each freezing point.

Airplane fuel Mercury Honey Butter Candle wax
oS, =3}5) =5 35 55
<—}+—o—_»—_+—_
+} +_ > + >_>
60 50 40 30 20 10 C 10 20 30 40 50 60

*:+ Airplane fuel has the lowest freezing point, —53°C.

b. The freezing point of water is 0°C, so you can use absolute values.
Mercury: |—39 |30 Butter: |35 |= 39

"+ Because 35 is less than 39, the freezing point of butter is closer to
the freezing point of water.

@ 0n Your Own
9. Is the freezing point of airplane fuel or candle wax closer to the freezing
point of water? Explain your reasoning.

Section 11.1 Integers and Absolute Value 479

 BigIde

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY Which of the following numbers are integers?
9139-1" > = 0-95 515
2. VOCABULARY What is the absolute value of an integer?
3. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which expression does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

6 =6 (6

€ 4 ,@ i ; } ; ) @

Practice and Problem Solving

Find the absolute value.
@ ®@ 4.|9! 5. |-6| 6. |—-10| 7. |10|
8. |-15| 9. |13| 10. |-7| 11. |-12|
12. |5| 13. |-8| 14. |0| 15. |18|
16. |—24| 17. |—45| 18. |60| 19. |-125|
Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.
® 20. 2) |-5| 21. |-4| 7 22. —5 i |-9|
23. |-4| |) -6 24. |-1| ) |-8| 25. |5| Me |-5|
ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error.
26. 27
x |10 | = -10 | x |-5|<4

28. SAVINGS You deposit $50 in your savings account. One week later, you
withdraw $20. Write each amount as an integer.
29. ELEVATOR You go down 8 floors in an elevator. Your friend goes up 5 floors in
an elevator. Write each amount as an integer.

Order the values from least to greatest.

30. 8,|/3|, -5,|-2], -2 31. |-6|, -7,8,|5|, -6
32. —12,|-26|, -15,|-12|,|10| 33ay= 34171 p37 (20 |,|—11|
Simplify the expression.
34. |-30| 35. -|4| 36. —|-15|

480 Chapter 11 Integers

 37. PUZZLE Use a number line.
a. Graph and label the following points on a number line: A = Sop 2;
M = —6, T = 0. What word do the letters spell?
b. Graph and label the absolute value of each point in part (a).
What word do the letters spell now?
38. OPEN-ENDED Write a negative integer whose absolute value is greater than 3.

REASONING Determine whether n > 0 orn < 0.

39. n+|-n|=2n 40. n+|-n|=0

41. CORAL REEF The depths of two scuba divers exploring a

living coral reef are shown.
a. Write an integer for the position of each diver relative
to sea level.
b. Which integer in part (a) is greater?
Which integer in part (a) has the greater absolute value?
Compare this absolute value with the depth of that diver.

42. VOLCANOES The summit elevation of a volcano is the elevation

of the top of the volcano relative to sea level. The summit elevation
of the volcano Kilauea in Hawaii is 1277 meters. The summit
elevation of the underwater volcano Loihi in the Pacific Ocean il
is —969 meters. Which summit is closer to sea level? |

43. MINIATURE GOLF The table shows golf scores, relative to par.

a. The player with the lowest score wins. Which player wins?
b. Which player is at par?
c. Which player is farthest from par?

Sea Determine whether the statement is true or false.

Explain your reasoning.
44, Ifx<0,then|x|=—x.
45. The absolute value of every integer is positive.

Fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
e e

Ou
4 ) \ ‘
Med

Add. (Section 1.1)

GhiS2 AT 5042 94 48. 181 + 217 49. 1149 + 2021
AGO

50. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which value is not a whole number?

(Skills Review Handbook)

@) -5 0 © 4 ®) 113

Section 11.1 Integers and Absolute Value 481

 11.2 Adding Integers

Essential Question Is the sum of two integers positive, negative,

or zero? How can you tell?

VITY: Adding Integers with the Same Sign

oleof1
A |
5:8 \

Combine 4 negative counters

and 3 negative counters.
N

Work with a partner. Use integer counters to find —3 + 2.

Combine 3 negative counters

and 2 positive counters.
x

COMMON
CORE
Integers
In this lesson, you will
ACTIVITY: Adding Integers with Different Signs
add integers.
e show that the sum of a Work with a partner. Use a number line to find 5 + (—3).
number and its opposite
is 0.
© solve real-life problems. Start at 0. Move =) Add —3. Then move 3 units |
Learning Standards units to the right. eae left to end at (iy.
7.NS.la peer
7S.tb
7.NS.1d
ee eee
7.NS.3 8 -6 -4 =2 0 2 4 G& 8

“+ So,5 + (-3) = Ei.

482 Chapter 11 Integers
 Y: Adding Integers with Different Signs
Math : @ Work with a partner. Write the addition expression shown. Then find the
Practice @ | sum. How are the integers in the expression related to 0 on a number line?
Make | : =
Conjectures | Start at 0. Move 7 Add —7 Then move 7 units
How can the units to the right. Paimuso left to end at sida.
relationship ' eg
ecgSe
between the
integers help you 8 6 4 D 0 2 4 6 8
| writea rule?
SOUR
TRS KgypY EBS

Inductive Reasoning
Work with a partner. Use integer counters or a number line to complete the table.

10% —Gi- (2)

11.

12. 15+ (—9)

13. —10+ 10

14. —6 + (-—6)

15.0 13 25 (2-13)

What Is Your Answer?

y ) \ ; —) VA A 2) \\ m C=. 8) 2) y IY A

16. IN YOUR OWN WORDS Is the sum of two integers positive, negative, or zero?
How can you tell?
17. STRUCTURE Write general rules for adding (a) two integers with the same sign,
(b) two integers with different signs, and (c) two integers that vary only in sign.

: Use what you learned about adding integers to complete

agela daa Exercises 8-15 on page 486.

Section 11.2 Adding Integers 483

 Key Vocabulary
s@) G? Key Idea
opposites, p. 484
Adding Integers with the Same Sign
additive inverse,
p. 484 Words Add the absolute values of the integers. Then use the
common sign.
Numbers 2+5=7 Spee (ES Pe

>eN
i ae-8 of Adding Integers with the Same Sign
Find —2 + (—4). Use a number line to check your answer.
—2+ (-4) =-6 Add |—2 |and |—4 |.
ger common sign.’ |
“+ The sum is —6.

————4
_,
—
Check 4 |) 4) ain Heda
= 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1

The Meaning @ 0n Your Own

of a Word Add.
Opposite Af ba hme bs! 2a OT Ge) 37 0G)

When you walk across

a street, you are moving
to the opposite side of Two numbers that are the same distance from 0, but on opposite sides of 0,
the street. are called opposites. For example, —3 and 3 are opposites.

Ge Key Ideas
Adding Integers with Different Signs
Words Subtract the lesser absolute value from the greater absolute
value. Then use the sign of the integer with the greater
absolute value.
Numbers 8+ (—10)=-—2 -—-13+17=4

Additive Inverse Property

Words The sum of an integer and its additive inverse, or opposite,
is 0.
Numbers 6 + (—6) = 0 =20ers2o.= | Algebra a+ (—a) =0

484 Chapter 11 Integers 1) Multi-Language Glossary at Se os.

 ela o- 2 . Adding Integers with Different Signs
a. Find5+ (-10).
5 + (-10) = —5 |-10|> 5 |.So, subtract |5 |from 108
Use the sign of 10.
‘+ Thesumis—5.

b. Find
—3 + 7.
Be eee |7| >| —3|.So, subtract | -3 |from |7|.
h
\___{ Use the sign of 7. |
‘+ The sumis 4.
c. Find —12 + 12.
=12-7 i209 The sum is 0 by the Additive Inverse Property.

a \ ( -12 and 12 are opposites.

)
“+ The sum is 0.

> eX IE 3 Adding, More Than Two Integers

The list shows four bank account (TULYTRANSACTIONS 1
neon pat earrry
transactions in July. Find the change C
eek eeeenceatt
in the account balance. | Deposit _ | $50 |

| , ; ; _ Withdrawal -$50 |
A deposit of $50 and Find the sum of the four transactions. Sh a
a withdrawal of $50 » = .
represent opposite | C= —40 + 50+ 75 + (-50) Write the sum.

quantities, +50 and = —40 + 75 + 50 + (-50) Commutative Property of Addition

—50, which have a
sum of 0. ==A0) + 75 + [90+ (—50)I Associative Property of Addition

-— - =A Qi ort 0 Additive Inverse Property

= 35+0 Add —40 and 75.

130 Addition Property of Zero

“t+ Because C = 35, the account balance increased $35 in July.

@ 0n Your Own
: Add.
oF. dy 6. —31+ 31
Exercises 8-23 42 5. 9+ (—10)
and 28-39
7. WHAT IF? In Example 3, the deposit amounts are $30 and $40. Find
the change Cin the account balance.

Section 11.2 Adding Integers 485

- TB Help with Homework, _/
BigIdeasMath

1. WRITING How do you find the additive inverse of an integer?

2. NUMBER SENSE Is 3 + (—4) the same as —4 + 3? Explain.

Tell whether the sum is positive, negative, or zero without adding. Explain
your reasoning.
Seen 40) 4. 30 + (—30) 5.10 (3)

Tell whether the statement is true or false. Explain your reasoning.

6. The sum of two negative integers is always negative.
7. An integer and its absolute value are always opposites.

Practice and Problem Solving

6+4 On =4-45(=6) 10\e=2 (35) ile Dice 2

mae tee) ihe Mentets al=s09) 14.9 2 (LT) 15i4e-Se al3

16. —4+ (-16) 17S eo ca 1) 18. 14 + (—5) 1920 (1)

205 -— 1 05a (a5) Ji|e toe AB hey) 220 NGrr (TO) 23:5 — 25-9)

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the sum.
24. 25
xX 9+(-6) =-3 3 x —10 + (-10) =O

26. TEMPERATURE The temperature is —3°F at 7:00 a.m. During the next 4 hours,
the temperature increases 21°F What is the temperature at 11:00 a.m.?
27. BANKING Your bank account has a balance of —$12. You deposit $60. \
What is your new balance?

Tell how the Commutative and Associative Properties of Addition can help you
find the sum mentally. Then find the sum.
© 28. 9+6+ (-6) 29. —8 + 13 + (-13) 30. 9 + (—17) + (-9)
31. 7+ (-12) + (-7) 32. —12 + 25 + (-15) 33. 6+ (-9) +14
Add.
34. 13 + (-21) + 16 35. 22 + (-14) + (—35) 36. —13 + 27)+ (-18)
37. -19+26+14 38. —32 + (-17) + 42 39. —41 + (—15) + (—29)

486 Chapter 11 Integers

40. SCIENCE A lithium atom has positively charged Lithium Atom
protons and negatively charged electrons. The sum
ofthe charges represents the charge of the lithium atom.
Find the charge of the atom.

41. OPEN-ENDED Write two integers with different signs that

have a sum of —25. Write two integers with the same sign that
have a sum of —25.

ALGEBRA Evaluate the expression when a = 4, b = —5, and c = —8.

42. a+b 43. —b+c 44.|at+b+c|

MENTAL MATH Use mental math to solve the equation.

45. d+ 12=2 46. b+ (—2)=0 47. -8+m=-15

48. PROBLEM SOLVING Starting at point A, the path of a dolphin jumping out of
the water is shown.
a. Is the dolphin deeper at point C or point E? Explain your reasoning.
b. Is the dolphin higher at point B or point D? Explain your reasoning.

49. = Puzzle = According to a legend, the Chinese Emperor

Yu-Huang saw a magic square on the back ofa turtle. In
a magic square, the numbers in each row and in each
column have the same sum. This sum is called the
magic sum.
Copy and complete the magic square so that each row
and each column has a magic sum of 0. Use each integer
from —4 to 4 exactly once.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Subtract. (Section 1.1)
54.232. 14 eel iis = 05 53, 45! — 268
50. 69 — 38

54. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the range of the numbers below? (Section 9.4)

122 8alil 2eloelé;.30

@ 12 15 © 18 @O) 22

Section 11.2 Adding Integers 487

 11.3 Subtracting Integers

Essential Question How are adding integers and subtracting

integers related?

1 _ ACTIVITY: Subtracting Integers

Work with a partner. Use integer counters to find 4 — 2.

Start with 4 Remove |” What is the total

positive counters. positive counters. number of counters?

Combine 4 positive counters

and 2 negative counters.

4 ae

© Common s+ So, 4+ (—2) = [.

CORE
Integers
In this lesson, you will
e subtract integers.
@ solve real-life problems.
Work with a partner. Use a number line to find —3 — 1.
Learning Standards
7.NS.1¢
7.NS.1d Then move 1 unit | subtract 1. Start at 0. Move 3
7.NS.3 lefttoendat — ss units to the left.
a

+ So,-3—1= (ie.
488 Chapter 11 Integers
Math G )) Work with a partner. Write the addition expression shown.
Practice < Then find the sum.
Make Sense ;
of Quantities Then move 1 unit | add= Start at 0. Move 3
Wrerinteqeewille | left to end at fH. epee = units to the left.
you use in your | |+--+
addition expression?
= ene ee WAITS 0 1 2 3 4

Inductive Reasoning
Work with a partner. Use integer counters or a number line to complete the table.

ee Fis SSa)

13) 0 aC)

1540-4 1)

163 —5 4 12

What Is Your Answer?

va | >) ~ Wann \ > 8) A yp)

17. INYOUR OWN WORDS How are adding integers and subtracting integers related?

18. STRUCTURE Write a general rule for subtracting integers.

19. Use a number line to find the value of the expression —4 + 4 — 9. What property
can you use to make your calculation easier? Explain.

: Use what you learned about subtracting integers to complete

Practice Exercises 8-15 on page 492.

Section 11.3 Subtracting Integers 489

 11.3 Lesson
i Asi
oa a ac lt ne ie a IS GAO ationtei Salear bent clssWiteditead wee”

@° Key Idea
Subtracting Integers
Words ‘To subtract an integer, add its opposite.
Numbers 3—-4=3+ (-—4)=-l

Subtract 4.

] <

Ss
opposites same answer

pall
3 hi(—4)
1

EXAMPLE ( 4] MSU tee ie icra c

a. Find
3 — 12.

3-12=3+ (-12) Add the opposite of 12.

= -9 Add.
‘t+ The difference is —9.

b. Find —8 — (-13).

—8 — (-13)=-8 +13 Add the opposite of —13.

=5 Add.
‘t+ The difference is 5.

c. Find 5 — (—4).

5-(-4)=5+4 Add the opposite of —4.

=9 Add.
‘t+ The difference is 9.

@ 0n Your Own
d Subtract.
xercises 8-23 1. oS 2 Shy.

4. —14=—9 5) 95)

490 Chapter 11 Integers

EXAMPLE ( 22 PeSuoteredhyepiiese ses :
Evaluate —7 — (—12) — 14.

= = G2) 4s? = 14 Add the opposite of —12.

=5-1]4 Add —7 and 12.
=5+ (-14) Add the opposite of 14.
= —9 Add.
“+ So, -7— (-12) — 14=-9.

@ On Your Own
re Read Evaluate the expression.
Exercises 27-32 Lao 2 O38 Si) 42 0Ra
9: 10729 15) 103 =Sinteb)0
Alte "(= 20)20 12) 14 — 9-486

EXAMPLE ( 23 ite
ee oeyyolreb ity

To find the range of elevations for each continent, subtract the

lowest elevation from the highest elevation.

North America Ai

range = 6198 — (—86) range =589

= 6198 + 86 “= 586
= 6284 m =

+ Because 6284 is greater than 6050, North America has the greater
range of elevations.

@ 0n Your Own
13. The highest elevation in Mexico is 5700 meters, on Pico de Orizaba.
The lowest elevation in Mexico is —10 meters, in Laguna Salada.
Find the range of elevations in Mexico.

Section 11.3 Subtracting Integers 491

 cece Lt, Out,
eR
RBBOSE ASD ie ata EAS ASUNDER
ALES OREO

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. WRITING How do you subtract one integer from another?
2. OPEN-ENDED Write two integers that are opposites.
3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

Find the difference of 3 and —2. What is 3 less than —2?

How much less is —2 than 3? | Subtract —2 from 3.

MATCHING Match the subtraction expression with the corresponding

addition expression.
45-9 —1(75) Sg IO 64 =9.--7(-5) . YFete aS)

As 2945 Bee 5) C2 9 (=5) Die oitS

Practice and Problem Solving

Subtract.
@ 8. 4-7 9. 8 —(-5) 10. —6 — (-7) 11. -2-3
125 58 134° 6 14.2562-4(—3) 15 LOR
16.5 Oels Vee 15 (2) 1859 13) WT) fh <= 18)
207 —6)— (= 6) 2lae LOZ 22 cea) 23. 0— 20

24. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

oe poe finding the difference x 7 —(-12) =7+ (-12) = —-5 |

25. SWIMMING POOL The floor of the shallow end of a swimming pool is
at —3 feet. The floor of the deep end is 9 feet deeper. Which expression
can be used to find the depth of the deep end?

Sie) Sige, Fea:

26. SHARKS A shark is at —80 feet. It swims up and jumps out of the water to a
height of 15 feet. Write a subtraction expression for the vertical distance the
shark travels.

Evaluate the expression.

@ 27. -2-7+15 28. —9 +6 -— (—2) 29012 ( 5) 8
BO) —6/
=p el 31... =6—="(8)
+6 32 le (=)

492 Chapter 11 Integers

 MENTAL MATH Use mental math to solve the equation.
33. m—5=9 34. w-(-3)=7 35. 6-c=-9
ALGEBRA Evaluate the expression when k = —3, m = —6, andn = 9.
36.4 71 37. m-— (-8)
SS Oni 71 EEE Ui1s)
40. PLATFORM DIVING The figure shows a diver diving from
a platform. The diver reaches a depth of 4 meters.
What is the change in elevation of the diver?

.41. OPEN-ENDED Write two different pairs of

negative integers, x and y, that make the
statement x — y = —1 true.

42. TEMPERATURE The table shows the record monthly high

and low temperatures for a city in Alaska.

oil 19 =(6)

a. Find the range of temperatures for each month.

b. What are the all-time high and all-time low temperatures?
c. What is the range of the temperatures in part (b)?

REASONING Tell whether the difference between the two integers is always,
sometimes, or never positive. Explain your reasoning.
43. two positive integers 44. two negative integers

45. a positive integer anda negative integer 46. anegative integer and a positive integer

For what values of a and bis the statement true?

47. |a—b|=|b-a| 48. |a+b| =|a| +|D| 49. |a—b|=|a| -|b|

m—— | | | l
AH coir Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Add. (Section 11.2)
50. —5 + (—5) + (-5) + (-5) 51. —9 + (—9) + (—9) + (—9) + (-9)
Multiply. (Section 1.1)
BZ Oe 53. 6 x 78 54. 36x41 55. 82): << .29

56. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which value of n makes the value of the expression
4n + 3acomposite number? (Skills Review Handbook)

@® 1 ® 2 © 3 © 4

Section 11.3 Subtracting Integers 493

 Organizer, /
BigideasMath
You can use an idea and examples chart to organize information about a concept.
Here is an example of an idea and examples chart for absolute value.

Example

On Your Own
Make idea and examples charts to help you
study these topics.
7 birthdays a J
1. integers year. Docs
fair?
2. adding integers
a. with the same sign
b. with different signs
3. Additive Inverse Property
4. subtracting integers

After you complete this chapter, make idea

and examples charts for the following topics.
“| made an idea and examples chart to give
5. multiplying integers my owner ideas for my birthday next week.”

a. with the same sign

b. with different signs |
6. dividing integers
a. with the same sign
b. with different signs

494 Chapter 11 Integers

 aati

11.1-11.3 Quiz 4
Copy and complete the statement using <,>,or =. (Section 11.1)
1. |-2 | 3 2. 7-7
Order the values from least to greatest. (Section 11.1)
3. 4s —5|,|-4|,3, -6 4. 12,-8,|—15 ) LU:
—9|

Evaluate the expression. (Section 11.2 and Section 11.3)

5 .-—3 + (—8) ist Ee orulle

7. 3-9 8. —5
— (-5)
a)
aes5 .
’=
eis
,
ee
Te
eR
a
Re
re
aee Evaluate the expression when a = —2,b = —8,andc=5. (Section 11.2 and Section 11.3)
9. 4-—a-c 10; Boar |
¥ ‘

11. EXPLORING Two climbers explore a cave. (Section 11.1)

alas
abl
Ese
es
chilies
atea a. Write an integer for the position of each climber
\ ee
relative to the surface.
b. Which integer in part (a) is greater?
c. Which integer in part (a) has the greater
absolute value?

12. SCHOOL CARNIVAL The table shows the income

and expenses for a school carnival. The school’s
goal was to raise $1100. Did the school reach its
goal? Explain. (Section 11.2)

$650 Suan Ao

13. TEMPERATURE Temperatures in the

Gobi Desert reach —40°F in the winter
and 90°F in the summer. Find the range
of the temperatures. (Section 11.3)

Sections 11.1-11.3 Quiz 495

 11.4 Multiplying Integers

Essential Question Is the product of two integers positive,

negative, or zero? How can you tell?

Te
RTT

ACTIVITY: Multiplying Integers with the Same Sign

on VIT"

Work with a partner. Use repeated addition to find 3 « 2.

Recall that multiplication is repeated addition. 3 » 2 means to add
3 groups of 2.
| oe, et ae Now you can write

a
le tae aug a ee

Work with a partner. Use repeated addition to find 3 + (—2).

3 « (—2) means to add 3 groups of —2.

= —2 —2 Now you can write
BO ayee oad
tt tt 3-2) = + +
eee eee ee
= a.
nts SO, 3-2 (2) BL

(; Multiplying Integers with Different Signs

AGTIVITY:

Work with a partner. Use a table to find —3 « 2.

© en Describe the pattern of the products in the table. Then complete the table.

Integers
In this lesson, you will
e multiply integers.
e solve real-life problems.
Learning Standards
7.NS.2a
7.NS.2c
7.NS.3

+ So, -3-2 =.
496 Chapter 11 Integers
) Work with a partner. Use a table to find —3 + (—2).
Math SS Describe the pattern of the products in the table. Then complete the table.
Practice |
Look for Patterns |
How can you use
the pattern to
| complete the table? |
Tey pore grer peas

so See
Inductive Reasoning
Work with a partner. Complete the table.

9. 6-3

What Is Your Answer?

13. Write two integers whose product is 0.

14. IN YOUR OWN WORDS Is the product of two integers positive, negative, or
zero? How can you tell?
15. STRUCTURE Write general rules for multiplying (a) two integers with the
same sign and (b) two integers with different signs.

. Use what you learned about multiplying integers to complete

Practice Exercises 8-15 on page 500.

Section 11.4 Multiplying Integers 497

11.4 Lesson |
z
Nn hab
Rae aint sia MASA
aa RRO”

@° Key Ideas
Multiplying Integers with the Same Sign
Words The product of two integers with the same sign is positive.
Numbers 2°3=6 —2-(-—3) =6

Multiplying Integers with Different Signs

Words The product of two integers with different signs is negative.
Numbers 2° (—3) = —6 SYNC} A)

EXAMPLE ( 4] VOOM CRMoy

Find —5 « (-—6).

The integers have the same sign. |

=D (=6)i=330
wee The product is positive. }
‘+ The product is 30.

Dee 2) Multiplying Integers with Different Signs

Multiply.
a. 3(—4] bo-7 4
The integers have
|| different signs. |
3(—4) = —12 —7°4= —28
The product | f
is negative. |

The product is —12. *:+ The product is —28.

@ On Your Own
, ee Multiply.
Exercises 8-23 4fence 7S) 2. 4(11)

Sarr ie) APSF (8)

aed 74 6. 4(—6)

72106)(0) 8; . — (stil aed acolo.)

498 Chapter 11 Integers

 EXAMPLE (233 eSnrpa tye c oot |
a. Evaluate (—2)?.
(—2)* = (—2) + (-2) Write (—2) as repeated multiplication.
Place parentheses =4 Multiply.
around a negative
number to raise itto b. Evaluate —5°.
a power.
eee —5? = —(5 +5) Write 5? as repeated multiplication.

==25 Multiply.

c. Evaluate (—4)°.

(—4)° = (—4) - (-4) - (-4) Write (—4)? as repeated multiplication.

= 16 + (—4) Multiply.

= —64 Multiply.

; Evaluate the expression.

\Dienloure Read, :
© Exercises 32-37 * oe.) 10-2) 11. —7° 12. —6°

>eNN ae 4) Real-LifeApplication
The bar graph shows the number of taxis a company has in
service. The number of taxis decreases by the same amount each
year for 4 years. Find the total change in the number of taxis.

}50fewer taxis The bar graph shows that the number of taxis in service decreases
_ by 50 each year. Use a model to solve the problem.

totalchange = change peryear * number of years

of
Number
taxis
—50 +4
A Use —50 for the change per year because
900 the number decreases each year.

“t+ The total change in the number of taxis is —200.

@ 0n Your Own
13. A manatee population decreases by 15 manatees each year for
3 years. Find the total change in the manatee population.

Section 11.4 Multiplying Integers 499

 11.4 Exercises eons
ae ee NeIp erin Homework
BigIdeasMath

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. WRITING What can you conclude about the signs of two integers whose
product is (a) positive and (b) negative?
2. OPEN-ENDED Write two integers whose product is negative.

Tell whether the product is positive or negative without multiplying.

Explain your reasoning.
32 A(— 0) Aaa (at) oh ep e

Tell whether the statement is true or false. Explain your reasoning.

6. The product of three positive integers is positive.
7. The product of three negative integers is positive.

Multiply.
@ ®@ 8. 6-4 9. 7(-3) 10. —2(8) 11. —3(-4)
12. —6°7 13. 3+9 14. 8 +(-5) 15. —1+(-12)
16. —5(10) 17. —13(0) 18. —9+9 19. 15(—2)
20. -10+11 21. —6+(-13) 22. 7(-14) 23. —1l+(-1)
24. JOGGING You burn 10 calories each minute you jog. What integer represents
the change in your calories after you jog for 20 minutes?
25. WETLANDS About 60,000 acres of wetlands are lost each year in the United States.
What integer represents the change in wetlands after 4 years?

Multiply.
26.) 3:°:(—=8):° (2) 277409)
(= 1) 28.~=3(—5)(—4)

297 e=5) (ir 0) 1 UF ol 0S BOL ay’) 31.3 2G) 0

Evaluate the expression.

© 32. (-4)? CER (ie 34. —87
shh les ef Sof! eye Ole asyh
ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in evaluating the expression.
38. 39.
x —2(- 7) x —10* = 100

500 Chapter 11 Integers

ALGEBRA Evaluate the expression when a = —2,b=3,andc= —-8.
40. ab 41. |ac| APES iP = te
NUMBER SENSE Find the next two numbers in the pattern.
43° — 125.60, —300, 1500: ... AA, (, —28, 112, —448,,...

45. GYM CLASS You lose four points each time you attend gym class without
sneakers. You forget your sneakers three times. What integer represents the
change in your points?
46. MODELING The height of an airplane during a landing is given by
22,000 + (—4800), where ris the time in minutes.
a. Copy and complete the table. ; ;
b. Estimate how many minutes Time uniputes) z as | ae = |
it takes the plane to land. |Height (feet) | |
Explain your reasoning.
47. INLINE SKATES In June, the price of a pair ofinline skates is $165.
The price changes each of the next 3 months.
a. Copy and complete the table.

Month Price of Skates

June 165 = $165

July 165+ (-12)=$

August 1655132(—1 2) eee
September | 165+ 3(—12)=$___

b. Describe the change in the price of the inline skates for

each month.
June $35
c. The table at the right shows the amount of money you july $55
save each month to buy the inline skates. Do you have ; |
August $45
enough money saved to buy the inline skates in August?
September? Explain your reasoning. September | oe

48. Two integers, a and b, have a product of 24. What is the least
possible sum of a and b?

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Divide. (Section 1.1)
49, 2729 50. 48+6 51. 56+ 4 524) 153 9

53. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the prime factorization of 84?

(Section 1.4)

CW UPGe aay. CY Oy 27x37

Section 11.4 Multipiying Integers 501

 11.5 Dividing integers

Essential Question Is the quotient of two integers positive,

negative, or zero? How can you tell?

ACTIVITY: Dividing Integers with Different, Signs

Work with a partner. Use integer counters to find —15 + 3.

Begin with 15 Show how you can separate the |

negative counters. | counters into 3 equal groups. |

Work with a partner. Rewrite the product 3 + 4 = 12 as a quotient in two

different ways.
First Way Second Way
apie
ee
de
nee
eal
ie
aaa
apa
sia
aul
aca
elie
gaaess
oa
aaa
papas
atapelaces
uas
al inet
bi ee
ee
Vacate
bou

| 12 is equal to3 groupsof 12 is equal to 4 groups of Ra

| =Ml
So, 12+3 > S012+4= Ill
COMMON (> Sere ; - ;
© Cone 3 ,,ACTIVITY: Dividing Integers with Different Signs
Integers ; :
In this lesson, you will Work with a partner. Rewrite the product —3 - (—4) = 12 as a quotient in
e divide integers. two different ways. What can you conclude?
e solve real-life problems. ,
Learning Standards First Way Second Way

ee 12+ (i) - -
12+ (i)
-:+ In each case, when you divide a (esha integer by a HW Uta integer,
you geta ae integer.

502 Chapter 11 Integers

 ACTIVITY: Dividing Negative Integers
Math Work with a partner. Rewrite the product 3 - (—4) = —12asa quotient in
Practice two different ways. What can you conclude?
Maintain First Way Second Way
Oversight
How do you know -12+ (a) - -12 + (9) -
what the sign will
be when you divide :t+ When you divide a RTT integer bya Pa integer, you get a
two integers?
Hake integer. When you divide a Ea iliichait| integer bya Feet
integer, you get a Harald tyinteger.

Inductive Reasoning
Work with a partner. Complete the table.

Exercise = |

©©©©
3:

10.

What Is Your Answer?

wy) ‘ ) ~ » : ~/01r2

15. IN YOUR OWN WORDS Is the quotient of two integers positive, negative, or
zero? How can you tell?
16. STRUCTURE Write general rules for dividing (a) two integers with the same
sign and (b) two integers with different signs.

Use what you learned about dividing integers to complete

Exercises 8-15 on page 506.

Section 11.5 Dividing Integers 503

 esson Tutorials ,
BigIdeasMath

@° Key Ideas
Dividing Integers with the Same Sign
Remember Words The quotient of two integers with the same sign is positive.
Numbers 8+ 2=4 —8 + (-2) =4
Division by 0 is
undefined.
a
Dividing Integers with Different Signs
Words The quotient of two integers with different signs is negative.
Numbers 8 = (—2) = —4 =O ad = 4

EXAMPLE Dividing Integers with the Same Sign

Find —18 + (—6).

The integers have the same sign. |

=18o(—6)"="3
The quotient is positive. |

::+ The quotient is 3.

>eN
iae-8 2 . Dividing Integers with Different Signs

Divide.
7h (a a) ro ee6
The integers have
different signs.

7-18) ee es)
: —54

The quotient |
is negative.

*+ The quotient is —3. ‘+ The quotient is —9.

@ On Your Own
, Divide.
hptintttcte Rena,
Exercises 8-23 1. 14=2 2.) ae 4) 3. .—40'= (—8)

A 0 (26) peat. ee

504 Chapter 11 Integers

 ONE 3 Evaluating an Expression
Evaluate 10 — x* + ywhenx=8 andy = —4,
Semeihas 10 —x* + y= 10 - 87+ (—4) Substitute 8 for x and —4 for y.
Ss = 10-—8+8+ (-4) Write 8° as repeated multiplication.
Use order of operations | = 10 — 64 = (—4) Multiply 8 and 8.
when evaluating an
expression. | = 10 — (-16) Divide 64 by —4.
2 ee = 26 Subtract.

@ On Your Own
é ach Evaluate the expression when a = —18 and b = —6.
Exercises 28-31 3 a+6 b?
7. a=b 8. 9. —4+4
3) a
cuccnconersanseaeannsey

> ON 8-0 4 Real-Life Application

You measure the height of the
tide using the support beams of
a pier. Your measurements are
shown in the picture. What is
the mean hourly change in
the height?
: 59 inches at2 PMi-=

8 inches at 8 BM.—

Use a model to solve the problem.

finalheight -— _ initial height

mean hourly change =
elapsed time

e859 Substitute. The elapsed time from

6 2 P.M. to 8 P.M. is 6 hours.

eek Subtract.
6
= —8.5 Divide.

-+ The mean change in the height of the tide is —8.5 inches per hour.

@ On Your Own
10. The height of the tide at the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick
decreases 36 feet in 6 hours. What is the mean hourly change
in the height?

Section 11.5 Dividing Integers 505

 G Vocabulary and Concept Check
. WRITING What can you tell about two integers when their quotient is
positive? negative? zero?
2. VOCABULARY A quotient is undefined. What does this mean?
3. OPEN-ENDED Write two integers whose quotient is negative.
4. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which expression does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

10 aw mal e (= |
=5 5 —5 5
Tell whether the quotient is positive or negative without dividing.
=A8)
Se Ee 6. a feel 5 (3)

Practice and Problem Solving

Divide, if possible.
@ @ 8. 4+(-2) OM (cay) 105 20 sb = 10s se(8)

spe ezeaes ‘eee 14s=!5 15s—9

16. —-33 +11 17rA9

= (=7) 18. 0 = (—2) 19. 60 = (—6)
A, ae hs 7p ee 23 es
ue 0 =15) —/.

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the quotient.
24. 25
x ee - | K o+c9=4

26. ALLIGATORS An alligator population in a nature preserve in the Everglades

decreases by 60 alligators over 5 years. What is the mean yearly change in the
alligator population?
27. READING You read 105 pages ofa novel over 7 days. What is the mean
number of pages you read each day?

ALGEBRA Evaluate the expression when x = 10, y= —2, andz = —5.

30. x
2

© 28. x+y 29, teas +6z

ox?
z ay

506 Chapter 11 Integers

Find the mean of the integers.
S2ero 10) 2.013, 11. 33, 20,389,110) 316, 12381

Evaluate the expression.

34. -8-14+2+5 35. 24 + (—4) + (—2) « (—5)

36. PATTERN Find the next two numbers in the Pattern = 128) 64532516 ee
Explain your reasoning.

37. SNOWBOARDING A snowboarder descends a 1200-foot hill in 3 minutes.

What is the mean change in elevation per minute?

38. GOLF The table shows a golfer’s score for each round of Rounds Dro
a tournament.
Round 2 Olea
a. What was the golfer’s total score? Rounds _7
b. What was the golfer’s mean score per round? Round 3

39. TUNNEL The Detroit-Windsor Tunnel is an underwater highway

that connects the cities of Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario.
How many times deeper is the roadway than the bottom of the ship?

40. AMUSEMENT PARK The regular admission price for an amusement park is
$72. For a group of 15 or more, the admission price is reduced by $25. How
many people need to be in a group to save $500?

41. Write five different integers that have a mean of — 10. Explain
how you found your answer.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Graph the values on a number line. Then order the values from least
to greatest. (Section 11.1)

42. —6,4,|2|, -1,|—10| 43. 3, 0 ,|-4|, -3, -8 44, |5|, -2,-5,|-2|, -7

45. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of 4 +3 + (12 + 2)*2 (Section 1.3)

(A) 15 48 (56 ©) 324

Section 11.5 Dividing Integers 507

 J pia WOE IS ANSE BD aS A NRA saa 4d, Progress Ct
BigIdea
Evaluate the expression. (Section 11.4 and Section 11.5)
ls e520 (6) oe ea LO)

cE}. ane 4. —-24+3

ran,

5. 34-6) 6. (—3)°

Evaluate the expression when a = 4, b = —6,andc= —12. (Section 11.4 and Section 11.5)

7 a oe 8. bc

11. SPEECH In speech class, you lose 3 points for every 30 seconds
you go over the time limit. Your speech is 90 seconds over
the time limit. What integer represents the change in
your points? (Section 11.4)

12. MOUNTAIN CLIMBING On a mountain, the temperature

decreases by 18°F every 5000 feet. What integer
represents the change in temperature at 20,000 feet?
(Section 11.4)

13. GAMING You play a video game for 15 minutes. You

lose 165 points. What is the mean change in points
per minute? (Section 11.5)

14. DIVING You dive 21 feet from the surface ofa lake
in 7seconds. (Section 11.4 and Section 11.5)

a. What is the mean change in your position in

feet per second?
b. You continue diving. What is your position
relative to the surface after 5 more seconds?

15. HIBERNATION A female grizzly bear weighs |

500 pounds. After hibernating for 6 months, she
weighs only 200 pounds. What is the mean change |
in weight permonth? (Section 11.5)

508 Chapter 11 Integers

 bulary Help ,_/
‘ BigIldeasMath
Review Key Vocabulary ,
integer, p. 478 opposites, p. 484
absolute value, p. 478 additive inverse, p. 484

Review Examples and Exercises

dia) Integers and Absolute Value (pp. 476-481)

Find the absolute value of —2.

Graph —2 on a number line.

Exercises
Find the absolute value.
1013 | 2. |-9| 3. |-17| 4. |8|
5. ELEVATION The elevation of Death Valley, California, is —282 feet. The
Mississippi River in Illinois has an elevation of 279 feet. Which is closer
to sea level?

Gi) Adding Integers (pp. 482-487)

Find 6 + (—14).

Oy 14) 8 |-14| >| 6 |.So, subtract |6 |from |—14 |.

— 5
lisse)
‘+ The sum is —8.

Exercises.
Add.
Gm Von 11) Vis tetlei) 8 LOOsss 15) 9-327) (2)

Chapter Review 509

 (10.3) Subtracting Integers (pp. 488-493)
Subtract.
a. 7 — 19 Teas) Add the opposite of 19.
=-]2 Add.

“t+ The difference is —12.

be—6:—(=10)=462-40 Add the opposite of —10.

=4 Add.

‘t+ The difference is 4.

Exercises
Subtract.
10. 8—18 Tis 1 G5) ne ee 1261?
= (220
14. GAME SHOW Your score on a game show is —300. You answer the final question
incorrectly, so you lose 400 points. What is your final score?

G4 Multiplying Integers (pp. 496-501)

a. Find —7 + (—9).

The integers have the same sign. |

seat Os Gaohs Nal oe

T
ie) Se &7 =; = 77
Y. oO
1
‘=zOo
1 ze)
72 te | |COgs) a<

‘s+ The product is 63.

b. Find —6(14).

The integers have different signs.

OLA) =n OF

The product is negative.

‘+ The product is —84.

Exercises
Multiply.
195.186 16.107) V7.) 572 (eG) 1855 12(5)

510 Chapter 11 Integers

ais) Dividing Integers (pp. 502-507)
a. Find 30 + (—10).

(Theintegers have different signs. }

soba as rT
30 + (—10) = -3
es quotient is negative. |

:t+ The quotient is —3.

The quotient is positive. |

‘+ The quotient is 8.

Exercises
Divide.
19. 189 20. 21. — 22. 84 (7)
Evaluate the expression when x = 3, y = —4, and z= —6.

We pes Aan DB rte

é v

Find the mean of the integers.

26. 3, oy 15, 9 21, 254, 32, =10) 2 OO 42

28. PROFITS The table shows the weekly profits of a fruit

vendor. What is the mean profit for these weeks?

meee
—$125| —$86 | $54 | —$35

29. RETURNS You return several shirts to a store. The

receipt shows that the amount placed back on your
credit card is — $30.60. Each shirt is -$6.12. How
many shirts did you return?

Chapter Review 511

 QS REAR OTT ITNT SSRI RE

47 Chapter Test

Find the absolute value.

1. |-9| 2. |64| 3. |-22|

Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.

4. 4-3 | 5. |-7|
i -12 6. -7 | 3|
Evaluate the expression.
hear (Sta) S.A)

Oi Ike 10. 72> G3)

Evaluate the expression when x = 5, y= —3, andz= —2.

11Xx Cey |

Find the mean of the integers.

Sal ALO 14.

15. NASCAR A driver receives —25 points for each

rule violation. What integer represents the
change in points after 4 rule violations?
1 Hi
j '

ute
iy Ae
ute
alt
iit
a| i | 16. GOLF The table shows your scores, relative to par, for nine holes of golf.
ii What is your total score for the nine holes?

| Chi Pee 17. VISITORS Ina recent 10-year period, the change
eague . en .
! | eee ees a| in the number of visitors to U.S. national parks
| Refuge Ss was about — 11,150,000 visitors.

Assateague | a. Meeewas oe ease yearly change in the

Island = number of visitors?
National Seashore: am b. During the seventh year, the change
in the number of visitors was about
10,800,000. Explain how the change for
the 10-year period can be negative.

512 Chapter 11 Integers

 11 Cae eet ne

1. A football team gains 2 yards on the first play,

loses 5 yards on the second play, loses 3 yards
on the third play, and gains 4 yards on the fourth
play. What is the team’s overall gain or loss fos
all four plays? (7.NS. 1b)

A. again of 14 yards C. aloss of2 yards

B. again of 2 yards D. aloss of 14 yards

2. Which expression is not equal to the

number 0? (7.NS.1a)
hao 3 MH: <6 == (6)

Gi le See

3. What is the value of the expression below

when a = —2,b=3,andc=—5? (7.NS.3)

| a? — 2ac + 5b|

4. What is the value of the expression below? (7.NS. Jc)

5. Sam was evaluating an expression in the box below.

(ae seteb) Ge we —(-D)

4 =244+5
: = 29

What should Sam do to correct the error that he made? (7.5.3)

F. Subtract 5 from 24 instead of adding.

NCre
eRMe
es

G. Rewrite (—2)* as —8.

H. Subtract —5 from 3 before multiplying by (—2)°.

|. Multiply —2 by 3 before raising the quantity to the third power.

Standards Assessment 513

 6. What is the value of the expression below when x = 6, y= —4, and
Z=—2? (7.NS.3)
Keaaey,
ae

7. What is the missing number in the sequence below? (7.NS. 1c)

SOTA, 9) 2 Sel

8. You are playing a game using the spinner

shown. You start with a score of 0 and spin
the spinner four times. When you spin blue or
green, you add the number to your score.
When you spin red or orange, you subtract the
number from your score. Which sequence of
colors represents the greatest score?

F. red, green, green, red

G. orange, orange, green, blue

H. red, blue, orange, green

|. blue, red, blue, red

9. Which expression represents a negative integer? (7.NS.3)

Az Sia (=) . —12:'—(—6)

B.C 3): HC)

10. Which expression has the greatest value when x = —2 and y = —3?
(7.NS.3)

Ey, ay,

Grey. ate

514 Chapter 11 Integers

 11. What is the value of the expression below? (7.NS.3)

po ea) = G3)
A. —83 Gee,

B. —77 D. 83

12. Which property does the equation below represent? (7.NS. 1d)
= O05 30 sa —-30) — 60 4. (30ba=30))|

F. Commutative Property of Addition

G. Associative Property of Addition

H. Additive Inverse Property

I. Addition Property of Zero

13. What is the mean of the data set in the box below? (7.NS.3)

=6 6 oO bre a 8

14. Consider the number line shown below. § (7.NS.1b, 7.NS.ic)

Think
Solve
Explain =5°=4 | -3 8-2) =] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PartA Use the number line to explain how to add —2 and —3.

Part B Use the number line to explain how to subtract 5 from 2.

15. What is the value of the expression below? = (7.NS.3)

ae
=

Standards Assessment 515

 Ra Honeall umbers —
Stein

ees

Bonet Numbers; 2%
Ss

as too 9° fe]
wto be trve- ae

going to ge you
ount of 5, rm
*On the ee? of my dog bi scuits.”

Wl
Hold offon the tail
wagging until the
box arrives.

“l entered a contest
for dog “I was notified that
biscuits. the number of
biscuits | won was in
the
three-digit range.”
What You
Learned Before
@ Writing Decimals '@ game. Tee
and ° Sto
fractions (4.NF.6) th - number htIs lessmt
ou go first, 33

Example 1 Write 0.37 as a fraction.

Try It Yourself
Write the decimal as a fraction or the fraction as a decimal.

1.70.51 PEO 3.

Adding and Subtracting fractions (5.NF.1)

1
Example 3 Find ;+-, Example 4 es
5
Le3 Sid ee ace
+
ony}o on e Ow oy eo

+
ww
|
ol

I
Gye
Sih
al

Multiplying and Dividing fractions (5.Nf.4, 6.NS.1)

sae eouate Ber? ee
Example 5 Find -° 7 Example 6 Find. a

o
ze Multiply by the |
reciprocal of
the divisor.

Try It Yourself
Evaluate the expression.
14
Sey
 12.1 Rational Numbers

Essential Question How can you use a number line to order

rational numbers?

The Meaning of a Word @ Rational

The word rational comes from the word ratio.
Recall that you can write a ratio using fraction
notation.

If you sleep for 8 hours in a day, then 8h

the ratio of your sleeping time to the
total hours in a day can be written as Balyay

Work in groups of five. Order the numbers from least to greatest.

e Use masking tape and a marker to make a number line on the floor
similar to the one shown.

= 025 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

e Write the numbers on pieces of paper. Then each person should

choose one.
COMMON e Stand on the location of your number on the number line.
G CORE
Rational Numbers e Use your positions to order the numbers from least to greatest.
In this lesson, you will
© understand that a rational
number is an integer Bs. 015, 1h on bi he2 Sees
divided by an integer. 3} 3 4 10
© convert rational numbers
to decimals.
Cx lee. = se
Learning Standards be?
7.NS.2b
7.NS.2d

518 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

 ; Ihe Game of Math Card War

Preparation:

Math /| e Cut index cards to make 40 playing cards.

Practice | e Write each number in the table on a card.
Consider Similar : To Play:
Problems
What are some e Play with a partner.
ee eR e Deal 20 cards to each player facedown.
which number
is greater? e Each player turns one card faceup. The player with the greater
number wins. The winner collects both cards and places them at
the bottom of his or her cards.
e Suppose there is a tie. Each player lays three cards facedown, then
a new card faceup. The player with the greater of these new cards
wins. The winner collects all ten cards and places them at the
bottom of his or her cards.
e Continue playing until one player has all the cards. This player
wins the game.

What Is Your Answer?

3. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you use a number line to order
rational numbers? Give an example.

The numbers are in order from least to greatest. Fill in the blank spaces
with rational numbers.

| : Use what you learned about ordering rational numbers to

Practice” 4 complete Exercises 28-30 on page 522.

Section 12.1 Rational Numbers 519

 Bigrdeaemarnr

Key Vocabulary
1@) G? Key Idea
rational number, ; :
p. 520 Rational Numbers
terminating decimal, 1 De is anumber that
0520 can be written as 5
“ where a and bare
repeating decimal, ‘
p. 520 integers and b # 0.
. ( Whole Numbers
> 4 |

Because you can divide any integer by any nonzero integer, you can use
long division to write fractions and mixed numbers as decimals. These
decimals are also rational numbers and will either terminate or repeat.

—1,333...=-1.3
ep Use bar notation to show
Os1S515.15002-= 0.15 which of the digits repeat.

EXAMPLE ( {| Writing Rational Numbers.as Decimals

3 1 * h :
a. Write —27 as a decimal. b. Write we as a decimal.

: il 9
Notice that —2— = —-. Divide 5b Valais 0.4545
ie } 11)5.0000
[Divide9by4.J», 225
os
Divide 9 by 4. Devs)
sn4460
on

eat 55
10 50
ze — 44
ae
The remainder is 0.So, it | _ 0
20 The remainder repeats. So,
60
is a terminating decimal. 0 it is a repeating decimal. = =

3h Ga 4
Ses, So; i
i
0.45.

@ On Your Own
Le Reg ee Write the rational number as a decimal.
Exercises 11-18 6 3 3 is
‘pas= 2. =e 5 3_ a A» |i

520 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers 1) Multi-Language Glossary at sence

 Oe 2) Writing a Decimal as a Fraction

Write —0.26 as a fraction in simplest form.

re we i
Write the digits after the decimal |
If p and q are integers, Oye c nies, Uae ea ea
then -EPienza
=P? | . 100<—_—_ The
Saar t Tea
last digit is in the hundredths |
eres ari [Place. So, use 100 in the denominator.

_13a Simplify.

hpinlauite Ready Write the decimal as a fraction or a mixed number in simplest form.
Exercises 20-27 Be SS0L7 6.705125 rete oll 8. =10:25
rormunaonssi

> eV 2e-8 5 Ordering Rational Numbers

The table shows the elevations of four sea creatures relative to

sea level. Which of the sea creatures are deeper than the whale?
Explain.

Anglerfish 10 Write each rational number as a decimal.

Squid as -S=-13
S 10

Shark ane: Se Pp)

11 5
Whale ~0.8 ee) 15
11

Then graph each decimal on a number line.

Squid Anglerfish Whale Shark
=2.2 —1.3 0.8 =0.18
Elevation
* e i (kilometers)
—2.4 2.0) —{.6 =? —0.8 —0.4 0

*t+ Both —2.2 and —1.3 are less than —0.8. So, the squid and the
anglerfish are deeper than the whale.

@ On Your Own
| Re f
, Ready
AY You're 9. ti
WHAT IF? ? The elevation of f aadolphin
dolp is -—io kilometer. : Which of| the

Exercises 28-33 sea creatures in Example 3 are deeper than the dolphin? Explain.

Section 12.1 Rational Numbers 521

 G Vocabulary and Concept Check
1. VOCABULARY Is the quotient of two integers always a rational number? Explain.

2. WRITING Are all terminating and repeating decimals rational numbers? Explain.

Tell whether the number belongs to each of the following number sets:
rational numbers, integers, whole numbers.
aes AG Saale Gao
Tell whether the decimal is terminating or repeating.
7. —0.4848... S20 151 OMA (2 10. —5.236

Write the rational number as a decimal.

Qiu. 28 (peeig Bee 9 i 40

Sve 6 16902418 7s A
(Re22

19. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error

in writing the rational number as a decimal. x Se oes
11

Write the decimal as a fraction or a mixed number in simplest form.

@ 20. -0.9 21. 0.45 22. —0.258 23. —0.312
24.2, 2:32 254-2164 26. 6.012 21, 12405

Order the numbers from least to greatest.

3
7 05)(eT
3) 282-0 a peaelee
5 7h:
9
: EA pete Wed fm =
a
0.8 30. . 8
—1.4, —=,0.6,
—~LAr=—
1
-0.9, 7
0.670082

6 9 6 7 5 4 el 15
Siecleee eeA Oe 5 328 °-=,5 2,8, 8 = aA 3I 33 ele
2 2 ASL.6; a appa

34. COINS You lose one quarter, two dimes, and two nickels.
a. Write the amount as a decimal.
b. Write the amount as a fraction in simplest form.

35. HIBERNATION A ne turtle hibernates in sand at -12 feet. A spotted turtle

hibernates at “15
— ~feet,Which turtle is deeper?

522 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

 Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.

36. —2.
MM)2
-2.42 37. -1.
MM82
-1.81 38, >
39. —4—6 (il) -4.65 o. -5—= fill- 5.2 a1

42. OPEN- “ele Find pa terminating decimal and one repeating decimal
between —— Sarl —-,
2 3

Player — At Bats 43. SOFTBALL In softball, a batting average is the number

Eva 42 90 of hits divided by the number of times at bat. Does Eva
Michelle 38 80 or Michelle have the higher batting average?

44. PROBLEM SOLVING You miss 3 out of 10 questions on a science quiz and
4 out of 15 questions on a math quiz. Which quiz has a higher percent of
correct answers?

45. SKATING Is the half pipe deeper than the skating pool? Explain.

= 4

46. ENVIRONMENT The table shows the

changes from the average water level of
a pond over several weeks. Order the
numbers from least to greatest.

47. eA Given: a and bD are integers.

; 1 Pos A 5%
a. When is —— positive? b. When is a positive?
a a

cs fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Add or subtract. (Section 1.6 and Section 2.4)

4s. >=+ ZMl 49. E 7 50. 8.79 — 4.07 51. 11.81 + 9.34

52. MULTIPLE CHOICE In one year, a company has a profit of —$2 million. In the
next year, the company has a profit of $7 million. How much more profit did
the company make the second year? (Section 11.3)
(A) $2 million () $5 million ©) $7 million ©) $9 million

Section 12.1 Rational Numbers 523

 12.2 Adding Rational Numbers

Essential Question How can you use what you know about
adding integers to add rational numbers?

ihJITY:
J
Adding Rational Numbers
Work with a partner. Use a number line to find the sum.
ae 92:7 esA)

Start at 0. Move 2.7 zit siAvleleeaete

Add 4. msanaly Then move 3.4 units |
units to the right. lefttoendat
hae Se : —
=
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

+ So, 2.7 + (-3.4) = fi.

biasitse= (=-125) Cc. 25078

thei
4
=
4
e. =+(-3]
10 10

Work with a partner. Use a number line to find the sum.

an aes |
-3|
5 5

Start at 0. Move

1 :units to the left.

COMMON
© CORE
Rational Numbers
In this lesson, you will = a ° u e ;
e add rational numbers.
e solve real-life problems. ste" So, _12 sii (-=) = Fe.
Learning Standards ) )
7.NS.1a
7.NS.1b 7 =
7.NS.1d b -—-—+ [-14] Cc. _12 ae [-13]
7.NS3 10 10 3 3

d. —0.4 + (—1.9) Cou 23g 00.0)

524 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

 Work with a partner. Write the addition expression shown. Then find
the sum.
Math
Practice G.
a.

Start at 0. Move 1.5 A dd —2.3. Then move 2.3 units

Use Operations units to the right. |<1" left to end at (RM.
55
What operation is id eraemaamaemaemmeenaa
represented in each
number line?
How does this
help you write
an expression?

Then move ia unit Add 375.

eee ey Start at 0. Move ee

units to the left.

c
Then move 0.7 unit Add —0.7. Start at 0. Move 1.1
lefttoendat. .| *K—4 3 units to the left.
||
6
|

\ h @ 2

oS
AA @)
ms

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use what you know about adding
integers to add rational numbers?

PUZZLE Find a path through the table so that the numbers add up to the sum.
You can move horizontally or vertically.

= Sum: = 6 sun = 0107

Start—> ie a3 ee Start» (aodoen titys a ennres

7

sail iaitty 1 |<£nd ER Non G7) 488 <—End

8 4 3

Use what you learned about adding rational numbers to

“Practice complete Exercises 4—6 on page 528.

Section 12.2 Adding Rational Numbers 525

 @° Key Idea
Adding Rational Numbers
Words To add rational numbers, use the same rules for signs as you
used for integers.
1
Numbers "a

EXAMPLE

Find -; AD >. Estimate —3 + 1 = —2

abe eagee! kT de ne) : : :

ee Rewrite using the LCD (least common denominator).
In Example 1, notice I Sane ‘es 6

how -; iswritten as | Lair Write the sum of the numerators

t 6 over the common denominator.
Os ee ete }
ye 6 J oo. Add.
a aa 6
5 : :
Riale Write the improper fraction as a mixed number.

° ‘ ©
see he sums!) e Reasonable? —1 :ae J

> ON a= 2) _ Adding Rational Numbers

Find —4.05 + 7.62.

—4.05 + 7.62 = 3.57 |7.62 |>| -4.05 |.So, subtract |—4.05 |from |7.62 |.
Use the sign of 7.62. ;

“t+ The sum is 3.57.

@ 0n Your Own
, Add.
E xercises
ise 4 4— i 7 1 i AY t
1. —-+= 2. —6=—7>— z ——
8 4 3 3 ed | ;|

Ay = 12-5 1s 5: Oe eet) 6... 0.65 + (—2475)

526 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

 PONE 3 | Evaluating Expressions
Evaluate 2x + ywhenx = ;and y = -*.

ae veat) (8) site tne

J
eal

il
D
n

{—3
3
5
adds
ubstitute , for x and
3
5;for y.

5 |5 Multiply.

= LS) Write the sum of the numerators

2 over the common denominator.

=-] Simplify.

The table shows the annual profits (in billions of dollars) of a financial
company from 2008 to 2012. Positive numbers represent gains, and
negative numbers represent losses. Which statement describes the
profit over the five-year period?
(A) gain of $0.3 billion gain of $30 million
(©) loss of $3 million ©) loss of $300 million

To determine whether there was a gain or a loss, find the sum of

the profits.
five-year profit = —1.7 + (—4.75) + 1.7+ 0.85 + 3.6 Write the sum.
== ).7 1.7 + (—4.75) + 0.85 + 3.6) “Comme Prop: of Ada:
= 0 + (-4.75) + 0.85 + 3.6 Additive Inv. Prop.
‘a 1 = =-4 7090.89 43.6 Add. Prop. of Zero

Sr 0.0 st OO Add —4.75 and 0.85.

= —0.3 Add —3.9 and 3.6.

The five-year profit is —$0.3 billion. So, the company has a five-year loss
oa7s

CS
cae
St
ia
RELL
Ge
of $0.3 billion, or $300 miilion.

“t+ The correct answer is ©).

@ 0n Your Own
° 1 5
, Evaluate the expression when a = a and b= ae
my.
Exercises 15-17 peal eye, 8. lat bl

9. WHAT IF? In Example 4, the 2013 profit is $1.07 billion. State the
company’s gain or loss over the six-year period in millions of doliars.
neers

Section 12.2 Adding Rational Numbers 527

 BigIdeasMath

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. WRITING Explain how to find the sum —8.46 + 5.31.
: , 1
2. OPEN-ENDED Write an addition expression using fractions that equals et

3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

Add —4.5 and 3.5. What is the distance between —4.5 and 3.5? ©

What is —4.5 increased by 3.5? Find the sum of —4.5 and 3.5.

© ch
Practice
LS a)
and i Problem
>) ala
Solving
SPaAlvne

Add. Write fractions in simplest form.

Q9@ 4.4
V2
(-<)
WZ
5. ie5 (-2)
5
6. 4 2eBs
ion
ney
8. 4+(-1]3 9, 42+ [-42]
3
10. —3.1 + (-0.35) 11. 12.48 + (—10.636) 12) 2025s (15:71)
ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the sum.
1: 14.
4 3.7 x 5 lye. 5 +1 eee
+ (—0.25) & 6 6 Br ce
=O:6Z

- 1 7
Evaluate the expression when x = A and y= at

© 15. x+y Geshe sey iui eesap

18. BANKING Your bank account balance is -$20.85. You deposit $15.50.
What is your new balance?

19. HOT DOGS You eat = of a pack of hot dogs.

Your friend eats :of the pack of hot dogs.

What fraction of the pack of hot dogs do

you and your friend eat?

528 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

 Add. Write fractions in simplest form.

E l Janel l
4 8 eee lis 222 LOLtet oeWyma

23. NUMBER SENSE When is the sum of two negative

mixed numbers an integer?
|pa

SS
|
24. WRITING You are adding two rational numbers with
different signs. How can you tell if the sum will
be positive, negative, or zero?

25. RESERVOIR The table at the left shows the water level
(in inches) of a reservoir for three months compared
to the yearly average. Is the water level for the
three-month period greater than or less than the
yearly average? Explain.

26. BREAK EVEN The table at the right shows the

annual profits (in thousands of dollars) of a
county fair from 2008 to 2012. What must the
2012 profit be (in hundreds of dollars) to break 2009 | 1.75
even over the five-year period? 2010 14 38
2011. | 14
27. REASONING Is|a+b|=|a|+]|b|
forall resets | is2
rational numbers a and b? Explain.

28. Bttee Evaluate the expression.

eels +4 (8) 4.04 (4) +2+(2)+2
By 205) 20) 20: 20) 20

on Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons

Identify the property. Then simplify. (Sec/ion 3.3)
29. 8+ (-—3) +2=8+4+2+ (-3) 30. 2-(4.5-9) = (24.5) 9

(er SME \ pe 1 3.4 14_314 4

st ela eae 32. 55 o7 7078

33. MULTIPLE CHOICE The regular price ofa photo album is $18. You have a
coupon for 15% off. How much is the discount? (Section 5.6)

CA) $2.70 $3 ($15 ©) $15.30

Section 12.2 Adding Rational Numbers 529

 Graphic Organizer
BiglIdeasMath
You can use a process diagram to show the steps involved in a procedure. Here is an
example of a process diagram for adding rational numbers.

Adding rational
numbers

with with
the same sign different signs

Subtract the lesser

Add the absolute values
absolute value from the
of the rational numbers.
greater absolute value.

Write the sum by using the sign

Write the sum by using the
of the rational number with
common sign.
the greater absolute value.

Example Example
-5.5 + (-6.9) -5.5+6.9
Because the numbers have the Because the numbers have different
same sign, add |-5.5| ane |-6.9|. signs, subtract |-5.5| from |6.9|.

-5.5 + (-6.9) = AEs -5.5+6.9 =1.4

Use the common sign. Use the sign of 6.9.

On Your Own =e)

F'n pleading)
Make a process diagram with examples to the 5th
help you study the topic. Amendment!
1. writing rational numbers as decimals

After you complete this chapter, make

process diagrams with examples for
the following topics.

2. subtracting rational numbers

3. multiplying rational numbers
4. dividing rational numbers
“Does this process diagram accurately
show how a cat claws furniture?”

530 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

12.1-12.2 Quiz f
Progress Check
Write the rational number as a decimal. (Section 12.1) BigideasMath
=: mol
1; =
20 erg

Write the decimal as a fraction or a mixed number in simplest form. (Section 12.1)
3501325 ee:

Order the numbers from least to greatest. (Section 12.1)

50
1
3
0aae Sipe3 noe es
3 een
Add. Write fractions in simplest form. (Section 12.2)

eee45 (—5)
3
8
Bee
13
6
7
12

OF ate 76 107-—4:28'+ (—2.56)

Evaluate the expression whenx = “andy = -5. (Section 12.2)

WA eka y Pan 2B Sey

Ase |) 14.)
=x +7 |

15. STOCK The value of StockA changes — $3.68, and the value of Stock B
changes —$3.72. Which stock has the greater loss? Explain. (Section 12.1)

16. LEMONADE You drink =ofa pitcher of lemonade. Your friend

drinks = of the pitcher. What fraction of the pitcher do
you and your friend drink? (Section 12.2)

17. FOOTBALL The table shows the statistics of a running back

in a football game. Did he gain more than 50 yards total?
Explain. (Section 12.2)

Sections 12.1—12.2 Quiz 531

 12:3 Subtracting Rational Numbers
NLA
LI RDB IE I VEILLEI ESELLIS spp cates ees eile esa es yeah la aa len sia digd IS aR lease aS

Essential Question How can you use what you know about
subtracting integers to subtract rational numbers?

ACTIVITY: Subtracting Rational Numbers

Pee a

Then move 1 unit Start at 0. Move

2 Subtract a
2 1 1 units to the left.
=1= Z
———e
=3 -2 = 0 1 2 3

o eer |
a @

be ee
10 10
gs Se
(eel Jee 08 e, 9.0.2:-0.7

ACTIVITY: Finding Distanceson a Number Line

Work with a partner.
a. Plot —3 and 2 on the number line. Then find —3 — 2 and 2 — (—3). What do
you notice about your results?

COMMON 6.25" 24 232752) 21.0 eeeee

CORE
f 3 :
Rational Numbers b. Plot~ and 1 on the number line. Then find > — land1 —2, What do you
In this lesson, you will ; 4 4 4
e subtract rational numbers. notice about your results?
e solve real-life problems.
Learning Standards me
7.NS.1¢ ae :
7.NS.1d = = a 0 1 2 3
7.NS.3
c. Choose any two points a and b on a number line. Find the values of a — b
and b — a. What do the absolute values of these differences represent? Is
this true for any pair of rational numbers? Explain.

532 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

 ee ea SVU Une ore Meee ee es

Work with a partner. The table shows the balance in

a checkbook.
e Black numbers are amounts added to the account.
e Red numbers are amounts taken from the account.

ansaction

-- Previous balance
= 1/02/2013 Groceries
1/07/2013 Check deposit
TPTT/2013 ATM withdrawal
1/14/2013 Electric company
1/17/2013 Music store
1/18/2013 Shoes
1/22/2013 Check deposit
1/24/2013 Interest

1/25/2013 Cell phone

1/26/2013 Clothes
m= 1/30/2013 Cable company

Math y You can find the balance in the second row two different ways.
Practice 100.00 — 34.57 = 65.43 Subtract 34.57 from 100.00.
Interpret 100.00 + (—34.57) = 65,43 Add —34.57 to 100.00.
Results
What does your a. Copy the table. Then complete the balance column.
Bien ccc b. How did you find the balance in the twelfth row?
Does your answer
make sense? c. Usea different way to find the balance in part (b).

vnaT
yp Wj) GES) 8} LS
4) four Answer? Ld,

4. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you use what you know about
subtracting integers to subtract rational numbers?

5. Give two real-life examples of subtracting rational numbers that are

not integers.

: Use what you learned about subtracting rational numbers to

Practice complete Exercises 3-5 on page 536.

Section 12.3 Subtracting Rational Numbers 533

12.3 Lesson
Bigid
@° Key Idea
V9 yr ere am

Subtracting Rational Numbers

Words To subtract rational numbers, use the same rules for signs as
you used for integers.
Nees es
Numbers = E
ie ed aS RES

EXAMPLE ( {|
6 ;
Find -4- = (-$]. Estimate —4 — (—1) = —-3

mae =y {-2) = aaa a5 o Add the opposite of ma

a Ys if

_ 29, 6 Write the mixed number

Feo NG as an improper fraction.

SS Write the sum of the numerators

7 over the common denominator.

==fe Add.
wee Write the improper fraction as
a mixed number.

‘+ The difference is -35, Reasonable? -3= = —3 J

EXAMPLE ( 22 SUOTEe MEO Niles

Find 12.8 — 21.6.

12.8 — 21.6 = 12.8 + (—21.6) Add the opposite of 21.6.

= —8.8 |-21.6 |>| 12.8 |.So, subtract |12.8 |from |-21.6 |.

::+ The difference is —8.8. Use teste Ol = 21,6505)

@ On Your Own
NOWelOU're RegF] l
1, =-|-= l 1am
. ~32-2 Loa se
may
@ Exercises 3-11 ‘ 3 | | ; Sie dn Sata a 24
4 =84 = 67 >. —20.5=*(— 20s) aoe a. — (—0.07)

534 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

 The distance between any two numbers on a number line is the absolute
value of the difference of the numbers.

ee 3) Finding Distances Between Numbers on a Number Line

Find the distance between the two numbers on the number line.
4

: To find the distance between the numbers, first find the difference
31 of the numbers.
2 3
1 =2=-2-=-2
2
;
1
5
2
% +| 2)
1
3 Add the opposit e of 21-
of 2.

= oe ab 4 {-2) Write the mixed numbers as improper fractions.

©) 3
—2 7 15

_>2 epee3 Add ;

=3} 3

e: =-5 Simplify.

Because |—5] = 5, the distance between -2= and 2 ISD:

> ON ae 4) Real-Life Application _

In the water, the bottom of a boat is 2.1 feet below the surface, and the
top of the boat is 8.7 feet above it. Towed on a trailer, the bottom of the
boat is 1.3 feet above the ground. Can the boat and trailer pass under
the bridge?
Step 1: Find the height h of the boat.
ene ae AE 0.7 (2.13 Subtract the lowest point from the highest point.

=8.7+ 2.1 Add the opposite of —2.1.

= 10.8 Add.

Step 2: Find the height f of the boat and trailer.

f— 10°56 + de3 Add the trailer height to the boat height.
= 12.1 Add.

-:> Because 12.1 feet is greater than 11 feet 8 inches, the boat and
trailer cannot pass under the bridge.

@ On Your Own
Now_You’re 7. Find the distance between —7.5 and —15.3 on a number line.
ad:
Exercises 13-15 8. WHAT IF? In Example 4, the clearance is 12 feet 1 inch.
Can the boat and trailer pass under the bridge?

Section 12.3 Subtracting Rational Numbers 535

 Help with Homework,

G Vocabulary and Concept Check

3
1. WRITING Explain how to find the difference = ass

2. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which expression does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

Practice and Problem Solving

Subtract. Write fractions in simplest form.

0 @ 3.°-
8
{-Z)
8
Ad3 ae3) ee =o
6 3
ae8 =e6 gueD {-2|
9

CES = aul 10573 ae Seo 11. 6.673 — (-8.29)

12. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct
the error in finding the difference. x o _ 9 _ oe ae
4

Find the distance between the two numbers on a number line.

© 13. -2:,-5°
ya a
14. —2.2,8.4 ee ee 23

16. SPORTS DRINK Your sports drink bottle is >full. After practice, the bottle is
3 : : j
a full. Write the difference of the amounts after practice and before practice.

17. SUBMARINE The figure shows the depths of

a submarine.
a. Find the vertical distance traveled by the io
submarine.
b. Find the mean hourly vertical distance
traveled by the submarine. : ~ore>’ ~725,6 ft (3 hours ago)

Evaluate.

18. 2- [—5) i [-42) 19: 6.59 +(78) = (oe

536 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

 21. REASONING When is the difference of two decimals an integer
? Explain.
22. RECIPE A cook has 252 cups of flour. A recipe calls for 2 cups of flour. Does
the cook have enough flour? If not, how much more flour is needed?

23. ROADWAY A new road that connects Uniontown to

' it Cele
Springville is 4; miles long. What is the change in
distance when using the new road instead of the
dirt roads2

RAINFALL In Exercises 24-26, the bar graph shows the differences in a city’s rainfall
from the historical average.
24, Whabiethecinermncetn Ll
rainfall between the wettest . r a kee ee

and the driest months? ‘

1S)
: ; c
25. Hind the sum of the differences =
for the year. £
; : ‘o
26. What does the sum in Exercise 25 cc
tell you about the rainfall for Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
the year? Month

27. OPEN-ENDED Write two different pairs of negative decimals, x and y, that
make the statement x — y = 0.6 true.

REASONING Tell whether the difference between the two numbers is always,
sometimes, or never positive. Explain your reasoning.
28. two negative fractions 29. a positive decimal and a negative decimal

30. Structure Fill in the blanks to make the solution correct.

5. 4 — (.sM) = -3.61

A coir Game Review what you tearned in previous grades & lessons
Evaluate. (Section 2.1, Section 2.3, Section 2.5, and Section 2.6)
2 1 4 L
ot nee Arc eke) S22 aay:A 2—X3-
33 . 25 37 2 3-:
34. 9—+

35. MULTIPLE CHOICE A sports store has 116 soccer balls. Over 6 months, it sells
8 soccer balls per month. How many soccer balls are in inventory at the end
ofthe 6 months? (Section 11.3 and Section 11.4)

(B) 48 ©) 68 @) 108

Section 12.3 Subtracting Rational Numbers 537

 Multiplying and Dividing
Rational Numbers:
Nea: sade cia sa tN iS Ul a
nt a i i he iN RG NR USS is

Essential Questti0ON
tio
Why is the product of two negative rational
numbers positive?

In Section 11.4, you used a table to see that the product of two negative integers is a
positive integer. In this activity, you will find that same result another way.

ITY:, Showing (—1)(=1),=1

Work with a partner. How can you show that (—1)(—1) = 1?

To begin, assume that (—1)(—1) = 1 is a true statement. From the

Additive Inverse Property, you know that 1 + (—1) = 0. So, substitute
(—1)(—1) for 1 to get (—1)(—1) + (—1) = 0. If you can show that
(—1)(—1) + (—1) = Ois true, then you have shown that (—1)(—1) = 1.

Justify each step.

na el IB) le SID Keak)

cael)
= Les! |
= (-1)0

Work with a partner.

a. Graph each number below on three different number lines. Then multiply
each number by —1 and graph the product on the appropriate number line.
COMMON
CORE Z 8 sill
Rational Numbers
How does multiplying by —1 change the location of the points in part (a)?
In this lesson, you will
e multiply and divide
What is the relationship between the number and the product?
rational numbers. Graph each number below on three different number lines. Where do you
e solve real-life problems.
think the points will be after multiplying by —1? Plot the points. Explain
Learning Standards
7.NS.2a your reasoning.
7.NS.2b
7.NS.2c 1 5
Bao)
7.NS.3 2 2
What is the relationship between a rational number —a and the product
—1(a)? Explain your reasoning.

538 Chapter 1 2 Rational Numbers

 Work with a partner. Let a and b be positive rational numbers.

a. Because a and bare positive, what do you know about —a and —b?
b. Justify each step.
(—a)(—b) = (-1)(a)(-1)(b) UCASE EE TE
=(-l(-D@W) ANE
= (1)(a)(b)

= ab

c. Because a and bare positive, what do you know about the product ab?
d. What does this tell you about products of rational numbers? Explain.

IVITY: Writing a Story.

Work with a partner. Write a story that uses addition, subtraction,
multiplication, or division of rational numbers.
@ At least one of the numbers in the story has to be negative
a and not an integer.
Math ;
|a e Draw pictures to help illustrate what is happening in the story.
Practice \ :
: ® Include the solution of the problem in the story.
Specify Units |
fanaa oh If you are having trouble thinking ofa story, here are some common
uses of negative numbers:
® A profit of —$15 is a loss of $15.
e An elevation of —100 feet is a depth of 100 feet below sea level.
e A gain of —5 yards in football is a loss of 5 yards.
e Ascore of —4 in golfis 4 strokes under par.

What Is Your Answ

<e
IN YOUR OWN WORDS Why is the of two negative rational numbers
positive?

6. PRECISION Show that (—2)(-3) = 6.

7. Howcan you show that the product of a negative rational number and a
positive rational number is negative?

: Use what you learned about multiplying rational numbers to

Practice complete Exercises 7—9 on page 542.

Section 12.4 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers 539

 @° Key Idea
Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers
Words To multiply or divide rational numbers, use the same rules for
signs as you used for integers.
Remember 2, 1 =2-1. ~2 2
} Numbers “Ss °
b
The reciprocal of -is 5
Sep, rete Oy 21

ae ee Se Sy

2 #4 2°4 8 8

>eNiae-8 4 , Dividing Rational Numbers

: 1 1 1
Find —5—
+ 2-. Estimate —5
+ 2 = —2—
5 3 2

-5= 2:= -= cmt Write mixed numbers as improper fractions.

=—208 3 ; 7
= Snir
°— Multiplyply byby the reciprocal.of
iprocal of=.5

=X) 0 8} : 3
igen Multiply the numerators and the denominators.

cates!
6
= —,or—-2— implify
_ Simplif

-:> The quotient is = eee Reasonable? oe oe J/

. oo 35 2

ON ae 2 Multiplying Rational Numbers

Find —2.5 + 3.6.

ot
%~ 36 (the decimals have different signs.

150
750
—9.0 0 <—{ The product is negative. |

“t+ The product is —9.

540 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

 PON a= 3) _ Multiplying More Than Two Rational Numbers
vis ae
Find ee F *(-7) .

You can use properties of multiplication to make the product easier

to find.

me E , (-7)] J ede [—7 ; ‘) Commutative Property

ya (ess 7 5 of Multiplication

wee eye 2 Associative Property of

ve 5 Multiplication

=]-- Multiplicative Inverse Property

= = Multiplication Property of One

= aed
++ The product is =

@ On Your Own
re Multiply or divide. Write fractions in simplest form.
OP orc
xercises 10-30
dy 6 1 1 2
Se {->| 2 [-22] 3. L851)
5 ze 3 3

4. —6.3(—0.6) Hp sea
3. @ 2
60 72-01 e100}

S>eNeae 4 _ Real-Life Application

(Account Positions |>) An investor owns Stocks A, B, and C.
Account Positions | © What is the mean change in the value
Stock Original Value Current Value |.Change of the stocks?
A 600.54 420.15 — 180.39
B 391.10 518.38 127.28
c 380.22 99.70 —280.52

= 180; 39er 127.202 i(= 280.92) £333,035)

mecanr =e? I.
3 3

“t+ The mean change in the value of the stocks is —$111.21.

@ On Your Own
7. WHAT IF? The change in the value of Stock D is $568.23.
What is the mean change in the value of the four stocks?

Section 12.4 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers 541

7 Vocobulade and Concept Check
1. WRITING How is multiplying and dividing rational numbers similar
to multiplying and dividing integers?
2. NUMBER SENSE Find the reciprocal of =,
Tell whether the expression is positive or negative without evaluating.

a) -< x ({-4) 4. 152 +(-3]

4
5. —6.2
X8.18 assess
SBME
10 15

CE Practice and Problew Solving

-S Practice and Problem Solving
Multiply.

iL -1(2)
4
5
8. -1(-35]
Il
2;
9. —0.25(-1)

Divide. Write fractions in simplest form.

@ 10. -2iQ +2& 11. <+(-3|

4 8
12. -$+[-3|
9 9
Ep Sw
5

1A eT)
5)
15. -1057 + {-4|
Val
(Ge 92 72 17. 8+ 2.2

18x=3.45:>-(=15) 19-0216 0103 20...8:722 = (—3.56) 32112425 8)

Multiply. Write fractions in simplest form.

@ © 22. eae
+x *| 23. of| =]
8 24. Ea) |ee17]

25. -35+(-22) 26. 0.4X (—0.03) 27. =0,05 % (20.5)

28. —8(0.09)(—0.5) 29. 3+ {-42] -(-22) 30. (-12)

6 2 5 3

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error.

31. 32.
x —2.2 xX 3.7 = B14 x =
AI

33. HOUR HAND The hour hand of a clock moves —30° every
hour. How many degrees does it move in 2-hours?

34. SUNFLOWER SEEDS How many 0.75-pound packages

can you make with 6 pounds of sunflower seeds?

542 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

 Evaluate.
35. -4.
+ 8.1
2 x (-1.9) 36. 2.85 -—6.2 +22 37. —3.64 +|-5.—3|
1.59
38. 1gis
9
(~=|+(
2
3
=28|35 3903" Sans
ree 1
(-4]2
- =| ;|
4 6 3 _ 3 4 oe

41. OPEN-ENDED Write two fractions whose product is -.

42. FENCING A farmer needs to

enclose two adjacent rectangular
pastures. How much fencing does
the farmer need?

43. GASOLINE A 14.5-gallon gasoline tank is ;full. How many gallons will it take
to fill the tank?
44. PRECISION A section of aboardwalk is made using 15 boards. Each board is
9 inches wide. The total width of the section is 144 inches. The spacing between
each board is equal. What is the width of the spacing between each board?

45. RUNNING The table shows the changes in the times "Teammate —
(in seconds) of four teammates. What is the mean change?

46. BiH The daily changes in the barometric pressure

for four days are —0.05, 0.09, —0.04, and —0.08 inches.
a. What is the mean change? MH
WwW
=e

b. The mean change after five days is —0.01 inch.

What is the change on the fifth day? Explain.

oe fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Add or subtract. (Section 12.2 and Section 12.3)

47. -6.2+4.7 48. —8.1—(-2.7) 49. >-(-2| 50. -4? + (-32]

51. MULTIPLE CHOICE What are the coordinates of the

point in Quadrant IV? (Section 6.5)
@ (-4,1) (BAG, 3)
Or (7-2) CDs (35533)

Section 12.4 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers 543

 Subtract. Write fractions in simplest form. (Section 12.3)
1.2 (° 2. = -{-4)
a a 0 9

3. 9.1-—12.9 4. 5.647 — (—9.24)

Find the distance between the two numbers on the number line. (Section 12.3)

5. 7 1 6. = -3.4 2.8
cap 6 ie a.
Sa ee OS =A 3) 20 | Oe 3
= —4 =3

Divide. Write fractions in simplest form. (Section 12.4)

ihe =~ (-3| 8. -82 + (-15]

3 6 9 7

92 — Ord eel 10. 32.436 + (—4.24)

Multiply. Write fractions in simplest form. (Section 12.4)

11. +x (-=] 12
8 15) 8 5

S99Ae aA) 14. —100(—0.6)(0. 01)

15. PARASAILING A parasail is at 200.6 feet above the water. After

5 minutes, the parasail is at 120.8 feet above the water. What is
the change in height of the parasail? (Section 12.3)

16. TEMPERATURE Use the thermometer shown. How much did

the temperature drop from 5:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m.? (Section 12.3)

17. LATE FEES You were overcharged $4.52 on

your cell phone bill 3 months in a row. The 5:00 pm. 7.1F
cell phone company says that it will add —$4.52
to your next bill for each month you were
overcharged. On the next bill, you see an
adjustment of —13.28. Is this amount correct?
10:00 p.m. =10,3°5
Explain. (Section 12.4)

18. CASHEWS How many 1_-pound packages can you make

with 7 pounds of cashews? (Section 12.4)

544 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

12th pter Review 4

Review Key Vocabulary

rational number, p. 520 repeating decimal, p. 520
terminating decimal, p. 520

Review Examples and Exercises

E Gp Rational Numbers = (pp. 578-523)

3 3 5
a. Write 4 = as a decimal.

Notice that 42 = a
5 5
- 4.6
Divide 23 by 5. 5)23.0
— 20
30
| The remainder is 0. So, it =— 30
is a terminating decimal. |

oo Sy de AG:
5

_ b. Write —0.14 as a fraction in simplest form.

( Write the digits after the

Aly 14 <—————_+ decimal point in the numerator.
100
| Le aie The last digit is in the hundredths
| place. So, use 100 in the denominator. |

| 7 res arti |
Simplify.
|
=
50 oa

| €xercises
_ Write the rational number as a decimal.
5 13 Hf
|
——oe
8
ee Fe 6 Ae 16
ar 25

Write the decimal as a fraction or a mixed number in simplest form.

50,0 6.5035 Te 38 8. 24.23

Chapter Review 545

 Sree ue ae Rewrite using the LCD (least common denominator).
he! 4 4
ASS Write the sum of the numerators
ms 4 over the common denominator.

== Add.
4

= a Write the improper fraction as a mixed number.

4

‘s+ The sum is -22,

Exercises
Add. Write fractions in simplest form.

ee
10
{-=)
5
Oden
lly wr)
Ata eee 24)

G25 Subtracting Rational Numbers = (pp. 532-537)

Find ae - {-2}.
e oS

5 5

4 {-2] = 42 + 3 Add the opposite of ons

5 5 on 5
22s : t :
re a i Write the mixed number as an improper fraction.

Sheen Write the sum of the numerators

5 over the common denominator.
—19 4
2
= —, or —3-= plify
Simplify.

::+ The difference is “35,

Exercises
Subtract. Write fractions in simplest form.
5 5 SUE LB
12.
2 ——-
eer— 13 . oF;
3—--—; 14. Rs 3.06
he) =f (7.45)
(—

15. TURTLE A turtle is 20° inches below the surface of a pond. It dives to a
ee ; :
depth of32 riinches. What is the change in the turtle’s position?

546 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

G24 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers (pp. 538-523)

a. Find ait = Te
6 3

Bee 5.44 eee ee ee ae

A Fi aes rite mixed numbers as improper fractions.

20.3 : 4
ae ultiply by the reciprocal of =

_ -25 +3 ;
Shee Multiply the numerators and the denominators.

eee 1
=; OF —3—5 plify.
Simplity.

‘+ The quotient is -3-.

b. Find —1.6 « 2.4.

aot i) * ‘
x% 24 iN The decimals have different signs. }
64
320
—3.84 The product is negative. |

::> The product is —3.84.

Exercises
Divide. Write fractions in simplest form.

ae {-2) 7 18916 4 (ae erome 15 (2 5)

10 5 Ld a7

Multiply. Write fractions in simplest form.

20. -=(-2 21. 31S(-2) Ga)

Oi\eao s))

23. 4.5(-5.26) 24. -2.(22}-(-3)

Z 1
25. -1.6 + (0.5) -(-20)

26. SUNKEN SHIP The elevation of a

sunken ship is — 120 feet. Your
elevation is 7of the ship’s elevation.
What is your elevation?

Chapter Review 547

 47 Chapter Test
Write the rational number as a decimal.
7 1 3 21 36
" 40 a9 "16 Pes

Write the decimal as a fraction or a mixed number in simplest form.

De 6270:33 7.24.45 Or eae 09

Add or subtract. Write fractions in simplest form.

Pike ae|-=| ‘i = (-=] 11. 9.2 + (—2.8) 12. 2.86 — 12.1

18 1

Multiply or divide. Write fractions in simplest form.

9 8 5 1
Bi eee od boom 14. -—1—-+4-—
Ve a | =| 6 6

15. —4.4
x(—6.02) 16, 25ers

17. -3. (25) .(-33] 1846 i 050)

5 ii 4

i: 19. ALMONDS How many 2.25-pound containers can you make with
ut 24.75 pounds of almonds?

! 20. FISH The elevation of a fish is —27 feet.

Ait a. The fish decreases its elevation by 32 feet, and then increases its elevation
my 1 by 14 feet. What is its new elevation?
, ey ; : ; :
b. Your elevation is z of the fish’s new elevation. What is your elevation?
——

21. RAINFALL The table shows the rainfall

(in inches) for three months compared to
———_
EE
the yearly average. Is the total rainfall for
q the three-month period greater than or
ad
-

| less than the yearly average? Explain.

—0.86 BENG) 04

22. BANK ACCOUNTS Bank Account A has $750.92, and Bank Account B has
$675.44. Account A changes by -$216.38, and Account B changes by
~$168.49. Which account has the greater balance? Explain.

548 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

 ERTSPES SESS

1. When José and Sean were each 5 years old,

2 Li
José was 1; inches taller than Sean. José grew
3”
at an average rate of a7 inches per year from
the time that he was 5 years old until the time
he was 13 years old. José was 63 inches tall
when he was 13 years old. How tall was Sean
when he was 5 years old? (7.NS.3)

Aees0e ih. Caan

iD, 4

Bao De 4 an
2, 4

“Using
there areestimatioiC(asad
about
2. Which expression represents a - See that
are not tabbies » — Pout
positive integer? (7.NS.2a)

Eo. th: (a
Gre) | Se

3. What is the missing number in the sequence below? = (7.NS.2a)

4. What is the value of the expression below? = (7.NS. 1c)

|-2 — (2.5) |

A. —45 C. 0.5

B05 D4)

5. What is the distance between the two numbers on the number line?
C7gINo. LC)

=7 33

<e+++ + +++ + +++ 4+ ++ + H+ + 4+ >

2 = 0 1 2

1 i=3

3 De]

Standards Assessment 549

 6. Sandra was evaluating an expression in the box below.

—4°ate + Qi
ric e wt | TeOey aie

What should Sandra do to correct the error that she made? (7.NS.3)

: 19 4 ‘ 11
Aer ewrite ——asA as ——and lip byby ——
7s and multiply =

B. Rewrite = as -.and multiply by =.

C. Rewrite = as -= and multiply by =

D. Rewrite -4= as -= and multiply by =.

7. What is the value of the expression below when q = —2, r= —12,

andis= Se ANS 7o)

ites
Ss

eh ees H. 1

Ga] L2

8. You are stacking wooden blocks with the dimensions shown below.
How many blocks do you need to stack to build a block tower that
is 7 inches tall? (7.NS.3)

550 Chapter 12 Rational Numbers

 9. What is the area of a triangle with a base length of 25inches anda
height of 2 inches? (7.NS.2c)

| 1k
| Ae2=in~
4
C .
seine
2 .

B. 25fac Desine

| 10. What is the value of the expression below? (7.NS.3)

Sek
4

Think
Solve R S yp OW
eee ann nnenna
Explain

Part A Choose the two points whose values have the greatest sum.
Approximate this sum. Explain your reasoning.
Part B Choose the two points whose values have the greatest difference.
Approximate this difference. Explain your reasoning.
PartC Choose the two points whose values have the greatest product.
Approximate this product. Explain your reasoning.

Part D Choose the two points whose values have the greatest quotient.
Approximate this quotient. Explain your reasoning.

12. What number belongs in the box to make the equation true? (7.NS.3)

AC Cc. 02

=O De

Standards Assessment 551

 gq 5 Exa)pressions and
Esabe tions
ro
ra
c Expressions, :
@ and|Subtracting Linear Expressions
cif Equa ing Addition

ay

hopeeine
paintis edible. +

uation
o solve the eq
SNOW + -2)== 2.”
a tiles, so lam
«| can’t find my derideog biscuits.”
painting some ©

A three-course
meal!

és
ou Ss
inthe equation, wha
t do you get?” f
a

eee p
‘ Dh cath ys ae
What You erca
nt.

Learned Before
@ Evaluating
Expressions (7.NSs.3)
a 6
. Example 1 Evaluate 6x + 2y when Cartes --
e ©xpressi True
ons are e :
xX=-3andy=5. nin g

Bot 2 = 66-3)'492(0) Substitute —3 for x and 5 for y.

1G +10 Using order of operations, multiply 6 and —3, and 2 and 5.

= Add —18 and 10.

Example 2 Evaluate 6x? — 3(y+ 2) + 8 when x= —2 and y= 4.

65--— MY +2) 8 = 6(—2)* — 3(4 + 2) + 8 Substitute —2 for

xand 4 for y.

= 6(—2)* — 3(6) + 8 Using order of operations, evaluate within the parentheses.

= 6(4) — 3(6) + 8 Using order of operations, evaluate the exponent.
=24-18+8 Using order of operations, multiply 6 and 4, and 3 and 6.
=14 Subtract 18 from 24. Add the result to 8.

Try It Yourself
; 1
Evaluate the expression when x = 7 and y=3.

Tey 22x=3y 3.-4x-y+4 4. 8x--y’?-3

Writing Algebraic Expressions (6.€.2a)

Example 3. Write the phrase as an algebraic expression.

a. thesum oftwiceanumber mandfour _ b. eight less than three times a number x

2m+A4 We lee:

Try It Yourself
Write the phrase as an algebraic expression.
5. five more than three timesanumberq 6. nine less than a number n

7. the product of a number p and six 8. the quotient of eight and a number h

9. four more than three times anumbert 10. two less than seven times a number c
 13.1 Algebraic Expressions

i } , : Hy ; 4 . . . .
: Essential Question How can you simplify an algebraic expression?
4q
(

‘ Work with a partner.

a. Evaluate each algebraic expression when x = 0 and when x = 1. Use the
: results to match each expression in the left table with its equivalent
expression in the right table.

awe
eno|at
Value When Value When

Expression | x=0 | x=1

Avieex er 4

ad BX Oo) tein = b.|J -x+1

He 3 = Ox 1) aes C544
—4

Oi“bear 2 = sed Sie d.| 2x+6

Cea ( 2 es

us
Algebraic Expressions
In this lesson, you will G.| 4—3+2(x- 1) | 7 g- Sear2
© apply properties of
operations to simplify
algebraic expressions.
H 211 -x+4) h.|
2x -—1
[a
e solve real-life problems. :
Learning Standards 1 ee Se 2X) | —2x +2
TEE
7.EE.2 J. | 5x -—(2x+4- x) [Pal S56

b. Compare each expression in the left table with its equivalent

expression in the right table. In general, how do you think you
obtain the equivalent expression in the right column?

554 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 Work with a partner. Use your results from Activity 1 to write a lesson on
Math simplifying an algebraic expression.
Practice
Communicate
Precisely
What can you do to
make sure that you __Simplitying an Algebraic Expression
are communicating
exactly what is Key Idea Use the following steps to
needed in the Describe steps you | simplify an aigebraic expression.
Key Idea? |can use to simplify -
Gi expression.

|Write 3 examples.
Use expressions
| from Activity 1.
~

hl
A
LS
A
TS
NY
aS
|Write 3 exercises.
| Use expressions Exercises _
different from the Simplity the expression.
| ones in Activity 1.| a ihe . ne | mein:
Zz Bie od LF ot10st
3} tes HES Fee:

What Is Your Answer?

3. INYOUR OWN WORDS How can you simplify an algebraic expression?
Give an example that demonstrates your procedure.
4. REASONING Why would you want to simplify an algebraic expression?
Discuss several reasons.

Use what you learned about simplifying algebraic expressions to

complete Exercises 12-14 on page 558.

Section 13.1 Algebraic Expressions 555

13.1 Lesson

Parts of an algebraic expression are called terms. Like terms

Key Vocabulary 1) have the same variables raised to the same exponents. Constant terms are
like terms, p. 556 also like terms. To identify terms and like terms in an expression, first write
simplest form, p. 556 the expression as a sum ofits terms.

>eNN ie 1) Identifying Terms and Like Terms

Identify the terms and like terms in each expression.
iy Oe 2BES be 274 53 oe
Rewrite as a sum of terms. Rewrite as a sum of terms.

OnE (= 2) a (=) z?+5z2+(-329 +z

Oe We
Terms: 9x, —2, 7, —x Terms: z*, 5z, —3z°, Zz
Like terms: 9x and —x, —2 and 7 Like terms: Z* and —3z°*, 5zand z

An algebraic expression is in simplest forr

no parentheses. To combine like ferme minal have variables, use the
Distributive Property to add or subtract the coefficients.

ON Je=8 2) Simplifying an Algebraic Expression

Simplify |y + 12 —- ay — 6.

1| ;
To subtract avariable re it are Va Waa (37 + (—6) Rewrite as a sum.
term, add the term with -
the opposite coefficient. Vo [-3| + 12+ (—6) Commutative Property
of Addition
3
i + (-3]\y
+ 12 + (—6) _ Distributive Property

= 6 Combine like terms.

@ On Your Own
Identify the terms and like terms in the expression.
,

Exercises 5-10
Sere Tee yO _3a 2.0 26 2 T= S TACO
Oe ANISe 7 Ap = 5h peo

Simplify the expression.

4. 14 — 32,4 BZ =5) 25x aes 6. =b-=b
4

556 Chapter13 = Expressions and Equations 14) Multi-Language Glossary at Sigtdeasmathiom

C8 3 Simplifying an Algebraic Expression
; 4 1
Simplify —5 (6n + 4) + 2n.

1 1 1
Tye a 4) = 2 sy ne [5] PAE! Distributive Property

=—3n (2) on Multiply.

= 3 2n st (SZ) Commutative Property

of Addition

= (S32) ieee) Distributive Property

=—ni = 2 Simplify.

@ 0n Your Own
fps Rea, Simplify the expression.
Exercises 18-20 7. Big 1) et 8. —2(g+4)+7¢g On i= a(x = |

>eNViae-8 4 Real-Life Application

Each person in a group buys a ticket, a medium drink, and a large
popcorn. Write an expression in simplest form that represents the
amount of money the group spends at the movies. Interpret the
expression.

_ Words Each is eachmedium is and eachlarge is $4.

| ticket $7.50, drink $2.75, popcorn
Drinks$175 ) ae : ;
Ball | ariable The same number of each item is purchased. So, x can
Medium $2.75 ) represent the number of tickets, the number of medium
Large $3.50 ) drinks, and the number of large popcorns.
Popcorn ) :
mall $3.00 Expression Cou Xx Fs 2,0 Oe ae 4x
Large $4.00
7. DOL 2.00 1 AU 2470 a)x Distributive Property

= 14.25x Add coefficients.

*t+ The expression 14.25x indicates that the total cost per person
is $14.25.

@ On Your Own
10. WHAT IF? Each person buys a ticket, a large drink, anda
small popcorn. How does the expression change? Explain.

Section 13.1 Algebraic Expressions 557

 1. WRITING Explain how to identify the terms of 3y — 4 — 5y.
2. WRITING Describe how to combine like terms in the expression 3n + 4n — 2.
3. VOCABULARY Is the expression 3x + 2x — 4 in simplest form? Explain.
4. REASONING Which algebraic expression is in simplest form? Explain.

Otis 4orOY, AX 8 eX

3h Sy) l2n.-— ni}

S Practice and Problem Solving

Identify the terms and like terms in the expression.
@ 5. 6+8+3¢ 6. 3z2+4+4+2+4z 7. 2n-n-4+7n
8. —x— 9x24 12x24+7 Gri) 5 4 5) eee OS as 4+ s+2—5°

11. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and

correct the error in identifying x 3x — 5 + 2¢ + Ox= See oes
the like terms in the expression. s
Like Terms: 3x, 2x“, and 9x

Simplify the expression.

@ 12. 12g
+ 9g 13. 1lx+9-7 14. 8s —1is +16
i AD aS Aly hr ADE Gr: 17. nen
© 18. 4(b-6) +19 19. 4p —5(p
+ 6) 20. —(12c - 9) + 14c

21. HIKING Ona hike, each hiker carries

the items shown. Write an expression
in simplest form that represents the
weight carried by x hikers. Interpret
the expression.

2.2 |b

558 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 22. STRUCTURE Evaluate the expression —8x + 5 — 2x — 4 + 5x when x = 2
before and after simplifying. Which method do you prefer? Explain.

23. REASONING Are the expressions 8x° + 3(x? + y) and 7x? + 7y + 4x? — ay
equivalent? Explain your reasoning.

24. CRITICAL THINKING Which solution shows a correct way of simplifying

6 — 4(2 — 5x)? Explain the errors made in the other solutions.

@ 6-4(2 - 5x) = 6 - 4(-3x) = 6 + 12x 6 ~4(2 - 5x) = 6-8 + 20x —2 + 20x

©) 6-4(2 -5x) = 2(2 - 5x) = 4 - 10x (D) 6-4(2 - 5x) =6 - 8 - 20x = -2 - 20x

25. BANNER Write an expression in simplest

form that represents the area of the banner.
SH

Car Truck: 26. CARWASH Write an

(Gat
x) att
“Wash > $8 $10 expression in simplest form
i BRS
SS Sar aes that represents the earnings
Wax si2 $15
erencs for washing and waxing x cars and y trucks.

MODELING Draw a diagram that shows how the expression can represent the
area of a figure. Then simplify the expression.
217-52. + Xa 3) ZO Al) Ose)

29. Bie You apply gold foil to a piece of red Ap

poster board to make the design shown. +
TS
a. Write an expression in simplest forin UI |!:
that represents the area of the gold foil. i: |
ie setys at)
b. Find the area of the gold foil when x = 3. , in| 12 in.
c. The pattern at the right is called 8
“St. George’s Cross.” Find a country
that uses this pattern as its flag.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Order the lengths from least to greatest. (Skills Review Handbook)
30. 15in., 14.8in.,15.8in., 14.5in.,15.3in. 31. 0.65 m, 0.6m, 0.52 m, 0.55 m, 0.545 m

32. MULTIPLE CHOICE A bird’s nest is 12 feet above the ground. A mole's den is
12 inches below the ground. What is the difference in height of these two
positions? (Section 11.3)
QQ 224i Hib ste ©) 24 ft

Section 13.1 Algebraic Expressions 559

 Adding and Subtracting
Linear,es uizislous

Essential Question How can you use algebra tiles to add or

subtract algebraic expressions?

Key: QB = variable GED = -variable Ga GED = zero pair

® =1 B--1 +) @ = zero pair

CrIVI /: Writing Algebraic Expressions

Work with a partner. Write an algebraic expression shown by the algebra tiles.

a GBH aH b GBee

ce GBH HHHH) d GBHss

S'S \
Jsislelsi
les

VITY:,
ITV:
Adding Algebraic Expressions
Work with a partner. Write the sum of two algebraic expressions modeled by
the algebra tiles. Then use the algebra tiles to simplify the expression.

=
(Ges )+ (Geese)
= (qmececec): (ames)
| COMMON
/ CORE
Linear Expressions
In this lesson, you will
apply properties of
operations to add and
subtract linear expressions. =
solve real-life problems.
Learning Standards
TEE
FEE

560 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 paces diene
la haokaecs Pi aA SNe isla lias ae

3, ACTIVITY: Subtracting Algebraic Expressions

Math Work with a partner. Write the difference of two algebraic expressions
modeled by the algebra tiles. Then use the algebra tiles to simplify the
Practice
expression.
Use Expressions
What do the tiles
represent? How does _
this help you write
te)
- (GB SSs)
- (ape)
an expression?

| ~—— ». (@@eSe
- (ame)
es)
& (qm e2229) (ams)
=
=o - (gee)

Y: Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Expressions

Work with a partner. Use algebra tiles to model the sum or difference.
Then use the algebra tiles to simplify the expression.
(Zeta) eh eae.)
(254-36) tS ee)
(QeA) (x 2)
BBos
(Axe: 3) a (24.1)

What Is Your Answer?

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use algebra tiles to add or subtract
algebraic expressions?
6. Write the difference of two algebraic expressions modeled by the algebra
tiles. Then use the algebra tiles to simplify the expression.

(epews) - (S809)

3 Use what you learned about adding and subtracting algebraic

Practice expressions to complete Exercises 6 and 7 on page 564.

Section 13.2 Adding and Subtracting Linear Expressions 561

13.2 Lesson

Key Vocabulary @)
linear expression,
eine ey

You can use a vertical or a horizontal method to add linear expressions.

>eNN 6-8 4 Adding Linear Expressions

Find each sum.

a. (x — 2) + (3x + 8)
Vertical method: Align Bias
like terms vertically and add. tS i Oey
Ax= 6
b. (—4y + 3) + (ly - 5)
Horizontal method: Use properties of operations to group
like terms and simplify.

(=4y 13) (1 y= 25)l = Ay oe Ve Rewrite the sum.

Saye lit So Commutative Property

of Addition
='(—4y +l ly) shalS-— 5) Group like terms.

= 7 2 Combine like terms.

Find 2(—7.5z + 3) + (5z — 2).

252.3) ae (Og) 22) = LO Se Oma oe Distributive Property

= —15 25766 a? Commutative Property

of Addition

=-10z+4 Combine like terms.

@ On Your Own
d . Find the sum.
. y
Exercises 8-16 1 We ee ee) 2. (-8z+ 4) + (8z-— 7)

2 (= mye 2s neee 4. 5(w scan iw + 12)

562 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations tq) Multi-Language Glossary at BigldeasMathW/com

 To subtract one linear expression from another, add the opposite of each
term in the expression. You can use a vertical or a horizontal method.

PONE 3 . Subtracting Linear Expressions

Find each difference.

a. (5x + 6) — (-x + 6) b. (7y + 5) — 2(4y = 3)
a. Vertical method: Align like terms vertically and subtract.
To find the opposite of
a linear expression, VONe Gs) ox o>
‘ 6
you can multiply the | Sig a
expression by —1. —(-x+6) Bre opposite. a

Sener renee cee A

x
b. Horizontal method: Use properties of operations to group like terms
and simplify.
Gy 423) —2(4y 3) = (VOY 26 Distributive Property

a) 0) aie oe Commutative Property

of Addition
II yy BV) (3 a0) Group like terms.

eer ll Combine like terms.

EXAMPLE ( ¢@4 Real-Life Application

The original price of a cowboy hat is d dollars. You use a coupon and
buy the hat for (d — 2) dollars. You decorate the hat and sell it for
(2d — 4) dollars. Write an expression that represents your earnings
from buying and selling the hat. Interpret the expression.

earnings = selling price — purchase price Use a model.

= Gay 4) —-d—2) Write the difference.
Sh AE il ) Add the opposite.
=2d4—d-4+42 Group like terms.
=a 2 Combine like terms.

‘> You earn (d — 2) dollars. You also paid (d — 2) dollars, so you doubled
your money by selling the hat for twice as much as you paid for it.

@ 0n Your Own
4 Find the difference.
NOWeoliQure Rea,
© Exercises 19-24 ” 5. (m—3)—(-—m+ 12) 6. —2(c + 2.5) — 5(1.2c + 4)
7. WHAT IF? In Example 4, you sell the hat for (d + 2) dollars. How
much do you earn from buying and selling the hat?

Section 13.2 Adding and Subtracting Linear Expressions 563

_13.2 Exercises. Check It, Out...
Help with Homework
BigldeasMath

k
Vocabulary and Concept Chec
VOCABULARY Determine whether the algebraic expression is a linear expression.
Explain.
bones a ee 3 3. oad
4. WRITING Describe two methods for adding or subtracting linear expressions.
5. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

Subtract x from377 2: Find 3x — 1 decreased by x.

What is x more than 3x — 1? What is the difference of 3x — 1 and x?

C * Practice and Problem Solving

Write the sum or difference of two algebraic expressions modeled by the
algebra tiles. Then use the algebra tiles to simplify the expression.

* (8883). (qmaveee)
7. (anasess) filpe)

Find the sum.

@® 8. (n+ 8) + (n- 12) 9. (7— b) + 3b+ 2) 10. (2w — 9) + (—4w — 5)
11. (2x — 6) + 4(x — 3) 12. 5(-3.4k—7)+ (3k+21) 13. (1 — 5q) + 2(2.5q + 8)
14. 32-098)
+ (-13h—4) 15. 9 ~ 6m) + (12m ~ 8) 16. —5(7z + 4) + =(52~ 15)

17. BANKING You start a new job. After w weeks, you have
(10w + 120) dollars in your savings account and
(45w + 25) dollars in your checking account. Write an
expression that represents the total in both accounts.

18. FIREFLIES While catching fireflies, you and a friend decide

to have a competition. After m minutes, you have (3m + 13) |
fireflies and your friend has (4m + 6) fireflies.
a. Write an expression that represents the number of
fireflies you and your friend caught together.
b. The competition ends after 5 minutes. Who has
more fireflies?

564 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 Find the difference.
© 19 (2571 Ae (25 11) 20. (6d + 5) — (2 — 3d) 21 (45) 2857 ="8)
22. (2n=9)—5(-24n 4) “23: (8c PRG) s (G30) oA, “(ax a6) = (5x ~ 24)
3
25. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the difference.

x (4m + 9) — 3(2m — 5) = 4m+9-6m—-15 —

= 4m — 6m + 9 — 15
= —-2m—-—6

- 26. STRUCTURE Refer to the expressions in Exercise 18.

|
a. How many fireflies are caught each minute during the competition?
b. How many fireflies are caught before the competition starts?

pon. LOGIC Your friend says the sum of two linear expressions is always a linear
| expression. Is your friend correct? Explain.

28. GEOMETRY The expression 17n + 11 represents the

perimeter (in feet) of the triangle. Write an expression
that represents the measure of the third side.

29. TAXI Taxi Express charges $2.60 plus $3.65 per mile, and Cab Cruiser charges
$2.75 plus $3.90 per mile. Write an expression that represents how much more
Cab Cruiser charges than Taxi Express.
-

30. MODELING A rectangular room is 10 feet longer than

it is wide. One-foot-by-one-foot tiles cover the entire
floor. Write an expression that represents the number
of tiles along the outside of the room.

31. aeet~ie Write an expression in simplest form

that represents the vertical distance between the two
lines shown. What is the distance when x = 32 when
== 35°

|
|
& fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
| 4 H es a
Evaluate the expression when x = fe and y = Fi (Section 12.2)

2a a) S30 20 OY 34. —x + 4y

SF MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the surface area of a cube that has a side length of
5 feet? (Section 8.2)
CA) 25 ft? (®B) 75 ft (125 te @) 150 ft?

Section 13.2 Adding and Subtracting Linear Expressions 565

Extension
Factoring Expressions

Key Vocabulary s@ )
factoring an
factors. You can use the Disbury Property to factor expressions.
expression, p. 566

>eNU2e-8 4 Factoring Out the GCF

Factor 24x - 18 using the GCF

Find the GCF of 24x and 18 by writing their prime factorizations.

24x =(2\° 2 °2 ¥3/*x Circle the common prime factors.

18 =\2/-3-

So, the GCE of 24x and 18 is 2 «3 = 6. Use the GCF to factor the
expression.

24x — 18 = 6(4x) — 6(3) Rewrite using GCF.

= 6(4x — 3) Distributive Property

sts So, 24% — 18 =6(4%—3):

You can also use the Distributive Property to factor out any rational
number from an expression.

>eNiJe-8 2) Factoring Out a Fraction

Factor a out of ies + a

2 2 2
3 1
Write each term as a product of 5 and another factor.
1 It e leatet le
—X==°X Think: —x is — times what?
ji 2, Z, 2 me

COMMON he! Beem le

G Cone a
Ss
3 Think:i; is —5 times what? ?

Linear Expressions
In this extension, you will Use the Distributive Property to factor out a
e factor linear expressions. 2
Learning Standard I
eet ae =f 3
LS= 1 ° Mists m 3 ° Rewrite
i the expression.
|

1 Moe ot
= ag ao) Distributive Property

1 Sane
¢ SO,—x+—=-(x+3
- 2 2 | )

566 Chapter13 = Expressions and Equations tq) Multi-Language Glossary at Sigtteasmatt On

| SNE 3 . Factoring Out a Negative Number
Factor —2 out of —4p + 10.

| ve
i!
y
Cc >
Write each term as a product of —2 and another factor.
.

Practice —4p = —2+2p Think: —4p is —2 times what?

View as
Components 10 = —2 « (—5) Think: 10 is —2 times what?
How does rewriting ere
pach ean Use the Distributive Property to factor out —2.
| product
et gaa help sees
you see |
—4p + 10 = —2 + 2p + (—2) « (—5) Rewrite the expression.
. ——— = —2(2p +o) Distributive Property

Sie 5) Simplify.

“+ So, —4p + 10 = —2(2p — 5).

_ @ Practice
Factor the expression using the GCE
(he lee 2Zin92 48 SON cee 4. 3y— 24

oy. Ae 8 6: 15-65 7. 36a + 16b 8. 21m — 49n

Factor out the coefficient of the variable.

pa ie 11, 2.2x+4.4 12. 4h-3

3

fs) 3 8 4

1 1 P 1 1 5
13. Factor hr out of ae a6: 44. Factor 7 outol =x Fel

15. WRESTLING A square wrestling mat has a perimeter of

(12x — 32) feet. Write an expression that represents the
side length of the mat (in feet).

16. MAKING A DIAGRAM A table is 6 feet long and 3 feet wide. You extend the
table by inserting two identical table leaves. The longest side length of each
rectangular leaf is 3 feet. The extended table is rectangular with an area of
(18 + 6x) square feet.

a. Make a diagram of the table and leaves.

b. Write an expression that represents the length of the extended table.
What does x represent?

ade 1
17. STRUCTURE The area of the trapezoid is “x= ;|square id

centimeters. Write two different pairs of expressions that

represent possible lengths of the bases.

Extension 13.2 Factoring Expressions 567

 A a BOSE EEL IDEESIDE Coe Ut w)
BigIdeasMath
You can use a four square to organize information about a topic. Each of the four
squares can be a category, such as definition, vocabulary, example, non-example, words,
algebra, table, numbers, visual, graph, or equation. Here is an example of a four square
for like terms.

Definition Examples
Terms that have the same 2 and -3, 3x and —-7x,
variables raised to the x? and 6x*
same exponents

Words Non-Examples
To combine like terms that y and 4, 3x and —4y,
have variables, use the 6x* and 2x
Distributive Property to add
or subtract the coefficients.

\ \ . \
N My y /] 1 fie A ;
OF a)
w/¥) 8) ) OU
WG) j OW
G/U/T/8) j 8

me au squares to help you study (Nine miles

these topics. | A purr hour. »

1. simplest form } | Definition

Downhill
2. linear expression Vehicle
dogs for )@ Red board
CSkateboard )
3.: factoring
i expressions
i y ee

After you complete this chapter, make ip

four squares for the following topics.
4. equivalent equations
5. solving equations using addition
or subtraction
“My four square shows that my new
red skateboard is faster than my old
6. solving equations using multiplication
blue skateboard.”
or division

7. solving two-step equations

568 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

13.1-13.2 Quiz

cu
Identify the terms and like terms in the expression. (Section 13.1)
1. AN esBir PTS eee)
EF lB a 0) each ta AWOK rel Ar 48 Xe l

Simplify the expression. (Section 13.1)

5. Zion ek) 6. —7+3x+4x

Ts 2x+4—-—3x+2+4+3x 8. 7x+6+3x-2-—5x

Find the sum or difference. (Section 13.2)

9. 6 lore 10. (9t+5) + (3t-6)
41-2 =k) (4kee) 12. nC Spee 59+ 9)
13, (n— 8) — (2n +2) 14. ae ee,
Factor out the coefficient of the variable. (Section 13.2)
1D; 5c—15 16. aj+5 17. 2.4n+9.6 18. —6z + 12

19. PAINTING You buy the same number of brushes,

cee rollers, and paint cans. Write an expression in
aia isascianaes simplest form that represents the total amount
of money you spend for painting supplies.
(Section 13.1)
D
Paint roller
$6.89

20. APPLES A basket holds n apples. You pick 2n — 3 apples, and your friend
picks n + 4 apples. Write an expression that represents the number of apples
you and your friend picked. Interpret the expression. (Section 13.2)

21. EXERCISE Write an

expression in simplest
form for the perimeter
of the exercise mat.
(Section 13.1)

Sections 13.1-13.2 Quiz 569

 Solving Equations Using
13.3
Additionor Subtraction”
. See ey a errr Naty Sua ae i a aieaaaaI a
AURsugluaie een
Seale usimal oeSos auRiaasiats
ABBR uss
3og BESSNASS SaSESEEa Mo SSSains Ua aiseesano SSSaSHb MISES RUSS pene SSS USESseas. Sopa toweRENet
be eEsEdeen oeiSt

.® ah?
Essential Question How can you use algebra tiles to solve
addition or subtraction equations?

| _ ACTIVITY: Solving Equations

: Work with a partner. Use algebra tiles to model and solve the equation.
a, 03 = —4

Model-the equation x — 3 = —4.

To get the variable tile by itself, remove

the icity tiles on the left side by adding
aa ei tiles to each side.

How many zero pairs can you remove

from each side? ite
Circle them.

The remaining tile shows the value of x.

So,x=! 0.

bipz—6—2 Cit Die 8 rr a oy 15

2 . ACTIVITY: Solving Equations

Work with a partner. Use algebra tiles to model and solve the equation.
AnD fa

Model the equation —5 = n + 2. —[—]—] apes &

G COMMON
ee T Eo)
~ CORE
Solving Equations Remove the tiles on the right side '—[—]-]-] Eol—)
In this lesson, you will by adding A tiles to each side. e8e@ si CaS) ye
write simple equations. ;
solve equations using How many zero pairs can you remove from
addition or subtraction. . y e y Sae@e
solve real-life problems. the right side? {iti
Learning Standard Circle them.
7.EE.4a
The remaining tiles show the value of n.

So, nN =

b. y+10=—5 C17 b= —1 d. 8=12+2z

570 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 SH uleglans AAU
UNA alii pson aise aaa I iar ii eS

Math VITY:, Writing and Solving Equations

Practice
Interpret Work with a partner. Write an equation shown by the algebra tiles. Then solve.
Results
qpSe _2
a. [—J— |

eq
am»
How can you add
tiles to make zero o 8
pairs? Explain how
this helps you solve ° 988 68 2. Bag a
the equation.
Ge55 e0 gH ~ ie
ACTIVITY: Using a Different Method to Find a Solution
Work with a partner. The melting point of a solid is
the temperature at which the solid melts to become
a liquid. The melting point of the element bromine is
about 19°F This is about 57°F more than the melting
point of mercury.
a. Which of the following equations can you use to find the melting
point of mercury? What is the melting point of mercury?

XY = 19 bret ON ee ILS, x+19=57 36 ap WS) = =

b. CHOOSE TOOLS How can you solve this problem without using an
equation? Explain. How are these two methods related?

What Is Your Answer?

5: IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you
use algebra tiles to solve addition Ee j “Tp Vary o
or subtraction equations? Give an oe ; Not to Vary.”
example of each. That is the
question.
STRUCTURE Explain how you could
use inverse operations to solve
addition or subtraction equations
without using algebra tiles.
What makes the cartoon funny?
The word variable comes from
the word vary. For example, “Dear Sir: Yesterday you said x = 2.
. : as Today you are saying x = 3.
the temperature in Maine varies Please make up your mind.”
a lot from winter to summer.

Write two other English sentences that use the word vary.

Use what you learned about solving addition or subtraction

Practice equations to complete Exercises 5—8 on page 574.

Section 13.3 Solving Equations Using Addition or Subtraction 571

 eigen tre .
equival
Two equations are t equations if they have the same solutions.
Key Vocabulary 1@) The Addition and acinenon! canes of Equality can be used to write
equivalent equations, equivalent equations.
p. 572
@° Key Ideas
Addition Property of Equality
Words Adding the same number to each side of an equation
produces an equivalent equation.
Algebra Ifa=b,thena+c=b+c.

Remember ™~ Subtraction Property of Equality

Words Subtracting the same number from each side of an equation
Addition and produces an equivalent equation.
subtraction are
inverse operations. Algebra Ifa=b,thena-—c=b-c.

EXAMPLE ( 4] PesvoMiiree tle

a. Solvex—5=-l.

X—5=—-—-!] Write the equation. : rage

ASN
Undo the subtraction. +5 5 Addition Property of Equality |
\ste

x=4 Simplify. ;

“t+ The solution is x = 4.

b. Solve z+ Se Ly
pd Td

3 1 : ;
Z+—-= = Write the equation. Te
7 2 '

Undo the addition.

< 3 3 : Sp
aa 5 Subtraction Property of Equality 2
eee q
z=-1 Simplify. 2
oO The solution is z = —1. a

@ On Your Own
NoWwaYou're Reg Solve the equation. Check your solution.
OP orc
xercises 5-20 dy
1. p-5=-2 2. wt+132=104 3.

572 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations | Multi-Language Glossary at BigideasMathW/com

 PON a= 2 Writing an Equation
A company has a profit of $750 this week. This profit is $900 more
than the profit P last week. Which equation can be used to find P?
CA) 750=900-P 750 = P + 900
© 900=P-750 (©) 900=P+ 750

Words The profit this week is $900 more than the profit last week.
Equation 750 = P = 900

-:+ The equation is 750 = P + 900. The correct answer is (BD.

@ On Your Own
, 4. Acompany has a profit of $120.50 today. This profit is $145.25 less
Exercees ere than the profit P yesterday. Write an equation that can be used
to find P.

>eN Je 3 _ Real-Life Application

The line graph shows the scoring while you and your friend
played a video game. Write and solve an equation to find your
score after Level 4.

30 @ You -® Your Friend ‘ '

| | You can determine the following from the graph.

Words Your friend’s score is 33 points less than your score.

(points)
Score Variable Let s be your score after Level 4.
Equation ae = $s - 33
Level

20 = Sa—= oo Write equation.

3 bisa Ne) Addition Property of Equality

25=S Simplify.

-s> Your score after Level 4 is 25 points.

Reasonable? From the graph, your score after Level 4 is between

20 points and 30 points. So, 25 points is a reasonable answer.

@ On Your Own
5. WHAT IF? You have —12 points after Level 1. Your score is 27 points
less than your friend’s score. What is your friend’s score?

Section 13.3 Solving Equations Using Addition or Subtraction 573

 #

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY What property would you use to solve m + 6 = —4?
VOCABULARY Name two inverse operations.

WRITING Are the equations m + 3 = —5 and m = —2 equivalent? Explain.

ir
cet
Md WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which equation does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

Kerry | CR ee Gma ort) Mexia 6 APe ehahaaWS)

Practice and Problem Solving

Solve the equation. Check your solution.
@ 5. a-6=13 6. -3=z-8 7. -14=k+6 8. x+4=-14
eSWES
niS a ih : Sila pene
1l=wt5d. We iySS hee
ity 12a sal ee
ae 3

1302-919 14. -93=d-34 15. 458+y=25 16. x-5.2=-18.73

a=5 1
eeil 24 198 3
eo! S)
20-42 Z,
b= 3 2
a rhs 3 © 1K 4 : 5 mf 8 6 5 Wal

21. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

finding the solution. x x+8&= 10
BIScee on
x = 116

Write the word sentence as an equation. Then solve.

2)) 22. 4 less than a number nis —15. 23. 10 more than a number cis 3.
24. The sum ofa number yand —3 is —8.
25. The difference between a number p and 6 is — 14.

In Exercises 26-28, write an equation. Then solve.

26. DRY ICE The temperature of dry ice is —109.3°E This is 184.9°F less than
the outside temperature. What is the outside temperature?
27. PROFIT A company makes a profit of $1.38 million. This is $2.54 million more
than last year. What was the profit last year?
28. HELICOPTER The difference in elevation of a helicopter and a submarine
is 18 meters. The elevation of the submarine is 7 meters. What is the
elevation ofthe helicopter?

574 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

GEOMETRY Write and solve an equation to find the unknown side length.
29. Perimeter = 12 cm 30. Perimeter = 24.2 in. 31. Perimeter = 34.6 ft
8.3 in. ?

5.2 ft 6.4 ft
fetes
In Exercises 32—36, write an equation. Then solve.
32. STATUE OF LIBERTY The total height of the Statue of Liberty and
its pedestal is 153 feet more than the height of the statue. What is
the height of the statue?

/ ad 33. BUNGEE JUMPING Your first jump is 50. feet higher than your second

jump. Your first jump reaches -200= feet. What is the height of your

second jump?

TRAVEL Boatesville is 65 kilometers from Stanton. A bus traveling from

Stanton is 24 kilometers from Boatesville. How far has the bus traveled?

35. GEOMETRY The sum of the measures of the angles

of a triangle equals 180°. What is the measure of
the missing angle?

36. SKATEBOARDING The table shows your

scores in a skateboarding competition.
The leader has 311.62 points. What score
do you need in the fourth round to win?
37. CRITICAL THINKING Find the value of 2x — 1 when x + 6 = 2.

Sr gal Find the values of x.

3802 |=2 39. |x|-2=4 40. |x| +5=18

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Multiply or divide. (Section 11.4 and Section 11.5)
41. -7x8 A276) (12) 43; 13 = (—2Z) 44. —26+4

45. MULTIPLE CHOICE A class of 144 students voted for a class president. Three-fourths
®)
of the students voted for you. Of the students who voted for you, 9 are female. How
many female students voted for you? (Section 12.4)

(A) 50 (B) 60 ©) 80 ©) 108

Section 13.3 Solving Equations Using Addition or Subtraction 575

 Solving Equations Using
13.4
Mile atten of Division
~ a a I

Essential Question How can you use multiplication or division

to solve equations?

Work with a partner. Use algebra tiles to model and solve the equation.
aso Se
Model the equation 3x = —12.

Your goal is to get one variable tile by itself. Because

there are fk) variable tiles, divide the ae tiles
into as, equal groups. Circle the groups.

Keep one of the groups. This shows the value of x.

SO, X = S&S.

b. 2k=-8 Ce. —15.—-ar

d. —20=5m e. 4h=-16

Work with a partner. Write an equation shown by the algebra tiles. Then solve.

25 b
COMMON
oo =
~ CORE
Solving Equations
In this lesson, you will
® solve equations using
multiplication or division.
e solve real-life problems.
Learning Standard
7.EE.4a

576 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 TY: Using a Different Method to Find a Solution
Work with a partner. Choose the equation you can use to solve each problem.
Math | Solve the equation. Then explain how to solve the problem without using an
Practice equation. How are the two methods related?
Analyze Givens a. For the final part of a race, a handcyclist travels 32 feet each second across
How can you use the a distance of 400 feet. How many seconds does it take for the handcyclist to
given information
rordecidesnich travel the last 400 feet of the race?
equation represents
the situation? 32x = 400 A400x = 32

~ = 400 aL AeYS
Se 400

b. The melting point of the element radon is about —96°E The

melting point of nitrogen is about 3.6 times the melting point
of radon. What is the melting point of nitrogen?

3:0X,=—96°4 X2 96 = 3.6

36 JO%==23.0

c. This year, a hardware store has

a profit of -$6.0 million. This
profit is :of last year’s profit.
What is last year’s profit?

aes Sige
=Oun 4 4

34x=-6 eS eer!
4

What Is Your Answer?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use multiplication or division to solve
equations? Give an example of each.

: Use what you learned about solving equations to complete

Practice Exercises 7-10 on page 580.

Section 13.4 Solving Equations Using Multiplication or Division 577

 @° Key Ideas
Multiplication Property of Equality
Words Multiplying each side of an equation by the same number
produces an equivalent equation.
Algebra Ifa=b,thena*c=bec.

Remember Division Property of Equality

Words Dividing each side of an equation by the same number
Multiplication and i produces an equivalent equation.
division are inverse
operations. Algebra Ifa=b,thena+c=b~+c,c#0.
/ Se =

EXAMPLE ( 4] FeSO
N emery

a. Solve~ = -6.
3

a
aa =16) Write the equation.

Undo the division. FH—» 3 + == 3+ (-6) Multiplication Property of Equality

x=-18 Simplify.

::+ The solution is x = —18.

b. Solve 18 = —4y.

18 = —4y Write the equation.

Undo the multiplication. -—> = = <= Division Property of Equality

—-45=y Simplify.

‘s+ The solution is y = —4.5.

@ On Your Own
rr Solve the equation. Check your solution.
(Les xerciseseR 7-18
is Sea 2. >a == 24 Seo — 1.57
ss
|

578 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 Pee 2 Solving an Equation Using a Reciprocal

4 :
ae = -8 Write the equation.

oe 5 4 5 ee
(sauttily each side by eA, > a | | page (33) Multiplicative Inverse Property
the reciprocal of -5
x= 10 Simplify.

:+ The solution is x = 10.

@ On Your Own
Voir Ber Solve the equation. Check your solution.
Exercises 19-22
4. -14=4 2a 5 Ap=D
8
5 6 jig Sy h ces 9

>eNV ie 3 Real-Life Application :

The record low temperature in Arizona is 1.6 times the record
low temperature in Rhode Island. What is the record low temperature
in Rhode Island?

Words The record lowin Arizona is 1.6 times the record low
in Rhode Island.

Variable Let tbe the record low in Rhode Island.

Record low temperature
in Arizona Equation —A0 =16 X t

—40 = 1.6¢ Write equation.

4 ;
Bee hs Division Property of Equality
1.6 1.6

= 25 = Simplify.

:=+ The record low temperature in Rhode Island is — 25°F

@ On Your Own
Now. You’re 7. The record low temperature in Hawaii is —0.15 times the record
Exercises 24-27 A low temperature in Alaska. The record low temperature in Hawaii
is 12°E What is the record low temperature in Alaska?
estoma nee

Section 13.4 Solving Equations Using Multiplication or Division 579

13.4 Exercises
ci a a OE si ial ie ele Dit wee F

g Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. WRITING Explain why you can use multiplication to solve equations
involving division.
2. OPEN-ENDED Turning a light on and then turning the light off are considered
to be inverse operations. Describe two other real-life situations that can be
thought of as inverse operations.

Describe the inverse operation that will undo the given operation.
3. multiplyingby5 4. subtracting 12 5. dividing by —8 6. adding —6

Practice and Problem Solving

Solve the equation. Check your solution.

@ 7. 3n=15 8. —5t= —45 9. a =7 10. ~=9

11. 5m =—10 122 6t = 32 13, —0:2=.1:6 14. -—10= -2

15. —6p
= 48 16. —72
= 8d A ia 18. —14.4 = —0.6p
s 2 4 8
@® 19 . jose!
—g=—12 20. b=8= —=Ec 21. ie:
—~f=- 22. : 26 =——
= —~y

23. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the

error in finding the solution. x —4.2x = 21
=—4.2x el
4.2 4.2

x=5

Write the word sentence as an equation. Then solve.

3) 24. Anumber divided by —9 is —16. 25. Anumber multiplied by <isFe
26. The product of 15 and a number is —75.
27. The quotient of anumber and —1.5 is 21.

In Exercises 28 and 29, write an equation. Then solve.

28. NEWSPAPERS You make $0.75 for every newspaper
you sell. How many newspapers do you have to sell
to buy the soccer cleats?
29. ROCK CLIMBING A rock climber averages 125feet per minute.
How many feet does the rock climber climb in 30 minutes?

580 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 OPEN-ENDED (a) Writea multiplication equation that has the given solution.
(b) Write a division equation that has the same solution.

3003 ohh Sepp pee Eheimq

34, REASONING Which of the methods can you use to solve ~Sc = 16?

Multiply each side by ig Multiply each side by 235

Multiply each side by 3, then

Divide each side by ae:
. .
|

divide each side by —2.

2

35. STOCK A stock has a return of —$1.26 per day. Write and solve an equation to
find the number of days until the total return is —$10.08.

36. ELECTION In aschool election, :of the students vote. There are 1464 ballots.

Write and solve an equation to find the number of students.

37. OCEANOGRAPHY Aquarius is an underwater ocean
laboratory located in the Florida Keys National Marine
Sanctuary. Solve the equation x = —62 to find the
value of x.

38. SHOPPING The price of a bike at Store A is 2the price at

Store B. The price at Store A is $150.60. Write and solve an
equation to find how much you save by buying the bike _
at Store A.
39. CRITICAL THINKING Solve —2jm| = —10. 4 i

NEE bh eas

pee)= of a trip.
i badrives
somal BEI TRB S

40. Number In four days, your family

Your rate of travel is the same throughout the trip. The total trip
is 1250 miles. In how many more days will you reach your destination?

coir Game Review what you tearned in previous grades & lessons
ae .

A
4 + ; ) 14 \
-

Subtract. (Section 11.3)

AD e-a2 rs1 Yerisl nmi AAS (Ae 3)
AL

45. MULTIPLE CHOICE Of the 120 apartments in a building, 75 have been

scheduled to receive new carpet. What fraction of the apartments have
not been scheduled to receive new carpet? (Skills Review Handbook)

® uf4 Gee8 Gut8 © mw

Section 13.4 Solving Equations Using Multiplication or Division 581

 13.5 Solving Two-Step Equations

Essential Question How can you use algebra tiles to solve a

two-step equation?

‘T_ ACTIVITY: Solving a Two-Step Equation.

Model the equation 2x — 3 = —5.

Remove the eat red tiles on the left side

| by adding ENTE: yellow tiles to each side.
| How many zero pairs can you remove from
each side?
Circle them.
Because there are aia green tiles, divide the
red tiles into git equal groups. Circle the groups.

Keep one of the groups. This shows the value of x.

Work with a partner. Solve 2x — 3 = —5 without using algebra tiles.

Complete each step. Then answer the questions.
Use the steps in Activity 1 as a guide.
Zire =O) Write the equation.

© foe 2x-3+ f= -5+ es Add! to each side.

eee oie simplify.

ctor Rie
Bee Standard
»
Haire re
siothads bs
X= Simplify.

+ So, x= fi.
a. Which step is first, adding 3 to each side or dividing each side
by 2?
b. How are the above steps related to the steps in Activity 1?

582 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 i A

IVITY:,
AVA
Solving Equations Using Algebra Tiles
Work with a partner.
e Write an equation shown by the algebra tiles.
e Use algebra tiles to model and solve the equation.
e Check your answer by solving the equation without using algebra tiles.

9999 exe

ACTIVITY: Working Backwards

Work with a partner.
Math
Practice a. Sample: Your friend pauses a video game to get a drink. You continue
Maintain the game. You double the score by saving a princess. Then you lose
Oversight 75 points because you do not collect the treasure. You finish the game
How does working with —25 points. How many points did you have when you started?
backwards help One way to solve the problem is to work backwards. To do this, start
you decide which
with the end result and retrace the events.
operation to do
first? Explain. You have —25 points at the end of the game. 5)
You lost 75 points for not collecting the treasure, —25 + 75 = 50
so add 75 to —25.

You doubled your score for saving the princess, 50 +2=25

so find half of 50.

*:+ So, you started the game with 25 points.

You triple your account balance by making a deposit. Then you
withdraw $127.32 to buy groceries. Your account is now overdrawn
by $10.56. By working backwards, find your account balance before
you made the deposit.

What Is Your Ansv

re » Te VWVAanwr \ =a) "0: »D
Sg) <
Si a)

IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use algebra tiles to solve a
two-step equation?

When solving the equation 4x + 1 = —11, what is the first step?

_ REPEATED REASONING Solve the equation 2x — 75 = —25. How do your

steps compare with the strategy of working backwards in Activity 4?

mn Use what you learned about solving two-step equations to

Practice complete Exercises 6-11 on page 586.

Section 13.5 Solving Two-Step Equations 583

13.5 Lesson Check. It, Ou
BiglIdeasMath

EXAMPLE ( { Solving a Two-Step Equation

Solve —3x + 5 = 2. Check your solution.

==ove eee ee ae Write the equation.

(Undo the addition. }—> -5 -5 Subtraction Property of Equality

Sab Sa Se) Simplify.

Undo the multiplication. Soh Division Property of Equality

cate) =S

x=1 Simplify.

oo The solution is x = 1.

@ 0n Your Own
, Solve the equation. Check your solution.
dy
Exercises 6-17 1 2x 124 2s OCT
OS = 3) 300 Aye 9

> ON Je 2) Solving. a Iwo-Step Equation

Solve * — + = —” Check your solution.

8 2 i

you can simplify the

|| eee
cet
eaSs :
Write the equation.
equation in Example 2 | 1 1
before solving. Multiply Seas Addition Property of Equality
each side by the LCD of | 2 2
the fractions, 8. 2
Xl. a: Simplify.
82 2 |
aes eee
caper 8*— = 8-+(-—3) Multiplication Property of
Equality

x= -—24 Simplify.

‘+ The solution is x = —24.

@ On Your Own
; Solve the equation. Check your solution.
Exercises 20-25
PEE
TS ally 5 eee eee Gee ee
2 3) 5) a

584 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 7a 3) . Combining Like Terms Before Solving,

Solve 3y — 8y = 25.

3y — By = 25 Write the equation.

—5y = 25 Combine like terms.

y==5 Divide each side by —5.

:+ The solution is y=—-5.

m2 @\i28-@ 4 . Real-Life Application

The height at the top of a roller coaster hill
is 10 times the height h of the starting point.
The height decreases 100 feet from the top
to the bottom of the hill. The height at the
bottom of the hill is —10 feet. Find h.

Start The height at the start is h. h

The height at the top of the hill is
ey 10 times the starting height h.
The height decreases by 100 feet.
Bottom ofhill So, subtract 100.

The height at the bottom of the hill is — 10 feet. Solve

10h — 100 = —10 to find h.

10h — 100 = —10 Write equation.

10h = 90 Add 100 to each side.

h=9 Divide each side by 10.

*s+ So, the height at the start is 9 feet.

@ 0n Your Own
Now.You're Rea Solve the equation. Check your solution.
Exercises 29-34 7, 4-%+3=-9. 8 7x—10x=15 9. —8=1.3m—2.1m
10. WHAT IF? In Example 4, the height at the bottom of the hill is
—5 feet. Find the height h.

Section 13.5 Solving Two-Step Equations 585

 elp wi
BigldeasMath

G Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. WRITING How do you solve two-step equations?

Match the equation with the first step to solve it.

2. 4+4n=-12 3, 4n=-12 < 4, 7=-12 Pee Ie

A. Add 4. B. Subtract 4. C. Multiplyby4. — D. Divide by 4.

Practice and Problem Solving

Solve the equation. Check your solution.
@ 6. 2v+7=3 7. 4b+3=-9 8.17=5k—2
Of OF ans 10. 8n+ 16.2= 1.6 11.,=52 $2.3 —16.8

12, 21-5
= =10 13° 4) 9 14. bl = —5xe2

15. 4-7 22h = —3.7 16. —4.8f+ 6.4 = —8.48 Ve 7.3y— Sie 51.9

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the solution.
18. 19.
x —-6 + 2x=-10 | x —-3x+2=-7

—6 2x _ _10 = OX =
2 2 _3x_ -9
— Ona 5° eye
i x=-3

@ 20. 2g-i--2
5 3 3
21 Ree
4 6 2
22
Te pee PE tara =2 25.
3 2 3 a Dy

In Exercises 26-28, write an equation. Then solve.

26. WEATHER Starting at 1:00 p.m., the temperature changes
—4 degrees per hour. How long will it take to reach — 1°?
27. BOWLING It costs $2.50 to rent bowling shoes. Each game
costs $2.25. You have $9.25. How many games can you bowl?
28. CELL PHONES A cell phone company charges a monthly fee
plus $0.25 for each text message. The monthly fee is $30.00
and you owe $59.50. How many text messages did you have?

586 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 Solve the equation. Check your solution.
® 29. 3v - 9v =30 30. 12¢- 8f= —52 31. -8d—-5d+7d=72
52.06 2) =—18 33. —4(m
+ 3) = 24 34. -—8(y +9) =-—-

35. WRITING Write a real-world problem that can be modeled by;Se Mol
Then solve the equation.
3m
36. GEOMETRY The perimeter of the parallelogram
is 102 feet. Find m. :
REASONING Exercises 37 and 38 are missing information. Tell what information
you need to solve the problem.
37. TAXI A taxi service charges an initial fee plus $1.80 per mile. How far can you
travel for $12?
38. EARTH The coldest surface temperature on the Moon is 57 degrees colder
than twice the coldest surface temperature on Earth. What is the coldest
surface temperature on Earth?

39. PROBLEM SOLVING On Saturday, you catch insects for your science class. Five of
the insects escape. The remaining insects are divided into three groups to share in
class. Each group has nine insects. How many insects did you catch on Saturday?
a. Solve the problem 2ppts backwards.
b. Solve the equation ———
= = 9. How does the answer compare with the
answer to part (a)?

40. UNDERWATER HOTEL You must scuba dive to the entrance

of your room at Jules’ Undersea Lodge in Key Largo, Florida.
The diver is 1 foot deeper than ;of the elevation of the entrance.
What is the elevation of the entrance?

41. Geometry How much should you change the length of 12cm
the rectangle so that the perimeter is 54 centimeters? Write
an equation that shows how you found your answer. 25cm

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Multiply or divide. (Section 12.4)

42. -6.2X 5.6 43. >x [-25| as, > +(-4) fencer

46. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which fraction is not equivalent to 0.75? (Skills Review Handbook)
B) 2 Z5 @ =;
CE.1S @ ©

Section 13.5 Solving Two-Step Equations 587

 “13.3-13.5 Quiz li tins toe cerca esc eau aust ER A i RaaRB SU
atti aera

Check.It Out...
Progress Chec
BigIdeasMath
Solve the equation. Check your solution. (Section 13.3, Section 13.4, and Section 13.5)

1. —6.54+x=—-4.12 2. 4-+ p= 5"

3. -2=4 4. -2w+3.7=-0.5

Write the word sentence as an equation. Then solve. (Section 13.3 and Section 13.4)
5. The difference between a number b and 7.4 is —6.8.

2 ; il
6. oe more than a number ais ie

7. Anumber x multiplied by= is >

8. The quotient of two times a number k and —2.6 is 12.

Write and solve an equation to find the value of x. (Section 13.3 and Section 13.5)
9. Perimeter = 26 10. Perimeter = 23.59 11. Perimeter = 33
10.5

3.65

12. BANKING You withdraw $29.79 from your bank account. Now your balance
is — $20.51. Write and solve an equation to find the amount of money in your
bank account before you withdrew the money. (Section 13.3)

13. WATER LEVEL During a drought, the water level of a lake changes -3= feet
per day. Write and solve an equation to find how long it takes for the water
level to change —16 feet. (Section 13.4)

14. BASKETBALL A basketball game has four quarters. The length of a game is
32 minutes. You play the entire game except for 4,minutes. Write and solve
an equation to find the mean time you play per quarter. (Section 13.5)

15. SCRAPBOOKING The mat needs to be cut to have

a 0.5-inch border on all four sides. (Section 13.5)

a. How much should you cut from the left

and right sides?
b. How much should you cut from the
top and bottom?
-——7.8 ine———l

588 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 Review Key Vocabulary
like terms, p. 556 factoring an expression, p. 566
simplest form, p. 556 equivalent equations, p. 572
linear expression, p. 562

Review Examples and Exercises

; cee) Algebraic Expressions (pp. 554-559)

a. Identify the terms and like terms in the expression 6y + 9 + 3y — 7.
Rewrite as a sum of terms.
OVG
Oe yc 7)
eee yt at
Perms: Gy, 9), 4ova =i
Like terms: 6y and 3y, 9 and —7

A ert 1
b. Simplify 7y 14 ae 8.

sy+14-Zy-8=Zy+l4+(-2y] + (-8) Rewrite as a sum.

if
= sy4 (-<y| + 14+ (=8) Commutative Property of Addition

ae
3 (—2]
6} |?Jot Ate (=
(—8)8 Distributive Propert
perty

= oY16 Combine like terms.

Exercises
Identify the terms and like terms in the expression.
1. z2+8-4z 2. 3nt+7-n-3 3. 10x? -y+ 12 — 3x?

4a | Simplify the expression.

44 | 4. 4h-8h 5. 647-7 - 2.97
q 3 3 7. 3(2+q)+15
6. =x+19-—x-7
5 20

8. (16m teak Cpe Sbsiteayuear

Chapter Review 589

 182 Adding and Subtracting Linear Expressions (pp. 560-567)
a. Find (5z + 4) + (3z- 6).

BZ
AKoe eat Align like terms vertically and add.
Oa 2
1 1 3
b. Factor —out of —x —-.
4 4 4
; 1
Write each term as a product of F and another factor.

1
—-X=-"*xX
tf 5
SHas =

4 4 4
Se nie : 1
Use the Distributive Property to factor out 7

u
Eee Saawe ee 3)

Exercises
_ Find the sum or difference.
10. (c= 4) + Gc +9) 11. =(d- 10) —=(d+6)
| Factor out the coefficient of the variable.
12. 2b+8 13. ts 14. 1-734 15. —5p
+ 20

“1383) Solving Equations Using Addition or Subtraction (pp. 570-575)

Solve x — 9 =-6.

9 SG Write the equation.

(Undo the subtraction. ee pads ean | Addition Property of Equality

;
x=3 Simplify.

Exercises
Solve the equation. Check your solution.
IG 17. 6+q=1 18. =2 Fj S22 19D = 19 =— 11
reeee | S 7
20. n n+—==
er ae 1:
PP be ‘ ee fj 226 f= ez, Oia
om
23..£+15.2=—45

590 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 Solve == —7,

a
an = i
Write the equation.

sree x
Undo the division. -—> 5 a Sef) Multiplication Property of Equality
i
X= $35 Simplify.

Exercises
Solve the equation. Check your solution.

24, == —8 25. -7=4 26, -2=—= 27, = 2.5

28. 4x = —-8 29. —10 = 2y 30. —5.4Z=—-324 31. -—6.8w=3.4

32. TEMPERATURE The mean temperature change is —3.2°F per day for
5 days. What is the total change over the 5-day period?

Ga5 Solving Two-Step Equations (pp. 582-587)

Solve —6y + 7 = —5. Check your solution.

+0) +5—— ~—D Write the equation.

pati, aaa Subtraction Property of Equality

Ame Lee, Simplify.

ad = = Division Property of Equality

y=2 Simplify.

‘> The solution is y = 2.

Exercises
Solve the equation. Check your solution.
B53 ale tO Oo 34. 3(3w — 4) = —20

‘pee eae 36. —3x-4.6=59

C5 8

37. EROSION The floor of a canyon has an elevation of — 14.5 feet. Erosion causes
the elevation to change by —1.5 feet per year. How many years will it take for
the canyon floor to have an elevation of —31 feet?

Chapter Review 591

 ee eee

13 Chapter Test

Simplify the expression.

AE oak 22 2 OVaie
5 9
32 oS = 20hOn 4. a wag aey

Find the sum or difference.

3 3
5 1S ae) — "2 6. 7 8P +12) + 3 L6P.— 8)

7. (2r— 13) — (—6r+ 4) $2°=2:.5(25 35) =] 84 Ss-5-2)

Factor out the coefficient of the variable.

Ht 5)
9./3n == 24 10 , Sich
dats

Solve the equation. Check your solution.

11. 7x=-3 Pe wee =e 13. == =e
, 3 19
14 ose + 14.5
. = =5.4
. 15 a. 14 == 6c 16. ;
=/% =o - SS

17. HAIR SALON Write an expression in simplest form

that represents the income from w women and m
men getting a haircut and a shampoo.

18. RECORD Arunner is compared with the world record

holder during a race. A negative number means the
runner is ahead of the time of the world record holder. 1 —1.23
A positive number means that the runner is behind 2 0.45
the time of the world record holder. The table 3 0.18
shows the time difference between the runner and 4 2
the world record holder for each lap. What time
difference does the runner need for the fourth lap
to match the world record?

19. GYMNASTICS You lose 0.3 point for stepping out of bounds during a floor
routine. Your final score is 9.124. Write and solve an equation to find your
score before the penalty.

20. PERIMETER The perimeter of the

triangle is 45. Find the value ofx.

592 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 ei ist

13 Standards Assessment
CT ER TRPTRTRE TTR CREP ERTT LEE PORE RETERETTTT

- Which equation represents the word sentence

shown below? (7.EE.4a)
°U are bein
The quotient of a number b and A) wee
0.3 equals negative 10.

A. 0.3b = 10 (ope a
b

fe ain oe ele
0.3 0.3

“Aft r

2. What is the value of the expression relax 4

below when c = 0 and d = —6? (7.NS.2c)
cd =a
4

3. What is the value of the expression below? (7.NS. 1c)

Ore 14)

4. The daily low temperatures last week are shown below.

20= 20= 20= 20= 20=

15 15= 15 = 15= 15=
10= 10= 10= 10= 10=
Se 5= 5 5= 5=
o= o= o= o= 0=
oe 45s “= 5-5 _5=
& oF 4 feds 4 ie it ae ia

What is the mean low temperature of last week? =(7.NS.3)

A. == ei cS 8°F

B. 6°F D. 10°F

Standards Assessment 593

 5. Which equation is equivalent to the equation shown below? = (7.EE.4a)

Leer
4 8 8

E
eee
3
he
3
8
ae 1
8
H. x43 81 = -3.(-2)
3
8
4
3
3} 3 1 1 3 ||
ear ae lL xt+2=—Le|——
£ 4 OMG 8 8 4

6. What is the value of the expression below? = (7.NS.2c)

res =).20,~ —0.07

7. Karina was solving the equation in the box below.

—96 = —6(x — 15)

—~96 = —6x— 90
—96 + 90 = —6x- 90 + 90
—6 = -—6x

oo, pases
—6 —6

1=x

What should Karina do to correct the error that she made? (7.EE.4a)

A. First add 6 to both sides of the equation.

B. First subtract x from both sides of the equation.

C. Distribute the —6 to get 6x — 90.

D: Distribute the —6 to-get —6x + 90:

8. The perimeter of the rectangle is 400 inches. What is the value of j?

(All measurements are in inches.) (7.EE.4a)
4j

Fo H. 140

G. 85 I. 200

594 Chapter 13 Expressions and Equations

 9. Jacob was evaluating the expression below when x = —2 and y=4.

Be ty

His work is in the box below.

3+x?+y=3+4(-22) +4

=3-4+4

What should Jacob do to correct the error that he made? (1IN S53)

A. Divide 3 by 4 before subtracting.

B. Square —2, then divide.

C. Square then divide.

D . Subtract 4 from 3 before dividing.

10. Which number is equivalent to the expression shown below? (7.NS.3)

2) _(-8
4 8

2 one 5) 2
8 x oe

Ge 10 I. 6
3

sha You want to buy the bicycle. You already have $43.50 saved and plan to save
Think an additional $7.25 every week. (7.EE.4a)
Solve
Explain PartA Write and solve anequationtofind _ ,,
the number of weeks you need to :
save before you can purchase
the bicycle.

PartB How much sooner could you

purchase the bicycle if you had
a coupon for $20 off and saved
$8.75 every week? Explain
your reasoning.

Standards Assessment 595

 This is what happens
* dog
en you give a

Be many biscUNUy:

ore dog bis

its, do it2
i cuits,
ith
s slope. Now
66 wi
: eriment with ain an 4 wel comp ar e yo ur rates
Can ie ih ‘upand down the board = ag
1 want yo 10 times.”

And while you're at it, how

about throwing in a couple
of tuna and mouse Flavors!

“Dear Sir: | counted the num

ber of “There were 16 bacon, 12 chee
bacon, cheese, and chicken se, and only
dog biscuits 8 chicken. That’s a ratio of
in the box | bought.” 4:3:2. Please
go back to the original ratio
of EL le
 it... or Possib
ly ProPortion
a(y
idity|

What You
Learned Before
@ Simplifying Fractions (4.N¢.1)
Proportio
he hill. ne
; ae
Example 1 Simplify 3 Example 2 Simplify =
LO aOF 3
Loe

Identifying Equivalent Fractions (4.NF.1)

Example 3 Is ;equivalent to =? Example 4 _ Is 5 equivalent to 2

Bee
|
WetattFe
52213 4
Ih : 13
> —is equivalent to —.
4 52

Solving Equations (6.£e.7)

Example 5 Solve 12x = 168.

12x = 168 Write the equation. 2

fea Division Property of Equality
Simplify.

Try It Yourself
Simplify.
12 15
a) oS
(ee
144 45

Are the fractions equivalent? Explain.

Solve the equation. Check your solution.

10. 0.6 =0.2a 11.
 14.1 Ratios and)Rates,
Essential Question How do rates help you describe
real-life problems?
: Snorkel Rentals|e. {Snorkel Rentals|
The Meaning of a Word @ Rate —[israpertar | |aSperhar |
GREG
HAD
MNSHENAAMYAR
VARY

‘|
aD
SEO
ARNO
REL
M When you rent snorkel gear at the beach,
you should pay attention to the rental rate.
The rental rate is in dollars per hour.

Work with a partner.

a. Match each description with a verbal rate.
b. Match each verbal rate with a numerical rate.
Give a reasonable numerical rate for each description. Then give an
unreasonable rate.

Description Verbal Rate Numerical Rate

Your running rate ina Datla th Fray

100-meter dash ke G

The fertilization rate f

Rie Inches per year a Ib
an apple orchard

The ter
a Meters per second $A
a professional athlete

The average rainfall rate

COMMON in a rain forest oleate Sy
vo sc
LeitS
CORE
Ratios and Rates
In this lesson, you will 2 _ACTIVITY: Simplifying Expressions That Contain Fractions
e find ratios, rates,
and unit rates.
Work with a partner. Describe a situation where the given expression may
e find ratios and rates
nvolinaranod ct apply. Show how you can rewrite each expression as a division problem. Then
fractions. simplify and interpret your result.
Learning Standards l 3 5
7.RP.1 —C ; — c sugar »~ gal
7.RP.3 eee bee ee co :
4 floz 3 3 2
— Sec — c flour — Sec
4 5 3

598 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 Work with a partner. A communications satellite in
orbit travels about 18 miles every 4 seconds.
a. Identify the rate in this problem. ¢
b. Recall that you can use ratio tables to find and F
organize equivalent ratios and rates. Complete eas
the ratio table below.

Time (seconds) |4 8 | 12 16 20 Wi \ Me
Distance (miles) | | .

How can you use a ratio table to find the speed of the satellite in miles
per minute? miles per hour?
How far does the satellite travel in 1 second? Soive this problem
(1) by using a ratio table and (2) by evaluating a quotient.
: Tel ;
How far does the satellite travel in 5 second? Explain your steps.

ACTIVITY:
ACTIVITY
Unit Analysis
Math
Practice Work with a partner. Describe a situation where the product may apply.
View as Then find each product and list the units.
Components
22 mi -
What is the product a. 10 gal x a. b. IT oe C; ssec x OE
of the numbers? a:lb Sec
What is the product 2
of the units? Explain.

What Is Your Answer?

5; IN YOUR OWN WORDS How do rates help you describe real-life
problems? Give two examples.
To estimate the annual salary for a given hourly pay rate, multiply
by 2 and insert “000” at the end.
Sample: $10 per hour is about $20,000 per year.

a. Explain why this works. Assume the

person is working 40 hours a week.
b. Estimate the annual salary for an hourly
pay rate of $8 per hour. | .
You earn $1 millioi: per month. What is “We had someone apply for

TE a a butwill
“$1milion @month,
Why is the cartoon funny? settie for $8 an hour.”

: Use what you discovered about ratios and rates to complete

Practice Exercises 7-10 on page 603.

Section 14.1 Ratios and Rates 599

 .
Key Vocabular
nid -00 y A ratio is a comparison A rate is a ratio of A rate witha
of two quantities using two quantities with denominator of 1 is
rate ee 600
division. differe nt units. rit rate
unitae
rate, p. 600 ie
=e to4e3 4 miles
complex fraction,
p.‘ 607 4 2 hours 1 hour

EXAMPLE | {| __Finding Ratios and Rates

There are 45 males and 60 females in a subway car. The subway car
travels 2.5 miles in 5 minutes.
a. Find the ratio of males to females.

males 45 3
females 60 4

. : ao
::> The ratio of males to females is a

b. Find the speed of the subway car.

2.5mi _ 2.5mi+5 _ 0.5 mi
2.5 miles in 5 minutes =
oie Omnineso, limi

The speed is 0.5 mile per minute.

> ON 2e-8 2 . Finding a Rate from a Ratio Table

The ratio table shows the costs for different amounts of artificial turf.
Find the unit rate in dollars per square foot.

Me
100 ] 400 1600 |

400 | 1600 6400 |

Se ewe
ae
x 4 x 4
Use a ratio from the table to find the unit rate.

cost — $100 . oi
a) went. O64 Use the first ratio in the table.
Remember ™ es 7
~ T#e Simplify.
The abbreviation ft?
means square feet.
So, the unit rate is $4 per square foot.

600 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions 1) Multi-Language Glossary at sigtaeaeatien

 @ 0n Your Own
re €ady 1. In Example 1, find the ratio of females to males.
Exercises 11-24
2. In Example 1, find the ratio of females to total passengers.
3. The ratio table shows the distance that the International
Space Station travels while orbiting Earth. Find the speed
in miles per second.

3 6 9
14.4 28.8 43.2

or ote You may need to simplify poranle® fractions when Andie ratios
and rates.

> ON Je-6 3 _ Finding a Rate froma Graph

The graph shows the speed of a subway car. Find the speed in miles per
minute. Compare the speed to the speed of the subway car in Example 1.

Subway CarSpeed Step 1: Choose and interpret a point on the line.

The point E ;]indicates that the subway car travels

Lee eae ;
— mile in — minute.
4 2

(miles)
Distance Step 2: Find the speed.

Time (minutes) distance traveled _4

elapsed time lee ae
2 ( minutes |

1 ] : :
Sins Rewrite the quotient.
AL
1 ] ae
——@«2=—
4 5 Simplify.
piity

° Peat one ;
‘> The speed of the subway car is A mile per minute.

Because ,mile per minute = 0.5 mile per minute, the speeds

of the two subway cars are the same.

@ 0n Your Own
, 4. Youuse the point (3,13]to find the speed of the subway car. Does
Npbelucre Reag your answer change? Explain your reasoning.
@ Exercise 28

Section 14.1 Ratios and Rates 601

 EXAMPLE (2) MOM erste

You mix cup of yellow paint for every cup of blue paint to make
15 cups of green paint. How much yellow paint and blue paint
r, do you use?

lee H
Practice |J yel ow paint
Method 1:: The ratioio of ofyellow paintis
to blueblue paint
paint to 5~ to
is —to-. ar ratio
Use a
to 7.>.Use
Analyze Givens table to find an equivalent ratio in which the total amount
What information of yellow paint and blue paint is 15 cups.
is given in the
problem? How does | Yellow (cups)
this help youknow
that the ratio table
needs a “total” |
column? Explain. |

So, you use 6 cups of yellow paint and 9 cups of blue paint.

Method 2: Use the fraction of the green paint that is made from
yellow paint and the fraction of the green paint that is

made from blue paint. You use 5cup of yellow paint for
every cup of blue paint, so the fraction of the green paint
that is made from yellow paint is

yellow , | 1
ee ee eeee
PS es 6
[green> 574
Similarly, the fraction of the green paint that is made from
blue paint is

2
3+ SO, you use ee 15 = 6 cups ofyellow paint and =¢15 = 9 cups of
° 2

blue paint.

@ On Your Own
petite Reaay 5. How much yellow paint and blue paint do you use to make 20 cups
Exercises 33 and 34 of green paint?

602 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 14. 1 EXercices
Pai RR asi DRE O89 oe sire
ed

Gg vecatilaaiy and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY How can you tell when a rate is a unit rate?
2. WRITING Why do you think rates are usually written as unit rates?
3. OPEN-ENDED Write a real-life rate that applies to you.

Estimate the unit rate.

4. $74.75 oh ethRS)

‘CAV 1° et eee pee «|:

Practice and Problem Solving
Find the product. List the units.

7. shx= 8. ie 9. ze aoe se M S ig
ile) yD, sec

Write the ratio as a fraction in simplest form.

@ 11. 25 to 45 12. 63:28 13. 35 girls: 15 boys
14. 51 correct: 9 incorrect 15. 16 dogs to 12 cats 16. 2:feer: 4,feet

Find the unit rate.

17. 180 miles in 3 hours 18. 256 miles per 8 gallons 19. $9.60 for 4 pounds
: : 1
20. $4.80 for 6 cans 21. 297 wordsin5.5 minutes 22. 21-meters in 25 hours

Use the ratio table to find the unit rate with the specified units.
® 23. servings per package 24. feet per year

ee ete’ ER
| 27 |405 | 54 ee 72 | 216 | 36 | 504

25. DOWNLOAD At 1:00 p.m., you have 24 megabytes of a movie. At 1:15 P.M., you
have 96 megabytes. What is the download rate in megabytes per minute?

Section 14.1 Ratios and Rates 603

 26. POPULATION In 2007, the U.S. population was 302 million people. In 2012,
it was 314 million. What was the rate of population change per year?
27. PAINTING A painter can paint 350 square feet in 1.25 hours. What is the
painting rate in square feet per hour?
® 28. TICKETS The graph shows the cost of buying i
tickets to a concert.

a. What does the point (4, 122) represent?

b. What is the unit rate?
c. What is the cost of buying 10 tickets?
(dollars)
Cost
29. CRITICAL THINKING Are the two statements
equivalent? Explain your reasoning.
e The ratio ofboys to girls is 2 to 3.
e The ratio of girls to boys is 3 to 2.

30. TENNIS A sports store sells three

different packs of tennis balls.
Which pack is the best buy? tO Re
Explain. i oC
‘] 1)
© Fe Ballss
Jennis
E& 5
S e Jénnis
Balls
“Tennis
Balls
9

31. FLOORING It costs $68 for 16 square feet of flooring. How much does it cost
for 12 square feet of flooring?

32. OIL SPILL An oil spill spreads 25 square meters every =hour.

How much area does the oil spill cover after 2 hours?

® 33. JUICE You mix cup of juice concentrate for every 2 cups
of water to make 18 cups of juice. How much juice
concentrate and water do you use?

34. LANDSCAPING A supplier sells 20pounds of mulch for

every 1;pounds of gravel. The supplier sells 172 pounds

of mulch and gravel combined. How many pounds of
each item does the supplier sell?

35. HEART RATE Your friend’s heart beats 18 times in 15 seconds

when at rest. While running, your friend’s heart beats
25 times in 10 seconds.
a. Find the heart rate in beats per minute at rest and while running.
b. How many more times does your friend’s heart beat in 3 minutes
while running than while at rest?

604 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

36. PRECISION The table shows nutritional
information for three beverages.
a. Which has the most calories Whole milk ; lve
per fluid ounce? Orange juice | 1 pt
b. Which has the least sodium Apple juice 24 floz 351 >)ae lane
per fluid ounce?

37. RESEARCH Fire hydrants are painted one of four different colors to indicate
the rate at which water comes from the hydrant.

a. Use the Internet to find the ranges of the

rates for each color.
b. Research why a firefighter needs to know the
rate at which water comes out of a hydrant.

38. PAINT You mix=cup of red paint for every ~cup of blue paint to

make 12gallons of purple paint.

a. How much red paint and blue paint do you use?

b. You decide that you want to make a lighter purple paint. You make the
new mixture by adding = cup of white paint for every 2cup of red paint
and =cup of blue paint. How much red paint, blue paint, and white paint
do you use to make -gallon of lighter purple paint?

39: iii You and a friend start hiking toward

each other from opposite ends of a 17.5-mile hiking
: ; ; 1 ae
trail. You hike :mile every Fihour. Your friend
: Le.
hikes 2 A miles per hour.

a. Who hikes faster? How much faster?

b. After how many hours do you meet?

c. When you meet, who hiked farther? How much farther?

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Copy and complete the statement using <,>,or =. (Section 12.1)

9 8 ay 10 a2. —© =2
cM A ie 5 | ion 8

43. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which fraction is greater than -+and less than = 8 (Section 12.1)
2

® -si © -=diz ® --

Section 14.1 Ratios and Rates 605

 14.2 Proportions |
i i ie i iii iy i la a a a
2

Essential Question How can proportions help you decide when

things are “fair”?

The Meaning of a Word @ Proportional

When you work toward a goal, your success is usually
proportional to the amount of work you put in.
An equation stating that two ratios are equal is a proportion.

Work with a partner. Tell whether the two ratios are equivalent. If they are
not equivalent, change the next day to make the ratios equivalent. Explain
your reasoning.

a. On the first day, you pay First Day Next Day

$5 for 2 boxes of popcorn. \ j
The next day, you pay $7.50 $5.00 2 $7.50
2 boxes _ 3 boxes
for 3 boxes.

b. On the first day, it takes you First Day Next Day

35hours to drive 175 miles.
a
The next day, it takes you ee i 5h

5 hours to drive 200 miles. 175mi 200 mi

G COMMON c. On the first day, you walk First Day Next Day
; CORE 4 miles and burn 300 calories. \ lip/ a
roportions The next day, you walk
In this lesson, you will 4mi 2 33 ae
e use equivalent ratios to
3:miles and burn 250 calories.
determine whether two
ratios form a proportion.
e use the Cross Products
Property to determine
whether two ratios
form a proportion. d. On the first day, you paint 150 square First Day Next Day
Learning Standard
7.RP.2a ale feet in 2.hours. The next day, you
.
|
150 ft? 2 200 ft?
Orange _ aint 200 square feet in 4 hours. i
‘ To
A ~y ‘ i 2h #8
2
Ng? s
606 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions
 ACTIVITY: Checking a Proportion
Work with a partner.
6
: a dog’spawidrelife is Ar Hey, at least &
a. [tisi said
; that « “one year in Che knows his )
equivalent to seven years in a human's life.” Ne Ss Beene,
Explain why Newton thinks he has ascore_ | : 3
of 105 points. Did he solve the proportion
correctly?
lyear ? 15 points
7 years 105 points

b. If Newton thinks his score is 98 points,

how many points does h 2 “| got 15 on my online test. That’s
Explain sat ae x actually have 105 in dog points! Isn’t that an A+?”

(: Determining Fairness
Work with a partner. Write a ratio for each sentence. Compare the ratios.
Math A
%) |
Pe If they are equal, then the answer is “It is fair.” If they are not equal, then the
Practice © nae at ent
answer is “It is not fair.” Explain your reasoning.
Justify
Conclusions . : a. foe pay $184 for |
& I pay $266 for 3 tickets ee ie nome
ua: ieinanona) 2 tickets to a concert. tothe same concert. _ POU
can you use 2 :
to justify your
eacuSon? b. You get 75 points I get 70 points for
. for answering 15 & answering 14 << Is this fair?
questions correctly. questions correctly.

“You trade 24 football Itrade 20 football

cards for 15 baseball & cards for 32 baseball a> Is this fair?
cards. cards.

What Is Your Answer?

4. Finda recipe for something you like to eat. Then show how two of
the ingredient amounts are proportional when you double or triple
the recipe.
5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can proportions help you decide when
things are “fair”? Give an example.

: Use what you discovered about proportions to complete

caclaeag>” pxercises 15-20 on page 610.

Section 14.2 Proportions 607

14.2 Lesson

Key Vocabulary @)
proportion, p. 608
proportional, p. 608
cross products, p. 609

EXAMPLE | {|

Tell whether ‘and 3 form a proportion.

Compare the ratios in simplest form.

OresO
—_—_- =
se es -¢

ADEA Sete Ee?

The ratios are not equivalent. |
8 = 8+4 2
ye am

. 6 8 :
3° SO, A and iD do not form a proportion.

EXAMPLE ( 7

Tell whether x and y are proportional.

~A\ Compare each ratio x to yin simplest form.

Reading |
L
Two quantities that
6 Mae
op — ie) ale
are proportional are A A
in a proportional The ratios are equivalent.
relationship.
*:+ So, x and yare proportional.

d y Tell whether the ratios form a proportion.

Exercises 5-14” ees > 418 ors 25 15
2 al " 6) 24 wana 20’12

608 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions 1) Multi-Language Glossary at BigideasMathW/com

 Cross Products Property
You can use the
Words The cross products of a proportion are equal.
Multiplication Property
of Equality to show that Numbers Algebra
the cross products are
equal. . A». C

bd res
ees , en

a C
BE = Pe, ad = be,
Sethe where b # 0andd #0

3) ,,dentifying Proportional Relationships

pono eroeenenn signee You swim your first 4 laps in 2.4 minutes. You complete 16 laps in
12 minutes. Is the number of laps proportional to your time?
Method 1: Compare unit rates.
‘et ad + 16
reds 2.4min _ 0.6 min 12min _ 0.75 min
‘ : ’ 4 laps 1 lap 16 laps 1 lap
7 ee ‘
‘
Died i | teas
+4 = IIe
¥
by
R ’
( The unit rates are not equivalent. |
i
hs ic EENELEBINI

Listsdaape is 2 *:+ So, the number oflaps is not proportional to the time.

Method 2: Use the Cross Products Property.

2.4min ? 12 min
Test to see if the rates are equivalent.
4 laps 16 laps
2
2.4°16=4-12 Find the cross products.

38.4 # 48 The cross products are not equal.

-:+ So, the number ofiaps is not proportiona! to the time.

@ On Your Own
Now You’ 6. Youread the first 20 pages of a book in 25 minutes. You
?) pene aa read 36 pages in 45 minutes. Is the number of pages read
proportional to your time?

Section 14.2 Proportions 609

14.2 EXercises

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY What does it mean for two ratios to form a proportion?
2. VOCABULARY What are two ways you can tell that two ratios form
a proportion?
: 5
3. OPEN-ENDED Write two ratios that are equivalent to =

4. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which ratio does not belong with the other
three? Explain your reasoning.

Tell whether x and y are proportional.

@ 13. 1 2 3 4 14. eo 4 6 8
| zz 8 9 10 5 10° Speen
Tell whether the two rates form a proportion.
® 15. 7 inches in 9 hours; 42 inches in 54 hours
16. 12 players from 21 teams; 15 players from 24 teams
17. 440 calories in 4 servings; 300 calories in 3 servings
18. 120 units made in 5 days; 88 units made in 4 days
19. 66 wins in 82 games; 99 wins in 123 games
20. 68 hits in 172 at bats; 43 hits in 123 at bats

21. FITNESS You can do 90 sit-ups in 2 minutes. Your friend can

do 135 sit-ups in 3 minutes. Do these rates form a proportion? Explain.

22. HEART RATES Find the heart rates of

you and your friend. Do these rates
form a proportion? Explain.

610 Chapter 14 Proportions and Variation

Tell whether the ratios forma proportion.

23, Om2, ee
24. 2104
11to
, 25. 230,21
26. PAY RATE You earn $56 walking your neighbor's dog for 8 hours. Your friend
earns $36 painting your neighbor's fence for 4 hours.
a. What is your pay rate?
b. What is your friend’s pay rate?
c. Are the pay rates equivalent? Explain. fae Li
27. GEOMETRY Are the heights and bases of ae =10 a
the two triangles proportional? Explain.

28. BASEBALL A pitcher coming back from

- an injury limits the number of pitches
thrown in bull pen sessions as shown.
a. Which quantities are proportional?
b. How many pitches that are not
curveballs do you think the pitcher

29. NAIL POLISH A specific shade of red nail polish requires 7 parts red
to 2 parts yellow. A mixture contains 35 quarts of red and 8 quarts of
yellow. How can you fix the mixture to make the correct shade of red?
30. COIN COLLECTION The ratio of quarters to dimes in a coin collection is 5:3.
You add the same number of new quarters as dimes to the collection.
a. Is the ratio of quarters to dimes still 5:32
b. Ifso, illustrate your answer with an example. If not, show why with
a “counterexample.”

31. AGE You are 13 years old, and your cousin is 19 years old. As you grow cider,
is your age proportional to your cousin's age? Explain your reasoning.

32. eile Ratio A is equivalent to Ratio B. Ratio B is equivalent to Ratio C.

Is Ratio A equivalent to Ratio C? Explain.

fair Game REVIEW What you learned in previous grades & lessons
Add or subtract. (Section 11.2 and Section 11.3)
34, —64 ©i) 35.5 1036 36) li weacea i)
33. —28+ 15

k)
37. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which fraction is not equivalent to =% (Skills Review Handboo

ee & @ee @y =
26 12 9

Section 14.2 Proportions 611

Extension
14.2 GrapinD proportion ReIaHONSHIPS

Time, x Height, y
(seconds) (meters)

eed
+ NR

(meters)
Height

°% 1 23°45
6 7 8 omMoit i24ae
Time (seconds)

The structure in the ratio table shows why the graph has a constant rate of
change. You can use the constant rate of change to show that the graph
passes through the origin. The graph of every proportional relationship is a
line through the origin.

EXAMPLE Determining Whether Two Quantities Are Proportional

Use a graph to tell whether x and y are in a proportional relationship.

Plot (2, 6), (4, 8), and (6, 10). PlotsGy2); (2; 4), and (G6):
Draw a line through the points. Draw a line through the points.

COMMON
CORE
Proportions
In this extension, you will
@ use graphs to determine
whether two ratios form
a proportion.
interpret graphs of
proportional relationships.
Learning Standards The graph is a line that does The graph is a line that passes
7.RP.2a ae
7.RP.2b not pass through the origin. through the origin.
7.RP.2d + So, xandyare notina + So,xandyareina
proportional relationship. proportional relationship.

@ Practice
Use a graph to tell whether x and y are in a proportional relationship.

612 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 PON e- 2 Interpreting the Graph of a Proportional Relationship
The graph shows that the distance "Curiosity Rover atTopSpeed
traveled by the Mars rover Curiosity is
proportional to the time traveled.
Interpret each plotted point in the graph.

(0, 0): The rover travels 0 inches

in 0 seconds. (inches)
Distance
Ors
HU
NW
OX
(1, 1.5): The rover travels 1.5 inches Deo) 34 5.6 7x
in 1 second. So, the unit Time (seconds)
rate is 1.5 inches per second.
In the graph of a
proportional (3, 4.5): The rover travels 4.5 inches in 3 seconds. Because the relationship
relationship, you can is proportional, you can also use this point to find the unit rate.
find the unit rate from
the point (1,y). ASS ins 105 3n
; ; , or 1.5 inches per second
sec sec

@ Practice
Interpret each plotted point in the graph of the proportional relationship.
3. aaa ESE aa
y
40
-_-
¢ peer)
& =
=5 o® 30
sx = 25
~

) S20} —
‘e ‘®
a5
15+(0, /
© 10
Lu

tonne SacGe ex
Hours worked Seconds

Tell whether x and y are in a proportional relationship. If so, find the unit rate.
D: x (hours). ata. 20 6. Let ybe the temperature x hours after
i midnight. The temperature is 60°F at
50 1
midnight and decreases 2°F every 5 hour.

7. REASONING The graph of a proportional relationship passes through (12, 16)

and (1, y). Findy.
8. MOVIE RENTAL You pay $1 to rent a movie plus an additional $0.50 per day until
you return the movie. Your friend pays $1.25 per day to rent a movie.
a. Make tables showing the costs to rent a movie up to 5 days.
b. Which person pays an amount proportional to the number of days rented?

Extension 14.2 Graphing Proportional Relationships 613

 14:3 Writing) Proportions:

Essential Qui 2stion How can you write a proportion that solves a
problem in real life?

ACTIVITY: Writing Proportions

Work with a partner. A rough rule for finding
the correct bat length is “the bat length should
be half of the batter’s height.” So, a 62-inch-tall
batter uses a bat that is 31 inches long. Write a
proportion to find the bat length for each given
batter height.
a. 58 inches
b. 60 inches
c. 64 inches

Work with a partner. Here is a more accurate table for determining the bat
length for a batter. Find all the batter heights and corresponding weights for
which the rough rule in Activity 1 is exact.

. COMMON
CORE
Proportions
In this lesson, you will
@ write proportions.
e solve proportions
using mental math.
Learning Standards
7.RP.2c
7.RP.3

614 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 Work with a partner. The batting average of a baseball player is the number of
Math “hits” divided by the number of “at bats.”
Practice
Evaluate hits (H)
Results batting average =
at bats (A)
How do you know
if your results
are reasonable? A player whose batting average is 0.250 is said to be “batting 250.”
Explain.

~20 hits 250 hits (Batting 250

= <
y 80 at bats _ 1000 at bats out of 1000 |
Actual at bats

(Battin average
(Batting average|

Write a proportion to find how many hits H a player needs to achieve the
given batting average. Then solve the proportion.
a. 50 times at bat; batting average is 0.200.
b. 84 times at bat; batting average is 0.250.
c. 80 times at bat; batting average is 0.350.
d 1 time at bat; batting average is 1.000.

What Is Your Answer?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you write a proportion that solves
a problem in real life?
5. Two players have the same batting average.

Player 1 gets four hits in the next five at bats. Player 2 gets three hits
in the next three at bats.
a. Who has the higher batting average?
b. Does this seem fair? Explain your reasoning.

Use what you discovered about proportions to complete

Exercises 4-7 on page 618.

Section 14.3 Writing Proportions 615

 KASS

One way to write a proportion is to use a table.

2 ringtones 3 ringtones
6 dollars $4 dollars “

Use the columns or the rows to write a proportion.

Use columns:

‘ : Numerators have the same units.

2 ringtones _ 3 ringtones
ll dollars i ‘
Coe = Denominators have the same units.

Use rows:

2ringtones _ 6 dollars

ene Eonar The units are the same on

t f each side of the proportion.

EXAMPLE | { Writing a Proportion

A chef increases the amounts of ingredients in a recipe to make
Black Bean Soup a proportional recipe. The new recipe has 6 cups of black beans.
1.5 cups black beans Write a proportion that gives the number x of tomatoes in the
0.5 cup salsa new recipe.
2 cups water
1 tomato Organize the information in a table.
2 teaspoons seasoning

I tomato x tomatoes

:> One proportion is 1.5 cups beans _ 6 cups beans

1 tomato x tomatoes ©

@ On Your Own
Now.You're Reag 1. Write a different proportion that gives the number x of
ENErCeee eat tile tomatoes in the new recipe.
2. Write a proportion that gives the amount y of water in
the new recipe.

616 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 PON a= 2) . Solving Proportions Using Mental Math

Solve 2 =
a 36

Step 1: Think: The product of 2 Step 2: Because the product of

and what number is 8? 2 and 4 is 8, multiply the
numerator by 4 to find x.
SkAand2
cM

aoe ees
ae 7
2X lca 2x4=8

*t- The solution is x = 12.

> eV i2e-8 3 _ Solving Proportions Using Mental Math

In Example 1, how many tomatoes are in the new recipe?

156 cups black beans

# Fonte
Solve the proportion

Step 1: Think: The product of Step 2: Because the product of

1.5 and what number is 62 1.5 and 4 is 6, multiply the
denominator by 4 to find x.
oo 0 15x4=6
i, fo™
15 _ 6 15 _6
] x 1 %
SS
1x4=4

-:> So, there are 4 tomatoes in the new recipe.

re Solve the proportion.

* ay
Exercises 16-21 5 _ 20 A A. 5 ees
S98 eae z 8

A school has 950 students. The ratio of female students to

all students is = Write and solve a proportion to find the

number fofstudents who are female.

Section 14.3 Writing Proportions 617

 14.3 Exercises

GmVocabulary and Concept Check

. WRITING Describe two ways you can use a table to write a proportion.

2. WRITING What is your first step when solving = - = Explain.

3. OPEN-ENDED Write a proportion using an unknown value x and the

ratio 5:6. Then solve it.

Practice and Problem Solving

Write a proportion to find how many points a student needs to score on the test to get
the given score.
4. test worth 50 points; test score of 40% 5. test worth 50 points; test score of 78%
6. test worth 80 points; test score of 80% 7. test worth 150 points; test score of 96%

Use the table to write a proportion.

O« 12
emmy 18 |
°
10.

12.

13. T-SHIRTS You can buy 3 T-shirts for $24. Write a proportion that gives the cost
c of buying 7 T-shirts.
14, COMPUTERS A school requires 2 computers for every 5 students. Write
a proportion that gives the number c of computers needed for 145 students.
15. SWIM TEAM The school team has 80 swimmers. The ratio of seventh-grade
swimmers to all swimmers is 5:16. Write a proportion that gives the
number s of seventh-grade swimmers.

618 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 Solve the proportion.
1 Z
@@ 16. -=-4 7 19s
A f 4 aay, i an
1
19, 2=2 20, 2 =5 Oy pee
6 a) PLAS gees

22. ORCHESTRA In an orchestra, the ratio of trombones to violas is 1 to 3.

a. There are 9 violas. Write a proportion that gives the number ¢of
trombones in the orchestra.
b. How many trombones are in the orchestra?

23. ATLANTIS Your science teacher has a 1 : 200 scale model of the space shuttle
Atlantis. Which of the proportions can you use to find the actual length x of
Atlantis? Explain.

19.5cm

24. YOU BE THE TEACHER Your friend says “48x = 6 « 12.”

Is your friend right? Explain.

25; There are 180 white lockers in the school. There are
3 white lockers for every 5 blue lockers. How many lockers are
in the school?

cs fair Game Review what you iearned in previous grades & lessons
Solve the equation. (Section 13.4)

26. ;=25 27. 8x =72 28. 150 = 2x 29. 35= 7

30. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of -< + | — 25%

-= | (Section 12.3)

3 3
aon
a
agi
7
masientt ae
® 950 © 20 ® 20
cy on
NS ee

Section 14.3 Writing Proportions 619

 {ETRE

You can use an information wheel to organize information about a concept.

Here is an example of an information wheel for ratio.

On Your Own
Make information wheels to help you
study these topics.
1. rate ( karate classes.
A sSatn | ~~
2_ eharicrehus

3 . proportion
4. cross products
’ <= . \

5 . graphing proportional relationships ff : oN

=~
~~ .
After you complete this chapter, make A
information wheels for the following topics.
6. solving proportions
7. slope “My information wheel summarizes how
cats act when they get baths.”
8. direct variation

620 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

14.1-14.3 Quiz
Progress C nec
Write the ratio as a fraction in simplest form. (Section 14.1) BildeasMath

1. 18 red buttons: 12 blue buttons 2. ;inches to 4 inch

3

Use the ratio table to find the unit rate with the specified units. (Section 14.1)
3. cost per song 4. ganols Reouesisi
Songs ae gM pho ATG a 9 12
$0 | $1.98 | $3.96 | $5.94 Fie WM eR ua 2

Tell whether the ratios form a proportion. (Section 14.2)

5 14 2 10 7, 728
Gea2 330 4’ 16
Tell whether the two rates form a proportion. (Section 14.2)
8. 75 miles in 3 hours; 140 miles in 4 hours

9. 12 gallons in 4 minutes; 21 gallons in 7 minutes

10. 150 steps in 50 feet; 72 steps in 24 feet

11. 3 rotations in 675 days; 2 rotations in 730 days

Use the table to write a proportion. (Section 14.3)

12: 13%

14. MUSIC DOWNLOAD The amount of time

needed to download music is shown in ‘Seconds 6 le 18 24
the table. Find the unit rate in megabytes “Megabytes - 2 4 6 8
per second. (Section 14.1) -

15. SOUND The graph shows the distance that sound travels ——
through steel. Interpret each plotted point in the graph of
the proportional relationship. (Section 14.2)

16. GAMING You advance 3 levels in 15 minutes. Your friend

advances 5 levels in 20 minutes. Do these rates form a
proportion? Explain. (Section 14.2) (km)
Distance

17. CLASS TIME You spend 150 minutes in 3 classes. Write and a et
solve a proportion to find how many minutes you spend in Danica nye
Time (seconds)
5 classes. (Section 14.3)

Sections 14.1-14.3 Quiz 621

 14.4 Solving Proportions
pee eR SS aE aE EINE at SS eins SS aa RS RSS

Essential Question How can you use ratio tables and cross
products to solve proportions?

VITY: Solving a Proportion in Science

Work with a partner. You can use ratio tables to determine the amount
of a compound (like salt) that is dissolved in a solution. Determine the
unknown quantity. Explain your procedure.
a. Salt Water

rer Write proportion. —— ————

1 liter 3 liters

rae 2 pda Set cross products equal.

at = a Simplify.

“s+ There are an grams of salt in the 3-liter solution.

b. White Glue Solution

Vy cup | lcup | i ee ’

RecipeforstJME.
Vo cup x cups |
| 1. Add V2 cuppotwater ii
and V2 cup white alu .
Mix thoroughly. This is
c. Borax Solution | your white glue solution.
65) COMMON
CORE ltsp | 2tsp 2. Add a couple dropsoffoo
Proportions coloring to the whitegl
lcup | x cups
In this lesson, you will solution. Me thofel
e solve proportions using
multiplication or the ii 3. Add | teaspoon arid ihe 1 |
Cross Products Property. d. Slime (See recipe.) ean of water. Mix thoroug . . ug ie
e use ee ;graph your borax solution
refo e y
to write and solve i
proportions. VD) cup 1 cup 4Pour the borax solu nanZ| hi1
Learning Standards —-—— glue eng a 6eth
arate bo
| ait
lbs ycups | xcups | (i 6.ara sta thalfe int :
.
eeplastic bas d ig nixture

tify aee atedl‘om

fs i f i)

622 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 ACTIVITY: The Game of Criss Cross
CRISS CROSS
Math LS >) Pp reparation
i MS t

Practice G e Cut index cards to make 48 playing cards.

Use Operations e Write each number on a card. ——
How can you use : Mina...
the name of the ' bet ee, 2, Or nO Nae ed, ORG) OPO ers
game to determine
which operation 1, BF 020 9) 9e9 10/10 LONI 2, 13,113.
to use? DS PAA yl 515716, 16 e168 520' 25

e Make a copy of the game board.

To Play:
e Play with a partner.
e Deal eight cards to each player.
e Begin by drawing a card from the remaining cards. Use four of your cards
to try to form a proportion.
e Lay the four cards on the game board. If you form a proportion, then say
“Criss Cross.” You earn 4 points. Place the four cards in a discard pile. Now
it is your partner's turn.
e Ifyou cannot form a proportion, then it is your partner’s turn.
e When the original pile of cards is empty, shuffle the cards in the discard
pile. Start again.
e The first player to reach 20 points wins.

What Is Your Ans: BeNG)

Ne dl |J J @)d

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS Howcan you use ratio tables and cross
products to solve proportions? Give an example.

[£2] fe)[4][2]fo
4. PUZZLE Use each number once to form three proportions.

hs}(5Bs][2][2][=
: Use what you discovered about solving proportions to complete
Practice Exercises 10-13 on page 626.

Section 14.4 Solving Proportions 623

14.4 Lesson

@° Key Idea
Solving Proportions
Method 1 Use mental math. (Section 14.3)

Method 2. Use the Multiplication Property of Equality. (Section 14.4)

Method 3 Use the Cross Products Property. (Section 14.4)

> [16-8 1 Solving Proportions Using, Multiplication

Solve? ==.
21

5 X: .
—=— Write the proportion.
i PAl

218 == 21> a Multiplication Property of Equality

15=x Simplify.

‘+ The solution is 15.

@ 0n Your Own
, Use multiplication to solve the proportion.
NOWeMOU're Rea
@ Exercises 4—9 . w_ 6 Vee
—=-— 2. —=— 3. =-=-
Go 6 4

PON a= 2) Solving Proportions Using the Cross Products Property

Solve each proportion.

Se JieS
a. =~ = — ———
8 10 D Ve lz
Cross
x9 101818 7 Products Property Sa PR 8)

10x = 56 Multiply. 153 = 3y

c= 0.0 Divide. Sl =y

*+ The solution is 5.6. :}+ The solution is 51.

624 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 f By, Use the Cross Products Property to solve the proportion.
Exercises 10-21
ripe Soe
2 BG
te 28
Shape ee Cumebetbiys, Uo6
5 y z+1

EXAMPLE (2) Real-Life Application

ttopitidviecie.
a turnpike for driving x miles. Your aa
toll is $7.50. How many kilometers _(200, 15)
did you drive? |
The point (100, 7.5) on the graph
shows that the toll is $7.50 for (dollars)
Toll
driving 100 miles. Convert 100 miles
to kilometers.
Distance (miles)

Method 1: Convert using a ratio.

y (1 mi ~ 1.61 km
A
)
1.61 km
100 mai =) ol Ki
1 ei

So, you drove about 161 kilometers.

Method 2: Convert using a proportion.

Let x be the number of kilometers equivalent to 100 miles.

kilometers | . «<_| kilometers |

[kilometers B61 =~ ~\seseeee Write a proportion. Use 1.61 km ~ 1 mi.
| miles F~ I yee a miles )

1.61+°*100=1+x Cross Products Property

161=x Simplify.

“+ So, you drove about 161 kilometers.

@ 0n Your Own
Le Regd Write and solve a proportion to complete the statement. Round to the
@ Exercises 28-30” nearest hundredth, if necessary.
1. (eine lite cm 8.
9, 2L~ Bat 10.

Section 14.4 Solving Proportions 625

14.4 Exercises

GvVocabulary and Concept Check

. WRITING What are three ways you can solve a proportion?

2. OPEN-ENDED Which way would you choose to solve or

> =
Explain your reasoning.
>
3. NUMBER SENSE Does 7= = have the same solution as 2 = ae

Use the Cross Products Property to explain your answer.

4) Gora elie) rap ee

pa 20 15 3 4 24

eee Giese 9 YM
oon a2 16 4 90354

Use the Cross Products Property to solve the proportion

@ 10. 64-22 Hh fiweek (oe

4 14
Eb Tawoe
oS

eee
42 r
Ey oe
10 +64
Geos”
pode ante
eee
fe bs

(gee
4 36
19g
167 12
20, ee
Carls
73 es
1.8 k

22. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error

in solving the proportion rae ire
m_ 15 lie
B®
Ve
24
&*m= 24°15
m= 45

23. PENS Forty-eight pens are packaged in 4 boxes.

How many pens are packaged in 9 boxes?
24. PIZZA PARTY How much does it cost to buy 10 medium pizzas?

626 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 Write and solve a proportion to complete the statement. Round to the
nearest hundredth if necessary.
© 28. 6km~
7 mi 29. 30. 90lb~!
| kg
31. TRUE OR FALSE? Tell whether the statement is true or false. Explain.

32. CLASS TRIP It costs $95 for 20 students to visit an aquarium. How much does
it cost for 162 students?
oS Biman tae 33. GRAVITY A person who weighs 120 pounds on
Earth weighs 20 pounds on the Moon. How much
does a 93-pound person weigh on the Moon?

34. HAIR The length of human hair is proportional

to the number of months it has grown.
(inches)
Length
Omi a 45 6 7 8 x a. What is the hair length in centimeters after 6 months?
Time (months) b. How long does it take hair to grow 8 inches?
c. Use a different method than the one in part (b)
to find how long it takes hair to grow 20 inches.

35. SWING SET It takes 6 hours for 2 people to build a swing set. Can you use the
proportion -- Bto determine the number of hours h it will take 5 people to
build the swing set? Explain.

36. REASONING There are 144 people in an audience. The ratio of

adults to children is 5 to 3. How many are adults?

37. PROBLEM SOLVING Three pounds of lawn seed covers 1800 square
feet. How many bags are needed to cover 8400 square feet?

: ; ] fine
38. Be Consider the proportions = as and ae
i ro)

What is the ratio i Explain your reasoning.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Plot the ordered pair in a coordinate plane. (Section 6.5)

39: A(=5, 2) 40. B(—3, 0) Al. .C(-1,2} 42. DU,4)

43. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of (3w — 8) — 4(2w + 3)? (Section 13.2)

(B) -5w-5 © -5wt+4 ©) —5w— 20

Section 14.4 Solving Proportions 627

 14.5 Slope

5S ential Qu estion~
How can you compare two rates graphically?

Work with a partner. The table shows the maximum speeds of several animals.
a. Find the missing speeds. Round your answers to the nearest tenth.
b. Which animal is fastest? Which animal is slowest?

|
c. Explain how you convert between the two units of speed.

Antelope ) 61.0
Black mamba snake FatesBs
Cheetah 102.6
Chicken 13.2
Coyote tg 43.0
Domestic pig \. es a 16.0
Elephant Po eis 36.6
66.0
Giant tortoise

Giraffe
61.6
Greyhound ee.
44.0
41.0

COMMON Hyena 40.0

CORE Jackal 6 ea 35.0
Lion a 73.3
Peregrine falcon ‘J
a i)=)So oO
- we

Quarter horse if=] o1

Spider 7d,
ry i
Togs,
Squirrel
Thomson's gazelle ae
ie
Three-toed sloth 0.2
Tuna
e

628 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 Work with a partner. A cheetah and a Thomson's gazelle run at
Math
maximum speed.
Practice
Apply a. Use the table in Activity 1 to calculate the missing distances.
Mathematics
How can you use
the graph to
determine which
animal has the
greater speed?

oO
||
|
|G
fb
Ory
NO}

Use the table to write ordered

pairs. Then plot the ordered
pairs and connect the points
for each animal. What do you
notice about the graphs?

C. Which graph is steeper?

The speed of which animal
is greater? (feet)
Distance

2 3 4 5
Time (seconds)

What Is Your Answe ~ &

1

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you compare two rates graphically?
Explain your reasoning. Give some examples with your answer.
REPEATED REASONING Choose 10 animals from Activity 1.

a. Make a table for each animal similar to the table in Activity 2.

b. Sketch a graph of the distances for each animal.
Cc. Compare the steepness of the 10 graphs. What can you conclude?

Section 14.5 Slope 629

 Key Vocabulary m@)
slope, p. 630
@° Key Idea
Slope
Slope is the rate of change between any
two points on a line. It is a measure of
the steepness of a line.
The slope of a line
the same between
two points on the
Is
any
line
| To find the slope of a line, find the ratio
of the change in y (vertical change) to
because lines have a the change in x (horizontal change).
constant rate
slope = change Hu}y
of change.
=
change in x

EXAMPLE (%) Pegncihitmy tyves

Find the slope of each line.

slope = change in y Blane change in y

change in x P change in x

ee soe
3 Cneee
3 eA : As«
-:> The slope of the line is = ::> The slope of the line is >

@ On Your Own
pentacter Reaay Find the slope of the line.
Exercises 4-9

630 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions 1@) Multi-Language Glossary at aatdaauneen

 PON e- 2) . Interpreting
a Slope :
The table shows your earnings for babysitting.
a. Graph the data.
b. Find and interpret the slope of the line through the points.

a. Graph the data. Draw a line through the points.

ee ee b. Choose any two points to find the slope of the line.
‘| Tl.) slope = change iii y
change in x

:
(dollars)
Earnings
* Cas
II on
Amc
wey 8910 x
Hours
The slope of the line represents the unit rate.
The slope is 5. So, you earn $5 per hour babysitting.

NoWeYOu're Read 3. In Example 2, use two other points to find the slope.
O Exercises me
10 and 11
Does the slope change?
4. The graph shows the amounts you and your friend
earn babysitting.

Earnings
(dollars)
oe
OUmnrZenSeeas
15416) )6/5 (8 9) 10%
Hours

a. Compare the steepness of the lines. What does this

mean in the context of the problem?
b. Find and interpret the slope of the blue line.

Section 14.5 Slope 631

14.5 Exercises

GF Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY Is there a connection between rate and
slope? Explain.
2. REASONING Which line has the greatest slope?
3. REASONING Is it more difficult to run up a ramp with
a slope of -or aramp with a slope of 5? Explain.

Graph the data. Then find and interpret the slope of the line through the points.
® 10. 3 5 ve 9 11. S) 10 15 20
135 | 225 | 315 | 405 16255 329 | 487.5)1 6501)

12. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

the error in finding the slope of the line
passing through (0, 0) and (4, 5).

632 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 a
Graph the line that passes through the two points. Then find the slope of the line.

16. CAMPING The graph shows the amount

ee | Camere, en ee
of money you and a friend are saving for
a Camping trip. z
o
a. Compare the steepness of the lines. 6
. ; ao)
What does this mean in the context —
of the problem? a>
b. Find the slope of each line. a
How much more money does your pemmeNalsh6. 78 9 10%
friend save each week than you? Weeks
d. The camping trip costs $165. How long
will it take you to save enough money?
17. MAPS An atlas contains a map of Ohio. The table shows data from the key
on the map.

20 30 | 40
50 | 75 |. 100
a. Graph the data.
b. Find the slope of the line. What does this mean
in the context of the problem?
c. The map distance between Toledo and Columbus is
48 millimeters. What is the actual distance?
d. Cincinnati is about 225 miles from Cleveland. What
is the distance between these cities on the map?
18. CRITICAL THINKING What is the slope of a line that passes through
the points (2, 0) and (5, 0)? Explain.

19: A line has a slope of2. It passes through the points (1, 2)
and (3, y). What is the value of y?¢

> 5 e
& fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Multiply. (Section 12.4)

20. aayseks!oe Se1 |a |

21. 15x -2-1 | :;
22. ,-2=x/-1=

23. MULTIPLE CHOICE You have 18 stamps from Mexico in your stamp collection.
These stamps represent =of your collection. The rest of the stamps are from the
United States. How many stamps are from the United States? (Section 13.4)
@ 12 (B) 24 (o> 30 @) 48

Section 14.5 Slope 633

 14.6 Direct Variation

(
Essential Question How can you use a graph to show the
relationship between two quantities that vary directly? How can you use
an equation?

DARL
SU
ra
atGi
SLUSU
Ri

Waren
ete

Gulliver's Travels was written by Jonathan Swift and published in 1726. Gulliver
was shipwrecked on the island Lilliput, where the people were only 6 inches tall.
When the Lilliputians decided to make a shirt for Gulliver, a Lilliputian tailor
stated that he could determine Gulliver’s measurements by simply measuring
the distance around Gulliver’s thumb. He said “Twice around the thumb equals
COMMON once around the wrist. Twice around the wrist is once around the neck. Twice
CORE around the neck is once around the waist.”
Direct Variation
Work with a partner. Use the tailor’s statement to complete the table.
In this lesson, you will
e identify direct variation
from graphs or equations.
e use direct variation models
to solve problems.
Learning Standards
7.RP.2a 1
1
7.RP.2b |
|
7.RP.2c

Ce
7.RP.2d

634 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 ACTIVITY: Drawing a Graph

Work with a partner. Use the information from Activity 1 e

a. In your own words, describe the relationship between

tand w.
b. Use the table to write the ordered pairs (¢, w). Then
plot the ordered pairs.
c. What do you notice about the graph of the ordered
pairs?
d. Choose two points and find the slope of the line
between them.
e. The quantities ¢and ware said to vary directly. An
equation that describes the relationship is

w = er.

Drawing a Graph and Writing an Equation

Math (FP Work with a partner. Use the information from Activity 1 to draw a graph of
e Ps the relationship. Write an equation that describes the relationship between
Practice #2
the two quantities.
Label Axes tae
How do you know a. Thumb ¢and neckn (n= (ee t)
which labels to | : :
noetontieaxcs?) 1 b. Wrist w and waist x (x = eat W)
Explain. Wrist w and thumb t (t= is W)
mn. a9 Waistxandwristw (w= [ill
What Is Your Answer?
4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS Howcan you use a graph to show the
relationship between two quantities that vary directly?
How can you use an equation?

5. STRUCTURE Howare all the graphs in Activity 3 alike?

6. Give a real-life example of two variables that vary directly.

7. Work with a partner. Use string to find the distance
around your thumb, wrist, and neck. Do your
measurements agree with the tailor’s statement in
Gulliver’s Travels? Explain your reasoning.

: Use what you learned about quantities that vary directly to

) Practice complete Exercises 4 and 5 on page 638.

Section 14.6 Direct Variation 635

14.6 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials , /4
BigIdeasMath

Key Vocabulary 0@) G° Key Idea

direct variation, ; iaaiee
p. 636 Direct Variation
constant of Words Two quantities x and y show direct
proportionality, variation when y = kx, where kis a
p. 636 number and k Zs 0. The ae iis
called the constant of proportion
Graph The graph ofy = kxisaline witha aope
of k that passes through the origin. So,
two quantities that show direct variation
are in a proportional relationship.

>eNN Je 4 Identifying Direct Variation

Tell whether x and y show direct variation. Explain your reasoning.

“Molels|.|/°
° b.

HR a | \

ait 0 a 4 0 | 2 ids: ih 6 hi

Plot the points. Draw a line Plot the points. Draw a line
‘Study Tip = through the points. through the points.

Other ways to say that

x and y show direct
variation are “y varies }\
\
directly with x” and
\

“x and y are directly

proportional.”

‘+ The line does not pass *:+ The line passes through
through the origin. So, x and y the origin. So, x and y
do not show direct variation. show direct variation.

DON 2a 2 _ Identifying Direct Variation

Tell whether x and y show direct variation. Explain your reasoning.

a. yt+1l=2x b. syax

y=2x—1 Solve fory. y= 2x Solve for y.

-:+ The equation cannot be :t+ The equation can be

written as y = kx. So, x and y written as y = kx. So, x and
do not show direct variation. y show direct variation.

636 Chapter 14 — Ratios and Proportions 1) Multi-Language Glossary at BiatdecsMathiVom

 @ On Your Own
uy Tell whether x and y show direct variation. Explain your reasoning.

ea
,

pr eres bees ve
>
ee
nV Sen fer ae he -]
ee ae eet iat elle:
3 a ay ATG i oye

1
4. xy=3 5 ae) 62) Vlas

SONU TE-E 3) Real-Life Application _

The table shows the area y (in square
feet) that a robotic vacuum cleans in
x minutes.
a. Graph the data. Tell whether x and y 9
are directly proportional. v
©

Graph the data. Draw a line through os

the points. S
; <
::« The graph is a line through the
origin. So, x and y are directly
proportional. He Time (minutes)

b. Write an equation that represents

the line.
Choose any two points to find the slope ofthe line.
change iny _ 16 _ 16
slope =
P change in x ]

-:> The slope ofthe line is the constant of proportionality, k.

So, an equation of the line is y = 16x.

c. Use the equation to find the area cleaned in 10 minutes.

y = 16x Write the equation.

= 16(10) Substitute 10 forx.

= 160 Multiply.

“t+ So, the vacuum cleans 160 square feet in 10 minutes.

@ On Your Own
f 7. WHAT IF? The battery weakens and the robot begins
© Exercise 19 ” cleaning less and less area each minute. Do x and y show
direct variation? Explain.

Section 14.6 Direct Variation 637

 Exercises a
14.6
Help with Homewor
TTT
ee e ceremercrrnarr BigideasMath

GS Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY What does it mean for x and y to vary directly?
2. WRITING What point is on the graph of every direct variation equation?
3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

Do x and y show direct variation? ©

Are x and yin a proportional relationship?

Is the graph of the relationship a line?

Does y vary directly with x?

Practice and Problem Solving

Graph the ordered pairs in a coordinate plane. Do you think that graph shows
that the quantities vary directly? Explain your reasoning.
4. (1) Salt (0, 0), (ss 1); (2, 72) a: (A: m2) (225 0), (0, 2) (2; 4)

Tell whether x and y show direct variation. Explain your reasoning. If so, find k.

@ «6. Mii 2i| sis le oo eal da las

| PRR: re ee
8.
W -2 -1/ 0

@ 10. y-x=4 11. x= Zy 12. y+3=x+6 135 7-5

— 2%

14. x-y=0 15. 7=2 16. 8=xy 17.1 x? =y

18. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

the error in telling whether x and y show The graph is a ; |
direct variation. line, so it shows |
direct variation.
® 19. RECYCLING The table shows the profity
for recycling x pounds of aluminum.
Graph the data. Tell whether x and y Aluminum (Ib),x 10 20 30 40
show direct variation. If so, write an
equation that represents the line. Ponty 2) $4.50 $9.00 $13.50 $18.00

638 Chapter 14 —_— Ratios and Proportions |

The warlables x and y vary directly. Use the values to find the consta
nt
of proportionality. Then write an equation that relates x and y.
PAS Day es eae 21. y=20;x=12 22. y= 45;x = 40

23. MEASUREMENT Write a direct variation equation

that relates x inches to y centimeters.

24. MODELING Design a waterskiing ramp. Show how

you can use direct variation to plan the heights
of the vertical supports. Vertical supports

pes Soe iets emer 25. REASONING Use y = kx to show why the graph
: ; | of a proportional relationship always passes
through the origin.

26. TICKETS The graph shows the cost of

buying concert tickets. Tell whether x and y
(dollars)
Cost show direct variation. If so, find and interpret
the constant of proportionality. Then write an
07 2S 4A 5 6 We WOOF
equation and find the cost of 14 tickets.
Tickets

27. CELL PHONE PLANS Tell whetherx andy 500 700 900 1200.
show direct variation. If so, write an a a ee eaten

equation of direct variation. Ml s40 | $50 |$60 |$75 |

28. CHLORINE The amount of chlorine in a swimming pool
varies directly with the volume of water. The pool has
2.5 milligrams of chlorine per liter of water. How
much chlorine is in the pool?

29: sraitiiats Is the graph of every direct variation

equation a line? Does the graph of every line represent
a direct variation equation? Explain your reasoning.

fair Game REVIEW what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Write the fraction as adecimal. (Section 12.1)

13
aT Fe Bn=
9
B20es cep ee
25
34, MULTIPLE CHOICE Which rate is not equivalent to 180 feet per
8 seconds? (Section 14.1)
® Boa tt B) 45 ft © (Dee
2 sec 6 sec 1 sec
10 sec

Section 14.6 Direct Variation 639

 ‘4
spb BRS a USESSIREREESE UALR EAD Ea ac BOOI EEEACLE LE OETA NEE ,
ET SNR AEES |
Solve the proportion. (Section 14.4)
3 Di
7
ple42
ah. ge
=AWW ;
n 48 2 i 6 iil %

(Section 14.5)

Graph the data. Then find and interpret the slope of the line through the points.
(Section 14.5)

Tell whether x and y show direct variation. Explain your reasoning. (Section 14.6)

Savio Oe 9. x= 7y

10. CONCERT A benefit concert with three performers lasts 8 hours. At this rate,
how many hours is a concert with four performers? (Section 14.4)

11. LAWN MOWING The graph shows how much you and your friend each earn
mowing lawns. (Section 14.5)

/ Lawn Mowing a. Compare the steepness of the lines. What

does this mean in the context of the
problem?
b. Find and interpret the slope of each line.
c. How much more money do you earn per
hour than your friend?
(dollars)
Earnings

12. PIE SALE The table shows the profits of a pie sale. Tell
whether x and y show direct variation. If so, write the
equation of direct variation. (Section 14.6)

ee eae” Mn
Wremey 79.50 | $95.40 |$111.30 |$127.20. |
640 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions
14 Chapter Review” gam
Review Key Vocabulary
ratio, p. 600 proportion, p. 608 direct variation, p. 636
rate, p. 600 proportional, p. 608 constant of proportionality,
unit rate, p. 600 cross products, p. 609 p. 636
complex fraction, p. 607 Slope, p. 630

Review Examples and Exercises

Gp Ratios and Rates (pp. 598-605)

There are 15 orangutans and 25 gorillas in a nature preserve.
One of the orangutans swings 75 feet in 15 seconds on a rope.
a. Find the ratio of orangutans to gorillas.
b. How fast is the orangutan swinging?

a eee tans _ 15
15 _3
b. 75 feet in
i 15 seconds = io as
gorillas 207 5 ce
“+eee The e ratio
ratio o ofie tans
Se aa
LSISeCa tS
to gorillas is = 5 ft
~ 1sec
“t+ The orangutan is swinging
5 feet per second.

Exercises
Find the unit rate.
; ; 2
1. 289 miles on 10 gallons 2 6 revolutions in 25 seconds

3. calories per serving

ie Proportions (pp. 606-673)

9
8 forma proportion.
Tell whether the ratios i and ©

ae
( The ratios are equivalent. |

open SO, ~ and .form a proportion.

Chapter Review 641

 Exercises
Tell whether the ratios form a proportion.

es
>>
a
a >
3
~ wv
Witty tUi

8. Use a graph to determine whether x Ds

and y are in a proportional relationship.

Writing Proportions (pp. 6

Write a proportion that gives the number r of returns on Saturday.

40 sales_ Ssaiss
“+ One proportion is
32 remus rretums

Exercises
Use the table to write a proportion.
9.

IS-y= Gross Products Property

15) Matnoty
y= Dewide.

“+ The solution is 4

Exercises
Solve the proportion.

a 12, —=2 13.

642 Chapter 14 Ratos and Proportions

> ~ =
eats) Slope (pp. 628-633)
The graph shows the number of visits your website
received over the past 6 months. Find and interpret
the slope. WY

Choose any two points to find the slope of the line. 2

©
slopes change in y G
change in x E
2
_ 50(ists
< )
© ~
[months )
=)

‘i+ The slope of the line represents the unit rate. The slope is 50. So, the number of
visits increased by 50 each month.

Exercises
Find the slope of the line.
1D: 16.

G49 Direct Variation (pp. 634-639)

Tell whether x and y show direct variation. Explain your reasoning.
an x By 3 b x= 8y

y=4-xXx Solve for y. 5x=y Solve for y.

“t+ The equation cannot be written -:+ The equation can be written
as y = kx. So, x and y do not as y = kx. So, x and y show
show direct variation. direct variation.

Exercises
Tell whether x and y show direct variation. Explain your reasoning.

18. x+y=6 19. y-x=0 20. = 20 21.x=y+2

Chapter Review 643

 42 Chapter Test
Find the unit rate.
: Paton Di»
1. 84 miles in 12 days 2. 2 kilometers in ay minutes
‘ 3

Tell whether the ratios form a proportion.

a 9’ 54 a Er
Use a graph to tell whether x and y are in a proportional relationship.
5. 2 | 6 | 8 6 me 1 | 3 | 5 ].7
iw | 2 | 30 | 40
Me ey 3 7 TT SATS

Use the table to write a proportion.

Th 8.

180 m 8 4 }

|
Solve the proportion. |

Ly
= ae 10. au
4 3

Graph the line that passes through the two points. Then find the slope of the line.
11.4-(15; 9); (=a) 12.. (2, aia rs)

Tell whether x and y show direct variation. Explain your reasoning.

13. xy-11=5 14. x="y 15. BGY=8
a 5 16. MOVIE TICKETS Five movie tickets cost $36.25.
a What is the cost of 8 movie tickets?

17. CROSSWALK The graph shows the

number of cycles of a crosswalk signal
during the day and during the night.
a. Compare the steepness of the Don't Walk
lines. What does this mean in
the context of the problem?
) aes ASS G7 x
b. Find and interpret the slope of
each line. Walk Hues

18. GLAZE A specific shade ofgreen glaze requires 5 parts blue to 3 parts yellow.
A glaze mixture contains 25 quarts of blue and 9 quarts of yellow. How can
you fix the mixture to make the specific shade of green glaze?

644 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 14 Standards Assesement

- The school store sells 4 pencils for $0.80.

What is the unit cost ofa pencil? (7.RP.1)

A. $0.20 C. $3.20

B. $0.80 D. $5.00

2. Which expressions do not have a

value of 32. (7.NS.3)

I 2+ (-)) Ue (1)

Hi =3 X (—]) BYE uer6) cena)

F. Ionly H. Ionly

G. IllandIV I. I, III, andIV ning.”

3. What is the value of the expression below? (7.NS.3)

Fr -4x (6) = (9)

4. What is the slope of the line shown? (7.RP2b)

D> 2 Gat
5

pe4 D.5
RNANNNVERE
5. The graph below represents which inequality? (7.EE.4b)
as
eel

=A 3 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

FE —3-—6x<-27 H. 5—3x>—7

G. 2x + 6214 leone Sel

Standards Assessment 645

 6. The quantities x and y are proportional. What is the missing value in the
table? (7.RP2a)

ep)

:
|hy
Ww

fantine)
icons

ine)aS
|oO
W

A. 30 C. 45

B. 36 D. 48

7. You are selling tomatoes. You have already earned $16 today.
How many additional pounds of tomatoes do you need to sell
to earn a total of $60? (7.EE.4a)
F. 4 ae Whe)

Greld hie)

8. The distance traveled by the a high-speed train is proportional to the number

of hours traveled. Which of the following is not a valid interpretation of the
graph below? (7.RP2d)

(kilometers)
Distance

Ommee2n
3 4.5 S60 7 x

Hours

. The train travels 0 kilometers in 0 hours.

. The unit rate is 200 kilometers per hour.

. After 4 hours, the train is traveling 800 kilometers per hour.
dee)
Ye\
eh. The train travels 800 kilometers in 4 hours.

646 Chapter 14 Ratios and Proportions

 Regina was evaluating the expression below. What should Regina
do to
correct the error she made? (7.NS.3)

3 (-2)
Whe 8 whey) (-2)
2 7 3 8
Bee
3X 8
ie
24
eel
12

. Rewrite ee = (-2) as _2 x (-2).

2 7 3 tl

Rewrite ah (-2)as Poy [-2

2 7 2 8 ———

. Rewrite aS. = (—5) as rod [-5).

2 7 i 2,

. Rewrite = 2 x (-2 as meee

3 8 3 OX 68}

What is the least value of t for which the inequality is true? (7.EE.4b)
3 90? Silo

. You can mow 800 square feet of lawn in 15 minutes. At this rate, how many
minutes will you take to mow a lawn that measures 6000 square feet? (7.RP2c)

PartA Write a proportion to represent the problem. Use m to represent the

number of minutes. Explain your reasoning.

Part B Solve the proportion you wrote in Part A. Then use it to answer the
problem. Show your work.

12. What value of p makes the equation below true? (7.EE.4a)

6 — 2p = —48

Caz

DZ G

Standards Assessment 647

 Percents
Percents and Decimals
GomparingrandjOrdering/Fractions
Decimals, and Percents
Ross i : Mo)
‘The Percent Proportion =
: The Percent Equation
Percents of Increase and) Decrease
Discounts and Markups
Simple Interest

“Here’s m y sales
Strategy.
I bu Y each dog bo i7j
Then I mark each
ne for $0.05. ” one u
I have a 75% off sale. Bo SLathen;
Cool, huh?”

| hope the same

logic doesn't apply
for mice!

E
a half
have chewed 17,536 dog A | have swallowed seventeteen and
e the
contaminated dog biscuits during
a eeaite At only 99.9% pure, past twelve years.
that means that...”
What You
Learned Before
@ Writing
(6.RP.3C)
Percents as fractions “Thecaret
fact thet pee
total 100 is zTE
mentary on humans.”

Example 1 Write 45% as a fraction in simplest form.

Write as a fraction with

a denominator of 100.

Simplify.

Try It Yourself
Write the percent as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.
AP 16% 2. 40% 3. 68% 4. 85%

5. 148% 6. 150% 7. 105% 8. 276%

@ Writing fractions as Percents (6.2P.3c)

Example 2. Write = as a percent.

Because 25 X 4 = 100, multiply the numerator

and denominator by 4. Write the numerator with
a percent symbol.

Try It Yourself
Write the fraction or mixed number as a percent.
11
ao ( THe
25 50

1 12
13. 1ee Oe . Oe
 15.1 Percents and Decimals

) ®

Essential Question How does the decimal point move when you
rewrite a percent as a decimal and when you rewrite a decimal as a percent?

ACTIVITY: Writing Percents as Decimals

Work with a partner. Write the percent shown by the model.
Write the percent as a decimal.
a.

%=—

Simplify. |

Write fraction as a decimal. |

ee
ATER
DDE

BALL

aia!

ST
RAO
eS
ts
can

e.

prrinaaimenesicee
na

COMMON
CORE
Percents and Decimals
In this lesson, you will
e write percents as decimals.
e write decimals as percents.
e solve real-life problems. f.
Learning Standard
7.EE3

650 Chapter 15 Percents

 Work with a partner. Write the percent as a decimal.
Math
Practice ar lSt50G
Communicate
Precisely
How can reading
eee
the fraction aloud
help you write it as
a decimal?
Multiply numerator and
inthe aaa = necaadaceaiesne cael -
| denominator by 10.

| Write fraction as a decimal.

be 12.5% C3076 d. 0.5%

Work with a partner. Draw a model to represent the decimal. Write the
decimal as a percent.
a. 0.1

b. 0.24

What Is Your Answer?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How does the decimal point move when
you rewrite a percent as a decimal and when you rewrite a decimal
as a percent?

5. Explain why the decimal point moves when you rewrite a percent
as a decimal and when you rewrite a decimal as a percent.

: Use what you learned about percents and decimals to complete

elude” byercises 7-12 and 19-24 on page 654.

Section 15.1 Percents and Decimals 651

15.1 Lesson é ee! r
t Ou
Tutori

@° Key Idea
Writing Percents as Decimals
Words Remove the percent symbol. Then divide by 100, or just move
the decimal point two places to the left.
Numbers 23% = 23.% = 0.23
WW

EXAMPLE ( { Writing Percents as Decimals

a. Write 52% as a decimal. b. Write 7% as a decimal.

‘study Tip OM 52.% = 0.52

52% = WwW 07.% = 0.07
7% = we)
When moving the Check === Check ‘™
decimal point, you | Bigs
may need to place |
one or more zeros in
the number.

@ On Your Own
Nowaou're Reng Write the percent as a decimal. Use a model to check your answer.
SE eeaines 1. 24% 2. 3% 3. 107% 4. 92.7%

@° Key Idea
Writing Decimals as Percents
Words Multiply by 100, or just move the decimal point two places to
the right. Then add a percent symbol.
Numbers 0.36 = 0.36 = 36%
US

> ON 2e-8 2) _ Writing Decimals as Percents

a. Write 0.47 as a percent. b. Write 0.663 as a percent.
0.47 = 0.47 = 47% 0.663 = 0.663 = 66.3%
US US
c. Write 1.8 as a percent. d. Write 0.009 as a percent.
1.8 = 1.80 = 180% 0.009 = 0.009 = 0.9%
US we)

652 Chapter 15 Percents

 @ 0n Your Own
¢ , nt Write the decimal as a percent. Use a model to check your answer.
Exercises 19-30 5. 0.94 6; 12 75 Ades(6) 8. 0.005
eosoneicmetee

ia e- 3 . Writing a Fraction as a Percent and a Decimal

On a math test, you get 92 out of a possible 100 points. Which of the
following is not another way of expressing 92 out of 100?

oe 23
92% i © = @ 092
a = 92% Eliminate Choice B.

92
100 25
i
~ = 0,92 Eliminate Choice D.

EXAMPLE ( (1
The figure shows the portions of ultraviolet (UV) rays reflected by
four different surfaces. How many times more UV rays are reflected
by water than by sea foam?
21
25

Water
Sand HERS?
ai Sasea foam

Write 25% and - as decimals.

Gea foam: 25% = 250e=02 5 Wateri- 92 084

ee 25. 100
3.36
Divide 0.84 by 0.25: 0.25)0.84 —~» 25)84.00
CAR Ee

:*. So, water reflects about 3.4 times more UV rays than sea foam.

9. Write “18 out of 100” as a percent, a fraction, and a decimal.

10. In Example 4, how many times more UV rays are reflected
by water than by sand?

Section 15.1 Percents and Decimals 653

15.1. Exercises. Check t.Out.
Help with Homework, |
BigIdeasMath \

ept Check
G Vocabulary and Conc
MATCHING Match the decimal with its equivalent percent.
1. 0.42 2. 4.02 3. 0.042 4. 0.0402

A. 4.02% B. 42% C. 4.2% D. 402%

5. OPEN-ENDED Write three different decimals that are between 10% and 20%.

6. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which one does not belong with the other
three? Explain your reasoning.

70% 0.7 a 0.07

Practice and Problem Solving

Write the percent as a decimal.
@ 7. 78% 8. 55% 9. 18.5%
10. 57.4% 11. 33% 12. 9%
13. 47.63% 14. 91.25% 15. 166%
16. 217% 17. 0.06% 18. 0.034%
Write the decimal as a percent.
@ 19. 0.74 20. 0.52 21. 0.89
22. 0.768 23. 0.99 24. 0.49
25. 0.487 26. 0.128 27. 3.68
28. 542 29. 0.0371 30. 0.0046
31. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the |
x EES iors
error in writing 0.86 as a percent. ros: . (J

32. MUSIC Thirty-six percent of the songs on your MP3 player are pop songs.
Write this percent as a decimal.
33. CAT About 0.34 of the length of a cat is its tail. Write this decimal as a percent.
34. COMPUTER Write the percent of free ——— er ees
|
Volume | Capacity | Free Space | os Er a
space on the computer as a decimal. pcm Sony + FIs Space |_e Rree Space|
— (C:) 149 GB 133 GB 89 %

Write the percent as a fraction in simplest form and as a decimal.

35. 36% 36, 23.5% 37. 16.24%

654 Chapter 15 Percents

 38. SCHOOL The percents of students who travel to school
by car, bus, and
bicycle are shown for a school of 825 students.

oe rh CERES SELIGEERE RE EB

Linke
ls Leta le eet |!
g
Car: 20% School bus: 48%
Bicycle: 8%
Write the percents as decimals.
Write the percents as fractions.
What percent of students use another method to travel to school?
=© RESEARCH Make a bar graph that represents how the students in your
ae
class travel to school.
39. ELECTIONS In an election, the winning candidate receives 60% of the votes.
What percent of the votes does the other candidate receive?
40. COLORS Students in a class were asked to tell their Favorite Color
favorite color.

a. What percent said red, blue, or yellow?

b. How many times more students said red
than yellow?
c. Use two methods to find the percent of
students who said green. Which method A i
do you prefer? .

41. In the first 42 Super Bowls, 0.16 of the

MVPs (most valuable players) were running backs.
a. What percent of the MVPs were running backs?
b. What fraction of the MVPs were not running backs?

fair Game REVIEW what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Write the decimal as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.
(Skills Review Handbook)
42. 0.46 AS 2) 3U 44. 2.2 45. 4.32

Simplify the expression. (Section /3./)

AG AX es SX — 4.37
Al. 5-32
| ve)7 (8b ar 8) aie O18)
AS; 2) — Sy — 3) 49.

50. MULTIPLE CHOICE Ham costs $4.48 per pound. Cheese costs $6.36 per pound.
You buy 1.5 pounds of ham and 0.75 pound of cheese. How much more do
you pay for the ham? (Section 2.4 and Section 2.5)
(A) $1.41 $1.95 CC) $4.77 ©) $6.18

Section 15.1 Percents and Decimals 655

 Gomparing and| Ordering) Fractions,
Decimals, ana Percents
ioe tt iN

Essential Question How can you order numbers that are written
as fractions, decimals, and percents?

1 _ ACTIVITY: Using Fractions, Decimals, and Percents

Work with a partner. Decide which number form (fraction, decimal, or
percent) is more common. Then find which is greater.

a. 7% sales tax or x5sales tax

b. 0.37 cup of flour or 7cup of flour

(ee >-inch wrench or _ 0.375-inch wrench

d. 12 dollars or 12.56 dollars

e. 93% test score or “test score

COMMON
CORE
Fractions, Decimals,
and Percents Work with a partner to order the following numbers.
In this lesson, you will
© compare and order 1-911) = "80172 ~~082. ae oe
fractions, decimals, 8 20 6
and percents.
@ solve real-life
problems.
a. Decide on a strategy for ordering the numbers. Will you write them
Learning Standard all as fractions, decimals, or percents?
PEGS b. Use your strategy and a number line to order the numbers from
least to greatest. (Note: Label the number line appropriately.)
SSS

656 Chapter 15 Percents

Math Preparation:
Practice < => | e Cut index cards to make 40 playing cards.
Make Sense e Write each number in the table onto a card.
of Quantities To Play:
What strategies :
can you use to e Play with a partner,
determine which e Deal 20 cards facedown to each player.
number is greater?
e Each player turns one card faceup. The player with the greater number
wins. The winner collects both cards and places them at the bottom of
°

his or her cards.

e Suppose there is a tie. Each player lays three cards facedown, then a
new card faceup. The player with the greater of these new cards wins.
The winner collects all 10 cards and places them at the bottom of his
or her cards.
e Continue playing until one player has all the cards. This player wins
the game.

Pi 1
=U) oat Gail apecein al ipdnl Pane(or
3 10

0.75 665% 125% 40% = 4% — 0.5% 0.04

Oe ok eR Oy a PR en
Restle tneel
i 0 iiisnicc aae be ulmennitinen
pth

ae ie alle ae 015)came CANE!aan= ai| ial

| guest
ea s1 tatedKS

\ | b ) Wi; \ p
Aw il@ GAYih A ; S \ er J}
What Is Your J ni: 2) ApS J e)

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you order numbers that are written as
fractions, decimals, and percents? Give an example with your answer.
All but one of the U.S. coins shown has a name that is related to its value.
Which one is it? How are the names of the others related to their values?

: Use what you learned about ordering numbers to complete

Practice Exercises 4-7, 16, and 17 on page 660.

Section 15.2 Comparing and Ordering Fractions, Decimals, and Percents 657
 15.2 Lesson i
eck
esson Tutorials
It,01
sashes seioaccacceia
tno leabdeiedceatiaceoninhandiaianioncalcadnac suas BigldeasMath

When comparing and ordering fractions, decimals, and percents, write

the numbers as all fractions, all decimals, or all percents.

EXAMPLE
Aah 3
a. Which is greater, 3008 16%?

: 3
Write = asapercent: — = —~=15%
20 20 100
It is usually easier to
order decimals or <5
percents than to
order fractions. “t+ 15% is less than 16%. So, 16% is the greater number.

b. Which is greater, 79% or 0.08?

Write 79% as a decimal: 79% = (9.% = (0.79

‘t+ 0.79 is greater than 0.08. So, 79% is the greater number.

@ On Your Own
,
1. Which is greater, 25% or = 2. Which is greater, 0.49 or 94%?
pene Read,
Exercises 4-15

EXAMPLE (2 eeitEl Bey

iifey aren
You, your sister, and a friend each take the same number of shots
at a soccer goal. You make 72% of your shots, your sister makes =
of her shots, and your friend makes 0.67 of his shots. Who made the
fewest shots?

Remember ),
=
Write 72% and wsas decimals. x 4

To order numbers from |

least to greatest, write | : 19 76
them as they appear on | You: 72% = 72.% = 0.72 Sister: — = ——=0.76
ww 25 100
a number line from left |
to right. wa
Graph the decimals on a number line.

Friend: 0.67 You: 72% = 0.72 Sister: 3 = 0.76

0.66 068 070 072 O74 076 0.78

*:> 0.67 is the least number. So, your friend made the fewest shots.

658 Chapter 15 Percents

 @ 0n Your Own
r v4 3. You make 75% of your shots, your sister makes a of her shots,
Exercises 16-21 ¥ 20
and your friend makes 0.7 of his shots. Who made the most shots?

ONE 3) Real-Life Application

Washington: = Michigan: 0.03 The map shows the portions of the U.S. population
that live in five states.

List the five states in order by population

from least to greatest.
New York:
Bs 6%

/
California: Ohio: >" 3ys
0.12 me

Michigan — 0.03 | 3%
100

New York aos

100
0.06 6%
Washington E 0.02 2%

dpalbet 12 .
California —— 0.12 12%
bit atOO |
| i

Ohio ee ore ee
| i i

| 20 nan

Graph the percent for each state on a number line.

Michigan: 3% New York: 6%

Washington: 2%‘ | Ohio:
/ 4%
2 / California: 12%
\
~<

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%

:> The states in order by population from least to greatest are

Washington, Michigan, Ohio, New York, and California.

@ On Your Own
: : ae
4. The portion of the U.S. population that lives in Texas is aS The
portion that lives in Illinois is 0.042. Reorder the states in Example 3
including Texas and Illinois.

Section 15.2 Comparing and Ordering Fractions, Decimals, and Percents 659
 Help with Homework, ,
BigIdeasMath

G Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. NUMBER SENSE Copy and complete the table. | mel Gara Percent _
Bi
2. NUMBER SENSE How would you decide whether
3 ; a8 0.72 J
z or 59% is greater? Explain. 25

3. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which one li 85%

does not belong with the other three? Explain 20 4
your reasoning.
5 13
ee
40% = 50 ie

F 0.62

| 45%

Practice and Problem Solving

Tell which number is greater.

@ 4. 0.9,95% 5. 20%, 0.02 6. 22

50
37% 7. 50%, —20
8. 0.086, 86% oF 1670, 0167, 10. 60%, ° T1022 70

4 1 7
12. Le 13. 140%, 0.14 14. zt30% 15. 80%,—

Use a number line to order the numbers from least to greatest.

@ 16. 38%, §,
8)
0.41 17. 68%" 0.60) 20

18. ©,
50
0.91, 58 84% 19. 0.15%, =,
20
0.015
202.62, 25 20;8170,°2.26, 21.7% 21. pe 0.44, 43. 7%, —=

22. TEST You answered 21 out of 25 questions correctly on a test. Did you reach
your goal of getting at least 80%?

23. POPULATION The table shows the portions of the world population that live
in four countries. Order the countries by population from least to greatest.

Brazil United States

660 Chapter 15 Percents

PRECISION Order the numbers from least to greatest.
24. 66.1%, 0.66, 2, 0.667 25. =, 21%, 0.27,
3 9 ” 50
Tell which letter shows the graph of the number.

26. -2B 27. 45.2% 28. 0.435 70s

A Bia a
<—_>—__—_+—_++_e-+-
eo —_+__+_+ 1
0.40 041 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50

30. TOUR DE FRANCE The Tour de France is a bicycle road race. The whole race is made
up of 21 small races called stages. The table shows how several stages compare to the
whole Tour de France in a recent year. Order the stages from shortest to longest.

31. SLEEP The table shows the portions of the

day that several animals sleep.
a. Order the animals by sleep time from
least to greatest.
b. Estimate the portion of the day that you sleep.
c. Where do you fit on the ordered list? Dolphin
Lion 56.3%
F 19
32. Tell what whole number you ae 40
can substitute for ain each list so the numbers 3]
are ordered from least to greatest. If there is Squirrel 50
none, explain why. Tier 65.8%

a. =,4,33%
aie
b. =,
a 8
233%

Fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Tell whether the ratios forma proportion. (Section /4.2)

36. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the solution of 2n — 4 > —12? (Section 7.6 and Section 7.7)

Qn =10 (B) n<-4 © n>-2 @M n>-4

Section 15.2 Comparing and Ordering Fractions, Decimals, and Percents 661
 15.3 The Percent Proportion

Essential Question How can you use models to estimate

percent questions?

The statement “25% of 12 is 3” has three numbers. In real-life problems, any one of
these numbers can be unknown. ,
Which number
Aad
ape
nna
bbl
La
it
ANNA
asia
Sibbh
i
bbe
OAK
arni
aaah Question is missing? Type of Question

What is 25% of 12? > Find a part of a number.

3 is what percent of 12? 25% Find a percent.
3 is 25% of what? 12 Find the whole.

Work with a partner. Use a model to estimate the answer to each question.
a. What number is 50% of 30?
0% 100%

0 30

+ So, from the model, ie is 50% of 30.

b. What number is 75% of30? c. What number is 40% of 302

d. What number is 6% of 30? e. What number is 65% of 30?

ACTIVITY: Estimating a Percent

COMMON Work with a partner. Use a model to estimate the answer to each question.
CORE
a. 15 is what percent of 75?
Percent Proportion
In this lesson, you will 0% ec 40% 80%
e use the percent
proportion to find
parts, wholes,
and percents.
0 15
‘al . “f°
Learning Standard ‘+ So, from the model, 15 is iA of 75.
7.RP.3

5 is what percent of 20? c. 18 is what percent of 40?

50 is what percent of 802 e. 75 is what percent of 50?

662 Chapter 15 Percents

 LIVITY: Estimating a Whole

Math Work with a partner. Use a model to estimate the answer to each
question.
Practice a. 24is 33 3% of what number?
Use a Model
What quantities i
0%
I
SEI
z
are given? How oa 100%
can you use the
model to find the 0 24 mith
unknown quantity?
——— ::+ So, from the model, 24 is 33 3% of A.

13 is 25% of what number? c. 110 is 20% of what number?

75 is 75% of what number? e. 81 is 45% of what number?

TT ACTIVITY:, Using Ratio Tables

Work with a partner. Use a ratio table to answer each question. Then compare
your answer to the estimate you found using the model.

1d a. What number is 6% of 302 b. What number is 65% of 302

=] |
@a) c. 18is what percent of 402 (Se)d. 81 is 45% of what number?
==
“Part | 18

What Is Your Answer?

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use models to estimate percent
questions? Give examples to support your answer.

6. Complete the proportion below using the given labels.

: Use what you learned about estimating percent questions to

Practice complete Exercises 5-10 on page 666.

Section 15.3 The Percent Proportion 663

15.3 Lesson Check.It, Out,
Lesson Tutorials
BigIdeasMath Wco
G? Key Idea
The Percent Proportion
Words You can represent “a is p percent of w” with the proportion
a Pp
Ww 100

where a is part of the whole w, and p%, or ait is the percent.

3 out of 4 is 75%.
Study Tip Numbers

In percent problems, i part | 3 75 ee |

the word of is usually rie eT percent |
4 100
followed by the whole. |

>eN [8-8 4) a Percent

Finding
What percent of 15 is 12?

55= aa Write the percent proportion.

== a Substitute 12 for a and 15 for w.

100 _ = 100+ oe Multiplication Property of Equality

80 = p Simplify.
i+ So, 80% of 15 is 12. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

0 3 6 2 2 15 |
|

EXAMPLE ( 2 Pegiitehiteren ela |

What number is 36% of 502

yp
mena 7
Write the percent proportion. :
Gao ;
as Substitute 50 for w and 36 for p.

a 36
50 > =; —= 50 ae ultiplication Property of Equality
Multiplicati

a=18 Simplify.

“s+ So, 18 is 36% of 50.

664 Chapter 15 Percents

 EXAMPLE (8) We aiirelitepen yes : |
150% of what number is 242

= = aa Write the percent proportion.

eariey Substitute 24 for a and 150 for p.

w 100
24-100 =w- 150 Cross Products Property
2400 = 150w Multiply.
16 = w Divide each side by 150.

“s+ So, 150% of 16 is 24. 0% 50% 100% 150%

0 8 16 24

@ On Your Own
,
. Write and solve a proportion to answer the question.
Exercises 11-18 1. What percent of 5 is 3? 2. 25 is what percent of 20?
3. What number is 80% of 602 4. 10% of 40.5 is what number?

5. 0.1% of what number is 42 6. 3is 25% of what number?

Sei Ie-e 4 Real-Life Application.

The bar graph shows the strengths of tornadoes that
occurred in Alabama in 2011.What percent of the
g tornadoes were EF1s?
Tc
iS The total number of tornadoes, 145, is the whole, and the
£ number of EF1 tornadoes, 58, is the part.
° a )
o a Write the percent proportion.
+ w 100

2 58
EFO EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EFS — = ae Substitute 58 for aand 145 for w.
Strength i45 100
58 p meres: :
100 « — = 100 --— Multiplication Property of Equality
145 100

40 =p Simplify.

So, 40% of the tornadoes were EF 1s.

@ 0n Your Own
7. Twenty percent of the tornadoes occurred in central Alabama on
April 27. How many tornadoes does this represent?
cnercneronaNESIN

Section 15.3 The Percent Proportion 665

15.3 Exercises. Help with FHomework
BigIdeasMath X

GoVocabulary and Concept Check

. VOCABULARY Write the percent proportion in words.
2. WRITING Explain how to use a proportion to find 30% of a number.
3. NUMBER SENSE Write and solve the percent 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
proportion represented by the model.
0 ; 40

4. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which proportion does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

tw
sls
20 S
a toon eS fai
Ss

Practice and Problem Solving

Use a model to estimate the answer to the question. Use a ratio table to check
your answer.
5. What number is 24% of 802 6. 15 is what percent of 40?
7. 15 is 30% of what number? 8. What number is 120% of 70?
9. 20 is what percent of 52? 10. 48 is 75% of what number?

Write and solve a proportion to answer the question.

@ 11. What percent of 25 is 12? 12. 14 is what percent of 56?
@ 13. 25% of what number is 9? 14. 36 is 0.9% of what number?

15. 75% of 124 is what number? 16. 110% of 90 is what number?

17. What number is 0.4% of 40? 18. 72 is what percent of 45?

ae eye 19. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error

x w 100 in using the percent proportion to answer the
Poets question below.
34 100
a “40% of what number is 342”
a = 13.6

20. FITNESS Of 140 seventh-grade students, 15% earn the

Presidential Physical Fitness Award. How many students
earn the award?

21. COMMISSION A salesperson receives a 3% commission on

sales. The salesperson receives $180 in commission. What is
the amount of sales?

666 Chapter 15 Percents

 Write and solve a proportion to answer the question.
22. 0.5 is what percent of 202 23. 14.2 is 35.5% of what number?
oe
2a: 7Ais 60% of what number? 25. What number is 25% of 2
8

26. HOMEWORK You are assigned 32 math exercises for homework. You complete
87.5% of these before dinner. How many do you have left to do after dinner?

$10.50 per hour. This is 125% of her

hourly wage last year. How much did
your friend earn per hour last year?

28. CAMPSITE The bar graph shows the

Reservations
numbers of reserved campsites at
Mon Tue Wed Thu _ Fri Sat Sun
a campground for one week. What
Day percent of the reservations were for
Friday or Saturday?

29. PROBLEM SOLVING A classmate displays the

results of a class president election in the bar
graph shown.
a. What is missing from the bar graph?
b. What percent of the votes does the
last-place candidate receive? Explain
your reasoning. |
c. There are 124 votes total. How many votes Greg Diego Amber Rashad Chloe
does Chloe receive? ie Candidate -

30. REASONING 20% of a number is x. What is 100% of the number?

Assume x > 0.

31; Structure Answer each question. Assume x > 0.

a. What percent of 8x is 5x? b. What is 65% of 80x?

Fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Evaluate the expression when a = —15 and b= —5. (Section 11.5)
b+14 b?
520 0 33. . 3 4. Fue:

35. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the solution of 9x = —1.8? (Section 13.4)

IY fa =o ® x«=-0.2 Orr=—02 Ore 5

Section 15.3 The Percent Proportion 667

 15.4 The Percent Equation
poten Si SI AEE AAOLEL EEE DELEEL LLNS SERS REISE

Question How can you use an equivalent form of |

Essential
the percent proportion to solve a percent problem?

ACTIVITY: Solving Percent Problems Using Different Methods

Work with a partner. The circle graph Votes Received by Each Candidate |
shows the number of votes received
by each candidate during a school
election. So far, only half the students
have voted. Hong Sue a |
12 15
a. Complete the table.

Number of votes received

Candidate Miguel
Total number of votes
9
Sue Lie

Miguel |

Leon

Hong

b. Find the percent of students who voted for each candidate.

Explain the method you used to find your answers.
c. Compare the method you used in part (b) with the methods
used by other students in your class. Which method do you
prefer? Explain.

2 _ ACTIVITY: Finding Parts Using Different Methods

© COMMON
CORE Work with a partner. The circle graph shows Final Results
Percent Equation the final results of the election.
In this lesson, you will
© use the percent a. Find the number of students who voted
ES find for each candidate. Explain the method
arts, W ,
se tae you used to find your answers.
: vil b. Compare the method you used in part (a)
ieving santas with the methods used by other students
7.RP.3 in your class. Which method do you
7EE.3 prefer? Explain.

668 Chapter 15 Percents

 VITY:, Deriving the Percent Equation
Work with a partner. In Section 15.3, you used the percent proportion
to find the missing percent, part, or whole. You can also use the percent
equation to find these missing values.
a. Complete the steps below to find the percent equation.
part
= percent Definition of percent
whole

Pet
=( -W
part aw
Multiply each side by the i.

part = [ill - iil Divide out common factors,

This is the percent equation.
b. Use the percent equation to find the number of students who voted for
each candidate in Activity 2. How does this method compare to the
percent proportion?

@ ACTIVITY: Identifying Different Equations

Work with a partner. Without doing any calculations, choose the equation
that you cannot use to answer each question.
— a. What number is 55% of 80?
Math >
Practice a = 0.55 + 80 a=11.80 80a = 0.55 Bae at
Justify 20 SOOO
Conclusions
How can you justify b. 24 is 60% of what number?
the equations that
you chose? ‘i pa. OU: 24 = 0.6 w BA) OA Sey
60 5

What Is Your Answer?

5. INYOUR OWN WORDS Howcan you use an equivalent form of the
percent proportion to solve a percent problem?

6. Write a percent proportion and a percent equation that you can use
to answer the question below.
16 is what percent of 250?

: Use what you learned about solving percent problems to

Practice complete Exercises 4—9 on page 672.

Section 15.4 The Percent Equation 669

15.4 Lesson
Less
BigldeasMath
f) | :
@° Key Idea
The Percent Equation
Words To represent “a is p percent of w,” use an equation.
percent in fraction or decimal form |

a=pew
part of the whole

Numbers 15 = 0.5 + 30

>eNNes of) | Finding a Part of a Number _

What number is 24% of 502 Estimate 9% 25% 100%

0 12.5 50

(Common Error @) a— pew Write percent equation.

Remember to convert a |
percent to a fraction or _ “24 ; 24 |
a decimal before using _ GG ° 50 Substitute aa forp and 50 for w.
the percent equation. |
For Example 1, write Se. Simplify.
24% as 4.
100
| .
ate s+ So, 12 is 24% of 50. Reasonable? 12 ~ 12.5 J/

>eN 2a 2) _ Finding a Percent

9.5 is what percent of 25? Estimate 0% 40% 100%

0 10 25

rf Uy OC Write percent equation.

9.5=p?25 Substitute 9.5 for a and 25 for w.

9.5 p25 1 ;
As a Division Property of Equality

0.38 = p Simplify.

:+ Because 0.38 equals 38%, Reasonable? 38% ~ 40% /

9.5 is 38% of25.

670 Chapter 15 Percents

 EXAMPLE (2 Finding a Whole
39 is 52% of what number? Estimate 0% 50% 100%

0 si) 78

a—p-w Write percent equation.

39 = 0.52 + w Substitute 39 for a and 0.52 for p.

75 = WwW Divide each side by 0.52.

“t+ So, 39 is 52% of 75. Reasonable? 75~78 VW

@ On Your Own
¢ ; Le Reg2 Write and solve an equation to answer the question.
Bree Ue)! 1. What number is 10% of20? 2. What number is 150% of 40?
3. 3 is what percent of 600? 4. 18 is what percent of 20?
5. 8 is 80% of what number? 6. 90 is 18% of what number?

>eNN IIa 4 | Real-Life Application =

a. Find the percent of sales tax on the food total.
8th Street Cafe
Answer the question: $1.65 is what percent of $27.50?
Cee ee eet ae a=pew Write percent equation.
TABLES) °29
SERVER: JANE 1.65 = p °27.50 Substitute 1.65 for a and 27.50 for w.

Bing ae pes 0.06 = p Divide each side by 27.50.

a; ay Because 0.06 equals 6%, the percent of sales tax is 6%.

IP:
TOTAL: b. Find the amount of a 16% tip on the food total.

Thank You Answer the question: What tip amount is 16% of $27.50?
a=pew Write percent equation.
= 0.16 « 27.50 Substitute 0.16 for p and 27.50 for w.

= 4.40 Multiply.

So, the amount of the tip is $4.40.

@ On Your Own
7. WHATiIF? Find the amount of a 20% tip on the food total.

Section 15.4 The Percent Equation 671

15.4 Exercises
Help with Homework,
an sbncrice
tee ICUS CuO OO
BiglIdeasMath

vaVocabulary and Concept Check

. VOCABULARY Write the percent equation in words.

2. REASONING A number nis 150% of number m. Is n greater than, less than, or

equal to m? Explain your reasoning.
3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What number is 20% of 55? 55 is 20% of what number?

20% of 55 is what number? 0.2 «55 is what number?

C % practice and Problem Solving

Answer the question. Explain the method you chose.
4. What number is 24% of 802 5. 15 is what percent of 40?
6. 15 is 30% of what number? 7. What number is 120% of 70?
8. 20 is what percent of 52? 9. 48 is 75% of what number?

Write and solve an equation to answer the question.

@) 10. 20% of 150 is what number? 11. 45 is what percent of 60?
@ 12. 35% of what number is 35? 13. 0.8% of 150 is what number?
14. 29 is what percent of 20? 15. 0.5% of what number is 12?
16. What percent of300 is 51? 17. 120% of what number is 102?

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in using the percent equation.
18. What number is 35% of 202 19. 30 is 60% of what number?

x a=pew | x a=p-w |
= 35-20 = 0.6 +30 —
= 700 =o

20. COMMISSION A salesperson receives a 2.5% commission

on sales. What commission does the salesperson
receive for $8000 in sales?
21. FUNDRAISING Your school raised 125% ofits
fundraising goal. The school raised $6750.
What was the goal?

22. SURFBOARD The sales tax on a surfboard is $12.

What is the percent of sales tax?

672 Chapter 15 Percents |

 PUZZLE There were w signers of the
Declaration of Independence. The youngest
was Edward Rutledge, who was x years old.
The oldest was Benjamin Franklin, who
was y years old.
23. xis 25% of 104. What was Rutledge’s age?
24. 7 is 10% of y. What was Franklin's age?
25. wis 80% of y.How many signers
were there?
26. yis what percent of (w + y — x)?

Favorite Sport
27. LOGIC How can you tell whether the percent of a number
will be greater than, less than, or equal to the number?
Give examples to support your answer.

28. SURVEY In asurvey, a group of students were asked their

favorite sport. Eighteen students chose “other” sports.
a. How many students participated?
b. How many chose football?

29. WATER TANK Water tankA has a capacity of 550 gallons and is 66% full. Water
tank B is 53% full. The ratio of the capacity of TankA to Tank Bis 11:15.
a. How much water is in Tank A2
b. What is the capacity of Tank B?
c. How much water is in Tank B?

30. TRUE OR FALSE? Tell whether the statement is true orfalse. Explain your reasoning.
If Wis 25% of Z, then
Z: Wis 75:25. rege Sebel CPamNeIBIB

Bt. The table shows your test results 83% 100

for math class. What test score do you need on 91.6% 250
the last exam to earn 90% ofthe total points? 88% 150
2 300

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Simplify. Write the answer as a decimal. (Skil/s Review ITandbook)
Oe =4 33. a
Dae 34. 105 dis— 84 35. LO=125 5
32. 84 125
10 Zo

is 3 to 5.
36. MULTIPLE CHOICE There are 160 people in a grade. The ratio of boys to girls
Which proportion can you use to find the number x of boys? (Section 14.3)
® Ts
Dee me
= ©) sats
; ; ©) 35 _ 160=
8 16 5 160

Section 15.4 The Percent Equation 673

 Graphic Organizer, ;
BigIdeasMath com
You can use a summary triangle to explain a concept. Here is an example of a summary
triangle for writing a percent as a decimal.

Writing
a percent
as a decimal

Remove the percent

symbol. Then divide by 100,
or just move the decimal point
two places to the left.

Example: 76% = 0.76

On Your Own
Make summary triangles to help you I'm writing to )
study these topics. Classy Calicos ,
1. writing a decimal as a percent About this one.4
A" eens
2. comparing and ordering fractions,
decimals, and percents

3. the percent proportion

| ‘Lonely?
4. the percent equation
Dogs are coo|!
After you complete this chapter, make /
summary triangles for the following topics. :
5. percent of change 6. discount
“I found this great summary triangle in my
7. markup 8. simple interest Beautiful Beagle Magazine.”

674 Chapter 15 Percents

 15.1-15.4 Quiz
e

Write the percent as adecimal. (Section 15.1)

1. 34% 2, 0.12% 3. 62.5%

Write the decimal as a percent. (Section 15.1)

4. 0.67 jodie tes) 6. 0.685

Tell which number is greater. (Section 15.2)

isl
7. = 74% 8. 3%, 0.3

Use a number line to order the numbers from least to greatest. (Section 15.2)

9. 125%, © 1.22 10. 42%, 0.43, 24

5 40

Write and solve a proportion to answer the question. (Section 15.3)

: 11. What percent of 15 is 62 12. 35 is what percent of 25?

- 13. What number is 40% of 50? 14. 0.5% of what number is 5?

Write and solve an equation to answer the question. (Section 15.4)

15. What number is 28% of 75? 16. 42 is 21% of what number?

17. FISHING Ona fishing trip, 38% ofthe fish that you catch are perch. Write this
percent asadecimal. (Section 15.1)

18. SCAVENGER HUNT The table shows the results of 8teams competing ina
scavenger hunt. Which team collected the most items? Which team collected
the fewest items? (Section 15.2)

i ae Dulles Eli stl an Fini tee

0.8 77.5% 0.825 | 76.25%
|G2

19. COMPLETIONS A quarterback completed 68% ofhis

passes in a game. He threw 25 passes. How many passes
did the quarterback complete? (Section 15.3)

20. TEXT MESSAGES You have 44 text messages in

your inbox. How many messages Cail your
cell phone hold? (Section 15.4)

Sections 15.1-15.4 Quiz 675

 ®
3

2 Essential Question What is a percent of decrease? What is a

:} percent of increase?
{
3
q 4 ry oloth WwA ieoh ¥ A
ACTIVITY: Percent of Decrease
eR
AE
Work with a partner.
Each year in the Columbia
River Basin, adult salmon
swim upriver to streams
to lay eggs and hatch
their young.
To go up the river, the adult
salmon use fish ladders.
But to go down the river,
the young salmon must pass
through several dams.
At one time, there were
electric turbines at each of e Corps of Engineers
Dams
the eight dams on the main Dams owned by
stem of the Columbia and others

Snake Rivers. About 88% of

the young salmon passed
through these turbines
unharmed.

a. Copy and complete the table to show the number of young salmon
that made it through the dams.

COMMON
CORE
Percents
In this lesson, you will 88% of 1000 = 0.88 + 1000 88% of 880 = 0.88 + 880
e find percents
of increase. = 880 = 774.4
e find percents
of decrease. = 774
Learning Standard
7.RP.3
b. Display the data in a bar graph.
c. By what percent did the number of young salmon decrease when
passing through each dam?

676 Chapter 15 Percents

 Work with a partner. In 2013, the population of a city was 18,000 people.
Math
Practice a. An organization projects that the population will increase by 2%
Consider Sinan each year for the next 7 years. Copy and complete the table to find
Problems
the populations of the city for 2014 through 2020. Then display the
How is this activity
similar to the
data in a bar graph.
previous activity? For 2014:

2% of 18,000 = 0.02 + 18,000

= 360

18,000 + 360 = 18,360

Les eee ae
[ 2013 | {2014
| Population | | Population
N

em

| Increase
— EEE

at feeats|
Year Population
2013 18,000
——————

2014 18,360

b. Another organization projects that the

population will increase by 3% each year
for the next 7 years. Repeat part (a) using
this percent.
c. Which organization projects the larger
populations? How many more people do
they project for 2020?

ii
)

y) WO, 0)
a

ew)
VA
(
rf
2 0ys
/ ur Answer?
3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS What is a percent of decrease? What is a
percent of increase?

4. Describe real-life examples of a percent of decrease and a percent

of increase.

Use what you learned about percent of increase and percent of

Practice decrease to complete Exercises 4—7 on page 680.

Section 15.5 Percents of Increase and Decrease 677

 Lesson Tutorials __/
BigIdeasMath X
ange is the percent that a quantity changes from
Key Vocabulary 0 the original amount.
percent of change,
amount of change
p. 678 percent of change = ——
original amount
percent of increase,

G° Key Idea
isle ee
percent of decrease,
p. 678
Percents of Increase and Decrease
percent error, p. 679
When the OM eine:STROMAN increases, the percent of change is
c si aa

new amount — original amount

percent of increase = a
original amount

When the original LIMON, epee ie the percent of change is

called
a percent 2aSe
original amount — new amount
percent of decrease =
original amount

> ON Je of) . Finding a Percent of Increase

The table shows the numbers of hours a
you spent online last weekend. What
is the percent of change in your online Saturday
time from Saturday to Sunday? Sunday 4.5

The number of hours on Sunday is greater than the number of hours

on Saturday. So, the percent of change is a percent of increase.

: new amount — original amount

percent of increase =
original amount

Se Substitute.
2

Za5
= —— Subtract.
2

= 1.25, or 125% Write as a percent.

::+ So, your online time increased 125% from Saturday to Sunday.

@ On Your Own
Find the percent of change. Round to the nearest tenth of a percent
if necessary.
1. 10 inches to 25 inches 2. 57 people to 65 people

678 Chapter 15 Percents iQ) Multi-Language Glossary at sieaeaanaien

 eV de- 2 Finding a Percent of Decrease
The bar graph shows a softball player’s home run totals. What was the
percent of change from 2012 to 20132

The number of home runs decreased from 2012 to 2013.

So, the percent of change is a percent of decrease.

original amount — new amount

percent of decrease = —
original amount
TAG} = 7A) :
eine Substitute.
28

8
=-~
58 S ubtract :

= 0.286, or 28.6% Write as a percent.

°3*> So, the number of home runs decreased about 28.6%.

Percent Error
Study Tip UM A percent error is the percent that an estimated quantity differs from
the actual amount.
The amount of error is
a amount of error
always positive. percenterror—
actual amount

You estimate that the length of your classroom is 16 feet. The actual
length is 21 feet. Find the percent error.

The amount of error is 21 — 16 = 5 feet.

amount of error
percenvcliol = == Write percent error equation.
actual amount

= Substitute.
21

= 02.238, or 23.8% Write as a percent.

“t+ The percent error is about 23.8%.

@ On Your Own
, 3. In Example 2, what was the percent of change from 2010 to 2011?
pence Read, ‘
4. WHAT IF? In Example 3, your friend estimates that the length of the
Exercises 8-15
goals classroom is 23 feet. Who has the greater percent error? Explain.
on

Section 15.5 Percents of Increase and Decrease 679

 Help wit , pomenen -
BigldeasMath

Gv
Vocabulary and Concept Check
. VOCABULARY How do you know whether a percent of change is a percent of
increase or a percent of decrease?
2. NUMBER SENSE Without calculating, which has a greater percent of increase?
e 5 bonus points on a 50-point exam
e 5 bonus points on a 100-point exam

. WRITING What does it mean to have a 100% decrease?

Cx Practice and Problem Solving

Find the new amount.
4. 8 meters increased by 25% 5. 15 liters increased by 60%
6. 50 points decreased by 26% 7. 25 penalties decreased by 32%

Identify the percent of change as an increase or a decrease. Then find the percent
of change. Round to the nearest tenth of a percent if necessary.
@ 2) 8. 12 inches to 36 inches 9. 75 people to 25 people
10. 50 pounds to 35 pounds 11. 24 songs to 78 songs

12. 10 gallons to 24 gallons 13. 72 paper clips to 63 paper clips

14. 16 centimeters to 44.2 centimeters 15. 68 miles to 42.5 miles

16. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error

in finding the percent increase from 18 to 26. x <= ~ 0.31 = 31%

VIDEO GAME Last week, you finished Level 2

of a video game in 32 minutes. Today, you
finish Level 2 in 28 minutes. What is your
percent of change?

PIG You estimate that a baby pig weighs

20 pounds. The actual weight of the baby pig
is 16 pounds. Find the percent error.

19. CONCERT You estimate that 200 people attended a school concert. The actual
attendance was 240 people.
a. Find the percent error.
b. What other estimate gives the same percent error? Explain your reasoning.

680 Chapter 15 Percents

 Identify the percent of change as an increase or a decrease. Then
find the percent
of change. Round to the nearest tenth of a percent if necessary.
:
20. —to—
8
1
21; =to=
Wits
oO. 22. role
lO 23. :

24. CRITICAL THINKING Explain why a change from 20 to 40 is a 100% increase,

but a change from 40 to 20 is a 50% decrease.
25. POPULATION The table shows population data
for a community.
2007 118,000
a. What is the percent of change from 2007 to 2013? 2013 7 -3138,000
b. Use this percent of change to predict the
population in 2019.

26. GEOMETRY Suppose the length and the width of

the sandbox are doubied.
a. Find the percent of change in the perimeter.
b. Find the percent of change in the area.

27. CEREAL A cereal company fills boxes with 16 ounces of cereal. The
acceptable percent error in filling a box is 2.5%. Find the least and the
greatest acceptable weights.

28. PRECISION Find the percent of change from

June to September in the time to run a mile.

29. CRITICAL THINKING A number increases by 10%, and

then decreases by 10%. Will the result be greater than,
less than, or equal to the original number? Explain.

30. DONATIONS Donations to an annual fundraiser are 15% greater this year
than last year. Last year, donations were 10% greater than the year before.
The amount raised this year is $10,120. How much was raised 2 years ago?

31. <“aX~Souiikr Forty students are in the science club. Of those, 45% are girls. This
percent increases to 56% after new girls join the club. How many new girls join?

cs Fair Game Review what you iearned in previous grades & lessons
Write and solve an equation to answer the question. (Section 15.4)

32. What number is 25% of 64? 33. 39.2 is what percent of 112?

34. 5is 5% of what number? 35. 18is 32% of what number?

36. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which set of ratios does not forma proportion? (Section 14.2)
4 7 16 2 36 18
ES
B PEs § Sareea
©
Cc
24’ 3
Peal kos
® 10° 5
=) ae ae

Section 15.5 Percents of Increase and Decrease 681

 15.6 Discoints and|Markups,
ee ee ae SUL RUA
ee

ESS ential Question How can you find discounts and selling prices?

ACTIVITY: Comparing Discounts __.

“a7

Work with a partner. The same pair of sneakers is on sale at three stores.
Which one is the best buy? Explain.
a. Regular Price: $45 b. Regular Price: $49 c. Regular Price: $39

a.

$0 $9.80 $19.60 $29.40 $39.20 $49

Cc.

$0 $7.80 $15.60 $23.40 $31.20 $39

ACTIVITY: Finding the Original Price “7

Work with a partner.
G COMMON a. Youbuyashirtthatisonsalefor $49) 9359) (aa —S)
CORE 30% off. You pay $22.40. Your
Percents friend wants to know the original
io tesson eet price of the shirt. Show how you
Sorel
to find priceseoLofile ounts
items. can use the model below to find
© use percent of markups the original price.
to find selling prices ’
of items. b. Explain how you can use the percent |
Learning Standard proportion to find the original price.
7.RP.3

$0 $22.40 Original
Price

682 Chapter 15 Percents

Math GF You own a small jewelry store. You increase
Practice < | the price of the jewelry by 125%.
Make Sense Work with a partner. Use a model
of Quantities ____ to estimate the selling price of the
What do the _ jewelry. Then use a calculator to
quantities represent? |
find the selling price.
What is the
relationship between
the quantities? a. Your cost is $250.

$0 $250 Selling
Price

b. Your cost is $50.

$0 $50 Selling
Price

c. Your cost is $170.

Pm aay
ys Cy Loa

wr ag)" & © @

Oc Ocoee

$0 $170 Selling
Price

What
all
Is~ Your
\
Answer?
» Anewor?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you find discounts and selling prices?
Give examples of each.

Use what you learned about discounts to complete Exercises 4, 9,

geen ea and 140n page 686.

Section 15.6 Discounts and Markups 683

15.6 Lesson

Key Vocabulary s@) G° Key Ideas

discount, p. 684
markup, p. 684 Discounts
discount is a decrease in the original price of an item.

Markups
To make a profit, stores charge more than what they pasWine increase

>eNN ie 4) ..Finding a Sale Price

The original price of the shorts is $35. What is the sale price?
Method 1: First, find the discount. The discount is 25% of $35.

a=pew Write percent equation.

= 0.2535 Substitute 0.25 for p and 35 for w.

= 8.75 Multiply.
Next, find the sale price.

sale price = originalprice ~ discount

= 3D = oe
= 26.25

“t+ So, the sale price is $26.25.

Method 2: First, find the percent of the original price.

| Next, find the sale price. |

A 25% discount is the |
same as paying 75% of | sale price = 75% of $35
the original price.
= 0.75 «35
= 26.25
Check
“t+ So, the sale price is $26.25. 0% 25% 75% 100%

bas On Your Own 0 8.75 26:25) no}

re Read 1. The original price of a skateboard is $50. The sale price

Exercises 4-8” includes a 20% discount. What is the sale price?

684 Chapter 15 Percents @) Multi-Language Glossary at sateen

 SUAS 12) Finding an Original, Price
What is the original price
of the shoes?
The sale price is
100% — 40% = 60%
of the original price.

Answer the question: 33 is 60% of what number?

a=) Ww Write percent equation.

33 = 0.6 + w Substitute 33 for aand 0.6 for p.

55 = Ww Divide each side by 0.6.

J. es, : Check
«s+ So, the original price 0? a0m) fa
ee 0
a) 33 3S

EXAMPLE (23 Peaitlhitepe mys iiiite mates

A store pays $70 for a bicycle. The percent of markup is 20%. What is
the selling price?

Method 1: First, find the markup. Method 2: Use a ratio table.

The markup is 20% of $70. The selling price is 120% of
the cost to the store.
a=pew

Next, find the selling price.

selling cost to
= k
prices f store | ya
ST ae ae ‘s+ So, the selling price is $84.
= 84

So, the selling Check 0% 40% 80% 120% :

price is $84.
0 14 28 42 56 70 84

@ On Your Own
; 2. The discount on a DVD is 50%. It is on sale for $10. What
aExercises 9213aay is the original the DVD?é
price ofofthe
iginal price
a 3. Astore pays $75 for an aquarium. The markup is 20%.
What is the selling price?

Section 15.6 Discounts and Markups 685

15.6 Exercises
Help with Homework,
BigIdeasMath

Vv)Vocabulary and Concept Check

. WRITING Describe how to find the sale price of an item that has been
discounted 25%.

2. WRITING Describe how to find the selling price of an item that has been
marked up 110%.

3. REASONING Which would you rather pay? Explain your reasoning.

a. 6% taxona discounted price or 6% taxon the original price

b. 30% markup on a $30 shirt or $30 markup ona $30 shirt

Copy and complete the table.

| Original Price | Percent of Discount Sale Price

@ 4 $80 20%
5 $42 i 15%
6. $120 80%
i, $112 32%
8 $69.80 60%
[
@ 9 25%

10. 5%
11. 80%
4 —+—
12. 64%
13; 15% $146.54
14. $60 $45
153 $82 $65.60
16. $95 $61.75 |

Find the selling price.

® 17. Cost to store: $50 18. Cost to store: $80 19. Cost to store: $140
Markup: 10% Markup: 60% Markup: 25%

686 Chapter 15 Percents

 20. YOU BE THE TEACHER The cost to a store for an MP3 player
is $60. The selling
price is $105. A classmate says that the markup is 175% becaus
e ee Is/onls
your classmate correct? If not, explain how to find the correct
percent of markup.

a™: 21. SCOOTER The scooter is on sale for 90% off the original price.
| Se, Which of the methods can you use to find the sale price? Which
T method do you prefer? Explain.

Multiply $45.85 by 0.9. Multiply $45.85 by 0.1.

|. Multiply $45.85 by 0.9, then Multiply $45.85 by 0.9, then

: ee 7 add to $45.85. subtract from $45.85.

22. GAMING You are shopping for a video

game system.
a.At which store should you buy the system?
b. Store A has a weekend sale. What discount
must Store A offer for you to buy the
system there?

23. STEREO A $129.50 stereo is discounted 40%. The next

month, the sale price is discounted 60%. Is the stereo
‘Department Store ©
now “free”? If not, what is the sale price?
Jeans 39.99
24. CLOTHING You buy a pair of jeans at a department store.
; ; , Discount -10.00
a. What is the percent of discount to the nearest percent? Rae ares
b. What is the percent of sales tax to the nearest tenth of Sales Tax 1.95
rcent?
fe Total 31.94
c. The price of the jeans includes a 60% markup. a
After the discount, what is the percent of markup _ | Thank Tou
to the nearest percent? se Ce ,

25. gga You buy a bicycle helmet for

$22.26, which includes 6% sales tax. The
helmet is discounted 30% off the selling
price. What is the original price?

| Fair Game Review what you tearned in previous grades & lessons
Evaluate. (Section 2.5)
26. 2000(0.085) 27. 1500(0.04)(3) (8)
28. 3200(0.045)

29. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which measurement is greater than 1 meter? (Section 5.7)

(A) 38 inches 1 yard () 3.4 feet (D) 98 centimeters

Section 15.6 Discounts and Markups 687

 15.7 Simple Interest

Essen al Question
ennt al Ml How can you find the amount of simple
interest ae on a savings account? How can you find the amount of interest
owed on a loan?

Simple interest is money earned on a savings account or an investment. It can

also be money you pay for borrowing money.
Write the annual interest rate in decimal form. }

Simple Annual interest

; =| Principal |x x Time
interest rate

($) (% per yr) *(Years)

J = Prt

ACT /; Finding Simple Interest

re ale ny TY:

Work with a partner. You put $100 in a savings account. The account earns
6% simple interest per year. (a) Find the interest earned and the balance at the
end of 6 months. (b) Copy and complete the table. Then make a bar graph that
shows how the balance grows in 6 months.
a. [= Prt Write simple interest formula.
= ARTY Substitute values.

— FE Multiply.
-;> At the end of 6 months, you earn sii in interest. So, your balance
is si.

b. Time Interest Balance |

COMMON
0 month $0 $100
CORE
Percents 1 month |
In this lesson, you will
2 months
e use the simple interest
formula to find interest 3 months
earned or paid, annual
interest rates, and 4 months
amounts paid on loans.
5 months (dollars)
Balance
Learning Standard
7.RP.3 6 months 99.00

OMMULulns
mde 5. 6
Months

688 Chapter 1 5 Percents

 Work with a partner. Use the following
information to write a report about
credit cards. In the report, describe how
a credit card works. Include examples
that show the amount of interest paid
each month on a credit card.
Math
Practice U.S. Credit Ca
ta i
rd Da ra i
ons
rere

Use Other +
4
OI
<n
Resources
What resources pan
PY
eHew

can you use to find

more information
about credit cards?

ACTIVITY: The National Debt.

Work with a partner. In 2012, the United States owed about $16 trillion in
debt. The interest rate on the national debt is about 1% per year. _
a. Write $16 trillion in decimal form. How many zeros
does this number have?
b. How much interest does the United States pay
each year on its national debt?
c. How much interest does the
United States pay each day
on its national debt?
d. The United States has a population
of about 314 million people. Estimate the
amount of interest that each person pays
per year toward interest on the national debt.

hat Is Your
yw yp + iS bape
Answer?
Armes 2)
) 7 ‘

wha: j He J) J} 0) — JJ) Ta SLD) 4 y ce @

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS Howcan you find the amount of simple interest
earned on a savings account? How can you find the amount of interest
owed on a loan? Give examples with your answer.

: Bie Use what you learned about simple interest to complete

Practice Exercises 4—7 on page 692.

Section 15.7 Simple Interest 689

15.7 Lesson

Key Vocabulary #@) amount of money borrowed or deposited.

interest, p. 690
principal, p. 690
simple interest, Ge Key Idea
p. 690
Simple Interest
Words Simple interest is money paid or earned only on the principal.
Annual interest rate |
(in decimal form)
Algebra I= Prt
Time (in years) |

>eNN Je 4) Finding Interest Earned

You put $500 in a savings account. The account earns 3% simple
interest per year. (a) What is the interest earned after 3 years?
(b) What is the balance after 3 years?
aa = Pie Write simple interest formula.

= 500(0.03)
(3) Substitute 500 for P, 0.03 for r, and 3 for t.

= 45 Multiply.

-:+ So, the interest earned is $45 after 3 years.

b. To find the balance, add the interest to the principal.

*+ So, the balance is $500 + $45 = $545 after 3 years.

EXAMPLE ( 2
You put $1000 in an account. The account earns $100 simple interest
in 4 years. What is the annual interest rate?
PR PAgs Write simple interest formula.

100 = 1000(7) (4) Substitute 100 for /, 1000 for P, and 4 for t.

100 = 4000r Simplify.

0.025 =r Divide each side by 4000.

-:+ So, the annual interest rate of the account is 0.025, or 2.5%.

690 Chapter 15 Percents t@) Multi-Language Glossary at siuidguacuneon

 @ 0n Your Own
ou’r a, 1. In Example 1, what is the balance of the accou
nt after 9 months?
Exercises
CESS4-16 2. You put $350 in an account. The account earns $17.50
simple interest in 2.5 years. What is the annual interest rate?

Gide 3) Finding an Amount of Time

A bank offers three savings accounts. The simple
interest rate is determined by the principal.
How long does it take an account
with a principal of $800 to earn
$100 in interest?

The pictogram shows that the interest rate for a principal of $800 is 2%.

shit Write simple interest formula.

100 = 800(0.02)(4) Substitute 100 for /, 800 for P, and 0.02 for r.

100 = 16¢ Simplify.

6.25=¢ Divide each side by 16.

::+ So, the account earns $100 in interest in 6.25 years.

eX gee 4) Finding an Amount Paid on a.loan

You borrow $600 to buy a violin. The simple interest rate is 15%. You
pay off the ioan after 5 years. How much do you pay for the loan?

Mees Write simple interest formula.

= 600(0.15)
(5) Substitute 600 for P, 0.15 for r, and 5 for t.

= 450 Multiply.

To find the amount you pay, add the interest to the loan amount.

“t+ So, you pay $600 + $450 = $1050 for the loan.

@ On Your Own
Now, You’ 3. In Example 3, how long does it take an account with a principal
:
reReady of $10,000 to earn $750 in interest?
Exercises 17-20 °
Ua seal 4. WHAT IF? In Example 4, you pay off the loan after 2 years. How
much money do you save?

Section 15.7 Simple Interest 691

15.7 Exercises

GS Vocabulary and Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY Define each variable in J = Prt.

2. WRITING In each situation, tell whether you would want a higher or lower
interest rate. Explain your reasoning.

a. you borrow money b. you open a savings account

3. REASONING An account earns 6% simple interest. You want to find the

interest earned on $200 after 8 months. What conversions do you need to
make before you can use the formula J = Prt?

Practice and Problem Solving

An account earns simple interest. (a) Find the interest earned. (b) Find the balance
of the account.
@ 4. $600 at 5% for 2 years 5. $1500 at 4% for 5 years
6. $350 at 3% for 10 years 7. $1800 at 6.5% for 30 months
8. $700 at 8% for 6 years 9. $1675 at 4.6% for 4 years
10. $925 at 2% for 2.4 years 11. $5200 at 7.36% for 54 months

12. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

finding the simple interest earned on $500 at 6% for x | = (500)(0.06)(18)
18 months. = $540

Find the annual interest rate.

2)) 13. I = $24, P = $400, t = 2 years 14. I = $562.50, P = $1500, t = 5 years
15. I = $54, P = $900, t = 18 months 16. I = $160.67, P = $2000, t = 8 months

Find the amount of time.

® 17. I= $30, P = $500, r = 3% 18. I = $720, P = $1000, r= 9%
19. 1 = $54, P = $800, r = 4.5% 20. I = $450, P = $2400, r = 7.5%

21. BANKING A savings account earns 5% simple

interest per year. The principal is $1200.
What is the balance after 4 years?
22. SAVINGS You put $400 in an account. The
account earns $18 simple interest in 9 months. Promotional Rate 5.
6% |
What is the annual interest rate? Simple Interest
23. CD You put $3000 in a CD (certificate of deposit)
at the promotional rate. How long will it take to
earn $336 in interest?

692 Chapter 15 Percents

 Find the amount paid for the loan.
® 24. $1500 at 9% for 2 years 25. $2000 at 12% for 3 years
26. $2400 at 10.5% for 5 years 27. $4800 at 9.9% for 4 years
Copy and complete the table.

|Principal Interest Rate | Time ! Simple Interest

28. | $12,000 4.25% 5 years
29. ‘i 6.5% 18 months $828.75
30. | $15,500 8.75% $5425.00
31. | $18,000 | 54 months $4252.50
32. ZOO A family charges a trip to the zoo on a credit card. } im Trip
The simple interest rate is 12%. The charges are paid
after 3 months. What is the total amount paid for the trip? dickets eke
Food 62.34
33. MONEY MARKET You deposit $5000 in an account earning Gas 45.50
7.5% simple interest. How long will it take for the balance Total Goat 2
of the account to be $6500?

34. LOANS A music company offers a loan to buy a

Pil drum set for $1500. What is the monthly payment?

35. REASONING How many years will it take for $2000

to double at a simple interest rate of 8%? Explain
how you found your answer.

36. PROBLEM SOLVING You have two loans, for 2 years

_ each. The total interest for the two loans is $138.
Equal monthly On the first loan, you pay 7.5% simple interest on
payments for 2 years
a principal of $800. On the second loan, you pay
3% simple interest. What is the principal for the
second loan?

37: Ble You put $500 in an account that earns 4% annual interest. The
interest earned each year is added to the principal to create a new principal.
Find the total amount in your account after each year for 3 years.

fair Game Review what you learned in previous grades & lessons
Solve the inequality. Graph the solution. (Section 7.6)
BST aie 3900 = 22> 1 40.w+6<-3

41. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the solution of 4x + 5 = —11? (Section 13.5)

Ay ia Tea ales) Ors RS Oy x—=4

Section 15.7 Simple Interest 693

ATONN aoa aetacicnLTTTSRETR TTT Mee

Quiz f pe ssiiioaa aaa sos

“4 5. 5-1 5. 7

Progress. heceney
BigIdeasMath
Identify the percent of change as an increase or a decrease. Then find the percent
of change. Round to the nearest tenth of a percent if necessary. (:Section 15.5)

1. 8 inches to 24 inches 2. 300 miles to 210 miles

Find the original price, discount, sale price, or selling price. (Section 15.6)
3. Original price: $30 4. Original price: $55
Discount: 10% Discount: ?
Sale price: ? Sale price: $46.75
5. Original price: ? 6. Cost to store: $152
Discount: 75% Markup: 50%
Sale price: $74.75 Selling price: ?

An account earns simple interest. Find the interest earned, principal,

interest rate, ortime. (Section 15.7)

7. Interest earned: ? 8. Interest earned: $25

Principal: $1200 Principal: $500
Interest rate: 2% Interest rate: 5%
Time: 5 years Times.
9. Interest earned: $76 10. Interest earned: $119.88 |
Principal: $800 Principal: ?
Interest rate: ? Interest rate: 3.6%
Time: 2 years Time: 3 years
11. HEIGHT You estimate that your friend is 50 inches tall. The actual height of
your friend is 54 inches. Find the percenterror. (Section 15.5)

12. DIGITAL CAMERA A digital camera costs $230. The

camera is on sale for 30% off, and you have a coupon
for an additional 15% off the sale price. What
is the final price? (Section 15.6)

13. WATER SKIS The original price of the

water skis was $200. What is the
percent of discount? (Section 15.6)

to ounn \ 3S 14. SAXOPHONE A saxophone costs $1200. A store offers

1.$75 cashback “HX two loan options. Which option saves more money if
with 3.5% simple ; :
tecches you pay the loan in 2 years? (Section 15.7)
2. No interest for
years 15. LOAN You borrow $200. The simple interest rate
is 12%. You pay off the loan after 2 years. How
much do you pay forthe loan? (Section 15.7)

694 Chapter 15 Percents

 415 Chapter Review

Review Key Vocabulary

percent of change, p. 678 percent error, p. 679 interest, p. 690
percent of increase, p. 678 discount, p. 684 principal, p. 690
percent of decrease, p. 678 markup, p. 684 simple interest, p. 690

Review Examples and Exercises

ED Percents and Decimals (pp. 650-655)

a. Write 64% as a decimal. b. Write 0.023 as a percent.
64% = 64.%= 0.64 0.023 = 0.023 = 2.3%
WwW US

Exercises
Write the percent as a decimal. Use a model to check your answer.
1. 76% 2. 6% 3. 334%

Write the decimai as a percent. Use a model to check your answer.

4. 0.15 5. 124 6. 0.097

152) Comparing and Ordering Fractions, Decimais, and Percents

(pp. 656-661)
Which is greater, = or 88%?

90
Write a as a percent: coe 90%
10 10° 100

*s- 88% is less than 90%. SOs

0 8 the greater number.

Exercises
Tell which number is greater.

7. +,
2
52% g. -2
5
245%
9. 0.46, 43% 10. 0.023, 22%

Use a number line to order the numbers from least to greatest.

11. 21 0.83, 80% 12. -,920%, 2.15

+, 13) 0167467. ; 14. 0.88, “ 90%

Chapter Review 695

 Ge3) The Percent Proportion (pp. 662-667)
a. What percent of 24 is 9?
ieee ce Write the percent proportion.
w 100

ewig Substitute 9 for a and 24 for w.

24 100

100m = 100 p
100
Multiplication Property of Equality .
24

37.9 = p Simplify.

s+ So, 37.5% of 24 is 9.

_ b. What number is 15% of 80?

areneoe Write the percent proportion.

Ww 100

(Gy dds Substitute 80 for w and 15 for p.

80 100

BOs 80 Multiplication Property of Equality

80

@=12 Simplify.

“s+ So, 12 is 15% of 80.

|
|

--c. 120% of what number is 54?

epee Write the percent proportion.
w 100

54 _ 120 Substitute 54 for a and 120 for p.

Ww 100

54-100 = we 120 Cross Products Property

5400 = 120w Multiply.

45=w Divide each side by 120.

‘+ So, 120% of 45 is 54.

Exercises
Write and solve a proportion to answer the question.
15. What percent of 60 is 18? 16. 40 is what percent of 322

17. What number is 70% of 702 18. ;is 75% of what number?

696 Chapter 15 Percents

G54 The Percent Equation (pp. 668-673)
_ a. What number is 72% of 252

a=p-w Write percent equation.

= 0.72 «25 Substitute 0.72 forp and 25 for w.
= 18 Multiply.

2° So, 72% of25 is 18.

b. 28 is what percent of 702

C= Uy Write percent equation.
28 = p+70 Substitute 28 for a and 70 for w.
28 p70 he
a = Division Property of Equality

0.4=p Simplify.

‘i+ Because 0.4 equals 40%, 28 is 40% of 70.

c. 22.1 is 26% of what number?

a=p-w Write percent equation.

22.1 = 0.26 -w Substitute 22.1 for a and 0.26 for p.

85 =w Divide each side by 0.26.

2* SO, 22.1 is 26% of 85.

Exercises
Write and solve an equation to answer the question.
19. What number is 24% of 25? 20. 9 is what percent of 20?
21. 60.8 is what percent of 32? 22. 91 is 130% of what number?
23. 85% of what number is 10.22 24. 83% of 20 is what number?

25. PARKING 15% ofthe school parking a

spaces are handicap spaces. The
school has 18 handicap spaces. How
many parking spaces are there?

26. FIELD TRIP Of the 25 students ona

field trip, 16 students bring cameras.
What percent of the students
bring cameras?

Chapter Review 697

 G55 Percents of Increase and Decrease (pp. 676-687)

The table shows the numbers of skim boarders at a beach on Saturday and
Sunday. What was the percent of change in boarders from Saturday to Sunday?
The number of skim boarders on Sunday is less than the number of skim boarders
on Saturday. So, the percent of change is a percent of decrease.
original amount — new amount
percent of decrease =
original amount

pied Substitute.
2

Saturday ae Subtract.
1Z
Sunday
= 0.25 = 25% Write as a percent.

*t+ So, the number of skim boarders decreased

by 25% from Saturday to Sunday.

Exercises
Identify the percent of change as an increase or a decrease. Then find the percent
of change. Round to the nearest tenth of a percent if necessary.
27. 6 yards to 36 yards 28. 120 meals to 52 meals
29. MARBLES You estimate that a jar contains 68 marbles. The actual number of
marbles is 60. Find the percent error.

G55 Discounts and Markups (pp. 682-687)

What is the original price of the tennis racquet?
The sale price is 100% — 30% = 70% of the original price.
Answer the question: 21 is 70% of what number?

a—=pew Write percent equation.

21=0.7°w Substitute 21 for a and 0.7 for p.

30 = w Divide each side by 0.7.

*:+ So, the original price of the tennis racquet is $30.

Exercises
Find the sale price or original price.
30. Original price: $50 31. Original price: 2
Discount: 15% Discount: 20%
Sale price: 2 Sale price: $75

698 Chapter 15 Percents

 Simple Interest (pp. 688-693)
You put $200 in a savings account. The account earns 2% simple interest
per year.
a. What is the interest earned after 4 years?
b. What is the balance after 4 years?

a. I= Prt Write simple interest formula.

= 200(0.02) (4) Substitute 200 for P, 0.02 for r, and 4 for t.
= 16 Multiply.

“+ So, the interest earned is $16 after 4 years.

b. To find the balance, add the interest to the principal.

“+ So, the balance is $200 + $16 = $216 after 4 years.

You put $500 in an account. The account earns $55 simple interest in 5 years.
What is the annual interest rate?

L= Prt Write simple interest formula.

50 = 500(7) (5) Substitute 55 for /, 500 for P, and 5 for t.

55 = 2500r Simplify.

0.022 =r Divide each side by 2500.

‘t+ So, the annual interest rate of the account is 0.022, or 2.2%.

Exercises
An account earns simple interest.
a. Find the interest earned.
b. Find the balance cf the account.

32. $300 at 4% for 3 years 33. $2000 at 3.5% for 4 years

Find the annual simple interest rate.

34. [= $17, P = $500, t = 2 years 35. I = $426, P = $1200, t = 5 years

Find the amount of time.

36. J = $60, P = $400, r= 5% 37. 1 = $237.90,2 = 5152557 = 2.6%

38. SAVINGS You put $100 in an account. The account earns $2 simple interest
in 6 months. What is the annual interest rate?

Chapter Review 699

 15 Chapter Test
Write the percent as a decimal.
1. 0.96% 2. 65% 3. 259%

Write the decimal as a percent.

4. 0.42 5. 7.88 6. 0.5854

Tell which number is greater.

7, 1° 65% 8. 56%, 5.6

25

Use a number line to order the numbers from least to greatest.

9. 35%, 2°,
18
0.84 10. 58.3%, 0.58, —i

Answer the question. .

11. What percent of 28 is 21? 12. 64 is what percent of 40?
13. What number is 80% of 45? 14. 0.8% of what number is 6?

Identify the percent of change as an increase or a decrease. Then find the percent
of change. Round to the nearest tenth of a percent if necessary.
15. 4 strikeouts to 10 strikeouts 16. $24 to $18

Find the sale price or selling price.

17. Original price: $15 18. Cost to store: $5.50
Discount: 5% Markup: 75%
Sale price: ? Selling price: @

An account earns simple interest. Find the interest earned or the principal.
19. Interest earned: 2 20. Interest earned: $27
Principal: $450 Principal: ?
Interest rate: 6% Interest rate: 1.5%
Time: 8 years Time: 2 years
21. BASKETBALL You, your cousin, anda
friend each take the same number of
free throws at a basketball hoop. Who
made the most free throws?

22. PARKING LOT You estimate that there are

66 cars in a parking lot. The actual number
of cars is 75.
a. Find the percent error.
b. What other estimate gives the same percent error? Explain your reasoning.
23. INVESTMENT You put $800 in an account that earns 4% simple interest.
Find the total amount in your account after each year for 3 years.

700 Chapter 15 Percents

 15 Standards Ae
EET PREY TOT EY TATE eT LER TETE

1. A movie theater offers 30% off the price ofa

movie ticket to students from your school.
The regular price of a movie ticket is $8.50.
What is the discounted price that you would
pay fora ticket? (7.RP3)

A. $2.55 Ci'$5.95

B. $5.50 D. $8.20

2. You are comparing the prices of four boxes

of cereal. Two of the boxes contain free
extra cereal.

e BoxF costs $3.59 and contains Reading all Choj

16 ounces.
ICespay
an really be ore, Swerin 9

e Box Gcosts $3.79 and contains 16 ounces,

plus an additional 10% for free.
e Box H costs $4.00 and contains 500 grams.
e Box! costs $4.69 and contains 500 grams,
plus an additional 20% for free.

Which box has the least unit cost? (1 ounce = 28.35 grams) (7.RP3)
E BoxFk H. Box H

G. BoxG box

ms 3. What value makes the equation 11 — 3x = —7 true? (7.EE.4a)

4. Which proportion represents the problem below? (7.RP3)

“17% of a number is 43. What is the number?”

17
43 100 43. 100
a Ee 43
Cr ata nm 100

Standards Assessment 701

 5. Which list of numbers is in order from least to greatest? (7.FE.3)

FE 0.8, >,70%, 0.09 H. >,70%, 0.8, 0.09

G. 0.09, >,0.8, 70% 1. 0.09, >,70%, 0.8

6. What is the value of + (-=} (7.NS.2b)

Which price is closest to the sale price of the running shoes? (7.RP3)
A. $93 C. $124

B. $99 D. $149

8. What is the slope of the line? (7.RP2b)

Wild
NMl]o

702 Chapter 15 Percents

 Fe Brad solved the equation in the box shown.

What should Brad do to correct the error that

he made? (7.EE.4a) 2+w=-15

A. Multiply —45 by —3 to get 2 + w = 135.

B. Add3 to —45 to get 2 + w = --42.

2 to —15 to get
C. Add w = —13.

D. Divide —45 by —3 to get 15.

10. You are comparing the costs of a certain model of ladder at a hardware store
Think and at an online store. (7.RP3)
Solve
Explain
adder $320 ~
Sales tax: 6%

Ladders: oping & handling:

$350/ea.
Sales tax: 6%
of cost of ladder

PartA What is the cost of the ladder at each of the stores? Show your work and
explain your reasoning.

PartB Suppose that the hardware store is offering 10% off the price of the ladder
and that the online store is offering free shipping and handiing. Which store
offers the better final cost? by how much? Show your work and explain your
reasoning.

11. Which graph represents the inequality below? (7.EE.4b)

768
hea hl

a He fp
=) 10) ll Ss —-4 -3 —-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
ef ee =o)

G. <p} Eo
ON 2a Shed) ft =4 =3) =2 =| 0 1, 2553)" 45 5
=A eee

Standards Assessment 703

PAA Literature project = -

as_Alice‘s Adventures in Wonderland

A. 2 History Project
Mathematics in Ancient Egypt
 BLEIBT BIE as

_ , Getting Started
Lewis Carroll was a mathematician who
also wrote literature books for children.

Essential Question How does mathematical

problem solving influence a story plot?
Read Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
by Lewis Carroll. In each chapter,
rewrite one of the episodes so that it
contains some of the math that you
have studied this year.

Sample: You could rewrite Alice’s shrinking

adventure as follows.
Alice’s normal height was 4’7” or 55 inches.
After drinking the bottle marked “Drink Me,” Alice
could feel herself shrinking more and more. After
several minutes, Alice was only two-elevenths of
her original height. Would Alice have to bend over
to walk through a door that is only 1 foot high?

A2 Appendix A My Big Ideas Projects

 The illustrations on these two pages
are from the 1907 edition of Alice’s
Adventures in Wonderland. They were
drawn by Arthur Rackham (1867-1939),
a book illustrator from England.

Thingsto Remember
You can download each chapter of the
book at BigldeasMath.com.
Add your own illustrations to your project.
Try to include as many different math
concepts as possible. Your goal is to include
at least one concept from each of the
chapters you studied this year.
Organize your math stories in a folder, and
think of a title for your repoit.

Section A.1 Literature Project A3

 A.2_ History Project

Mathematics in Ancient Egypt

“1 _ Gett
ing Started

The ancient Egyptian civilization in

North Africa began around 3150 B.c. with the union
of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh. The rule of the pharaohs
ended in 31 B.c. when the Romans conquered Egypt and made it a province.
The ancient Egyptians’ achievements included a system of mathematics,
glass technology, medicine, literature, irrigation and agricultural techniques,
and art. Their mastery of surveying, quarrying, and construction techniques
allowed them to build pyramids, temples, and obelisks.
Essential Question How is mathematical knowledge that was originally
discovered by the ancient Egyptians used today?

Sample: To multiply two whole numbers, the

ancient Egyptians repeatedly multiplied by 2.
The “doubling lists” used to multiply 53 by 85 are
shown. The lists stop when the last number in
the first list is greater than the first number in the
second list.
eel 53
2 106 ye |S
e 4 Be. Zh canoe
8 424 HA: TS it * govser,
tee ay
e 16 848 A ENWZ my
ee
ot 860)
a
Fo
32 1696 : Pele: Loe gi
e 64 3392 Bee |
Because 85 = 1+4+ 16+ 64,
§ 85. ° 53 = 53.4 212 + 848 + 3392 = 4505,

Ancient Egyptian Numbers

The Blue Sphinx

A4 Appendix A My Big Ideas Projects

o Things to Include
@ Explain how the ancient Egyptians
multiplied two whole numbers.
Give an example.
@ Explain how the ancient Egyptians
divided two whole numbers. Give
an example.
@ How did the ancient Egyptians
write whole numbers? Give some
examples.
@® How did the ancient Egyptians write
fractions? Give some examples.
@ How did the ancient Egyptians use
ratios to measure the height of a
pyramid? Give an example.
@ Write your name using ancient
Egyptian hieroglyphics. Ancient Egyptian Alphabet

@ Describe how ancient Egyptians used mathematics. How does this

compare with the ways in which mathematics is used today?

Things to Remember
@ Add your own illustrations to your project.
@ Try to include as many different math
concepts as possible. Your goal is to include
at least one concept from each of the
chapters you studied this year.
@ Organize your report in a folder, and think of
a title for your report.

ADIN‘ =e
What does this spell?

Section A.2 History Project A5

 A.3_ Art Project
Sie aie rein ian lisse danas all

Polyhedra in Art

Getting Started
Polyhedra is the plural of
polyhedron. Polyhedra
have been used in art Octahedron Dodecahedron
for many centuries, in
cultures all over the world.
Essential Question Do
polyhedra influence the
design of games and
architecture?
Icosahedron
Some of the most famous Tetrahedron
polyhedra are the five
Platonic solids shown at
the right.

Sample: Three of the .

Platonic solids have
Glue Under faces that are equilateral
\ triangles. One of these is
, the octahedron. Here is a
4 net for an octahedron.

Glue Under

Mosaic by Paolo Uccello, 1430 A.D.

A6 Appendix A My Big Ideas Projects

 SS
A il al ae soe

Pl Things to Include
@® Explain why the platonic solids
are sometimes referred to as the
cosmic figures.
@ Draw a net for an icosahedron ora
dodecahedron. Cut out the net and Faceted Cut Gem

fold it to form the polyhedron.

@ Describe the 13 polyhedra that are
called Archimedean solids. What is the
definition of this category of polyhedra?
Draw a net for one of them. Then
cut out the net and fold it to form
the polyhedron.
@ Find examples of polyhedra in games
and architecture.

Origami Polyhedron

Things to Remember
@® Add your own illustrations or paper creations
to your project.
@ Organize your report in a folder, and think of
a title for your report.

Bulatov Sculpture

Concrete Tetrahedrons by Ocean

Section A.3 Art Project A7

A.4 Science Project

Why Does Ice Float?

Getting Started
Among the planets in our solar system,
Earth is clearly the “water planet.”
Water occurs on Earth’s surface as a liquid,
solid, and gas. Ocean waters cover about 70%
of Earth’s surface. Fresh water in lakes and rivers covers We
than 1%. Thick sheets of ice permanently cover Earth’s polar
regions, and glaciers occur in its higher mountains. Water in the
form of clouds covers about half of Earth’s surface at any time.
Essential Question How does floating ice affect you and the world in
which you live?
There are three parts to this question. First, you have to understand
why things float in water. Make lists of things that float in water and
things that do not float in water. How can you describe, scientifically,
the difference between these two types of objects?
Second, you have to discover what is special about water. Almost all
other elements and compounds have the property that their solid
forms sink in their liquid forms.
Third, you have to research how water in solid form influences the
environment and living organisms. You may want to explore ocean
currents, weather, and various cycles including the water cycle.

Earth’s North Polar Ice Cap

Appendix A My Big Ideas Projects

 sil hala ase A i a a ii ay i a a ac a

@ Does vegetable cooking oil : : ee

float in water? Does ice float
in vegetable oil?
@ Compare the density of water and
the density of ice. How do these
densities relate to the fact that ice
floats in water?
: @ What percent of an iceberg is
above the water? What percent
is below?
@ What environmental and biological
systems would not work if ice sunk
in the oceans instead of floating?
@ Explain how the floating of ice helps
keep the oceans warm and therefore
helps aquatic life exist in Earth’s
polar oceans.

@ Add your own illustrations to your project.

® Try to include as many different math
concepts as possible. Your goal is to include
at least one concept from each of the
chapters you studied this year.
@® Organize your report in a folder, and think of
a title for your report.

Floating Iceberg

Section A.4 Science Project AQ

Selected Answers
Whole Number Operations
(pages 7-9)
1. addition 3. division 5. addition

7. a. dividend b. quotient c. divisor

9. 4785 — 3391; 1394 people ioe 4765.2; 9570 people 13277081

15. 2462 Ade 433 19. 6944

110
Zero!
: 23. : 60 25.41 ——
Ge

27. The partial product 39 should be moved to the left so that the 3 is under the 2 and the 9 is under the 7.
The answer should be 663.
29. multiplication 31. division 33. addition

35. 24in.;35 in.” 37. 36m; 80m?

39. Youcan use addition to check your answer by adding 93 to itself 6 times. You can use division
to check your answer by dividing 558 by either 93 or 6.

41. no; Ifthe remainder is greater than the divisor, then the quotient should be increased until
the remainder is less than the divisor or equal to zero.

43. 46 tokens
3 3
45. a. a. $ $424 be 7 db
dt OF or Ba val

47 and 49. Vt eee 51. A

Re
te
ea
lament
rwowereann

Powers and Exponents

(pages 14 and 15)

1. An exponent indicates the number of times the base is used as a factor. A power is the
entire expression (base and exponent). A power is a product of repeated factors.

3. 3+3+3+3 = 3(4) does not belong because it shows a product as a sum of repeated
addends, whereas the other three show powers as products of repeated factors.

SP bse T3ao: 9. 8! ie
13. The base is written as the exponent and the exponent is written as the base.
4+4-4=49
15. 64 T7196 19. 65,536

21. 1,419,857 23. 8,000,000 people 25. nota perfect square

27. perfect square 29. perfect square 31. nota perfect square

A10 Selected Answers

33. 40,000 cm2 35. 8 squares

As the exponent decreases, the value of the power is divided by 4. 4°

= ]
39. 13 blocks; add 7* — 6? blocks; 19 blocks; add 102 — 92 blocks; 39 blocks; add 202 — 192
blocks
41. 165 43. 7

Section) 1.5 Order of Operations

(pages 20 and 21)

1. Using the order of operations for 12 — 8 + 2, you divide 8 by 2 and then subtract the result
from 12. Using the order of operations for (12 — 8) ~ 2, you subtract 8 from 12 and then
divide by 2.
32507 ay 2 Titd

9. 24 11. 88 13202

15. Addition was performed before multiplication. 9 + 2x 3=9+6=15

17. 8 pages Ue 4s) 21. 47

23, 8 25. 22 people Ziel

29. $34

31. $23; Add the prices of the items you buy. Then subtract the amount of the gift card
from the total.

33. a. 27+34+5X2=19 b. Sample answer:9* + 11—-8xX4+1=60

Cc. <6 — 15-9 = 24 qd. 1x2
7 Sr 9 10

35.6.1 37. 0.9

Prime Factorization
(pages 28 and 29)

1. The prime factorization of a composite number is the number written as a product of its
prime factors.

3. 6, 9 does not belong because it is a factor pair of 54 and the others are factor pairs of 56.

5 8) Sy @ 7. None, 1709 is a prime number.

9. 18222711 11.01539; 3.48 2, 27; 3, 18; 6,9

13. 1,54;

15. 1,61 17. 5+°50r5* 19. 2-13

21, 203-3-30r2+3° 23, 7211

Selected Answers A111

 Prime Factorization (continued)
(pages 28 and 29)
~ (—\ VANE.
7
0S

2a a SeOmronlZEZe
18 36
12s ae) pee ((a\\\

Pa & hayes: 29. 4 31.00

SS: yes; 2 is a prime number because it only has 1 and itself as Cond
factors. The rest of the even whole numbers have 2 as a factor.
an OC
55 Use 36 objects to help you determine the possible group sizes.

37. cupcake table; Because 60 has more factors than 75,

there are more rectangular arrangements.

39. 6 prisms; There are 6 unique arrangements of length, width,

and height using the factors of 40.
(Note that 1 xX 1 X 40 names the same prism as 40 X 1 X 1.);
1x 40). 1 2 x 20, 1x4 105 ox 62 2 X10 25

41. Sieslt 43. 1248

Greatest Common Factor

(pages 34 and 35)

. The GCF is the greatest factor that is shared by the two numbers.

What is the greatest prime factor of 24 and 322; 2; 8

2 Whe Sea | Lae aby

15 159 et

7 is the greatest common prime factor. The GCF is 2 + 7 = 14.

. 23 packets 23:7 25. 14

. Sample answer: Prime factorization because it is tedious to find all the factors of large numbers.

. always 31. 12;6red, 5 pink, and 4 yellow

a. Because 73 is a prime number and the GCF of the three numbers is 1.

b. 18; The GCF of 54 and 36 is 18. 18 divides evenly into 72 leaving one banana left over.
. Commutative Property of Addition

a7; Commutative Property of Multiplication

a0: B

A12 Selected Answers

Section 1.6. _ Least Common Multiple
(pages 40 and 41)
1. The LCM of two numbers is the least of the multiples shared by the two numbers.

Se al =, fe) Leawie
9.40 WIRE hs) 13. 108
15. 66 17 e350 19. 15 days
21. D; This model represents multiples of 4and 6 which have an LCM of 12. The other models
represent multiples of 3 and 8, 8 and 12, and 6 and 8, which have an LCM of 24.

23. 165 PAs, 20) 27. 1260

29. always 31. never 33. 300th caller

S35), -BY Prime ; b. 240 c. 80; 120
factors of pe
16 factors of
24

7)
(?)
5 oO
:
AS
@

4
ae
>
.

a7. 32 Bony ¢
()
=

Ar

Adding and Subtracting Fractions

(page 43)

eee
3A? 24
as a
" 36’ 36

5. < =

5 17
<_ he
Piel iG 60

ie Leas fe 15. 12

17. Sample answer: The LCD method uses numbers that are easier to work with, but there is extra
work in finding the LCD. Using the other method, there are no preliminary steps for finding the
LCD, but there may be more simplifying in the solution.

Selected Answers A113

 Multiplying Fractions
(pages 59-61)

. Multiply numerators and multiply denominators, then simplify the fraction.

Sample answer: 35x 3 = 11

=16 ih ae8 ith =3 13. 5=4

28

16 7 = 19. 122 ilO

45 27 30

a (=.x ‘);Because aes 1, the product will be less than a

@ Oe 10 G |

5 Sens @ Het Ar f
ao F x Z);Because aoe 1, by the Multiplication Property of One, the two expressions are equal.

2 29. 2 31. 2 33. I; |

|
35. ie14 a7 8623 39. 6-9 Aq. 1s8 |
43. You must first rewrite the mixed number as 45. a. 7ft? bz 102ft
improper fractions and then multiply.

DER, x
5 | 15
_'BX 39 |
2xB
=u or 19+
2
47. ca 49. 262 ee
15 5 25
55. 4 mi

57: Which units of measure would make the calculations easier?

3
59: Den ret ae b. 45 people
° 4

61. 3°25 63. 27-35

Dividing Fractions
(pages 67-69)
25
Sample answer: ass ee i Sree \

l
ee
8
gue52 11:8291 130716 15. i‘el

1. 19. 3 21, = Et ee 25. 202

3 27 " 28 a

A114 Selected Answers

27: You need to invert the second fraction before you multip
ly.

2 1
Zo: Round = to 5 and 58 tol, .
it 1 A
+]= > which has
is not close to the incorrect answer of ad
9
Ogre
33) oe times 33. yes 35. yes 37. 5

So: >; When you divide a number by a fraction less than 1, the quotient is greater than the
number.
41. >; When you divide a number by a fraction less than 1, the quotient is greater than the number
.
1 ]
43. 216
— 45. l-- AT iae2 49. —=
5
3
51. q
ss
a
=e 2 2 hours, or 2 hours 24 minutes

Siar ;
55: a. 3— times hese times Gee
a 3 4

1 2 3
eV a. 67—=8 gal b. 8= gal Sy = gal
Cx"33

59, 6 61. 5

VY)
sa
Dividing Mixed Numbers @
@)
(pages 74 and 75) ct
@
jek

: = 3. sometimes; The reciprocal ofSis *which is improper. >

=)

3 7s 4 Cugscee19 tires10
S
)
=
vi

13: ee2 15.015 are 19d18

: 2 “ ; De oe eee)
zie The mixed number |= was not written as an 3-+ ]= = —+
3 2, eos
improper fraction before inverting. 7 3
= — <=
2 eS

23. 14 hamburgers nex

1 1 1 eee.
20; no; The model shows 2 = Lee ae cael

1 ; 10 10
There are 2 full groups of le plus one piece
; 1 1
remaining, which represents a of le.

27. 4 29. li: 52

31. oe 33. a0
a 354 . 122125 3702Fe
F 1
39. a. 6 ramps; Sample answer: The estimate is reasonable because 12 5 was rounded down.
1
b. 6 ramps; 17 feet left over

41. 0.43 43. 3.8 45. C

Selected Answers A115

 Adding and Subtracting Decimals
(pages 82 and 83)

Estimating allows you to check that your answer is reasonable.

1.15 + 0.43 = 1.58 S029 ekebe]

Theo Pata

VibeVivePoh 11. 1.46 13. 4.366 15. 2.644

Line up the decimal points before adding. Insert a 0 at the end of the second number so that both
numbers have the same number of decimal places. 6.058 + 3.95 = 10.008.

$8.30 21. 19.58 me Ie 25. 15.606

. the decimal parts in the sum total 1; the decimal parts in the difference are exactly the same

34.995 m 31. 4.816 AU 332 20109 AU) 35. 6.85 units

I
ae 20

Multiplying Decimals
(pages 89-91)

Place the decimal point so that there are two decimal places. 1.2 « 2.4 = 2.88

8.722 DB. 1955750 7. 4 Fe SSS)

meee 13. 33.6 15. 115.04 73 2145

13.888 21: 2A 23. 0.0342

. The decimal is in the wrong place. 0.0045 = 9 = 0.0405

. 30.06 lb 297 WO 31. 0.024 33. 0.000072

0,03 37. 0.000012 392 109:74 41. 3.886

13.7104 45. 51.3156 47. $3.24 49. $1284.78

. 7.12 X 8.22 X 100 = 7.12 X 822 = 5852.64

187 SS erro
al 57. 71.984 59m 365225 61234

. Each number is 0.1 times the previous number;

0.0015, 0.00015, 0.000015

65. Each number is 1.5 times the previous number;

ZUILCy aL.UOOTO: OO. IIo uaa

67. a. 190.06 mi

D911 .29 mit

69. Which framing is thicker?

Fas ~) 73. 7

A16 Selected Answers

 Dividing Decimals
(pages 97—99)
1 0.61
ne 3.. 6.
6.38 +
+ 38
11 =0.58 5 » 47)136 11850
7. 216)1 850

i3 11..°9 13, 16.7 15 ol

oe ee 1a 21. 0.098 237 3151
25: He Ss be placed before the 8 27. the 5-ounce bottle; The price per ounce is
€ quotient. $2.06 for the 5-ounce bottle and $2.12 for the
0.086 4-ounce bottle.
6)0.516
48
36
36
0

29: 62 Bt On 2 33. 8.046 35. $26.96

37% 9 39. 0.08 41. 400 43. 460
45. about 1.33 47. about 12.21 49. 113 tickets 51. 850 songs
nn
a3: = = 2
©a)
Sf; about 5357 bees oF
©
oo: When dividing, make sure your units cancel. o.
>
1 i =
S©
61. ]— 63. —
6 20

65. B —

Algebraic Expressions
(pages 115-117)

3(4) + 5 does not belong because it is a numerical expression and the other three are
algebraic expressions.

decrease; When you subtract greater and greater values from 20, you will have less
and less left.
$120 7. $8

Terms: g, 12, 9g 11, Termis: 2771-15, 2p- 13. Terms: 8x, =

Coefficients: 1,9 Coefficients: 2, 2 } i
Coefficients: 8,—
Constant: 12 Constant: 15 3
Constant: none

Es a. Terms: 22, 2w; Coefficients: 2,2: Constant: none

b. The coefficient 2 of 2 represents that there are 2 lengths on the rectangle.

The coefficient 2 of w represents that there are 2 widths on the rectangle.

17. 2 19. 5.2y° Qin le 23. 25d? 25. 9

27. 11 29. 10 che 4a 33. 5 B54

Selected Answers A17

 Algebraic Expressions (continued)
(pages 115-117)

Sf. Multiplication should be done first, then addition.

Dit — Oe Orr
= AK) se 3
= AS

52. 34 mm; 118 mm 41.

5
43. 23 45. 25 CW ve)

49. 46 51. 24

53. Start by drawing a visual image of moving 2000 feet in exactly 10 minutes.

5D: 64 in. 57. 512 59. 256

Writing Expressions
(pages 122 and 123)

. «take away 12;-% — 12;x 4-12 3, G= 5 5. 287

he = 3 ), = 3 Hh, UG @

Tew OLW +7 15. y+4or4+y V7. 2.6201 Ze2

tet : , 8
. The expression is not written in the correct order; —
y

Gk agar©

b. Sample answer: If the total cost is $30, then the cost per person is x + 5 = 30 + 5 = $6.
The result is reasonable.

. Sample answer: The sum of n and 6; 6 more than a number n

. Sample answer: A number b less than 15; 15 take away a number b

7 -3;2 29. 8x +6; 46

a. b. 2 + 3g
c. $26

33: It might help to see the pattern if you make a table of the data
in the bar graph.

ao, cee ae) 39. 140

iat

A18 Selected Answers

Section 3,3 : Properties of Addition and Multiplication
(pages 130 and 131)

1. Sample answer: petez a pape

S38 rai
r 5 3. Sample answer: (5+x)+1=5-+(x«1)
aes
D 5
=
5. Comm. Prop. of Mult. 7. Assoc. Prop. of Mult. 9. Add. Prop. of Zero
11. The grouping of the numbers did not change. The statement illustrates
the Commutative
Property of Addition because the order of the addends changed.

13. (14+y)+3=(y+14)+3 Comm. Prop. of Add.

=y + (14 +3) Assoc. Prop. of Add.
=yt+17 Add 14 and 3.

15. 7(9w) =(7-9)w Assoc. Prop. of Mult. 17. (0+a)+8=a+8 Add. Prop. of Zero
= 63w Multiply 7 and 9.
1932 (18:6:97 eo = 18.6:-+(d + 1) Assoc. Prop. of Mult.
= 18.6d Mult. Prop. of One
21. (2.4+ 4n)+9=(4n+2.4)+9 Comm. Prop. of Add. -
=4n+(2.4+9) Assoc. Prop. of Add. oO
=4n+11.4 Add 2.4 and 9. A
23. Z°0+12=(z+0)-12 Assoc. Prop. of Mult. o
=0-12 Mult. Prop. of Zero a
=0 Mult. Prop. of Zero ¢

25. a. x represents the cost ofa box of cookies. b. 120x ©

7)
PAE[oT fs a Gs ee) he ee eal 29. (7 +2) ey Pe am en
Wesels)

33. w16 35; 938 37; 90

39. 37 is already prime. AT, 3 7 43. B

j
Section 3,4 The
Sea Distributive
aT Property

1. Sample answer: You must distribute or give the numbez outside the parentheses to the
numbers inside the parentheses.

3. 4+ (x-4) does not belong because it does not represent the Distributive Property.

5. 63 7, 516 9. 936 11. 504 13. =4

95. 222 tae 19. 65 —54 21. 96 + 8a 23. 72 10k

25. 4+ 9C
63 27. 40g+ 24 29. + 4y
4x 31. (py 5 71g 4 63

33. The 6 was not distributed to the 8 inside the parentheses; 6(y + 8) = 6y + 48

35. 5(r+ 15) and 5r + 5 « 15, because they are equivalent expressions.

Selected Answers A19

Section 3.4 The Distributive Property (continued)
(pages 137-139)
37. 16(10 + x) = 1604 16x 39. 6x+ 25

41. 68 + 28k AZ. 9yze5 A5. 3d+1 47. 5v

49. 2.7w-14.04 51. 2 + = 53. 7x + l2y 55. x=8 57.

59. Area: 8x + 64 61. Area: 9x + 108

Perimeter: 2x + 32 Perimeter: 2x + 42

63. a. 6.2 b. 14
Sample answer: The preferred method is not the same for both expressions.
For part (a), evaluating inside the parentheses first requires easier and less calculations.
For part (b), using the Distributive Property will eliminate the fractions.
65. 7(x+3)+8ex+3-x+8-—9=2(9x+ 10)

67. 34.006 69. 0.387

Extension 3.4 Factoring Expressions

i (page 141)
1 72) 37 O(sr— 2) Bn Z(G) 1 28 (Sian)

Orme Cert) Ail (23— 1b) 13. 942) 152 °5(2 yy)

17. yes; yes; Because a and bare divisible by c, you can factor c out of each expression.
Because c is a factor of the sum and the difference, each expression is divisible by c.

19. (x-+ 4) feet

Areas of Parallelograms
(pages 156 and 157)

1. The area of a polygon is the amount of surface it covers. The perimeter of a polygon is the
distance around the polygon.

Sho UBSAE 5. 187 km* 7. 243 in?

9. 15 mwas used for the height instead of 13 m.
A= 8(13) = 104 m*
11. 12 units? 13. 24 units?
17. What shape could have an area of 128 square feet?
What shape could have an area of s* square feet?

19. 287 in.”

Zi; n°bh where b represents the base and h represents the height of the original parallelogram,
or n°A where A represents the area of the original parallelogram.

23. 1640 Peewee tilts:

A20 Selected Answers

 Section 4,2 " Areas of Triangles
st — (pages 162 and 163)
1. yes; To find the area of the triangle, you must
also know the height of the triangle.
That is, the perpendicular distance from the base
to the opposite vertex,
3. Orc 5. 1620 in.” ie Ves cm.
9. The side length of 13 meters was used instead of the
height.
A = 5(10)(12) = 60 m?
14. 324 cm" 13. 90 mi? 15. Sample answer:

17. x* times greater 19. 4 times greater

21. Mult. Prop. of One 23. Assoc. Prop. of Add. on 12 ft

6 ft
4tt

Section 4.3 Areas of Trapezoids

(pages 170 and 171)
1. bases: 4 ft and 7 ft; height: 15 ft
3. 2£ + 2w; This is an expression for the perimeter of a rectangle. The other three are expressions
for area (triangle, rectangle, and trapezoid).

5. 24 units? 7 28in- 9. 105 ft? 11. 8 units?

13. 12 units* 15. 60 in.” 17 e276 te QD
ee 19. 18 ft
21. Use the strategy Solve a Simpler Probiem by assigning SIB
Pa}d
values to the variables.

23 and 25. 275 1G

rFrnowoe

It Ae de Sabre
ey

Extension 43 Areas of Composite Figures

(page 173)
1. 36 units” 7. 3400 yd? 40 yd
id Sample answer: Separate the figure into
25 Ou a trapezoid and a square. 30 yd
|p poker ae
5. 1265 cm

40 yd

40 yd

Selected Answers A21

 ; Polygons in the Coordinate Plane
section ae (pages 178 and 179)

1. Plot the points that represent the vertices of the polygon and connect the points in order.

BekSp 5.
9
4p 8
3 7
2 6
1 Tanti vail 1 5

Tec aoe ae ‘
3

Length of CD is 8 units. alk

Length of QR is 5 units

7h 9. [
5
4
3

I a }

12) 13 a4 ‘Sees 29

11. 13. 24 units; 36 units*

15. 28 units; 45 units”

17. a. square

b. 28 ft; 49 ft?

ire By GN ty Gy ih. Bh alr

19. Sample answer: 21. Sample answer:

linemntical}

a
bk
FPnwonw
DN<

Pre
HD
we
25S SOA es Cu ew Omens

23. 27 miles; There are only two ways to go from station P to station L. Traveling from station P to
Nto Mto Lis 27 miles. Traveling from station P to J to K to L is 33 miles.

25. 2.5 times larger 27. 2 29. = 31. D

Ratios
(pages 194 and 195)

1. consonants; For every 5 vowels there are 7 consonants, so consonants outnumber the vowels.
3. 2 out of every 5; This ratio is 2:3, all other ratios are 2:5.

re ne Os el aes eS See 7. 6 to 4, or 6:4; For every 6 basketballs,

Fans Seer
Leeper eset | there are 4 soccer balls.

A22 Selected Answers

 9. 3to7, or3:7; For every 3 shirts, . 11. 8 to 15, or 8:15; 8 out of 15 movies
there are 7 pants are comedies.
13. 15 to3, or 15:3; Out of 15 movies, 3 are dramas
.
15. 9h U7 216
19. 6 black pieces; The ratio of black to red 21. It may be helpful to organize your
is 3:5, so each part is 16 + 8 = 2. So, results in a table.
there are 3 - 2 = 6 black pieces and
5 +2 = 10red pieces.

23. 4 pints of soda water, 8 pints of fruit punch concentrate, 20 pints of ginger
ale; Yes;
Sample answer: There is twice as much fruit punch as soda water (as in
the original ratio).
There is 5 times as much ginger ale as soda water (as in the original ratio).

hs ne 6 27. 203 2905

Ratio Tables
(pages 201-203)
1. Two ratios are equivalent if they can 3. 12:15 does not belong because all other ratios
be written as the same ratio. are equivalent. A
5. The ratio of ladybugs to bees can be described by 12:4, 6:2, or 3:1. es

[wins|@ [2
i = i}
ausee [2 :
ra
ra

feetos[2|3 >
=)
nv
8:3 and 24:9 =

cr
ss
13: wv

spoon[10|8
16:10, 8:5, and 48:30 16 tickets

[Second
|60|6|36_
$60
17. Adding the same number, 5 in this case, to each Sample answer:
part of the ratio does not create equivalent ratios.
You can add corresponding parts of equivalent
ratios to create new equivalent ratios.

19. 28 basketballs

21. Add the corresponding quantities of Recipes B and D to create Recipe E.

23. Subtract the corresponding quantities of Recipe B from Recipe C to create Recipe A.

25. Sample answer: Add the corresponding quantities of Recipes B and F to create a
batch with 11 servings.

Selected Answers A23

 Ratio Tables (continued)
(pages 201-203)

27. A=16,B=28 29. A= 65, B= 40 Str 32

33. 36 bugs S572 Ly) 37, IAGx + 2y)

Rates
(pages 208 and 209)

1. Sample answer: You walk at a rate of 2 blocks per minute, so you walk 12 blocks in 6 minutes.

3. Sample answer: 45 words for every 30 minutes 5. Sample answer: 4 inches for every 12 years

7. $7 per week 9. 45 miles per hour 11. 140 kilobytes per second

13. 72 miles per gallon 15. 100 times per second Ti wyal) ae

21 . not equivalent oti

19: equivalent & 3
23. a. 6min 25. It may be helpful to organize
b, Photos your results in a table.
0 7 14 21 28 35)

0 2 4 6 8 10
Minutes

10 min

275 ee 29. Sample answer: a a 31. Sample answer: Se

12’ 24 18’ 27

Section 54) Comparing and Graphing Ratios

(pages 214 and 215)

1. Use ratio tables to write equivalent ratios where one part from each ratio has the same
numerical value. Compare the other part.

CaN 5, Bb 7X

9) 11. the first recipe

(dollars)
Cost

2 4 6 8 1012 14 16 18 20 22 x
People A

Both graphs begin at (0, 0). The graph for the museum is steeper, so the cost to attend the
museum is greater than the cost to attend the zoo.

A24 Selected Answers

15. Begin by using double number lines to represent
the situations.

17. a. Sample answer:

eens |
aimonds|
rota|
143 nuts

b. Nut Mixture Both graphs begin at (0, 0). The graph for the new
i ._ooo mixture is slightly steeper, so it has a greater
. ie See eae 1166, 35)1, concentration of almonds.
4 30 — - ante
S 25
£ 20} ++
ae be
(8, 5)
nn
2.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55x ©(@)
Peanuts
ot
©
c. more; Almonds cost more and there are more of them in the new mixture than in the old mixture. a
>
19. 16 21. 34 R109 =
ss
©
=

Percents
(pages 222 and 223)
posy Al
1. Youcan shade 42 out of 100 squares 3. Sample answer: = =. x
to model 42%.

3: 7

ae
2 ais we 15ved Pees re oe.
25
t=250
en Oe ee 12 eto
21. 10% 235, 070 25. 54% 27. 185%

5
29. The decimal point should not have been 31. ri No, you have more than you need.
added to the percent expression.
14_ 14X4_ 56 _ ng
25. 25x4 100

Selected Answers A25

 Percents (continued)
(pages 222 and 223)

BS. hle2576 35. 82.5%

37. Organize the percents and fractions in a table. What operation should you use
to compare Illinois to Hawaii?

39. Youcan shade half of one of the squares.

a 43. 16 45. D

Solving Percent Problems

(pages 229-231)

1. Twenty percent of what number is 302; 6; 150

3-21. Explanations will vary. :

=fee 2 Bao 1s A Fg OS a Sty |

13. 320325 15. 24 17. 14 19. 84 219 G45

23. The percent was not written as a fraction before multiplying; 40% * 75 = Z x 75 = 30
e]

25 Gorn Ul
27-35. Explanations will vary.

27. 140 29. 84 31. 80 33225 35. 20

37. The percent should be written as a fraction before dividing; 5 + 20% = 5 = is = 25

re]

39. a. 50 students b. 18 students 41. 21 cars

43. = as 47. 48min

49. a. 432in.°
b. 37.5%; Because the length is doubled, the width of the rectangle is now half of 75% of its
length, or 37.5%.

51. Sample answer: Because 30% of n is equal to 2 times 15% of n and 45% of n is equal
to 3 times 15% of n, you can write 30% of n = 2 x 12 = 24 and 45% of n = 3 X 12 = 36.

53. 97.2% 39.) 165 57. 26.28

Section 5.7 Converting Measures

(pages 236 and 237)
1. yes; Because 1 centimeter is equal to 10 millimeters, the conversion factor equals 1.
Find the number ofinches in 5 cm; 5 cm ~ 1.97 in.; 5 in. = 12.7 cm

person weighing 75 kg; 75 kg ~ 166.67 lb and 166.67 Ib > 110 Ib

15
ewe 9; 12:63 ATs “eee 13. (0,19 15. 37.78 17. 14.49

A26 Selected Answers

19. a. about 60.67 b. about 8.04 km

OX [ea Paes 255.5 Zi el320 29. 441-8 31. 0.001

33. When using conversion factors, make sure ae 35. about 669,600,000 mi/h
your units cancel. o
Q
37. 30 39. 18 41. C

Integers
(pages 252 and 253)

Wrsets Pca Beet 3. Sample answer: beiow, under, lose

5. <1—+_"_1_+_+_+
+ I
eae SS, atk Eee Oe : i 2 4 i 15 16 ie We We

9. 37,500 At; +06 IE ee) Ler silts)

17. <#—_+—_+—_+_+_+_+_+"_> QS Se
—8 =6 —4 =2 0 2 4 6 8 = =) =9 =} 0 3 6 SZ

<—_e—__1—__+—_+—_+—_+—__@ > SSS

21. S150 100m 50) 0 50 100 150 23. —400 —200 0 200 400

-25 25
US SS POSS eS Ae 27. —8 29. 18 Ww
—40 30h 205101) 20) 10" 20)" 30), “40 o
D
31. a. Sample answer: Choosing 8, the opposite is —8. (@|
ot
©
b. Sample answer: 8 o.
c. The opposite of the opposite of an integer is the integer.; Yes; >
Sample answer: 5
Case 1: 2. Find the opposite. 1. Choose a positive integer. Case 2: 1. Choose a negative integer. | | 2. Find the opposite.
S
o
=

—~

a
! / SS
< SSS Saas
V
ae

eS =| Ne eel
3. Finding the opposite again takes 3. Finding the opposite again takes
you to the original integer. you to the original integer.

Case 3: Choose 0. The opposite of 0 is 0, so the opposite of the opposite of 0 is 0.

d. —(—(-—6)) is the opposite of the opposite of —6; —(—(—6)) = —6

3 / 35. B
33. Al
8

Comparing and Ordering Integers

(pages 258 and 259)

4. Onanumberline, numbers to the left are less than numbers to the right. Numbers to the
right are greater than numbers to the left.

3. The value of ais less than the value of b because a is to the left of b.

5. < pes 9. > Fat [ee

Selected Answers A27

 Comparing and Ordering Integers (continued)
(pages 258 and 259)

13. The explanation about where the integers are located on a number line is incorrect,
—7 < —3; So, —7 is to the left of -3 on a number line.

155 4B 2 VW == 4255; 6 19; —20,—10,—5,.15,25 9 21 moween

23. always; The opposite of a positive integer 25. a. Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, California
is a negative integer. Positive integers are : ; 5. :
6 Bf ‘ 5 b. California, Louisiana, Florida, Arkansas, Tennessee
greater than negative integers.
c. An elevation of 0 feet represents sea level.

27. no; In order for the median to be below 0°F at least 6 of the temperatures must be below 0°F.

LL) SSS S
SS Si 0.65
OM VOO:SE 121) One2 0224 2 oe 32
0) 0:1) 0:2) 08 0:4 0:5) 016) 077, 10:8
CER ds

Fractions and Decimals on the Number Line

(pages 264 and 265)

5 Feet 32.6 5. Sample answer: -22

7 -2} 2t 9. —2.15 2.15

<0} ++ ++ +0 > SS
=} =)
ea— || 0 1 2 3
=5} ay) = 0 1 D 3

1de< (3, < 1590 17>

33 8) il
19. the larger sand dollar 21. —1,—-~, —~, -—,0
A OMe) idea
te

23, =5,)— 49,435, —43,-4 25. Write the numbers as decimals instead anes
of finding a common denominator.

27. 1,2, and any integer less than —3 290 a ie ee a

—405=30)=207— 10 0 10R 205 S040

SSS Sea
-20-15-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Absolute Value
(pages 272 and 273)

1. Find the distance between the number Bae Seagull

and 0 on a number line. 14
12 @ seagull
3. What integer is 3 units to the left of 02; —3; 3 10
8
6
4
oe 9. 8.35 ;
9 0

11. 3- 13. 14.06 -2

J —4-@ school of fish

A28 Selected Answers

 1352-10210 "Wie <3 19. > Mls cK
23. Scientist B 25. A; You owe more than $25, so debt > $25.
Ly¥
Be

27. —2,0,|—1|,|4|5 29. —11,0,|3|,|-6|,9,10

ae
S120 CE Reg!
&
ee
ie
Be
35. sometimes; If the number is negative then its absolute value is greater, but
if the number
is positive or zero then it is equal to its absolute value. TE
er

37. never; The absolute value of a positive number is the number itself.

39. Sample answer: x = —2, y= —3

43.

SR
ee
eee

Section 6.5 The Coordinate Plane wn

(pages 279-281) 2
5 eee ©
Q

3. (2, —3); (2, —3) is in Quadrant IV. The other three points are in Quadrant II. >

See (Sh) Ue (229) Sh (2 =2) ile (=4), 2) 13. (4, 0) ¢

15-21. See graph below. 15. QuadrantI

3
19. Quadrant IV

21. x-axis

23. The numbers are reversed. To plot (4, 5), start at (0, 0) and move 4 units right and
5 units up.

31.
Selected Answers A29
 The Coordinate Plane (continued)
(pages 279-281)

35. a. about 142,000

b. 2011 and 2012

c. about 10,000

37a. Profit b. Sample answer: There are four years where the profit is positive and
three years where the profit is negative. The profit decreased from
2007 to 2009. The profit increased the most from 2009 to 2010.

c. $1.6 million

d. Because the x-axis represents the number of years since 2000, then
0 represents 2000. So, you could graph the eit for 1990 to 2006
by using x-values from — 10 to 6.

dollars)
of
(millions
Profit

Years since 2000

39. Quadrant III 41. Quadrant I or Quadrant IV

43. origin

45. never; All points in Quadrant III have negative y-coordinates.

47. Reptiles 49. no; Quadrants III or IV Good to

know.
51. Because the rain forest is in Quadrant IV, the x-coordinate of the point —
will be positive and the y-coordinate of the point will be negative.

53. aimple answer. (—6,4) ae 2a)e (ey) eo)

Bo: y= 4 B75 9 eek KE

Extension 6.5 Reflecting Points in the Coordinate Plane

(page 283)

1. a. (3, —2) 3. a. (—5, 6) 5. a. (0,1) 7. a. (2.5, —4.5)

b. (—3,2) b. (5, —6) b. (0, -) b. (—2.5, 4.5)
9. (—4, -5) Te 22) 13. (3,9); 18 units
15. a. (—4, —5); (1, —7); (2, 2); (—6.5, 10.5); yes; Sample answer: The order of the reflections does
not matter. You are still reflecting the points in both axes.

b. Sample answer: Use the opposite of each coordinate.

A30 Selected Answers

Section 7.4 o Writing Equations in One Variable ,
(pages 298 and 299)

- An equation has an equal sign and an expression does not. a

Sample answer: A number n subtracted from 28 is 5.
|
What was the high temperature if it was 4° less than 62°F? 58°F

y-9=8 Vt at Ws See 139 l= 27

6042 = 1780 +a 17. 16 = 3x 19. 326 = 12(14) + 6(5) + 16x E
. It might be helpful to organize the given
information visually.

13 252620 212

Solving Equations Using Addition

or Subtraction (pages 305-307)
Substitute your solution back into the original equation and see if you obtain a true statement. “4

subtraction 5. so that x is by itself; so that the two sides remain equal ;g

= yes 9. no 11. yes 13. f=1 a

What number plus 5 equals 12?; a= 7 17. 20 is what number minus 6?; d = 26 -
uv
AD: z=16 21. p=3 23. h=34 25. g=ll 27. x= = 29. a=118 2
3A; They must apply the same operations to both sides. vi

34=y-12

+12 +12
46=y

33: x —8= 16; 24th floor

SS: Subtract 3 from each side. (Subtraction Property of Equality); Subtract 3 from 3. (Subtract.);
Add x and 0. (Addition Property of Zero)

a7; fo 39. 93 = 9+ 58; g=35

41. pes 43. v= 28 45. d=54
47. x + 344+ 34 + 16 = 132; 48 in. 49. Addition is commutative.

LF Begin by writing the characteristics of each problem.

In GO
53. x + 15.50 + 8.75 = 66.55; $42.30

55; a. $5.25
b. no; You have $5.25 left and it costs
$9.75 to ride each ride once.

57. 96 59.9 61. C

Selected Answers A31

Section /.3 Solving Equations Using Multiplication
or Division (pages 312 and 313)
1. 12 yess: sie SSI @eSe)es
4 4

7. s=70 9. x= 24 11. a=4 13. y=10

155 17.2010 19. c= 66 21. hoo

23. They should have multiplied by 4. 25. 3x = 45; 15 items

x= 4= 28
(x=4) -4—=28-4

36 — I
27. 9 units 29. 8units 31. 20 cards

33. x = 6; Because 5x is on both sides of the equation, 3x must be equal to 18 so that the equation is true.

35. length: 20 in.; width: 5 in. 37.

wls

Writing Equations in Two Variables

(pages 319-321)
1. Sample answer: An independent variable can change freely. A dependent variable depends
on the independent variable.

3. n=4n— 6; This one is not an equation jr two variables.

{3
5. A=9Qh, where A is the area in square feet and his the height in feet; A depends on /h.

7. yes 9. no iis yes

13. wis independent andA is dependent. 15. pis independent and ris dependent.

17. $270
19 and 21. Sample answers are given.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

19. | The speed you are pedaling a bike | Time it takes to stop your bike

21. | The number of years of education | The amount of money you earn

23. Sample answer: c = 25m + 35 where m is 25. Methods to create the graph will vary.
the number of months and cis the total cost
of the gym membership.

(miles)
Distance

Time (hours)

A32 Selected Answers

 d=—t 29,

2 3 16 78) 10) 1291416

18%

Si. Il 33. no; By definition, the independent variable can change freely.

35. 50 city blocks

S7; “Methods to create the graph will vary. 39. a. no; It does not make sense to draw a line
se a ozs between the points to show the solutions
p22 See because you cannot sell part of a ticket.
€
ra bi c= 1On
S
a 41. 80%

2 46) 81012 14 16)¢ 43. 68%

Time (seconds)

wn
eo
Writing and Graphing Inequalities Dy(a
(pages 329-331) oF
©
o
Both phrases refer to numbers that are greater than a given number. The difference is that >
=
Ss
“greater than or equal to” includes the number itself, whereas “greater than” does not.

The graph ofx < 6 has a closed circle at 6. The graph ofx < 6 has an open circle at 6. )e
Wn

k< 10 7. z<* 9. | Sys

yes 13: yes 15. no Wee 19,50)

x < 1; Anumberx is less than 1. 23. x > —4; Anumber xis at least --4.

SSS SS SS reer 0 Sa a 220 HH

=2 2 A EB 3B 16 =6 =. =P) PB A G a4 2 © 2B & G B&B
9 9 9 c) 9 9

31. ————e—eee Os - 33. <eee e S H 33. ooo

<oe——— 1
0 7 4 6 =3 Ce Mt 0 1 2 3 = 1:85 =—1.65—1.4) =1.2) = 1:0) =—0:8 0:6
=e}, oath =H

Si; x > 1 means that 1 is also a solution, so a closed circle should be used.
<$—_——————————o—
0 1 2 3

5 <—$—$—$__—_—_¢_+__+—>> .
39. 1 2 3 4 5) :
Zs
e2 ue
\ltoy,
17 18 19 20 21
Y = 2

41. The cost of the necklace and another item should be less
ra)
than or equal to $33.

43. sometimes; The only time this is not true is if x = 5.

45. Ba8o AT 9
49. x = 28 51. D

Selected Answers A33

Section 7.6 | Solving Inequalities Using Addition
or Subtraction (pages 336 and 337)
Sample answer: x + 72 143

By solving the inequality to obtain x < 1, the graph has a closed circle at 1 and an arrow
pointing in the negative direction.
Ha dae Teme Orns Eh fea

Se ee Soe oe oe ee
inf y < 106; UCL Re <5a 15. ven

103 104 105 106 107 108 109 s ry aE eee ES -¢ -} Y i j ¢

17. To solve the inequality, 9 should be added 19. x + 18.99 s 24; x < $5501
to both sides, not subtracted.
20, 2ab 9
49) +19)
37> tee
ZA P= 3 S15, 18 235s ee eas ae mee ee ae
25: 34,280 + d+ 1000 > 36,480; d > 1200 dragonflies

27. The estimate for running a mile should be greater than 4 minutes, because
the world record is under 4 minutes.

29) t= 48 31. x=9 53 reG

Solving Inequalities Using Multiplication

or Division (pages 342 and 343)
The solution of 2x = 10 includes the solution of 2x = 10, x = 5, and all other x values
that are greater than 5.

Div. Prop. of Ineq. 5. Sample answer: 2 APO Y2A16

rs he oF e299; UNE ne22 Se

13. D6; (habe ay 17. 0 = ol:

19: tb) Ss Bye Ml, 56 2 Ae

23. 8x < 168;x < 21 ft 25:8 ~ (2; <9 27. 225 2 12w; 18.752 w
74.f 1 31. 80x > 2 +272; x > 6.8 yards per play

CEE Sample answer: the number of gallons of milk you can buy with $20; the length of a park
that has an area ofat least 500 square feet

A34 Selected Answers

 35. yes;a>bandx>y
: 37. yes;a>bandx>y
39. rectangle 41. parallelogram

Section 8.1 Three-Dimensional Figures

it : (pages 358 and 359)
1. false; It has two triangular faces. 3. true
5. false; Some are perpendicular and some are neither (skew).

7. tront: Het 10 cubes 9. front: || 9 cubes

side: A oe
top:
top: FOO
11. 10 faces, 24 edges, 13: 15.
and 16 vertices > LY

Wn
Le
dy. front: 19. front: 21. front: ae i)
ra

= i] -
ot
@o
jek
>
=)
top: top:
S
i)
~
WV

23. 25: 27. ; Answer should include, but is

not limited to: an original
drawing of a house; a
description of any solids that
make up any part of the house

29. Sample answer:

a. b. More than one solid can have the same number of
faces, so knowing the number of edges and vertices
2 aS can help you draw the intended solid.

Triangular prism Square pyramid

6 vertices 5 vertices
9 edges 8 edges

31. i2cm- 33. D

Selected Answers A35
 Surface Areas of Prisms
Wra Wwor) 2 = co2.
(pages 364 and 365)
ae Find the sum of the areas of the faces.
a
94 units” 162 units*
SS
A
ee

El
||
ee

7. 198 cm? oF 17.6 ft? 11. 57.1 mm?

13. 136 ft? = Ta) a w = E

42)oy icf)tHfoe) S ae o iol)= o cq
i)_~ =g : so)= ie)

17. 364 ft? 19: 165 ft2 21.

Wi<P]WJed 2 - oO ™ Surface Areas of Pyram ids

(pages 372 and 373)
1. Find the sum of the areas of the faces.
Aaa on SE
Ppt
SS es Ei

load eel Samm Kili]

eat hee ERR BS

|
te)
cata
leso
alae
Fler
ches:
aia

eee
Le
La)
ED
a«Mes
Pe
=MAN
Re
|

27 units”

160 units?
de 172.8 yd? 9. 224.4 ft? 11 55 m2 13. 21,274.4 ft 15,
aa: no; You can place the four triangles on top of the square and it covers the entire square.
But when you lift up the triangles, they do not touch. So, they do not form a pyramid.
12: 10 ea Se Zo OeZ

A36 Selected Answers

Section 8.4 Volumes of Rectangular Prisms
(pages 378 and 379)
The volume of an object is the amount of space it occupies. The surface area of an
object is
the sum of the areas of all of its faces.
How much does it take to cover the rectangular prism?; 310 cm2; 350 cm®
5 15
116 om cm? 7. *?
6 m3 CA BWATes
Taal

a1; 220.5 =7°w *7;4.5cm 13. Use unit cubes to visualize filling the fish tank.
1D: 1728 1-inch cubes; There are 1728 1-inch cubes in a cube with a side length of 1 foot.
‘The area of the cube with a side length of 1 foot is 1 cubic foot, or 1728 cubic inches. O
So, 1 cubic foot is equal to 1728 cubic inches. You can use the conversion factors
1728 in.* Ie
ai 3 to convert between cubic inches and cubic feet.
1 ft 1728 in.

ads 1152 cm? 19. yes 21. no

Introduction to Statistics
(pages 394 and 395)
Wn
A statistical question is one for which you do not expect to get a single answer. Instead, you eo
D(@
expect a variety of answers, and you are interested in the distribution and tendency of those oF
answers. Sample answer: How old are the teachers in middle school? O
roe
yes; There are many different answers. 5. Sample answer: 2 pets; no >
=
100 senators; yes 9. not statistical; There is only one answer.
©
ibs statistical; There are many different answers. =

Wn

ee e P4
15. @ e
Pse
@°e ee @ @ @oeeeeee%eee
e@ @
e © 6 07 0 6 @ Test Score
Registrations 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
16N 1 1S 1920 205 225 2352425) 26

Most of the registrations are in a cluster The test scores are spread out pretty evenly
from 21 to 26. The peak is 25. There is a gap with no clusters or gaps. The peak is 83.
between 16 and 21.

iW a. 2] earthworms
b. Sample answer: Use a centimeter ruler. The units are centimeters.
c. Sample answer: “What is the length of ain earthworim?”; The lengths are spread out
pretty evenly from 15 centimeters to 28 centimeters.

19; Sample answer: 21. Sample answer:

Anemometer; miles per hour Richter scale; magnitude

PIS Sample answer: 65 mi/h; Most of the data cluster around 65,
and 65 miles per hour is a common speed limit.

25. Does changing the order of the bars in the bar graph affect the distribution?

27. no 29. D

Selected Answers A37

 Mean
(pages 400 and 407)

. Add the data values then divide by the number of data values.

yes; Because of the variability of the answers to a statistical question, the mean gives an
average of the answers. That way, you can use only one value, the mean, to answer the
statistical question.

1 movie seen this week; Find the total number of movies and divide by the number of people.

. 3 brothers and sisters 9. 16 visits

i a. yes; There will be variability in the lengths of the commercial breaks.

b. 3.45 minutes
13. Sample answer: 20, 21,, 21521, 21) 22; 203)20.9,720:5,92 hope Ie og

tte) 3.9 inches; No, neither team has a height that is much shorter or taller than the
other heights. So, you can say that the Tigers are taller than the Dolphins on average.

We There are 5 different allowance amounts and

ow.
24 students. Each amount is used more than once.
O
19; 9 PE, UGS) 723}. 18%

|
|

|
Measures of Center |
(pages 407-409)
. Sample answer: 1, 2, 3,4, 5,6 3. outlier; The other three are measures of center.

5,5 7. median: 7; mode:3

median: 92.5; mode: 94 11. median: 17; mode: 12

The data were not ordered from least to greatest; The median is 55.
ANG) 5X0), Billy, '5), Be}, SW), (OS

singing

mean: 35.875; median: 44; mode: 48

Sample answer: The median is probably best, because it is close to most of the data. The
mean is less than most of the data and the mode is the greatest value.

(RE mean: 12; median: 8; mode: 2

Sample answer: The median is the best measure, because the mean is greater than most of
the data and the mode is the least value.
ZA; With Outlier Without Outlier
mean: 48.5 mean: 53
median: 53 median: 54
mode: none mode: none
The outlier reduces the median slightly, but reduces the mean more. There is no mode with
or without the outlier.

23. mean: 7.61; median: 7.42; no mode

A38 Selected Answers

25. a. mean: 94°F; median: 91°F; mode: 91°F
Sample answer: Both the median and mode are the best measures for the
data,
because both are very close to most of the values.
b. mean: 77°F; median: 77°F; modes: 77°F and 78°F
Sample answer: Both the mean and median are the best measures for the data,
because there are two modes.
27. 10 hours; Using the mean as the average, you would need to work 12 hours.
Using the median as the average, you would need to work 10 or more hours.
Using the mode as the average, you would need to work 10 hours. So,
the minimum number of hours is 10 and you can use the median
or mode to justify your answer. ee
2)
29. ‘Ordering the data makes it easier to find the median and the mode.

31. a. mean: $1794; median: $1790; mode: $1940

b. mean: $1883.70; median: $1879.50; mode: $2037

The mean, median, and mode all increased by 5%.

c. annual salaries: $23,280, $19,920, $22,320, $25,200, $20,640, $18,480, $21,120, $23,280,
$21,840, $19,200; mean: $21,528; median: $21,480; mode: $23,280; They are 12 times the
mean, median, and mode of the monthly salary.

33. 13 Sonellg Siaa)

Wn
oe
O
(a
ct
oO
jor
>
2 Measures of Variation =)

Section oi (pages 476 and 417) Ss

)
=
Ww
1. A measure of center represents the center of a data set, but a measure of variation describes
the distribution of a data set.

3. What is the range of the data?; 20; 12

5. median = 81.5; median oflower half = 67; median of upper half = 92; The data is spread out.

1 23 2 Baise)

11> median — 37,0, —33.0, 02-405; 1OR="7 13... median = 133;5;Q) = 128),Q, = 139, JOR Sl)

range = 21 ‘ft; The distances traveled by the paper airplane vary by no more than 21 feet;
3 .

15.

IQR = 11 ft; The middle half of the distances traveled by the paper airplane vary by no more
than 11 feet.

17. Exercise 11354

Exercise 12: none
Exercise 13: 106 and 158
Exercise 14: 38

19. a. range = 172 points; IQR = 42 points

b. The outlier is 193 points; range = 101; IQR = 34; range

Selected Answers A39

_ Section 9.4 Measures of Variation (continued)
(pages 416 and 417)

21. a. Show A: mean = 20, median = 19.5, range = 13, IQR=5

Show B: mean = 21, median = 20.5, range = 23, IQR = 6
The mean ages for the shows, 20 and 21, and the median ages for the shows, 19.5 and 20.5,
are about the same. The interquartile ranges of the ages for the shows, 5 and 6, are about
the same. The range of the ages for ShowA is 13 years and the range for Show B is 23 years.
So, the ages for Show B are more spread out.

b. Show A: The mean of the ages decreases a small amount, from 20 to 19%.The median of
the ages decreases from 19.5 to 18. The range of the ages stays at 13. The
interquartile ranges of the ages increase from 5 to 6.5. Some of these values do
not change by a large amount because 21 is towards the middle of the data set.
Show B: The mean of the ages decreases from 21 to 19>.The median ofthe ages
decreases a small amount, from 20.5 to 20. The range of the ages decreases a
large amount, from 23 to 12. The interquartile ranges of the ages increase a small
amount, from 6 to 6.5. Some of these values change by a large amount because 36
is an outlier of the data set.

23,411 2529)

Section 9.5 Mean Absolute Deviation

_ (pages 422 and 423)
JSS AAA SA

1. All the values in the data set are the same. 3. 2.8 years

5. 4.4; The prices differ from the mean price by an average of $4.40.

7. 4.9; The capacities differ from the mean capacity by an average of 4.9 thousand, or 4900 people.

9. When calculating the mean absolute deviation, you need to divide by 6, not 5. Even though
the distance from the mean of one of the values (38) is 0, it is still included in the calculation.
34+24+04+6+4+3_
mean absolute deviation = 3
6
So, the values differ from the mean by an average of 3.0.

11. The MAD of the five most-expensive dishes is 3.6. The MAD of the five least-expensive
dishes is 1.76. The MAD of the five least-expensive dishes is much less than the MAD of the
five most-expensive dishes. So, the data for the five least-expensive dishes is closer together
compared to the five most-expensive dishes.

13. a. mean: 8.25; median: 8.5; mode: 5

range: 13; IQR: 5.5; MAD: 3

b. no; Using the interquartile range, 21 is inside the outlier boundaries.

mean: 9; median: 9; mode: 5
range: 19; IQR: 6.5; MAD: 3.5
The range is most affected by including this value. The mode stays the same. The mean,
median, IQR, and MAD all increased slightly.

A40 Selected Answers

15. monthly amounts of water used in a home: Sample answer: The amount
of rainfall that falls in a
city during a month usually ranges from 0 to 5-6 inches. The monthly
amounts of water used in
a home are much greater numbers that will have more variation from month
to month.
17. a. 50%; 87.5%; 2 and 15
b. Sample answer: A good portion of a data set is within one MAD of the mean
and most of
the data set is within 2 MADs of the mean. As you get more and more MADs away from
the mean, the percent increases because more and more data are included in the interval.

19. mean: 1.6; median: 1.7; modes: ey loa

Stem-and-Leaf Plots
(pages 438 and 439)
1. 3 is the stem; 4 is the leaf

3. From the leaves, you can see where most of the data lies and whether there are many values
that are low or high.

5. Hours Online 7. Points Scored 9. Minutes in Line

Stem | Leaf
3
@ a)
Asse 4 Oo
()
jae || Al <A 5) a

Key: 2|1 = 21 hours 6 o.

@ Key: 4|0 = 4.0 minutes >
=
Key: 3|8 = 38 points z

11. Weights 13. mean: 56.6; median: 53; 15. 97; It increases the mean. A
modes: 41, 43, 63; range: 56; ds
IQR = 20

Key: 2 |4 = 24 pounds

Most of the weights are in

the middle.

17. a. 6.4; The daily high temperatures differ from the mean daily high temperature by an
average of 6.4 degrees.

b. Because the mean absolute deviation increases, most of the data values for the rest of the
month must be further from the mean than 6.4 degrees. So, most of the data values for the
rest of the month are either less than 71.6 degrees or greater than 84.4 degrees.
19. 21; 6

Selected Answers A41

 . Hist
Section 10.2 | (pagesogra ms
445-447)
1. The Test Scores graph is a histogram because the number of students (frequency) achieving
the test scores are shown in intervals of the same size (20).

3. No bar is shown on that interval.

Points Scored 7. Chess Team

es = uw

Case
|w [3
Be
fs
NW

Tw
Frequency Frequency
one
c 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 10-13 14-17 18-21 22-25
Points Wins

9. There should not be space between 11. The frequency is the number of songs not the
the bars of the histogram. percent of songs. The statement should be
“12 of the songs took 5-8 seconds to download.”
Confirmed Flu Cases per School
14
12

6
4
Frequency

le
0
0-2 3-5 6-8 9-11
Cases

13. Pennsylvania; You can see from the intervals and frequencies that Pennsylvania
counties are greater in area, which makes up for it having fewer counties.

15. a. yes; The stem-and-leaf plot shows that 10 pounds is a data value.

b. no; Both displays show that 11 residents produced between 20 and 29 pounds of garbage.

17. Begin by ordering the data. 19. 45

2Aeee2 23.) CI
9

Shapes of Distributions
(pages 454 and 455)
1. The shape of a skewed distribution will have a tail on one side. The shape of a symmetric
distribution is when the data on the left are a mirror image of the data on the right.
zy Miles Run per Day 5. skewed left
e

ee 7. skewed right
e e e @
e e e ® e e
@ e e e @ e e
Sst
ee SP ie Ne
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

skewed

A42 Selected Answers

 Police Officers of Jones County Police Officers of Pine County
18
>> Ss 15
€ e 12
3. vo
5 3 9
>
& ens3
0

SES
¥
TES PETA
a
Ge A
TRG 4
Te
»? an

Years of service Years of service

skewed right symmetric

b. Jones County; The distribution of Jones County is skewed right, so most of the data values
are on the left.
11. no; Distributions can have any shape.

nv
eo
a(a)
ct
O
o.
>
Dollars =
b. Donations Both distributions are skewed right. The original S0)
donation distribution is more skewed right than the
=

Ww
distribution when the increases are added to the
donations. Some of the data values moved into differ-
Frequency ent intervals when $5 is added to each donation, which
is why the distributions are not exactly the same.
PP DP mh DP SH
Ss Gee Wo we
Dollars

15. median = 70; Q, = 65.5;,0, = 75; IQR= 9.5 17, A

Choosing Appropriate Measures

(page 457)

1. median and interquartile range; median: $32; IQR: $6

3. no; You do not know the actual values in 5. Sample answer:

the data set. You can approximate the °
e ° °
mean and MAD but your answers
e ° e ° °
will not be exact.
2 3} 4 5 6

Selected Answers A43

Section 10.4 | Box-and-Whisker Plots
(pages 463-465)
ae canicitatictnite

1. Order the data. The first number is the /east value and the last number is the greatest value.
The middle value is the median. The middle value of the lower half of the data is the first
quartile. The middle value of the upper half of the data is the third quartile.
Is the distribution skewed right?; yes; no

oe . _—_-
510 20 30 50
22 29 35 47 62
Donation
Aar
<< —S—$ e (years) =<} ee ee (dollars)
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

: 1
The data should be ordered before finding 11. a. about ~

ae Me ns aera b. The right whisker is longer than the left whisker.

—~ ¢ }— So the data are more spread out above the third
SS ea a a quartile than below the first quartile.
ae c. 150; The middle half of the data varies by no
more than 150 gallons.

13. skewed left; The left whisker is longer than 15. symmetric; The whiskers are about the same
the right whisker and most of the data are length and the median is in the middle of the box.
on the right.

17. a. School 1 is skewed left and School 2 is skewed right.

b. School 2; The range for School 2 is a half hour greater than the range for School 1.
Also, the IQR of School 2 is greater than the IQR of School 1.

c. School 1; School 1 has more data on the left than School 2. So, School 1 is more
likely to have recess before lunch.

bed —+ i¢ + 21. Use the median to describe the center and the
205 35 «60 100 interquartile range to describe the variation.
Account balance
(dollars)

23. When the least value and the first quartile are equal, there is no whisker on the left. When the
greatest value and the third quartile are equal, there is no whisker on the right.

25. a. Team 1; There is less variability in the data.

b. 24 games

c. Team 1; In 75% of the games, team 1 scored 6 runs or more. However, team 2 scored 6 runs
or less in 75% of the games.

d. Team 1; Sample answer: By looking at the shapes of the distributions, you can see that the
majority of the data for team 1 is greater than the majority of the data for team 2.

27. = 29835

ASS Selected Answers

 Integers and Absolute Value :
(pages 480 and 481) :
Me Oy iS 3. —6; All of the other expressions are equal to 6.
28G 7. 10 9G. 15 Lp Hien tse 18
17. 45 19. 125 24g ea itee7 23. |-4|
> -6 25a | a5)
27. Because |—5| = 5, the statement is incorrect; |-5|>4
29. —8,5 31) =7, —6, |S Nl —6\"e 33°17) J11/20 2a
35, 4

37. a. MATE; HAL 32 b. TEAM; )

ieee ' eM
SY ee 2) 0 2 4 =f 0 2 4 6 8 10

39. n=0 41. The number closer to 0

is the greater integer.
43. a. Player3 b. Player2 c. Player1

45. false; The absolute value of zero is zero, which is neither positive nor negative.

47. 144 49. 3170

V)
-.
, O
Adding Integers Bs
(pages 486 and 487) ou
iamecattss snswiaiiecni since >

1. Change the sign of the integer. 3. positive; 20 has the greater absolute value a
and is positive. <
oO
=
5. negative; The common sign is anegative sign. 7. false; A positive integer and its absolute value 7)
are equal, not opposites.

a0 O45 7 135.0 15. 10

17. —4 195. 1) 21, 4 23. —34

25. —10and — 10 arenot opposites; —10 + (—10) == 20 27. $48

29. Use the Associative Property to add 13 and —13 first; —8

31. Sample answer: Use the Commutative Property to switch the last two terms; —12

33. Sample answer: Use the Commutative Property to switch the last two terms; 11

le ee 375, 2) 397 00

Aq. Sample answer —26 7a 12 (13) 435-3

45. d=-10 47. m=-7

49. Find the number in each row or column that already has two numbers in it before guessing.

mets) 53. 183

Selected Answers A45

 Subtracting Integers
(pages 492 and 493)

1. You add the integer’s opposite. 3. What is 3 less than —2?; —5;5

Sr. 713 93

Tare i310 15373

AZeeaky, 1S ae Zier 22

230-20 25: —3 9 27256

7A roe) 3158 33. m=14

35. c=15 3782 3953

Al. Sample answerax — —2, y=—\5 x= 3,) = —2

43. sometimes; It’s positive only if the first integer is greater.

45. always; It’s always positive because the first integer is always greater.

47. all values of a and b 49. when aand b have the same sign and |a| > |b| orb=0
51. —45 53. 468 5D: 2076

Multiplying Integers
(pages 500 and 507)
1. a. They are the same. b. They are different.

3. negative; different signs 5. negative; different signs

7. false; The product of the first two negative integers is positive. The product of the positive
result and the third negative integer is negative.

95 2) afk BZ 1322s 1Deeeee T7220 19> 250

212 18 23 ee) 25. —240,000 27. 54 29-7 700 31270

33. —1. 35. )aa36 37. 54

39. The answer should be negative; —10* = —(10 - 10) = —100

ATi 32 43;) —7500,.-37,500 45. =12

47.Tn a Ble Month Orient

: slates b.: The price drops $12 every month.
c. no; yes; In August you have $135 but
June 165 = $165 the cost is $141. In September you have
iat 165+ (-12) =$153 $153 and the cost is only $129.
© Sen ae a 49. 3
August | 165+ 2(-12) = $141
51. 14
September | 165 + 3(—12) = $129
pe 1]

A46 Selected Answers

Section sfPsy 1 Dividing Integers
(pages 506 and 507)
They have the same sign; They have different signs; The dividen
d is zero.
Sample answer: —4, 2 5. negative 7. negative
=o a 106 13. 0 15.06 V7 Toe
. undefined 250 2
. The quotient should be 0; 0 + (—5) =0 27. 15 pages
ets) SO 3325
: 4 37. —400 ft/min Eber 5
Sample answer: —20, —15, —10, —5, 0; Start with —10, then pair —15 with —5 and
—20 with 0.
-8 pice Ol, sds Alea 45. B

Rational Numbers
4)
(pages 522 and 523) 2
i)
raa
no; The denominator cannot be 0. 0)
(ok
rational numbers, integers 5. rational numbers, integers, whole numbers >
=)
repeating

. 0.875 igo" U0
9. terminating

154 9.83 175583

S
@O
vi
oom

The bar should be over both digits to the right of ihe decimal point; -< =— 0.63

—20 Epes125 25 25
rye200
= 3) ) (one)
22D a= ahs 8, —=
5) 0.8, 31. —-,ii —0.75, -—,
10’ =,
3 2.1

aa Wee A 6 aa 1.6 35. spotted turtle

5S 0

ie at 39. 4 > —4.65

ois Z apil 43. Michelle
16 14
eae oe
no; The base of the skating pool is at —10 feet, which is deeper than =e feet.

a. when dis negative

b. when aand b have the same sign, a# 0 # b

49. g 51, 21.15

30

Selected Answers A47

 Adding Rational Numbers
(pages 528 and 529)

1. Because |—8.46 |> |5.31 |,subtract |5.31 |from |—8.46 |and the sign is negative.
3. Whatis the distance between —4.5 and 3.52; 8; —1

aie ie 145 = 2Ei 11. 1.844

)

13. The decimals are not lined up correctly; Line up the decimals; —3.95

(Ae WW ee 2, ith =Z, hy ee 34

23. The sum is an integer when the sum of the fractional parts of the numbers adds up
to an integer.
F : 7
25. less than; The water level for the three-month period compared to the normal level is — Le

27. no; This is only true when a and b have the same sign.

29. Commutative Property of Addition; 7 31. Associative Property of Addition; lL

S3anA

Subtracting Rational Numbers

(pages 536 and 537)

1. Instead of subtracting, add the opposite ofS -=.Then, add |

-= | -= , and the sign is
and |
negative.

Creal 5 35 Tie 9, —2.6

2 24
11. 14.963 13. 32 ee
rl 3
17. .4;.-41077 feet b. 136.9 feet per hour ve eee

21. The difference is an integer when (1) the decimals have the same sign and the digits
to the right of the decimal point are the same, or (2) the decimals have different signs
and the sum of the decimal parts of the numbers add up to 1.
o
fies
23. —1 5 miles 25. Subtract the least number from
the greatest number.

27. Sample answer: x = —1.8 andy = —2.4;x = —5.5 andy = —6.1

29. always; It’s always positive because the first decimal is always greater.

31. 35.88 33. 8 S505

A48 Selected Answers

 Section 12.4 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers
RANE,
(pages 542 and 543)
1. The same rules for signs of integers are applied to rationa
l numbers.

3. positive 5. negative pri 2 SF ahiOr25

i 2
3 13.1001 15. 2
sph 17, 63
3:63

19.2=6 21. —2.5875 23. = 25. 9 :

27. +0.025 29. 8-4
31. The answer should be negative; —2.2 x 3.7 = —8.14

33. —66° 35. —19.59 37, —22.667 3955 .

24 -
41. Sample answer: —~-, 43 3> gal 45: —128 sec
10’ 3 i) <6 ime
Ayes 49. 4, 51. D

Algebraic Expressions
(pages 558 and 559)

1. Terms of an expression are separated by addition. Rewrite the expression as 3y + (—4) + (—5y).
The terms in the expression are 3y, —4, and —5y.
SAB
P9}
3. no; The like terms 3x and 2x should be combined.
She ap 236 — 4h (Bae Zee — 4
— 56 — 4

5. Terms: t, 8, 3f; Like terms: t and 3t 7. Terms: 2n, —n, —4, 7n; Like terms: 2n, —n, and 7n

9. Terms: 1.4y, 5, —4.2, —5y’, z; Like terms: 5 and —4.2

11. 2x* is nota like term because x is squared. The like terms are 3x and 9x.

13. ix +2 15. —2.3v—5 7. = 19. —p—30

21. 10.2x; The weight carried 23. yes; Both expressions simplify 25. (9 + 3x) ft?
by each hiker is 10.2 pounds. to 11x* + 3y.
27. Sample answer: 29. When you subtract the two red strips, you SRS a
2 x 3 subtract their intersection twice. So, you need know. iS
to add it back into the expression once. “Oo -

2 31. 0.52 m, 0.545 m, 0.55 m, 0.6 m, 0.65 m

Pe 20

Selected Answers A49

 Adding and Subtracting Linear Expressions
(pages 564 and 565)

1. not linear; An exponent of a variable is not equal to 1.

3. not linear; An exponent ofa variable is not equal to 1.

5. What is x more than 3x — 12;4x—-1;2x—1 7. Sample answer: (2x 40) (24) aL

9) 2b+9 abyPid 6co bs: 1S eky 15.) ma

17. 55w+ 145 W939 4 21 1276220 23..—2¢

25. The —3 was not distributed to both terms inside the parentheses.

(4m + 9) —3(2m—5) =4m+9-—6m+ 15

=—Am— 6m + 9715

= —2m-+ 24

27. no; Ifthe variable terms are opposites, the sum is a numerical expression.

29. 0.25x + 0.15 31. |x-3 , or equivalently |—x + 3|;0;6

a3 35D
5

Factoring Expressions
(page 567)

1. 33+7) 3). 2(4428 1) 5. 4(52— 2) 7. A(9a + 4b)

9. 3b a) 11. 2.2(x + 2) 13. —3 =e 15. (3x — 8) ft
17. Sample answer: 2x — 1 and x, 2x and x — 1

Solving Equations Using Addition

or Subtraction (pages 574 and 575)
1. Subtraction Property of Equality 3. No, m= —8 not —2 in the first equation.

5. a=19 7. k= 20 9. c=3.6 11. q=-%

7 13
3
13. § g=-10 15. 4 y= —2.08 17
q i 19. eS w eee

21. The 8 should have been subtracted rather than added.

x+8= 10
= 8 Si
Uae

23. C+ 10=37 c= —7 25. p—6=-14; p=-8

27. p+ 2.54 = 1.38; —$1.16 million 29. x+8=12; 4cm

A50 Selected Answers

BI. x 22)7 = 34.6; 11.9 ft

33. Because your first jump is higher, your second jump went
a farther 3,
distance than your first jump.
35. m+ 30.3 + 40.8 = 180; 108.9°

37. 9 SO Gn aG 41. —56

43. -9 45. B

Solving Equations Using Multiplication

or Division (pages 580 and 581)
1. Multiplication is the inverse operation of division, so it can undo division.

3. dividing by5 5. multiplying by —8

7. h=5 n= 14 11. m=-—2 13. x=—8

15. p=-8 17. n=8 19. g=—16 21. f=6-

23. They should divide by —4.2. ly ane are x3
5 20 8
—4,2x x = 21 2 7) OE
ie Callies 5 oe,
315 wn

eee = 425 29. 30~ = 122; 378 ft ry

—42 -4.2 5 a
O
x=-5 Q.
>
31 and 33. Sample answers are given. 4
<
31. a. —2x=4.4 b. ape 33. a. 4x 5 b. 5 fi .

35. —1.26n = —10.08; 8 days 3/5 —S0it SORE 575

Ad. =7 43. 12 45. B

Solving Two-Step Equations

(pages 586 and 587)

1. Eliminate the constants on the side with the variable. Then solve for the variable using either
division or multiplication.

320) 5. A 7, b=-3 9. t=-4

1. g= 4.22 13. p=35 15. h=-3.5 17. y=-6.4
19. Each side should be divided by —3, not 3.

= oye 4p B= = 7

3X9
pe
iad
=3 =8
56 = 3)

Selected Answers
 Solving Two-Step Equations (continued)
(pages 586 and 587)

2T. cc =3 Fey, 5 ae 5 ei . ee 30
27. Abr 2 20x = 9.20% 0 Zales

29. y=—-5 hh = 12 33. m=—-9

32: Sample answer: You travel halfway up a ladder. Then you climb down two feet
and are 8 feet above the ground. How long is the ladder? x = 20

Sy. the initial fee

ao. Find the number of insects remaining and then find the
number of insects you caught.

41. decrease the length by 10 cm; 2(25 + x) + 2(12) = 54

43. Hee 45. 62

3

Ratios and Rates

(pages 603-605)
It has a denominator of 1.

Sample answer: A basketball player runs 10 feet down the court in 2 seconds.

. $0.10 per fluid ounce Ue iP? 9. 870 MB

ie9 13. 23 a 3

60 miles per hour 19. $2.40 per pound 21. 54 words per minute

. 4.5 servings per package 25. 4.8 MB per minute 27. 280 square feet per hour

. no; Although the relative number of boys and girls are the same, the two ratios are inverses.

PapoL

. 2 cups of juice concentrate, 16 cups of water

37. Try searching for “fire hydrant colors.” oO
. a. rest: 72 beats per minute
running: 150 beats per minute
b. 234 beats
l ;
ag. a. you; ‘ mile per hour faster

]
b. te hours

| esa
c. you; le miles
@)

A52 Selected Answers

Section 14.2 Proportions
(pages 610 and 611)
1. Both ratios are equal. 3. Sample answer: & 12 q
10’ 20 '
Donyes 7. no 9. yes 11. no
13. -n0 15. yes 17. no 19. yes 7
21. yes; Both can do 45 sit-ups per minute.
:
23. yes 25. yes i:
27. yes; The ratio of height to base 29. Organize the information :
for both triangles is = by using a table. :
31. no; The ratios are not equivalent; ae = a # : Circ,
1 ag) al ij
.
33. -13 35. —18
372 D SN

: Va)
: : : O)
Graphing Proportional Relationships 7
(pages 612 and 613) ~
foe
3. (0,0): You earn $0 for working 0 hours. =

(1, 15): You earn $15 for working 1 hour; unit rate: a
$15 2
=
es
(4, 60): You earn $60 for working 4 hours; unit rate: a = sS hs

5, yesue fi/h 7. y=5

Writing Proportions :
(pages 618 and 619) .
1. You can use the columns or the rows ofthe table to write a proportion. §

3. Sample answer: 2 = >. x= 10 ;

; ie 12.6! 4
5 eae A Pa Se iy
50 100 150 100 L
nwinners _ 34 winners 11 100 meters _ 200 meters E
af 85 entries 170 entries ‘ xseconds 22.4 seconds e
$24 E 45.2 7th grade swimmers _ s 7th grade swimmers :
2. 3 shirts ~ 7 shirts ; 16 swimmers 80 swimmers E

17.-y = 16 19. c= 24 21. g=14

Selected Answers A53

 Writing Proportions (continued)
(pages 618 and 619)

23: ana 48°. Dimensions for the model are in the numerators and the corresponding
x

dimensions for the actual space shuttle are in the denominators.

25. Draw a diagram of the given information.

S79 %s
205 g—140

Solving Proportions
(pages 626 and 627)

1. mental math; Multiplication Property of Equality; Cross Products Property

3. yes; Both cross products give the equation 3x = 60.

5. h = 80 7. n=15 9, y=7, 11. k=5.6

13. n=10 15. d=5.76 17. m= 20 19. d=15

21. k=5.4 23. 108 pens 25, £— 15 27. k=4->

29. = = — about 0.65 31. true; Both cross products give the equation 3a = 2b.

335 lo.08D
35. no; The relationship is not proportional. It should take more people less time to build the swing set.

37. 4 bags

39 and 41.

43. D

Slope
(pages 632 and 633)

1. yes; Slope is the rate of change of a line.

3. 5;Aramp with a slope of 5 increases 5 units vertically for every 1 unit horizontally. A ramp
with a slope of ; increases 1 unit vertically for every 5 units horizontally.
3 9.
Bis ; 7. 1
o1|

A54 Selected Answers

 — se
7 ||
|
etl
Pa
Le
—s ul

—
t

|ee)
Aa
aioe
wo} }
—aberred

jaan
1
Bh
a
a
WR
LS
OE
es
Dal
Gilani
Son
ey
aaoe
Gas |

Gallons slope = slope = iE

slope = 32.5;
32.5 miles per gallon

1
We x b. 2.5; Every millimeter
= represents 2.5 miles.
“ANSS Gy al20 mi

z d. 90mm
g 0 a iG atl |
0 10 20 30 40 x
Distance on map (millimeters)

3
19. y=6 Zi es 23 G

Direct Variation ©
-
(pages 638 and 639) o
o
1. y = kx, where kis anumber and k # 0. 3. Is the graph of the relationship a line?; yes; no =
Vv
7. no; The line does not pass through the origin. $

9. yes; The line passes through the origin; k = 5

3
11. yes; The equation can be written as y = kx; k = ;

mie: 13. no; The equation cannot be wiitten as y = kx.

E d h the origin.
Se per apo tiroueh tie Onegin 15. yes; The equation can be written as y = kx; k = ;

17. no; The equation cannot be written as y = kx.

12> Recycling 21. BRO

ea) etees

23. y= 2.54%

g 25. When x = 0, y = 0. So, the graph of a proportional

S relationship always passes through the origin.

g 27. no

29. Every graph of direct variation is a line; however, not :

all lines show direct variation because the line must g
eA 1) pass through the origin.

Wea ie 02% 31. 0.5625 33. 0.96

Selected Answers A55

 Percents and Decimals
(pages 654 and 655)

7 BE 3G

5. Sample answer: 0.11, 0.13, 0.19

Is O78 95705185 1130233

13. 0.4763 152, 71.66 17. 0.0006

19. 74% 21. 89% 23. 99%

25. 48.7% 27, 368% 29. 3.71%

31. The decimal point was moved in the wrong direction. 0.86 = 0.86 = 86%

33. 34% 35, 2 hee

DB

2) pe =I 39. 40%
1250

= D. 5
41. a. 16.6% or 162% b. .

Ase AS eae A ena 450 Sp

100 DS 2

Comparing and Ordering Fractions, Decimals,

and Percents (pages 660 and 667)
2
:
ul | Fraction :
Decimal | Percent 3. 0.04; 0.04 = 4%,: but 40%, LAG=, and 0.4 are all
a excl 4 equal to 40%.

2517
aa 0.72
a4
72%
: 5. 20% Jee25 9. 76%
= 0.85 85%
20 =i i (Oe 13. 140% 15. 80%
13
50 0.26 26%

31
50 0.62 62%

ee
20 0.45
. 45% 0

Wee 1 Aes 19. 9 _ 450 ES Ro 21 43.7% — 0.437

0.63 ? | 68% = 0.68 ake ee be 936 eas eh = 0.42 a = 0.435 | 0.44
\ 4 <\o-o—_+____+__—__@—_> \ \ 4
0% 5% 10% 15%
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.42 0.43 0.44

23. Russia, Brazil, United States, India 25. 21%, 0.21, =

Pe Pod8) 29
31. Write the numbers as percents or decimals to make the ordering easier.

33. yes 35. yes

A56 Selected Answers

Section 15.3 The Percent Proportion
(pages 666 and 667)
el
. The percent proportion fet Cd ;
is aii where ais part of the whole w, and p%, or isthe percent.
100
100
a > COS)
avis ron; C= Be by, At)2 Ty 1X0) 9. about 38.5%

120 9 25
11. ai =} = 48

25 100°?
a ee = 2

lg wv 100" °
AS a 0.4
AS.
124 100 ns 40 100°“ ade
ele “34 represents the part, not the whole. 21. $6000

Caen ue
w 100

34 _ 40
w 100

w= 85

14.2 oan
5 35 ee aes
Fae
w 100 tl
5
100 32
27. $8.40
8
Wn
29; a. a scale along the vertical axis LA
©(@)
b. 6.25%; Sample answer: Although you do not know the actual number of votes, you can ot
©
visualize each bar as a model with the horizontal lines breaking the data into equal parts. roe
The sum of all the parts is 16. Greg has the least parts with 1, which is 100% + 16 = 6.25%. >
=

31
c. 31 votes

a. 62.5% ln}; Bye 33. —0.6

Es
©2
Wn
35.

The Percent Equation

(pages 672 and 673)
A part of the whole is equal to a percent times the whole.

55 is 20% of what number?; 275; 11

37.5% 7. 84 9. 64

40 = 7).* 60; 7376 43. 0.008 150; 12

Wey 12 = 0.005 - w; 2400 17. 102 =1.2+w; 85

ag: 30 represents the part of the whole.

30 = 0.6 + w

50 = WwW

21. $5400 23. 26 years old 25. 56 signers

Selected Answers A57

Section, 15.4 The Percent Equation (continued)
(pages 672 and 673)

27. Ifthe percent is less than 100%, the percent of a number is less than the number;
50% of 80 is 40; If the percent is equal to 100%, the percent of a number will equal the
number; 100% of 80 is 80; If the percent is greater than 100%, the percent of a number is
greater than the number; 150% of 80 is 120.
. be
29. Remember when writing a proportion that either the units are the same on 3,
each side of the proportion, or the numerators have the same units and the
denominators have the same units.

B15 92%

33. 0.88

35. 0:36

Section 15 5 Percents of Increase and Decrease

ee eee) =(pages 680 and 681)

1. Ifthe original amount decreases, the percent of change is a percent of decrease. If the
original amount increases, the percent of change is a percent of increase.

3. The new amountis now 0. Spee aE

7. 17 penalties 9. decrease; 66.7%

11. increase; 225% 13. decrease; 12.5%

15. decrease;+37.57% 17. 12.5% decrease

19. a. about 16.7%

b. 280 people; To get the same percent error, the amount of error needs to be the same.
Because your estimate was 40 people below the actual attendance, an estimate of
40 people above the actual attendance will give the same percent error.

21. decrease; 25% 23. decrease; 70%

25. a. about 16.95% increase 27. 15.6 ounces; 16.4 ounces

b. 161,391 people

29. less than; Sample answer: Let x represent the number. A 10% increase is equal to x + 0.1x,
or 1.1x. A 10% decrease of this new number is equal to 1.1x — 0.1(1.1x), or 0.99x. Because
0.99x < x, the result is less than the original number.

31. 10 girls

33. 39.2 =p+112; 35%

35, elt — 0.00 21, OOo

A58 Selected Answers

Section 15.6 Discounts and Markups
(pages 686 and 687)
Sample answer: Multiply the original price by 100% — 25% = 75%
to find the sale price.
a. 6% tax on a discounted price; The discounted price is less, so the
tax is less.
b. 30% markup on a $30 shirt; 30% of $30 is less than $30.

$35.70 pane
$53.33 11. $450
. $172.40 15. 20%
. $55 19. $175
“Multiply $45.85 by 0.1” and “Multiply $45.85 by 0.9, then subtract from $45.85.” Both will
give the sale price of $4.59. The first method is easier because it is only one step.

« sho; $31.08 25. $30

180 29

Wn
o
©'@)
Simple Interest ct
(pages 692 and 693) ©
rol
>
I = simple interest, P = principal, r = annual interest rate (in decimal form), f = time (in years) >
You have to change 6% to a decimal and 8 months to a fraction of a year. Ss
©
<=,

WV
a. $300 b. $1800 7. a. $292.50 b. $2092.50
. a. $308.20 b. $1983.20 11. a. $1722.24 b. $6922.24

poo 15. 4%

ev 19 VoVa

. $1440 23. 2yr

Ee 2720 27. $6700.80

. $8500 313°0:29%

aya
12.5 yr; Substitute $2000 for P and J, 0.08 for r, and solve for t.
Year 1 = $520; Year 2 = $540.80; Year 3 = $562.43

Cy eed ae =A =| 0
-1 2 3 4

ay

Selected Answers A59

Key Vocabulary Index
Mathematical terms are best understood when you see them
used and defined in context.
This index lists where you will find key vocabulary. A full glossary
is available in your
Record and Practice Journal and at BigldeasMath.com.

absolute value, 270, 478 independent variable, 316 prism, 356

additive inverse, 484 inequality, 326 proportion, 608
algebraic expression, 112 integers, 250, 478 proportional, 608
base, 12 interest, 690 pyramid, 356
box-and-whisker plot, 460 interquartile range, 414 quadrants, 276
coefficient, 112 inverse operations, 303 quartiles, 414
common factors, 32 leaf, 436 range, 414
common multiples, 38 least common denominator, 42 rate, 206, 600
complex fraction, 601 least common multiple, 38 ratio, 192, 600
composite figure, 172 like terms, 136, 556 ratio table, 198
constant, 112 linear expression, 562 rational number, 520
constant of proportionality, 636 markup, 684 reciprocals, 64
conversion factor, 234 mean, 398 repeating decimal, 520
coordinate plane, 276 mean absolute deviation, 420 simple interest, 690
cross products, 609 measure of center, 404 simplest form, 556
dependent variable, 316 measure of variation, 414 slope, 630
direct variation, 636 median, 404 solid, 356
discount, 684 metric system, 234 solution, 302 A
0)
edge, 356 mode, 404 solution of an equation in two <
equation, 296 negative numbers, 250 variables, 316 <
‘e)
equation in two variables, 316 Net, S62 solution of an inequality, 327 fe)
ied)
equivalent equations, 572 numerical expression, 18 solution set, 327 oy
equivalent expressions, 128 opposites, 250, 484 statistical question, 392 —
re)
equivalent rates, 206 =
order of operations, 18 statistics, 392 <
equivalent ratios, 198 origin, 276 stem, 436 =}
evaluate, 18 outlier, 399 stem-and-leaf plot, 436 o.
©)
exponent, 12 percent, 220 surface area, 362 x
face, 356 percent of change, 678 terminating decimal, 520
factor pair, 26 percent of decrease, 678 terms, 112
factor tree, 26 percent error, 679 third quartile, 414
factoring an expression, 140, 566 percent of increase, 678 unit analysis, 234
first quartile, 414 perfect square, 13 unit rate, 206, 600
five-number summary, 460 polygon, 152 U.S. customary system, 234
frequency, 441 polyhedron, 356 variable, 112
frequency table, 441 positive numbers, 250 Venn diagram, 30
graph of an inequality, 328 power, 12 vertex, 356
greatest common factor, 32 prime factorization, 26 volume, 374
histogram, 442 principal, 690

Key Vocabulary Index A61

Student Index
This student-friendly index will help you find vocabulary, key ideas, and concepts. It is easily
accessible and designed to be a reference for you whether you are looking for a definition,
real-life application, or help with avoiding common errors.

Additive Inverse Property, 484 of a polygon

Algebra real-life application, 177
equations of a trapezoid, 166-171
Absolute value, 268-273, 476-481 error analysis, 170
equivalent, 572
defined, 270, 478 formula, 168
modeling, 570-571, 576,
error analysis, 272, 480 real-life application, 169
582-583
real-life application, 271, 479 writing, 167
in one variable, 294-299
Addition of a triangle, 158-163
solving, 300-313, 570-587
Associative Property of, 127-131 error analysis, 162
in two variables, 314-321
Commutative Property of, formula, 160
two-step, 582-587
126-131 real-life application, 161
writing, 574, 580, 586
of decimals, 78-83 research, 163
expressions
error analysis, 82 writing, 163
linear, 560-565
real-life application, 81 Associative Property of Addition,
modeling, 560-561, 565
writing, 82
simplifying, 135-139, 554-559 126-131
equations
writing, 110-123, 558, 564 error analysis, 130
error analysis, 305
formulas, See Formulas Associative Property of
real-life application, 304
inequalities Multiplication, 126-131
solving by, 300-307
graphing, 324-331
of expressions
solving, 332-343
linear, 560-565
writing, 326
modeling, 560-561 Base, defined, 12
of fractions, 42-43
Algebra tiles
Base ten blocks for modeling
equations, 570-571, 576,
inequalities decimal addition, 78
solving by, 332-337 582-583
decimal division, 92-93
expressions, 560-561
of integers, 482-485 decimal multiplication, 84
with different signs, 482-485 Algebraic expression(s), 110-117
decimal subtraction, 78
error analysis, 486 defined, 112
Box-and-whisker plot(s), 458-465
with the same sign, 482-485 error analysis, 115, 116
defined, 460
Property evaluating
error analysis, 463
of Equality, 303, 572 with two operations, 114
five-number summary, 460
error analysis, 130 with two variables, 113
of Inequality, 334 factoring, 141
real-life application, 129, 573 like terms
of Zero, 129 combining, 136 Choose Tools, Throughout.
of rational numbers, 524-529 defined, 136 For example, see:
error analysis, 528 real-life application, 114 data displays
real-life application, 527 simplifying, 135 choosing, 465
writing, 528, 529, 539 terms measures of center, 465
whole numbers, 4 defined, 112 variation of distribution, 465
Addition Property of Equality, 303, like, 136 decimals
Oia writing, 112-113 adding, 82
real-life application, 304, 573 Area ordering, 261
Addition Property of Inequality, of a composite figure, 172-173 subtracting, 82
334 real-life application, 173 equations in two variables, 315,
Addition Property of Zero, 129 of a parallelogram, 152-157 320
Additive inverse error analysis, 156 parallelograms, area of, 156
defined, 484 formula, 154 ratio tables, 215
writing, 486 real-life application, 155 ratios, graphing, 215

A62 Student Index

Coefficient, defined, 112 data displays error analysis, 463
Common Error box-and-whisker plots, 465 five-number summary, 460
percent equations, 670 histograms, 445, 447 shapes of, 462
polygons in the coordinate shapes of distribution, 455 comparing, 444
plane, 177 stem-and-leaf plots, 439 dot plots, 392-395
reflecting points in the decimals, 83 frequency table, 441
coordinate plane, 283 discounts, 687 histograms, 440-447
writing expressions, 120, 129 division, 9 defined, 442
Common factors, defined, 32 equations, solving, 307 error analysis, 445, 446
Common multiple(s), 36-41 greatest common factor, 35 modeling, 441
defined, 38 inequalities shapes of distribution, 450-457
Commutative Property of Addition, graphing, 331 appropriate measures of
126-131 solving, 343 center and variation,
real-life application, 129 interest, 693 456-457
Commutative Property of least common multiples, 41 box-and-whisker plots, 462
Multiplication, 126-131 mean absolute deviation, 423 skewed left, 452
Comparing measures of center, 409 skewed right, 452
integers, 254-259 percent of change, 681 symmetric, 452
ratios, 210-215 percent of decrease, 681 stem-and-leaf plots, 434-439
Complex fraction, defined, 601 percent of increase, 681 defined, 436
Composite figure(s) percents, 223 error analysis, 438
area of, 172-173 modeling, 223 leaf, 436
real-life application, 173 prime numbers, 29 stem, 436
defined, 172 proportions, 611, 627 writing, 438 Vv)
Concept circle, 410 direct variation, 639 a
Decimal(s) c
Connections to math strands rates, 605
adding, 78-83 o
Algebra, 116, 117, 138, 487, 493, rational numbers, 523 )
error analysis, 82 =)
501, 506 dividing, 543 ce
modeling, 78
Geometry, 91, 99, 130, 139, 141, ratios, 604, 611 sm
real-life application, 81 eo
1955231, 263,1299, 306,342, rectangular prism, volume and writing, 82 )
315, 909,507,007, OLL, 681 surface area, 378 x
comparing
Constant, defined, 112 simplifying expressions, 559 fractions with, 656-661
Constant of proportionality, slope, 633
percents with, 656-661
defined, 636 solving equations, 575, 581
real-life application, 658
Conversion factor, defined, 234 statistical questions, 394
dividing, 92-99
Coordinate plane surface area
by decimals, 95
defined, 276 of a prism, 365
error analysis, 97, 98
distances in, 277 of a pyramid, 373
modeling, 92-93
finding distances, 176 trapezoids, 171
real-life application, 96
graphing in, 274-283 triangles, 162, 163, 171
error analysis, 279
by whole numbers, 94
unit conversion, 237
ordered pairs, 276-277
writing, 93
Cross products, defined, 609
graphing, 262-263
origin, 276 Cross Products Property, 609
polygons in the, 174-179 multiplying, 84-91
Customary system, See U.S.
error analysis, 178 by decimals, 87
customary system
error analysis, 89, 90
real-life application, 177
modeling, 84-85
writing, 178
quadrant, 276 real-life application, 88
real-life application, 278 Data analysis, See Data displays; by whole numbers, 86
reflecting points in, 282-283 Statistics orderiiig, 260-265
Data displays, See also Graphs and with fractions, 656-661
Critical Thinking, Throughout.
For example, see: graphing negative, 262
box-and-whisker plots, 458-465 with percents, 656-661
absolute value, 273
defined, 460 real-life application, 659
area of a polygon, 163, 171

Student Index A63

 percents as, 650-655 Direct variation, 634-639 real-life application, 541
error analysis, 654 constant of proportionality, 636 writing, 539, 542
modeling, 650-655 defined, 636 whole numbers, 4—6
real-life application, 653 error analysis, 638 error analysis, 8
repeating modeling, 639 by a fraction, 65
defined, 520 real-life application, 637 real-life application, 6
error analysis, 522 writing, 638 Division Property of Equality, 311,
writing, 522 Discount(s), 682-687 578
subtracting, 78-73 defined, 684 error analysis, 312
error analysis, 82 writing, 686 real-life application, 311
modeling, 78-79 Distance formula, 318 writing, 312
real-life application, 81 Distributive Property, 132-141 Division Property of Inequality, 340
writing, 82 error analysis, 137, 138 real-life application, 341
terminating modeling, 132 Dot plot(s), 392-395
defined, 520 real-life application, 135
writing, 522 writing, 137
writing Division
of decimals, 92-99 Edge, defined, 356
as fractions, 521
as percents, 651-652 by decimals, 95 Equality
rational numbers as, 520 error analysis, 97, 98 Addition Property of, 303, 572
Definition and example chart, 216 modeling, 92-93 Division Property of, 578
Denominator(s), least common, 42 real-life application, 96 Multiplication Property of, 310,
Dependent variable, defined, 316 by whole numbers, 94 yi)
Diagram(s) writing, 93 Subtraction Property of, 303, 572
double number line, 205 equations Equation(s)
modeling, 191 modeling, 576 addition, 570-575
tape, 1917195 real-life application, 311, 579 error analysis, 574
Venn, 30-31, 36, 37 solving by, 308-313, 576-581 modeling, 570-571
defined, 30 of fractions, 62-69 writing, 574
Different Words, Same Question, error analysis, 67 defined, 296
Throughout. For example, by a fraction, 65 division, 576-581
see: modeling, 63 modeling, 576
absolute value, 272 reciprocals, 64 real-life application, 579
adding rational numbers, 528 by a whole number, 66 equivalent, 572
box-and-whisker plots, 463 inequalities inverse operations, 303
converting units, 236 solving by, 338-343 multiplication, 576-581
direct variation, 638 of integers, 502-507 error analysis, 580
fractions with different signs, 502-504 writing, 580
dividing, 74 error analysis, 506 in one variable
multiplying, 74 reading, 506 error analysis, 298
greatest common factor, 34 real-life application, 505 real-life application, 297
inequalities, 329 with the same sign, 502-504 writing, 294—299
linear expressions, 564 writing, 506 percent, 668-673
measures of variation, 416 of mixed numbers, 70-75 error analysis, 672
percent equations, 672 error analysis, 74 real-life application, 671
percents, 229 modeling, 70-71 percent proportions, 662-667
subtracting integers, 492 real-life application, 73 error analysis, 666
surface area of a prism, 364 Property real-life application, 665
triangles, 162 of Equality, 311, 578 writing, 666
unit rates, 208 of Inequality, 340 solution, 302
volume ofa prism, 378 real-life application, 579 solving
writing equations, 298 of rational numbers, 538-543 by addition, 300-307
writing expressions, 122 error analysis, 542 by division, 308-313

A64 Student Index

 error analysis, 305, 312 dividing, 97, 98 decimal representation of,
by multiplication, 308-313 multiplying, 89, 90 522
real-life application, 304, 311 as percents, 654 dividing, 542
by subtraction, 300-307 subtracting, 82 multiplying, 542
writing, 305, 312 direct variation, 638 subtracting, 536
subtraction, 570-575 Distributive Property, 137, 138 simple interest, 692
modeling, 570-571 equations slope, 632
real-life application, 573 in one variable, 298 Statistics
two-step solving, 305, 312, 574, 580 mean absolute deviation, 422
error analysis, 586 in two variables, 319 measures of center, 407
modeling, 582-583 two-step, 586 measures of variation, 416
real-life application, 585 exponents, 14 whole numbers
solving, 582-587 expressions dividing, 8
writing, 586, 587 algebraic, 115, 116 multiplying, 8
Equation in two variables, 314-321 like terms of, 558 Evaluate, defined, 18
defined, 316 linear, 565
Example and non-example chart,
dependent variable, 316 writing, 122 oya4
error analysis, 319 fractions Exponent(s), 10-15
graphing, 317 dividing, 67 base of, 12
independent variable, 316 multiplying, 59, 60 defined, 12
real-life application, 318 writing, 222
error analysis, 14
solution of, 316 greatest common factor, 34
order of operations, 18
writing, 314-321 inequalities
powers and, 10-15
Equivalent equations graphing, 330
writing, 11 a)
defined, 572 solving, 336, 342 a
Expression(s) =
writing, 574 integers
algebraic, 110-117 ok
Equivalent expressions adding, 486 )
defined, 112 =}
defined, 128 comparing, 258 a
error analysis, 115, 116, 558
identifying, 140 dividing, 506 =)
evaluating, 113-114
using properties to write, multiplying, 500 o
factoring, 141 )
128-129 positive, 252 x
like terms, 136, 556
Equivalent rate(s), 205-209 subtracting, 492
real-life application, 114, 557
defined, 206 mixed numbers
simplest form of, 556
finding, 207 dividing, 74
simplifying, 135, 554-559
Equivalent ratios multiplying, 60
terms, 112
defined, 198 order of operations, 20
writing, 112, 558
error analysis, 202 percent equation, 672
equivalent
Error Analysis, Throughout. percent of increase, 680
defined, 128
For example, see: percent proportion, 666
identifying, 140
absolute value, 272, 480 PEeIcents, 222
using properties to write,
area finding the whole, 230
128-129
of a parallelogram, 156 of a number, 229
evaluating, 18
ofa trapezoid, 170 polygons in the coordinate
error analysis, 20
of a triangle, 162 plane, 178
factoring, 140-141, 566-567
Associative Property of Addition, powers, 14
defined, 140, 566
130 prime factorization, 28
linear
converting units, 236 proportions
adding, 560-565
coordinate plane, 279 direct variation, 638
defined, 562
data displays percent, 666
error analysis, 565
box-and-whisker plots, 463 solving, 626
modeling, 560-561, 565
histograms, 445, 446 writing, 618
ratio tables, 202 real-life application, 563
stem-and-leaf plots, 438
rational numbers subtracting, 560-561
decimals
adding, 528 writing, 564
adding, 82

tudent Index A65

 numerical modeling, 63 error analysis, 330
defined, 18 reciprocals, 64 modeling, 330
factoring, 140 a whole number by, 65 real-life application, 328
writing, 118-123 graphing, 262-263 writing, 329
error analysis, 122 least common denominator, 42 Graphic Organizers
as powers, 12 multiplying, 54-61 concept circle, 410
real-life application, 121, 129 error analysis, 59, 60 definition and example chart,
modeling, 61 216
real-life application, 57, 58 example and non-example
writing, 59 chart, 322
Face, defined, 356 four square, 164, 568
ordering, 260-265
Factor(s) idea and examples chart, 494
with decimals, 656-661
common, defined, 32 information frame, 22
negative, 262
greatest common, 30-35 information wheel, 124, 620
with percents, 656-661
defined, 32 notetaking organizer, 76
real-life application, 263, 659
error analysis, 34 process diagram, 366, 530
percents and, 218-223
real-life application, 33 summary triangle, 266, 674
subtracting, 42-43
pairs, defined, 26 word magnet, 448
writing
prime factorization, 24-29 Graphing proportional
error analysis, 222
error analysis, 28 relationships, 612-613
as percents, 218-223
writing, 27 Greatest common factor, 30-35
Frequency, defined, 441
repeated, 11 defined, 32
Frequency table, defined, 441
Factor pairs, defined, 26 error analysis, 34
Factor tree, defined, 26 modeling, 30-31, 37
Factoring an expression, 140-141, real-life application, 33
566-567 Geometry writing, 34
defined, 140, 566 coordinate plane, 174-179,
First quartile, defined, 414 274-283
Five-number summary, defined, nets, 360-363, 368-371
parallelograms, 152-157 Histogram(s), 440-447
460
Formulas perimeter, 177-178 defined, 442
polygons, 152-157, 174-179 error analysis, 445, 446
area
polyhedrons, 354-359 frequency, 441
of a parallelogram, 152-157
prisms, 356, 360-365, 374-379
frequency tables, 441
of a trapezoid, 168
PLrOjecth.c5923 79 modeling, 441
of a triangle, 160
distance, 318 pyramids, 356, 368-373
volume of a rectangular prism, solids, 354-373
29, 374-376 trapezoids, 166-171 Idea and examples chart, 494
Four square, 164, 568 triangles, 158-163 Independent variable, defined,
Fraction(s) Graph(s) and graphing, See also 316
adding, 42-43 Data displays Inequalities
comparing in the coordinate plane, 274-283 defined, 326
decimals with, 656-661 error analysis, 279 graphing, 324-331
percents with, 656-661 ordered pairs, 276-277 defined, 328
real-life application, 658 origin, 276 error analysis, 330
complex, defined, 601 quadrant, 276 modeling, 330
decimals as real-life application, 278 real-life application, 328
error analysis, 522 of equations in two variables, writing, 329
writing, 521 317 solution of, 327
dividing, 62-69 of inequalities, 324-331 solution set, 327
error analysis, 67 of ratios, 210-215 solving
by a fraction, 65 Graph of an inequality by addition, 332-337
mixed numbers by, 72 defined, 328 by division, 338-343

A66 Student Index

 error analysis, 336, 342 Interquartile range, 414-417 solving inequalities, 343
by multiplication, 338-343 defined, 414 statistics, 319, 419
real-life application, 335, 341 interest unit rates, 209
by subtraction, 332-337 defined, 690
writing, 336, 338 principal, 690
writing, 324-331 simple, 688-693
error analysis, 330 defined, 690 Markup(s), 682-687
modeling, 330 error analysis, 692 defined, 684
real-life application, 328 writing, 692 : writing, 686
Information frame, 22 Interval(s), 440-442 Mean, 396-401
Information wheel, 124, 620 defined, 398
Inverse operations, defined, 303
Integer(s), 248-253 modeling, 397
absolute value of, 476-481 research, 408
error analysis, 480 Mean absolute deviation, 418-423
real-life application, 479 Leaf, defined, 436 defined, 420
adding, 482-489 Least common denominator, error analysis, 422
with different signs, 482-485 defined, 42 finding, 420
error analysis, 486 Least common multiple, 36-41 real-life application, 421
with the same sign, 482-485 defined, 38 Meaning of a Word
additive inverse of, 484 modeling, 36-37, 40 associate, 127
writing, 486 real-life application, 39 commute, 126
comparing, 254-259 writing, 40 deviate, 418
error analysis, 258 Like terms distribute, 132
real-life application, 257 combining, 136 invert, 64
writing, 258 V)
defined, 136, 556 opposite, 250, 484 ~*
defined, 478 c
error analysis, 558 percent, 218 2.
dividing, 502-507 writing, 558 proportional, 606 )
a
with different signs, 502-504 yin, plot, See Dot plot(s) rate, 598 a

error analysis, 506 Linear expression(s) rational, 518 =]

reading, 506 adding, 560-565 skewed, 451
©.
@
real-life application, 505 modeling, 560-561, 565 Measurement x
with the same sign, 502-504 writing, 564 conversion factor
writing, 506 factoring, 566-567 defined, 234
4nuaure:see ; subtracting, 560-565 as ere
error analysis, 565
with different signs, 496-498 metric units
modeling, 561
error analysis, 500 converting to customary
real-life application, 563
modeling, 501 units, 232-237
writing, 564
real-life application, 499
Logic, Throughout. For example, unit analysis
with the same sign, 496-498
see: defined, 234
writing, 500
absolute value, 477 writing, 236
negative, defined, 250
area of parallelograms, 157 unit conversion, 232-237
opposites, 250
dividing mixed numbers, 75 error analysis, 236
ordering, 254-259 .
histograms, 447 U.S. customary system
positive
linear expression, 565 converting to metric units,
defined, 250
mean absolute deviation, 419 232-237
error analysis, 252
median, 447 defined, 234
writing, 250
percent equations, 673 Measures of center, 396-409
real-life application, 251
reflecting points in the choosing, 405
subtracting, 488-493
coordinate plane, 283 by shape of distribution,
error analysis, 492
relationship of operations, 8 456-457
real-life application, 491
shapes of distribution, 455 defined, 404
writing, 492
solids, 356 error analysis, 407
writing, 249

Student Index A67

 mean, 396-391 as percents, 650-655 modeling, 501
defined, 398 subtracting, 78-79 real-life application, 499
median, 402-409 diagrams, 191 with the same sign, 496-498
defined, 404 direct variation, 639 writing, 500
mode, 402-409 Distributive Property, 132 of mixed numbers, 57-58
defined, 404 expressions error analysis, 60
research, 408 algebraic, 559 Property
Measures of variation, 412-417 linear, 560-561, 565 of Equality, 310, 578
defined, 414 writing, 123 of Inequality, 340
error analysis, 416 frequency tables, 441 of One, 129
interquartile range, 414-417 greatest common factor of Zero; 129
defined, 414 Venn diagram, 30 of rational numbers, 538-543
quartiles, 414-417 inequalities error analysis, 542
defined, 414 graphing, 330 writing, 539, 542
first, 414 writing, 330 solving equations by, 308-313
third, 414 least common multiples, 36-37, whole numbers, 4
range, 412-417 40 by decimals, 86
defined, 414 line graph, 280 error analysis, 8
writing, 417 line plots, 390 Multiplication Property of Equality,
Median, 402-409 mixed numbers, dividing, 70-71 310, 578
defined, 404 multiplying integers, 501 Multiplication Property of
error analysis, 407 percents as decimals, 650-655 Inequality, 340
research, 408 rates, 205 error analysis, 342
Mental Math, Throughout. ratios, 191, 205 Multiplication Property of One, 129
For example, see: solutions of equations, 570-571, Multiplication Property of Zero, 129
Distributive Property, 132, 134 576
Multiplicative Inverse Property, 310
equations, 301 statistics, 390
integers mean, 397
adding, 487 whole number operations, 9
subtracting, 493 Multiples Negative number(s)
multiplying decimals, 86 least common, 36-41 defined, 250
percents, 225 modeling, 36-37, 40 Net
proportions, 617 real-life application, 39 defined, 362
using properties, 127 writing, 40 of a prism, 360-363
Metric system Multiplication rectangular, 362
converting units, 232-237 Associative Property of, 126-131 triangular, 363
error analysis, 236 Commutative Property of, of a pyramid, 368-373
defined, 234 126-131 square, 370
Mixed number(s) of decimals, 84-91 triangular, 371
dividing, 70-75 by decimals, 87 Notetaking organizer, 76
error analysis, 74 error analysis, 89, 90 Number line
by a fraction, 72 modeling, 84-85 for graphing
modeling, 70-71 real-life application, 88 decimals, 262-263
real-life application, 73 equations, solving by, 576-581 fractions, 262-263
multiplying, 57-58 of fractions, 54-61 integers, 251
error analysis, 60 error analysis, 59, 60 for ordering
subtracting, 43 modeling, 61 decimals, 260-267
Mode, 402-409 real-life application, 57, 58 fractions, 260-267
defined, 404 writing, 59 integers, 254-259
research, 408 inequalities Number Sense, Throughout. For
Modeling, Throughout. For solving by, 338-343 example, see:
example, see: of integers, 496-501 adding rational numbers, 529
decimals with different signs, 496-498 algebraic expressions, 115
adding, 78 error analysis, 500 box-and-whisker plots, 463

A68 Student Index

 Commutative Property of Associative Property of Addition, Subtraction Property of
Addition, 130 130, 137 Inequality, 336
decimals Associative Property of trapezoids, 171
dividing, 97 Multiplication, 130 triangles, 163
multiplying, 89 box-and-whisker plots, 465 Operations
ordering, 264 coordinate plane, 281 choosing among, 2-3
division, 8
decimals order of, 16-21
expressions
adding, 83 defined, 18
writing, 123
multiplying, 91 error analysis, 20
fractions, 74
Distributive Property, 137 real-life application, 19
comparing percents with, 660
Division Property of Equality, writing, 20
multiplying, 60, 61
ailZ whole numbers, 2-9
ordering, 264, 265
equations Opposites, defined, 250, 484
ordering percents and, 661
in one variable, 298 Order of operations, 16-21
reciprocal of, 69
in two variables, 321 defined, 18
histograms, 447
factoring expressions, 141 error analysis, 20
integers, 253
fractions, 67 exponents, 18
adding, 486
multiplying, 60 real-life application, 19
dividing, 507
greatest common factor, 35 writing, 20
multiplying, 501
inequalities, solving, 342, 343 Ordered pairs, 276-277
least common multiple, 41
integers, 252, 481 Ordering
mixed numbers
adding, 487 decimals, 260-265
dividing, 74
dividing, 506 fractions, 260-265
multiplying, 61
multiplying, 500 real-life application, 263
order of operations, 21, 115 VY
opposite, 492 integers, 254-259 oF
ordered pairs, 281 =
Origin, defined, 276 oe
percents, 222 subtracting, 493
Outlier(s) o
comparing fractions with, 660 inverse operations, 580 x
checking for, 415 eb
finding, 229 mixed numbers, 59
defined, 399 =)
of increase, 680 Multiplication Property of One,
ok
ordering fractions and, 661 130 )
x
proportions, 666 order of operations, 21
powers, 15 percents Parallelogram(s)
proportions, 626, 666 as decimais, 654 area of, 152-157
ratios, 194 and fractions, 222 error analysis, 156
comparing and graphing, 214 polygons in the coordinate formula, 154
equivalent, 201 plane, 179 real-life application, 155
reciprocals, 542 proportions Patterns, Throughout. For example,
slope, 633 solving, 626 see:
solving equations, 312, 581 writing, 610, 618 dividing integers, 507
solving inequalities, 337 rates, 603 exponents, 15
statistical questions, 394 rational numbers powers, 15
statistics adding, 528 recognition of, 63
mean, 400 decimal! representation of, writing expressions, 123
measures of center, 407 p23 Percent(s), 218-223
Numerical expression(s) multiplying, 543 of change, 678
defined, 18 subtracting, 537 comparing
writing, 20 ratios, 610 decimals with, 656-661
reciprocals, 67 fractions with, 656-661
relating variables, 320 real-life application, 658
shapes of distribution, 457 as decimals, 650-655
Open-Ended, Throughout. For error analysis, 654
example, see: solving equations, 581
statistics, 401 modeling, 650-652
absolute value, 481
measures of variation, 417 real-life application, 653
area of a polygon, 163, 171

Student Index A69

 of decrease, 676-681 research, 163 nets for, 360-363
defined, 220 writing, 156, 163 defined, 362
equation, 668-673 in the coordinate plane, 174-179 a rectangular, 362
error analysis, 672 error analysis, 178 a triangular, 363
real-life application, 671 finding distances, 176 surface area of, 360-365
error, 679 real-life application, 177 a rectangular, 362
error analysis, 222 writing, 178 a triangular, 363
finding, 224-231 defined, 152 volume of rectangular, 374-379
error analysis, 229, 230 Polyhedron(s), See also Solids Problem Solving, Throughout. For
of a number, 224-226 defined, 356 example, see:
real-life application, 228 edges of, 356 adding integers, 487
the whole, 227 faces of, 356 decimals
fractions and, 218-223 project, 359 dividing, 99
of increase, 676-681 research, 559 ordering, 265
ordering vertices of, 356 as percents, 655
with decimals, 656-661 Positive number, defined, 250 dividing fractions, 69
with fractions, 656-661 Powers, 10-15 equations
real-life application, 659 defined, 12 in two variables, 321
proportions, 662-667 error analysis, 14 two-step, 587
error analysis, 666 exponents and, 10-15 greatest common factor, 35
real-life application, 665 writing, 11 histograms, 446
writing, 666
Precision, Throughout. For percent proportions, 667
example, see: proportions, 627
real-life application, 221
absolute value, 269 rational numbers, 523
research, 223, 655
dividing decimals, 99 ratios, 203
writing, 222
equations in two variables, 319 simple interest, 693
error analysis, 222
frequency tables, 441
as fractions, 218-223, 219 statistics
ordering fractions, decimals,
fractions as, 218-223 mean absolute deviation, 423
and percents, 661
Percent of change measures of center, 408, 423
percent of change, 681
defined, 678 volumes of prisms, 379
polygons in the coordinate
formula, 678 Process diagram, 366, 530
plane, 179
Percent of decrease Properties
rates, 605
defined, 678 Addition Property of Equality,
rational numbers
formula, 678 S03; 72
dividing, 543
writing, 680 real-life application, 573
multiplying, 539
Percent error Addition Property of Inequality,
ratios, 195
defined, 679 334
comparing, 211
formula, 679
graphing, 211 Addition Property ofZero, 129
Percent of increase statistics, 401 Additive Inverse Property, 484
defined, 678 surface area of a pyramid, 372 Associative Property of Addition,
error analysis, 680 Prices 126-131
formula, 678 discounts and markups, 682-687 error analysis, 130
Perfect square defined, 684 Associative Property of
defined, 13 writing, 686 Multiplication, 126-131
real-life application, 13 Prime factorization, 24—29 Commutative Property of
Perimeter defined, 26 Addition, 126-131
of a rectangle error analysis, 28 real-life application, 129
finding, 177 factor pairs, 26 Commutative Property of
writing, 178 factor tree, 26 Multiplication, 126-131
Polygon(s) modeling, 29, 31 Cross Products Property, 609
area of, 152-157 Principal, defined, 690 Distributive Property, 132-141
error analysis, 156, 162, 170 Prism(s) error analysis, 137, 138
real-life application, 155, 161, defined, 356 real-life application, 135
Weyo) Mriesy ALVAIY, drawing, 357 writing, 137

A70 Student Index

 Division Property of Equality,
graphing, 210-211
3115578
writing, 214
Division Property of Inequality, Rational number(s), See also
340 Quadrant(s), defined, 276
Quartile(s), 414-417
Fractions, Decimals
Multiplication Property of adding, 524-529
Equality, 310, 578 defined, 414
error analysis, 528
Multiplication Property of real-life application, 527
Inequality, 340 writing, 528, 529, 539
Multiplication Property of One, Range, 412-417 defined, 518, 520
129 defined, 414 dividing, 538-543
Multiplication Property of Zero, interquartile, 414 error analysis, 542
129 Rate(s), 204-209 real-life application, 541
Multiplicative Inverse Property, defined, 206, 600 writing, 539, 542
310 double number line diagrams, multiplying, 538-543
Subtraction Property of Equality, 205 error analysis, 542
303,572 equivalent writing, 539, 542
Subtraction Property of defined, 206 ordering, 521
Inequality, 334 finding, 207 repeating decimals
Proportion(s), 606-611 ratios and, 598-605
defined, 520
cross products, 609 research, 605
error analysis, 522
Cross Products Property, 609 writing, 520
unit
defined, 609 subtracting, 532-537
cost, 207
percent, 662-667 error analysis, 536
defined, 206, 600
error analysis, 666 real-life application, 535
finding, 206
real-life application, 665 writing, 536
writing, 208, 603
terminating decimals
writing, 666 writing, 206
defined, 520
solving, 622-627 Ratio(s), See also
writing, 520
error analysis, 626 Proportions, Rates
writing as decimals, 520
real-life application, 625 comparing, 210-215
Reading
writing, 626 complex fraction, 601
writing, 614-619
check for reasonableness, 317 JUap
xapu
defined, 192, 600 coordinate plane, 277
error analysis, 618 diagramming, 191, 193
inequalities, 328, 335
Proportional equivalent opposites, 251
defined, 608 defined, 198 proportional relationship, 608
relationship error analysis, 202 symbols of, 302, 327
constant of proportionality, graphing, 210-215 translating words to
636 modeling, 191 equations, 297
direct variation, 634-639 proportions and, 606-625 quartiles, 414
error analysis, 638 cross products, 609 Real-Life Applications, Throughout.
graphing, 612-613 Cross Products Property, 609 For example, see:
modeling, 639 error analysis, 618, 626 absolute value, 271, 479
reading, 608 proportional, 608 algebraic expressions, 114
real-life application, 637 real-life application, 625 area
writing, 638 solving, 622-627 of composite figures, 173
Pyramid(s) writing, 614-619 of parallelograms, 155
defined, 356 rates and, 204-209, 598-605 of trapezoids, 169
drawing, 357 complex fractions, 601 of triangles, 161
net of, 368-371 slope, 628-633 Commutative Property of
a square, 370 error analysis, 632 Addition, 129
a triangular, 371 writing, 192 coordinate plane, 278
square, 370 Ratio table(s), 196-203 decimals, 653, 658, 659
surface area of, 368-373 defined, 198 adding, 81
triangular, 371 error analysis, 202 dividing, 96

Student Index A71

 multiplying, 88 data displays statistics, 390, 391, 395
subtracting, 81 box-and-whisker plots, 465 mean, 397, 400, 401, 407, 457
direct variation, 637 histograms, 447 mean absolute deviation, 419,
Distributive Property, 135 shapes of distribution, 455, 422, A423, 457,
equations 457 measures of center, 407
in one variable, 297 stem-and-leaf plots, 434, 439, mode, 408
solving, 304, 311 447,455 outliers, 417
in two variables, 318 decimals, multiplying, 90 statistical questions, 392
writing, 297, 304, 317 direct variation, 639 trapezoids, 170, 171
expressions Distributive Property, 138, 139 volumes of prisms, 378, 379
linear, 563 division, 9 Reciprocals, defined, 64
simplifying, 557 expressions, 122, 123 Rectangle(s), perimeter of, 177
fractions, 653, 658, 659 factoring, 141 Reflecting points in the coordinate
multiplying, 57, 58 linear, 565 plane, 282-283
ordering, 263 simplifying, 555, 558, 559
Repeated Reasoning, Throughout.
greatest common factor, 33 fractions
For example, see:
inequalities dividing, 67, 68, 69
adding rational numbers, 529
graphing, 328 multiplying, 59
decimals, 91
solving, 335, 341 as percents, 223
Distributive Property, 132
integers, 251 greatest common factor, 35
integers, 253
comparing, 257 integers, 249, 257
measures of variation, 412
dividing, 505 comparing, 259
multiplying, 501 perfect squares, 15
multiplying, 499
subtracting, 491 ordering, 258 ratio tables, 197
least common multiple, 39 subtracting, 493 slope, 629
mean absolute deviation, 421 least common multiple, 41 solving equations, 301, 583
mixed numbers, dividing, 73 markups, 686 writing expressions, 118
order of operations, 19 mixed numbers, dividing, 75 Repeating decimal(s)
percent, 653, 658, 659 order of operations, 20 defined, 520
equations, 671 outliers, 445 error analysis, 522
proportions, 665 parallelograms, dimensions of, writing, 522
percents, 221, 228 Mesh
finding the whole, 228 percents, 219,231
perfect square, 13 discount and markups, 686
polygons in the coordinate equations, 672 Shape of a distribution, 450-457
plane, 177 of increase, 681 box-and-whisker plots, 462
proportions, 625, 665 proportions, 667 choosing appropriate measures,
rational numbers powers, 15 456-457
adding, 527 proportions skewed left, 452
dividing, 541 proportional relationships, skewed right, 452
subtracting, 535 613, 639 symmetric, 452
solving equations, 573, 579, 585 solving, 627 Simple interest, 688-693
whole numbers, division, 6 writing, 619 defined, 690
writing expressions, 121, 129 rational numbers error analysis, 692
Reasoning, Throughout. For adding, 529 writing, 692
example, see: subtracting, 537 Simplest form, defined, 556
absolute value, 272, 481 ratios, 195, 203 Slope, 628-633
algebraic expressions, 117 rectangles, 171 defined, 630
area simple interest, 692, 693 error analysis, 632
parallelograms, 153 slope, 632 Solid(s)
triangles, 163 solids, 359 defined, 356
coordinate plane, 274, 280 solving drawing, 354-355, 357
ordered pairs, 281 equations, 131, 306, 581, 587 edges of, 356
reflecting points in, 283 inequalities, 342 faces of, 356

A72 Student Index

 polyhedron(s), 354-359 mean absolute deviation, fractions
defined, 356 418-423 dividing by, 63
edges of, 356 defined, 420 multiplying, 55
faces of, 356 error analysis, 422 greatest common factor, 31
project, 359 real-life application, 421 integers, 249
research, 559 measures of center, 396-409 adding, 483
vertices of, 356 choosing, 456-457 dividing, 503
prism(s) defined, 404 multiplying, 497
defined, 356 error analysis, 407 subtracting, 489
drawing, 357 research, 408 interquartile range, 417
nets for, 360-363 measures of variation, 412-417 least common multiple, 37
defined, 362 defined, 414 percent proportions, 667
a rectangular, 362 error analysis, 416 polygons in the coordinate
a triangular, 363 writing, 417 plane, 175, 179
surface area of, 360-365 median, 402-409 properties of multiplication, 131
a rectangular, 362 defined, 404 ratio tables, 215
a triangular, 363 error analysis, 407 solving equations, 313, 571
volume of rectangular, research, 408 subtracting rational numbers,
374-379 mode, 402-409 537
pLroject,390, 379 defined, 404 surface area of a pyramid, 373
pyramid(s) research, 408 Study Tip —
defined, 356 modeling, 390 additive inverse, 485
drawing, 357 outliers algebraic expressions, 113
net of, 368-371 defined, 399 amount of error, 679 -
a square, , 370 writing, , 407 base of a triangular pyramid, 371
1 ; a
a triangular, 371 quartiles, 414-417 SUNG SRS EPL, 162 a.
square, 370 defined, 414 check i reese Sag 4 uy
surface area of, 368-373 first, 414 ce g hike a i
triangular, 371 third, 414 wee sae P al a
research, 359 range, 412-417 Mind ia 7 7)
surface area of defined, 414 target! x
box-and-whisker plots, 461,
defined, 362 interquartile, 414
i 360-365 Statistical questi 392-395 ave
Gabe ak y nparoyeene re shapes of distribution, 452,
pyramids, 368-373 defined, 392 462
vertices of, 356 Stem, defined, 436 deomelponn a2
volume of, 374-375 Stem-and-leaf plot(s), 434-439 ioe
Solution, defined, 302 defined, 436 adding. 80
Solution aan equation in two error analysis, 438 dividing, 95, 96
variables, defined, 316 leaf, 436 subtracting, 80
Solution of an inequality, defined, stem, 436 issuer. Ca
320 writing, 438 discounts, 684
Solution set, defined, 327 Structure, Throughout. For Distributive Property, 135
Square(s), perfect, example, see: dot plots, 392
defined, 13 adding decimals, 83 equivalent fractions and
real-life application, 13 box-and-whisker plots, 465 percents, 220
Statistical question(s), 392-395 coordinate plane, 274 exponents, 499
defined, 392 reflecting points in, 283 expressions
Statistics, See also Data displays exponents, 11 algebraic, 112
defined, 392 direct variation, 635 equivalent, 128
mean, 396-401 expressions factoring, 140
defined, 398 factoring, 141, 567 linear, 563
modeling, 397 linear, 565 simplifying, 556
research, 408 simplifying, 559 writing, 121

Student Index A73

 finding the percent of a number, modeling, 561 real-life application, 169
226 real-life application, 363 writing, 167
fractions, 66 of fractions, 42-43 Triangle(s)
adding and subtracting, 43 inequalities, solving by, 332-337 area of, 158-163
multiplying, 56 of integers, 488-493 error analysis, 162
simplest form, 42 error analysis, 492 formula, 160
graphing real-life application, 491 real-life application, 161
equations in two variables, writing, 492 research, 163
317 of mixed numbers, 43 writing, 163
ordered pairs from a ratio Property of
table, 213 Equality, 303, 572
greatest common factor, 32 Inequality, 334
of rational numbers, 532-537 Unit analysis, defined, 234
inverse operations, 334
error analysis, 536 Unit cost, 207
least common denominators, 66
real-life application, 535 Unit rate(s), 206-209
measures of center, 404
Multiplicative Inverse Property, writing, 536 defined, 206, 600
64 whole numbers, 4 finding, 206
opposites, 485 Subtraction Property of Equality, unit cost, 207
order of operations, 18 303, 572 writing, 208, 603
ordering decimals and percents, real-life application, 304 U.S. customary system
658 writing, 305 converting units, 232-237
ordering integers, 257 Subtraction Property of Inequality, to metric units, 232-237
percent proportions, 664 334 defined, 234
polygons in the coordinate real-life application, 335
plane, 176, 177 Summary triangle, 266, 674
powers, 499 Surface Area
of prisms, 360-365 Variable(s)
prime factorization, 26, 27
of pyramids, 368-373 coefficient of, 112
proportional relationships, 613
of a solid, defined, 362 defined, 112
ratio tables, 199, 200
dependent, 316
rational numbers, 521, 526
equations in one, 294-299
reciprocals, 64
error analysis, 298
simplifying equations, 584 Tables real-life application, 297
slope, 630 frequency, 441
equations in two, 314-321
solving for graphing equations, 317
equations, 303, 304
defined, 316
Tape diagram(s), 191, 193
inequalities, 334 dependent variable, 316
Term(s)
unit cost, 207 error analysis, 319
coefficient, 112
unit rates, 206 graphing, 317
constant, 112
variable by itself, 112 independent variable, 316
defined, 112
variables, 121 real-life application, 318
like, 556
volume of a cube, 376 error analysis, 558 solution of, 316
Subtraction variable, 112 independent, 316
of decimals, 78-83 writing, 558 Venn diagram
error analysis, 82 Terminating decimal defined, 30
real-life application, 81 defined, 520 for identifying
writing, 82 writing, 522 factors, 30-31, 37
equations Third quartile, defined, 414 multiples, 36
error analysis, 305 Three-dimensional figures, See Vertex
real-life application, 304 Solids of a solid, defined, 356
solving by, 300-307 Trapezoid(s) Volume
of expressions area of, 166-171 defined, 374
error analysis, 565 error analysis, 170 of rectangular prisms, 374-379
linear, 560-565 formula, 168 formula, 29, 376

A74 Student Index

 operations, 2—9 integers, 249
choosing among, 2-3 additive inverse of, 486
Which One Doesn't Belong?, modeling, 9 comparing, 258
Throughout. For example, perfect square of, 13 dividing, 506
defined, 13 multiplying, 500
see:
absolute value, 480 real-life application, 13 subtracting, 492
subtracting, 4 interest rate, 692
algebraic expressions, 115
Word magnet, 448 least common multiples, 40
area, 170
Writing, Throughout. For example markups, 686
comparing fractions, decimals, Mh

see: measures of centei, 407

and percents, 654, 660
area measures of variation, 417
coordinate plane, 279
of a trapezoid, 167 numerical expressions, 20
Distributive Property, 137
of a triangle, 163 order of operations, 20
dividing integers, 506
converting units, 236 percents, 222
equations in two variables, 319
decimals of decrease, 680
equivalent ratios, 201
adding, 82 proportions, 666
exponents, 14
dividing, 93 perimeter of a rectangle, 178
factor pairs, 28 repeating, 522 polygons
fractions, 67 subtracting, 82 area of, 156
measures of center, 407 terminating, 522 in the coordinate plane, 178
percent proportions, 666 discounts, 686 proportions, 618
percents, 222 Distributive Property, 137 solving, 626
properties, 130 Division Property of Equality, rates, 206, 603
rational numbers, 536 Sl unit, 208
Vi
ratios, 194, 610 equations, 297 ratio tables, 214 ot
S
solving equations, 574 equivalent, 574 rational numbers o
Statistics solving, 580 )
adding, 528, 529, 539 |
mean absolute deviation, 422 in two variables, 314 dividing, 539, 542 ee
measures of center, 407 two-step, 586, 587 multiplying, 539, 542 5
o
Whole number(s) expressions subtracting, 536, 539 )
adding, 4 algebraic, 112, 120-121, 558 ratios, 192, 218 x
dividing, 4-6 error analysis, 122 solving
a decimal by, 94 linear, 564 equations, 305
error analysis, 8 modeling, 123 inequalities, 336
by a fraction, 65 real-life application, 121 stem-and-leaf plots, 438
real-life application, 6 fractions, multiplying, 59
multiplying, 4 greatest common factor, 34
by decimals, 86 inequalities, 332, 338
error analysis, 8 graphing, 329

Student Index A75

Photo Credits
Cover Chapter 3
Pavelk/Shutterstock.com, © Dwight Smith |Dreamstime.com, 108 stephan kerkhofs/Shutterstock.com, Cigdem Sean Cooper
valdis torms /Shutterstock.com Shutterstock.com, ©iStockphoto.com/ Andreas Gradin; 121 Kateryna
Larina/Shutterstock.com; 125 Vivid Pixels/Shutterstock.com;
Front matter 138 Pal Teravagimov/Shutterstock.com; 141 Inhabitant
i Pavelk/Shutterstock.com, © Dwight Smith |Dreamstime.com, Shutterstock.com; 142 Fotofermer/Shutterstock.com;
valdis torms /Shutterstock.com; iv Big Ideas Learning, LLC; viii top 143 Helder Almeida/Shutterstock.com; 146 center right Aptyp_koK
©iStockphoto.com/ALEAIMAGE, ©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie Kurtz; Shutterstock.com; bottom left Andy Cash/Shutterstock.com
bottom ©iStockphoto.com/Jane norton; ix top ©iStockphoto.com/
ALEAIMAGE, ©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie Kurtz; bottom Chapter 4
wavebreakmedia Itd/Shutterstock.com; x top stephan kerkhofs/ 150 ©iStockphoto.com/sumnersgraphicsinc, ©iStockphoto.com
Shutterstock.com, Cigdem Sean Cooper/Shutterstock.com, Ann Marie Kurtz; 162 Terrance Emerson/Shutterstock.com:
163 ©iStockphoto.com/bamse009; 171 Kharidehal Abhirama Ashwin
©iStockphoto.com/Andreas Gradin; bottom Odua Images/
Shutterstock.com; xi top ©iStockphoto.com/sumnersgraphicsinc, Shutterstock.com; 177 Christian Musat/Shutterstock.com;
©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie Kurtz; bottom James Flint/ 79 Brandon Seidel/Shutterstock.com; 184 top right ©iStockphoto.com
Shutterstock.com; xii top ©iStockphoto.com/Lisa Thornberg, AlexMax; bottom right U.S. Geological Survey
©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie Kurtz; bottom william casey/
Chapter 5
Shutterstock.com; xiii top ©iStockphoto.com/Jonathan Larsen;
188 ©iStockphoto.com/Lisa Thormberg, iStockphoto.com
bottom Edyta Pawlowska/Shutterstock.com; xiv fop Varina and Jay Patel/
Ann Marie Kurtz; 190 Elnur/Shutterstock.com; 192 Vladimir Wrangel
Shutterstock.com, ©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie Kurtz; bottom
Shutterstock.com; 193 Lepas/Shutterstock.com; 196 zop foxie
PETER CLOSE/Shutterstock.com; xv top ©iStockphoto/ Michael Flippo,
Shutterstock.com; center right Constantinos/Shutterstock.com;
©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie Kurtz; bottom ©iStockphoto.com/
197 Danny Smythe/Shutterstock.com; 199 South 12th Photography
ranplett; xvi top Chiyacat/Shutterstock.com, Zoom Team/
Shutterstock.com; 200 Petr Malyshev/ Shutterstock.com;
Shutterstock.com; bottom ©iStockphoto.com/Noraznen Azit;
202 ©iStockphoto.com/otakumania; 203 Anneka/Shutterstock.com;
xvii fop ©iStockphoto.com/ Alistair Cotton; bottom ©iStockphoto.com/
205 vita khorzhevska/Shutterstock.com; 206 © HO/Reuters/ Corbis;
Thomas Perkins; xviii top ©iStockphoto.com/ALEAIMAGE,
207 Alex Staroseltsev/Shutterstock.com; 208 top right
©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie Kurtz; bottom Evok20/Shutterstock.com;
©iStockphoto.com/Gord Horne; bottom right leonid_tt
xix top Chiyacat/Shutterstock.com, Zoom Team/Shutterstock.com;
Shutterstock.com; 209 top left ©iStockphoto.com/Ijpat; bottom right
bottom Sinisa Bobic/Shutterstock.com; xx top OiStockphoto.com/
©iStockphoto.com/Birgitte Magnus; 210 Mike Flippo
ALEAIMAGE, ©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie kurtz; bottom Artpose
Shutterstock.com; 212 top right ultimathule/Shutterstock.com;
Adam Borkowski/Shutterstock.com; xxi fop Varina and Jay Patel/
top left Christopher Kolaczan/Shutterstock.com; 213 iStockphoto.com
Shutterstock.com, ©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie Kurtz; bottom
Bart Wolczyk; 214 Catalin Petolea/Shutterstock.com, Kaspri
©iStockphoto.com/Aldo Murillo; xxii fop Kasiap/Shutterstock.com,
Shutterstock.com; 215 R. Gino Santa Maria/Shutterstock.com;
©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie Kurtz; bottom ©iStockphoto.com/
225 Spasiblo/Shutterstock.com; 230 Thank You/ Shutterstock.com;
kate_sept2004; xxiii top OiStockphoto.com/Bjérn Kindler; bottom
236 Derek Wong / CC-BY-SA-3.0; 237 ©iStockphoto.com/ Paul Tessier;
©iStockphoto.com/Ferli Achirulli; xxiv Ljupco Smokovski/
238 bottom left Kitch Bain/Shutterstock.com; bottom ©iStockphoto.com
Shutterstock.com Ermin Gutenberger; 242 Joe Gough/Shutterstock.com
Chapter 1 Chapter 6
1 ©iStockphoto.com/ALEAIMAGE, ©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie Kurtz;
246 ©iStockphoto.com/ Jonathan Larsen; 251 ©iStockphoto.com
2 top right S.Dashkevych/Shutterstock.com; bottom right auremar/
Egor Mopanko; 253 haveseen/Shutterstock.com; 254 top right NASA
Shutterstock.com; 5 yxm2008/Shutterstock.com; 6 ©iStockphoto.com/
Kim Shiflett; bottom NASA; 255 NASA; 259 ©iStockphoto.com/Andrew
Santino Ambrogio; 8 Jiang Dao Hua/Shutterstock.com; 9 top right
Penner; 260 NASA; 261 Jeft Andrey Armyagov/ Shutterstock.com;
Africa Studio/Shutterstock.com; center left Podriv Ustoev/
center ©iStockphoto.com/Island Effects; right U.S. Navy photo by
Shutterstock.com; 10 Danomyte/Shutterstock.com; 11 Nicole Gordine/
Photographer's Mate 2nd Class Prince Hughes III;
Shutterstock.com; 13 MONOPOLY® & ©2012 Hasbro Inc. Used with
264 ©iStockphoto.com/jclegg, ©iStockphoto.com/spxChrome,
permission.; 15 ©iStockphoto.com/WestLight; 20 ©iStockphoto.com/
©iStockphoto.com/Laura Eisenberg; 265 A’lya/Shutterstock.com;
clu; 21 ©iStockphoto.com/mladn61; 23 center right Wendy Nero/
267 top right NicolasMcComber/Shutterstock.com; beriom
Shutterstock.com; bottom right ©iStockphoto.com/craftvision;
©iStockphoto.com/Zuk; 269 Jeff ©iStockphoto.com/ james steidl;
24 James Hoenstine/Shutterstock.com; 26 farbeffekte/Shutterstock.com;
right U.S. Navy photo by Photographers Mate 2nd Class Michael
29 Michael Mitchell/Shutterstock.com; 33 jmatzick/Shutterstock.com;
Sandberg; 271 Shane W Thompson/Shutterstock.com;
34 Glenda M. Powers/Shutterstock.com; 35 Africa Studio/
278 Christophe Testi/Shutterstock.com
Shutterstock.com; 39 Alinochka/Shutterstock.com; 40 Orla/
Shutterstock.com; 41 yuyangce/Shutterstock.com; 44 center left Mike
Flippo/Shutterstock.com; bottom right Nitr/Shutterstock.com;
48 beboy/Shutterstock.com

Chapter 2
52 ©iStockphoto.com/ALEAIMAGE, ©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie
Kurtz; 59 center left fivespots/Shutterstock.com; center right bluehand/
Shutterstock.com; 68 tele52/Shutterstock.com, lithian/
Shutterstock.com, Galina Barskaya/Shutterstock.com;
69 center left ©iStockphoto.com/ Michael Plumb; center right g215/
Shutterstock.com; 73 ©iStockphoto.com/
Karin Lau; 81 Vacclav/
Shutterstock.com; 82 Peredniankina/Shutterstock.com; 83 SSSCCC/
Shutterstock.com; 89 Luba V Nel/Shutterstock.com;
90 KENCKOphotography/Shutterstock.com; 97 ©iStockphoto.com/
bananahuman; 99 ©iStockphoto.com/Janis Litavnieks;
104 ©iStockphoto.com/graham heywood

A76 Photo Credits

 Chapter 7
292 Varina and Jay Patel/Shutterstock.com, ©iStockphoto.c Chapter 11
om/ 475 ©iStockphoto.com/ALEAIMAGE, ©iStockphoto.com/Ann
Ann Marie Kurtz; 299 top right ©iStockphoto.com/Joop
Snijder,
Marie
Kurtz; 495 ©iStockphoto.com/RonTech2000; 501 Dmitry Melnikov/
©iStockphoto.com/Michael MacFadden, ©iStockphoto.c
om/Steve Shutterstock.com; 508 center right ©iStockphoto.com/Rich Legg;
Goodwin; center left ©iStockphoto.com/Kenneth C. Zirkel;
304 jocic/ bottom left CLFProductions/Shutterstock.com; 511 Liem Bahneman
Shutterstock.com, Marko Poplasen/ Shutterstock.com; /
306 top left Shutterstock.com; 512 center right ©iStockphoto.com/susaro; bottom
©iStockphoto.com/Jeremy Wee; top right ©iStockphoto.c
om/Jan Will; left© Leonard J. DeFrancisci / Wikimedia Commons | CC-BY-SA-
307 ©iStockphoto.com/Keith Reicher; 309 ©iStockphoto.c 3.0 /
om/Leo GFDL
Blanchette; 312 ©iStockphoto.com/Christopher Futcher;
313 ©iStockphoto.com/Eric Isselée; 314 mangostock/Shutterstock.
com;
315 Ilya Andriyanov/Shutterstock.com; 316 violetkaipa/ Chapter 12
Shutterstock.com; 318 kokandr/Shutterstock.com; 319 discpictu 516 Chiyacat/Shutterstock.com, Zoom Team/Shutterstock.com;
re/
Shutterstock.com; 320 ©iStockphoto.com/Mutlu Kurtbas; 324 first 518 ©iStockphoto.com/Shantell; 527 ultrapro/Shutterstock.com;
©iStockphoto.com/Studio-Annika; second ©iStockphoto.com/nichola 528 margouillat photo/Shutterstock.com; 529 Heide Hellebrand/
s Shutterstock.com; 531 ©iStockphoto.com/Jason Lugo; 547 Pinosub/
belton; third ©iStockphoto.com/Robert Dant; 328 NASA/Johns Hopkins
University Applied Physics Laboratory; 330 ©iStockphoto.com/George Shutterstock.com; 548 EdBockStock/Shutterstock.com; 550 Laborant/
Peters; 331 ©iStockphoto.com/Anthony Ladd; 332 top right CLS Design/ Shutterstock.com
Shutterstock.com; bottom right Liquid Productions, LLC /
Shuttetstock.com; 337 top left ©iStockphoto.com/o-che; center left Chapter 13
©iStockphoto.com/sunygraphics; 338 top right Dennis Owusu-Ansah/ 552 ©iStockphoto.com/ALEAIMAGE, ©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie
Shutterstock.com; bottom right Julia Zakharova /Shutterstock.com; Kurtz; 558 bottom left photo25th/Shutterstock.com; bottom center
341 Nathan Till/Shutterstock.com; 342 ©iStockphoto.com/rami ben ©iStockphoto.com/Don Nichols; 563 Andrew Burgess/
ami; 343 Karin Hildebrand Lau/Shutterstock.com; Shutterstock.com; 564 Suzanne Tucker/Shutterstock.com:
344 ©iStockphoto.com/Algimantas Balezentis; 348 ©iStockphoto.com/ 565 ©iStockphoto.com/Vadim Ponomarenko; 571 MarcelClemens/
Jani Bryson Shutterstock.com; 575 ©iStockphoto.com/fotoVoyager; 577 top right
John Kropewnicki/Shutterstock.com; center left Yuri Bathan (yuril0b)/
Chapter 8 Shutterstock.com; bottom right Dim Dimich/Shutterstock.com;
352 ©iStockphoto.com/Michael Flippo, ©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie 595 wacpan/Shutterstock.com
Kurtz; 358 Exercise 17 ©iStockphoto.com/Rich Koele; Exercise 21
design56/Shutterstock.com; 359 top right ©iStockphoto.com/Hedda
Gjerpen; center ©iStockphoto.com/rzdeb; 363 Niki Crucillo/ Chapter 14
596 Varina and Jay Patel/Shutterstock.com, ©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie
Shutterstock.com; 370 PeterG/Shutterstock.com; 372 Itana/
Shutterstock.com; 373 Tupungato/Shutterstock.com; 377 top left Kurtz; 599 gingqing/Shutterstock.com; 600 the808/Shutterstock.com;
©iStockphoto.com/ William Britten; center left Denis Barbulat/ 604 Sergey Peterman/Shutterstock.com; 605 VikaSuh/Shutterstock.com;
Shutterstock.com; 379 center left ©iStockphoto.com/Jill Chen; center 610 ©iStockphoto.com/Kemter; 611 ©iStockphoto.com/VikaValter;
right ©iStockphoto.com/LongHa2006 619 NASA/Carla Thomas; 622 Jean Tompson; 634 Baldwin Online: uU
Children’s Literature Project at www.mainlesson.com; =3
Chapter 9 635 ©iStockphoto.com/Brian Pamphilon; 637 John Kasawa/ 2)
ie
388 Chiyacat/Shutterstock.com, Zoom Team/Shutterstock.com; Shutterstock.com; 640 ©iStockphoto.com/Uyen Le; 646 Peter zijlstra/ Le}
390 LeventeGyori/Shutterstock.com; 391 center left and right Nattika/ Shutterstock.com
2)
Shutterstock.com; 392 Eric Isselée/Shutterstock.com; 393 top right =

Iznogood/Shutterstock.com; bottom left AISPIX by Image Source/ Chapter 15 @

Shutterstock.com; 395 Laralova/Shutterstock.com; 396 Rob Byron/ jek
=
648 Kasiap/Shutterstock.com, ©iStockphoto.com/Ann Marie Kurtz;
Shutterstock.com; 397 Denis Vrublevski/Shutterstock.com; 661 ©iStockphoto.com/Eric Isselée; 666 Image courtesy the President’s wv
399 ©iStockphoto.com/Eric Isselée; 402 top right Hein Nouwens/ Challenge, a program of the President’s Council on Fitness, Sports and
Shutterstock.com; bottom ivelly/Shutterstock.com; Nutrition; 677 Rob Byron/Shutterstock.com; 678 ©iStockphoto.com/
403 ©iStockphoto.com/Andrew Rich; 409 top right ©iStockphoto.coin/ NuStock; 680 ©iStockphoto.com/ARENA Creative;
suemack; top left ©iStockphoto.com/muratkoc; 415 Charlie Hutton/ 685 ©iStockphoto.com/amriphoto; 686 ©iStockphoto.com/Albert
Shutterstock.com; 416 Talvi/Shutterstock.com; 417 ©iStockphoto.com/ Smirnov; 687 ©iStockphoto.com/Lori Sparkia; 691 ©iStockphoto.com/
Jason Lugo; 420 Danny Smythe/Shutterstock.com; 421 top left Ganko/ anne de Haas; 693 top right Big Ideas Learning, LLC; center left
Shutterstock.com; top right Mark Herreid/Shutterstock.com; ©iStockphoto.com/Rui Matos; 694 ©iStocknhoto.com/
422 alarich/Shutterstock.com; 423 tab62/Shutterstock.com; 424 Racheal Michael Fernahl; 697 AISPIX by Image Source/Shutterstock.com;
Grazias/Shutterstock.com; 426 Jan Martin Will/Shutterstock.com; 698 ©iStockphoto.com/ted johns
427 Kitch Bain/Shutterstock.com

Chapter 10 AppendixA
432 ©iStockphoto.com/Alistair Cotton; 434 Elzbieta Szpak/ AO background ©iStockphoto.com/Bjérn Kindler; top left and bottom
Shutterstock.com; 435 ©CORBIS; 437 ©iStockphoto.com/Pekka ©iStockphoto.com/ Ralf Hettler; Al top right Emmer, Michele, ed.,
Nikonen; 438 ©iStockphoto.com/Mehmet Salih Guler; 442 stockshoppe/ The Visual Mind: Art and Mathematics, Plate 2, © 1993 Massachusetts
Shutterstock.com; 443 top right ©iStockphoto.com/susaro; bottom left Institute of Technology, by permission of The MIT Press.; bottom left
Arman Zhenikeyev/Shutterstock.com; 444 Tomasz Trojanowski/ ©iStockphoto.com/Andrew Cribb; bottom right ©iStockphoto.com/
Shutterstock.com; 447 ©iStockphoto.com/Eric Isselée; Liz Leyden; A4 top right ©iStockphoto.com/Ralf Hettler; center right
449 ©iStockphoto.com/vincent chien chow chine; 450 Sergey Mironov/ ©iStockphoto.com/Ragnarocks; bottom left ©iStockphoto.com/Linda
Shutterstock.com; 451 fresher/Shutterstock.com; 453 mmaxer/ Steward; bottom right ©iStockphoto.com/rackermann; A5 top and
Shutterstock.com; 457 Lightspring/Shutterstock.com; 459 first windu/ bottom right ©iStockphoto.com/rackermann; bottom left
Shutterstock.com; second motorolka/Shutterstock.com; third Preto ©iStockphoto.com/Ralf Hettler; A6 top right Stannered, DTR;
Perola/Shutterstock.com; fourth nikkytok/Shutterstock.com; center right bottom left Emmer, Michele, ed., The Visual Mind: Art and Mathematics,
Apollofoto/Shutterstock.com; 460 ©iStockphoto.com/rusm; Plate 2, © 1993 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, by permission
461 Sebastian Knight/Shutterstock.com; 462 Garbuzov/ of The MIT Press.; A7 top right Elena Borodynkina/Shutterstock.com;
Shutterstock.com; 464 center left Ffooter/Shutterstock.com; center right ©iStockphoto.com/Andrew Cribb; boitom left
bottom right zhuda/Shutterstock.com; 465 Rob Marmion/ ©iStockphoto.com/smokyme; bottom right Sculpture by Vladimir
Shutterstock.com; 469 Nikola Bilic/Shutterstock.com; Bulatov; A8 top right ©iStockphoto.com/Dan Van Oss; bottom left
©iStockphoto.com/Tomasz Tulik; A9 top right ©iStockphoto.com/
470 Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com
timoph; bottom left ©iStockphoto.com/Liz Leyden; bottom right
©iStockphoto.com/Pauline S Mills

Cartoon illustrations Tyler Stout

Photo Credits A77

 STIETS S1O> nomial
7
|

ie ite erst brea) id ta eres ee

ats brim Gs is a = ey rabiesi

a . \-
sod Serco as 1 Stl creinidé Lacie *
rd hos ta; msamin <tc
iia Oe eee Oia ye SO

i & yh A

= "
i Lee vA i

tee holliby has iisenons

Pree (ir NOT? (ato itic

7 ee aaa : * 7 bw ; rx - al 2 #4

haus AMC? —petn Gey Lov <)'\ Tae oe ¥

So
ee. - eBrile tiles

oa fle, TSG 15/1) Mier al

pec

_ mabanch tah Sid, aati MoM INE PN

an ' Tabet ] 4 re uP
7 ao!)
; ra '

Peer niucy wily > r -

aes |
£ chow
=o DP UIOMTT! BNI ep con) Darrin ay ie brs-anc pata
epee fi! i fie aD! eis Si ol mente eel aren wet ets Ne ye ) = gegligry,
7 et nulweale Trilha dives peoihaoilertFiahe |

aed rar hRAINE Oo) 4uley Seer ere Fete

aad Cp Ae ng
; ve brn HbA chesihegess bre Wuleyos tse ney 4

(0) Sein Ivete

Wart ;

: inte
ane nebAaie ar eri tgilied stg | al see
“ana bup-ornn
is Waid Dist rive . > - ave 7

— sii fan tli panecd irl, .Shoe (3 cvemued

a ad sl poh seach SMT as coiltea th; iT :

a
i
 Common Core State Standards
Kindergarten
Counting and Cardinality Count to 100 by Ones and Tens; Compare Numbers

Operations and Understand and Model Addition and Subtraction

Algebraic Thinking
Number and Operations Work with Numbers 11-19 to Gain Foundations
in Base Ten for Place Value

Measurement and Data Describe and Compare Measurable Attributes;

Classify Objects into Categories

Geometry Identify and Describe Shapes

Grade 1
Operations and Represent and Solve Addition and
Algebraic Thinking Subtraction Problems

Number and Operations Understand Place Value for Two-Digit Numbers;

in Base Ten Use Place Value and Properties to Add
and Subtract

Measurement and Data Measure Lengths Indirectly; Write and Tell Time;
Represent and Interpret Data

Geometry Draw Shapes; Partition Circles and Rectangles

into Two and Four Equal Shares

Grade 2
Operations and Solve One- and Two-Step Problems Involving
Algebraic Thinking Addition and Subtraction; Build a Foundation
for Multiplication

Number and Operations Understand Place Value for Three-Digit Numbers;

in Base Ten Use Place Value and Properties to Add and Subtract

Measurement and Data Measure and Estimate Lengths in Standard Units;

Work with Time and Money

Geometry Draw and Identify Shapes; Partition Circles and

Rectangles into Two, Three, and Four Equal Shares
Grade 3
Operations and Represent and Solve Problems Involving
Algebraic Thinking Multiplication and Division; Solve Two-Step Problems
Involving Four Operations
Number and Operations Round Whole Numbers; Add, Subtract, and Multiply
in Base Ten Multi-Digit Whole Numbers
Number and Operations— Understand Fractions as Numbers
Fractions
Measurement and Data Solve Time, Liquid Volume, and Mass Problems;
Understand Perimeter and Area
Geometry Reason with Shapes and Their Attributes

Grade 4
Operations and Use the Four Operations with Whole Numbers
Algebraic Thinking to Solve Problems; Understand Factors and Multiples
Number and Operations Generalize Place Value Understanding;
in Base Ten Perform Multi-Digit Arithmetic
Number and Operations— Build Fractions from Unit Fractions;
Fractions Understand Decimal Notation for Fractions

Measurement and Data Convert Measurements; Understand and

Measure Angles
Geometry Draw and Identify Lines and Angles; Classify Shapes

Grade 5
Operations and Write and interpret Numerical Expressions
Algebraic Thinking
Number and Operations Perform Operations with Multi-Digit Numbers and
in Base Ten Decimals to Hundredths
Number and Operations— Add, Subtract, Multiply, and Divide Fractions
Fractions
Measurement and Data Convert Measurements within a Measurement System;
Understand Volume

Geometry Graph Points in the First Quadrant of the Coordinate

Plane; Classify Two-Dimensional Figures
 Mathematics Reference Sheet
Conversions
U.S. Customary U.S. Customary to Metric Time
1 foot = 12 inches 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 minute = 60 seconds
1 yard = 3 feet 1 foot ~ 0.3 meter 1 hour = 60 minutes
1 mile = 5280 feet 1 mile ~ 1.61 kilometers 1 hour = 3600 seconds
1 acre ~ 43,560 square feet 1 quart ~ 0.95 liter 1 year = 52 weeks
1 cup = 8 fluid ounces 1 gallon ~ 3.79 liters
1 pint = 2 cups 1 cup ~ 237 milliliters Temperature
1 quart = 2 pints 1 pound ~ 0.45 kilogram Ga 9 eee)
1 gallon = 4 quarts 1 ounce ~ 28.3 grams
1 gallon = 231 cubic inches 1 gallon ~ 3785 cubic centimeters
Peale wy
1 pound = 16 ounces 5
1 ton = 2000 pounds
1 cubic foot ~ 7.5 gallons

Metric Metric to U.S. Customary

1 centimeter = 10 millimeters 1 centimeter = 0.39 inch
1 meter = 100 centimeters 1 meter ~ 3.28 feet
1 kilometer = 1000 meters 1 kilometer ~ 0.62 mile
1 liter = 1000 milliliters 1 liter ~ 1.06 quarts
1 kiloliter = 1000 liters 1 liter ~ 0.26 gallon
1 milliliter = 1 cubic centimeter 1 kilogram ~ 2.2 pounds
1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters 1 gram ~ 0.035 ounce
1 cubic millimeter = 0.001 milliliter 1 cubic meter ~ 264 gallons
1 gram = 1000 milligrams
1 kilogram = 1000 grams

Number Properties
Commutative Properties of Addition Addition Property of Zero
and Multiplication at+0Q=a
a+b=b+a Multiplication Properties of Zero and One
arcb=bea GO)
Associative Properties of Addition aGel=a
and Multiplication Distributive Property:
Gp o=a (i oc) a(b + c) = ab-+ ac
(arb) *c=ae(bec)
Gp 0) =00 = a6

Properties of Equality
Addition Property of Equality Multiplicative Inverse Property
Ifa=b,thena+c=b+tc.
ee ih = 1ln#0
n on
Subtraction Property of Equality
Ifa=b,thena—c=b-c. Division Property of Equality
Ifa = b, thena+c=b=
c¢c#0:
Multiplication Property of Equality
Ifa=b,thenaec=be-ec.

B1
Properties of Inequality
Addition Property of Inequality Multiplication Property of Inequality
Ifa>b,thena+c>bic. Ifa > band cis positive, thena+c> bec.
Subtraction Property of Inequality Division Property of Inequality
Ita =bthena—c> b= ¢ Ifa > bacis
nd positive, thena +c>b~+c.

Perimeter and Area

it |
Square Rectangle Parallelogram Triangle Trapezoid

; l

P=20+2w
A= lw

The Coordinate Plane

S = area of base + areas of lateral faces

Volume of a Simple Interest

Rectangular Prism Simple interest formula
mee i V=Bh= wh I= Prt
if

ene Ww
c

B2
Grade 6 Advanced
Ratios and Proportional — Understand Ratio Concepts; Use Ratio Reasoning;
Relationships Analyze Proportional Relationships

The Number System — Perform Fraction and Decimal Operations;

Understand Rational Numbers; Perform Rational
Number Operations

Expressions and Equations — Write, Interpret, and Use Expressions, Equations

and Inequalities; Generate Equivalent Expressions
Solve Problems Using Linear Equations

Geometry — Solve Problems Involving Area, Surface Area, and Volume

Statistics and Probability — i and Describe Distributions

Summarize
Understand Variability

Grade 7 Advanced
The Number System — Approximate Real Numbers; Perform Real Number
Operations

Expressions and Equations — Solve Problems Using Linear Inequalities;

Use Radicals and Integer Exponents; Connect
Proportional Relationships and Lines; Solve Systems
of Linear Equations

Functions — Define, Evaluate, and Compare Functions; Model

Relationships

Geometry — Understand Geometric Relationships;

Solve Problems Involving Angles, Surface Area,
and Volume; Understand Congruence and Similarity;
Apply the Pythagorean Theorem
Statistics and Probability — Analyze and Compare Populations; Find Probabilities
of Events; Analyze Bivariate Data

d \NN\'t
-8 \\M
49NN
978-1-608
Vv
=e

9"781608'405268
ir