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 Serway/Jewett
Physics for Scientists & Engineers,
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 Chapter 2
Motion in One Dimension
Kinematics
⚫ Describes motion while ignoring the agents
that caused the motion
⚫ For now, will consider motion in one
dimension
⚫ Along a straight line
⚫ Will use the particle model
⚫ A particle is a point-like object, has mass but
infinitesimal size
Position
⚫ The object’s position is
its location with respect
to a chosen reference
point
⚫ Consider the point to be
the origin of a coordinate
system
⚫ In the diagram, allow
the road sign to be the
reference point
Position-Time Graph
⚫ The position-time graph
shows the motion of the
particle (car)
⚫ The smooth curve is a
guess as to what
happened between the
data points
Motion of Car
⚫ Note the relationship
between the position of
the car and the points
on the graph
⚫ Compare the different
representations of the
motion
Data Table
⚫ The table gives the
actual data collected
during the motion of the
object (car)
⚫ Positive is defined as
being to the right
Alternative Representations
⚫ Using alternative representations is often an
excellent strategy for understanding a
problem
⚫ For example, the car problem used multiple
representations
⚫ Pictorial representation
⚫ Graphical representation
⚫ Tabular representation
⚫ Goal is often a mathematical representation
Displacement
⚫ Defined as the change in position during
some time interval
⚫ Represented as x
x ≡ xf - xi
⚫ SI units are meters (m)
⚫ x can be positive or negative
⚫ Different than distance – the length of a path
followed by a particle
Distance vs. Displacement –
An Example
⚫ Assume a player moves from one end of the
court to the other and back
⚫ Distance is twice the length of the court
⚫ Distance is always positive
⚫ Displacement is zero
⚫ Δx = xf – xi = 0 since
xf = xi
Vectors and Scalars
⚫ Vector quantities need both magnitude (size
or numerical value) and direction to
completely describe them
⚫ Will use + and – signs to indicate vector directions
⚫ Scalar quantities are completely described by
magnitude only
Average Velocity
⚫ The average velocity is rate at which the
displacement occurs
x xf − xi
v x, avg  =
t t
⚫ The x indicates motion along the x-axis
⚫ The dimensions are length / time [L/T]
⚫ The SI units are m/s
⚫ Is also the slope of the line in the position –
time graph
Average Speed
⚫ Speed is a scalar quantity
⚫ same units as velocity
d
⚫ total distance / total time: v avg 
t
⚫ The speed has no direction and is always
expressed as a positive number
⚫ Neither average velocity nor average speed
gives details about the trip described
Instantaneous Velocity
⚫ The limit of the average velocity as the time
interval becomes infinitesimally short, or as
the time interval approaches zero
⚫ The instantaneous velocity indicates what is
happening at every point of time
Instantaneous Velocity, graph

⚫ The instantaneous
velocity is the slope of
the line tangent to the
x vs. t curve
⚫ This would be the
green line
⚫ The light blue lines
show that as t gets
smaller, they approach
the green line
Instantaneous Velocity,
equations
⚫ The general equation for instantaneous
velocity is
x dx
vx = lim =
t →0 t dt
⚫ The instantaneous velocity can be positive,
negative, or zero
Instantaneous Speed
⚫ The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of
the instantaneous velocity
⚫ The instantaneous speed has no direction
associated with it
Vocabulary Note
⚫ “Velocity” and “speed” will indicate
instantaneous values
⚫ Average will be used when the average
velocity or average speed is indicated
Analysis Models
⚫ Analysis models are an important technique in the
solution to problems
⚫ An analysis model is a previously solved problem
⚫ It describes
⚫ The behavior of some physical entity

⚫ The interaction between the entity and the environment

⚫ Try to identify the fundamental details of the problem and

attempt to recognize which of the types of problems you
have already solved could be used as a model for the new
problem
Analysis Models, cont
⚫ Based on four simplification models
⚫ Particle model
⚫ System model
⚫ Rigid object
⚫ Wave
Particle Under Constant
Velocity
⚫ Constant velocity indicates the instantaneous
velocity at any instant during a time interval is the
same as the average velocity during that time
interval
⚫ vx = vx, avg
⚫ The mathematical representation of this situation is the
equation
x xf − xi
vx = = or xf = xi + v x t
t t
⚫ Common practice is to let ti = 0 and the equation
becomes: xf = xi + vx t (for constant vx)
Particle Under Constant
Velocity, Graph
⚫ The graph represents
the motion of a particle
under constant velocity
⚫ The slope of the graph
is the value of the
constant velocity
⚫ The y-intercept is xi
Average Acceleration
⚫ Acceleration is the rate of change of the
velocity
v x v xf − v xi
ax,avg  =
t tf − t i
⚫ Dimensions are L/T2
⚫ SI units are m/s²
⚫ In one dimension, positive and negative can
be used to indicate direction
Instantaneous Acceleration
⚫ The instantaneous acceleration is the limit of
the average acceleration as t approaches 0
v x dv x d 2 x
ax = lim = = 2
t →0 t dt dt
⚫ The term acceleration will mean
instantaneous acceleration
⚫ If average acceleration is wanted, the word
average will be included
Instantaneous Acceleration --
graph
⚫ The slope of the
velocity-time graph is
the acceleration
⚫ The green line
represents the
instantaneous
acceleration
⚫ The blue line is the
average acceleration
Graphical Comparison
⚫ Given the displacement-
time graph (a)
⚫ The velocity-time graph is
found by measuring the
slope of the position-time
graph at every instant
⚫ The acceleration-time graph
is found by measuring the
slope of the velocity-time
graph at every instant
Acceleration and Velocity, 1
⚫ When an object’s velocity and acceleration
are in the same direction, the object is
speeding up
⚫ When an object’s velocity and acceleration
are in the opposite direction, the object is
slowing down
Acceleration and Velocity, 2

⚫ Images are equally spaced. The car is moving with

constant positive velocity (shown by red arrows
maintaining the same size)
⚫ Acceleration equals zero
Acceleration and Velocity, 3

⚫ Images become farther apart as time increases

⚫ Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction
⚫ Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the same
length)
⚫ Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
⚫ This shows positive acceleration and positive velocity
Acceleration and Velocity, 4

⚫ Images become closer together as time increases

⚫ Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions
⚫ Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the same
length)
⚫ Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)
⚫ Positive velocity and negative acceleration
Acceleration and Velocity, final
⚫ In all the previous cases, the acceleration
was constant
⚫ Shown by the violet arrows all maintaining the
same length
⚫ The diagrams represent motion of a particle
under constant acceleration
⚫ A particle under constant acceleration is
another useful analysis model
Graphical Representations of
Motion
⚫ Observe the graphs of the car under various
conditions
⚫ Note the relationships among the graphs
⚫ Set various initial velocities, positions and
accelerations
Kinematic Equations –
summary
Kinematic Equations
⚫ The kinematic equations can be used with
any particle under uniform acceleration.
⚫ The kinematic equations may be used to
solve any problem involving one-dimensional
motion with a constant acceleration
⚫ You may need to use two of the equations to
solve one problem
⚫ Many times there is more than one way to
solve a problem
Kinematic Equations, specific
⚫ For constant a, v xf = v xi + ax t
⚫ Can determine an object’s velocity at any time
t when we know its initial velocity and its
acceleration
⚫ Assumes ti = 0 and tf = t
⚫ Does not give any information about
displacement
Kinematic Equations, specific
⚫ For constant acceleration,
v xi + v xf
v x,avg =
2
⚫ The average velocity can be expressed as
the arithmetic mean of the initial and final
velocities
Kinematic Equations, specific
⚫ For constant acceleration,
1
xf = xi + v x ,avg t = xi + (v xi + v fx ) t
2
⚫ This gives you the position of the particle in
terms of time and velocities
⚫ Doesn’t give you the acceleration
Kinematic Equations, specific
⚫ For constant acceleration,
1 2
xf = xi + v xi t + ax t
2
⚫ Gives final position in terms of velocity and
acceleration
⚫ Doesn’t tell you about final velocity
Kinematic Equations, specific
⚫ For constant a,
v xf2 = v xi2 + 2ax ( xf − xi )
⚫ Gives final velocity in terms of acceleration and
displacement
⚫ Does not give any information about the time
When a = 0
⚫ When the acceleration is zero,
⚫ vxf = vxi = vx
⚫ xf = xi + vx t
⚫ The constant acceleration model reduces to
the constant velocity model
Graphical Look at Motion:
displacement – time curve
⚫ The slope of the curve
is the velocity
⚫ The curved line
indicates the velocity is
changing
⚫ Therefore, there is an
acceleration
Graphical Look at Motion:
velocity – time curve
⚫ The slope gives the
acceleration
⚫ The straight line
indicates a constant
acceleration
Graphical Look at Motion:
acceleration – time curve
⚫ The zero slope
indicates a constant
acceleration
Graphical Motion with
Constant Acceleration
⚫ A change in the
acceleration affects the
velocity and position
⚫ Note especially the
graphs when a = 0
Test Graphical Interpretations
⚫ Match a given velocity
graph with the
corresponding
acceleration graph
⚫ Match a given
acceleration graph with
the corresponding
velocity graph(s)
Galileo Galilei
⚫ 1564 – 1642
⚫ Italian physicist and
astronomer
⚫ Formulated laws of
motion for objects in
free fall
⚫ Supported heliocentric
universe
Freely Falling Objects
⚫ A freely falling object is any object moving
freely under the influence of gravity alone.
⚫ It does not depend upon the initial motion of
the object
⚫ Dropped – released from rest
⚫ Thrown downward
⚫ Thrown upward
Acceleration of Freely Falling
Object
⚫ The acceleration of an object in free fall is directed
downward, regardless of the initial motion
⚫ The magnitude of free fall acceleration is g = 9.80
m/s2
⚫ g decreases with increasing altitude
⚫ g varies with latitude
⚫ 9.80 m/s2 is the average at the Earth’s surface
⚫ The italicized g will be used for the acceleration due to
gravity
⚫ Not to be confused with g for grams
Acceleration of Free Fall, cont.
⚫ We will neglect air resistance
⚫ Free fall motion is constantly accelerated
motion in one dimension
⚫ Let upward be positive
⚫ Use the kinematic equations with ay = -g =
-9.80 m/s2
Free Fall – an object dropped
⚫ Initial velocity is zero
⚫ Let up be positive
⚫ Use the kinematic
equations
⚫ Generally use y instead vo= 0
of x since vertical
a = -g
⚫ Acceleration is
⚫ ay = -g = -9.80 m/s2
Free Fall – an object thrown
downward
⚫ ay = -g = -9.80 m/s2
⚫ Initial velocity  0
⚫ With upward being
positive, initial velocity
will be negative vo≠ 0
a = -g
Free Fall -- object thrown
upward
⚫ Initial velocity is upward, so
positive v=0
⚫ The instantaneous velocity
at the maximum height is
zero vo≠ 0
⚫ ay = -g = -9.80 m/s2
everywhere in the motion a = -g
Thrown upward, cont.
⚫ The motion may be symmetrical
⚫ Then tup = tdown
⚫ Then v = -vo
⚫ The motion may not be symmetrical
⚫ Break the motion into various parts
⚫ Generally up and down
Free Fall Example
⚫ Initial velocity at A is upward (+) and
acceleration is -g (-9.8 m/s2)
⚫ At B, the velocity is 0 and the acceleration
is -g (-9.8 m/s2)
⚫ At C, the velocity has the same magnitude
as at A, but is in the opposite direction
⚫ The displacement is –50.0 m (it ends up
50.0 m below its starting point)
Kinematic Equations from
Calculus
⚫ Displacement equals
the area under the
velocity – time curve
v
tf
lim xn tn =  v x (t )dt
tn →0 ti
n

⚫ The limit of the sum is a

definite integral
Kinematic Equations – General
Calculus Form
dvx
ax =
dt
t
vxf − vxi =  ax dt
0

dx
vx =
dt
t
x f − xi =  vx dt
0
 Kinematic Equations –
Calculus Form with Constant
Acceleration

⚫ The integration form of vf – vi gives

v xf − v xi = a x t

⚫ The integration form of xf – xi gives

1
x f − xi = v xi t + a x t 2
2
General Problem Solving
Strategy
⚫ Conceptualize
⚫ Categorize
⚫ Analyze
⚫ Finalize
Problem Solving –
Conceptualize
⚫ Think about and understand the situation
⚫ Make a quick drawing of the situation
⚫ Gather the numerical information
⚫ Include algebraic meanings of phrases
⚫ Focus on the expected result
⚫ Think about units
⚫ Think about what a reasonable answer should be
Problem Solving – Categorize
⚫ Simplify the problem
⚫ Can you ignore air resistance?
⚫ Model objects as particles
⚫ Classify the type of problem
⚫ Substitution
⚫ Analysis
⚫ Try to identify similar problems you have
already solved
⚫ What analysis model would be useful?
Problem Solving – Analyze
⚫ Select the relevant equation(s) to apply
⚫ Solve for the unknown variable
⚫ Substitute appropriate numbers
⚫ Calculate the results
⚫ Include units
⚫ Round the result to the appropriate number of
significant figures
Problem Solving – Finalize
⚫ Check your result
⚫ Does it have the correct units?
⚫ Does it agree with your conceptualized ideas?
⚫ Look at limiting situations to be sure the
results are reasonable
⚫ Compare the result with those of similar
problems
Problem Solving – Some Final
Ideas
⚫ When solving complex problems, you may
need to identify sub-problems and apply the
problem-solving strategy to each sub-part
⚫ These steps can be a guide for solving
problems in this course