 RADAR

 ARPA
 X-band radar
 S- Band
 Which Frequency on SART
 ECHO SOUNDER
 GPS
 WGS 84
 SPEED LOG
 BWNAS
 BAROGRAPH
 BAROMETER
 SEXTANT
 Pelorus
 Anemometer
 GYRO COMPASS
 MAGNETIC COMPASS
 Autopilot
 Rudder angle indicator
 Rate of turn indicator
 VOYAGE DATA RECORDER (VDR)

NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT
1. RADAR:- RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING its is a system which detect object by using radio
waves. It is used to determine the range, speed ,course ,CPA , TCPA of the object which helps
navigate the ship safety in open and congested waters and even when there is zero visibility.
2. There are four main unit of radar:- Transmitter, Scanner, Receiver, Display
3. ARPA – Automatic Radar Plotting Aid, which calculates track of objects, course, speed and CPA /
TCPA / BCR
4. X-band radar operating Frequency 9GHz, wave 3sm and shows us more detailed objects on
short range.
5. S- Band Radar operating at Frequency of 3GHZ, wave length is 10sm which mostly used for Long
range and better works in poor weather condition
6. (The frequencies of X-band radar and SART is 9 GHz)
7. Magnetron Renewal every - 3000 - 4000 hrs as per Makers Advise
8. Radar Antenna Motors Renewal every 10 000hrs
9. Performance test at least every watch.
10. ECHO SOUNDER :- Echo sounder is an electronic equipment which measures the depth of sea
bed.it uses the acoustic pulses at the rate of 5-600 pulses per minute having a beam with of 12-
25 degrees are transmitted vertically down to the sea bed. Received echoes are converted into
electrical signals by the transducer .The electrical signals are sent to the stylus which produce
corresponding marks on the recording paper. Depth measurement:- Depth=v x t/2 (Where v=
velocity of sound in water, t= time taken to travel the distance)
11. GPS:- (Global Positioning System) it is satellite based navigational system provided by the US
department of defense. It permit user with suitable receiver to establish their position, speed
and time on land, sea or in air at any time of day or night and in any weather condition
12. WGS 84 is an Earth-centered, Earth-fixed terrestrial reference system and geodetic datum. WGS
84 is based on a consistent set of constants and model parameters that describe the Earth's size,
shape, and gravity and geomagnetic fields. It is the reference system for the Global Positioning
System (GPS)
13. SPEED LOG – Equipment which provides Speed of the vessel threw water
14. BWNAS - The purpose of a bridge navigational watch alarm system (BNWAS) is to monitor
bridge activity and detect operator disability which could lead to marine accidents. The system
monitors the awareness of the Officer of the Watch (OOW) and automatically alerts the Master
or another qualified OOW if for any reason the OOW becomes incapable of performing the
OOW.s duties. This purpose is achieved by a series of indications and alarms to alert first the
OOW and, if he is not responding, then to alert the Master or another qualified OOW.
Additionally, the BNWAS may provide the OOW with a means of calling for immediate assistance
if required.
15. The BNWAS should be used at all times except when the ship is alongside, in Dry-dock or at a
repair facility. Master can switch off BNWAS if he takes over the conn from OOW while
underway only for the period while conn remains with him.
16. BAROGRAPH:- it is used to record the atmospheric pressure and to determine the pressure
tendency.
17. BAROMETER:-It is used to determine the atmospheric pressure at the vessel position.
18. SEXTANT :- It an instrument with an arc of 60 degree , it is a sighting mechanism ,used for
measuring the angular distance between objects and especially for taking altitudes of a celestial
body in order to determine the observers latitude and longitude.
19. Pelorus –is a reference tool for maintaining bearing of a vessel at sea. It is a "dumb compass"
without a directive element, suitably mounted and provided with vanes to permit observation of
relative bearings.
20. Anemometer - is a device used for measuring wind speed and direction.
21. GYRO COMPASS:- It is equipment in which the direction of true north is maintained by a
continuously driven gyroscope whose axis is parallel to the earth’s axis of rotation. It is highly
reliable, compact size, has small error, ability to run repeaters and provides a heading reference
for other navigational equipment’s. It is not affected by the earths magnetic field.
22. MAGNETIC COMPASS:- Magnetic compass is the standard compass of the ship. It uses the
earths magnetic field to show the Magnetic North. It is kept on monkey island, on the centerline
of the ship.
23. THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF MAGNETIC COMPASS:-
24. DRY CARD COMPASS:- made of rice paper, diameter 254mm,cover-alluminium ring
25. WET CARD COMPASS:-liquid mixed of distilled water and pure ethyl alcohol or glycol
26. Autopilot - is considered to be one of the most effective bridge navigational equipment as it
assists the human operator in controlling the ship by keeping the steering in autopilot, which
allows them to concentrate on broad aspects of the operation. It is a combination of hydraulic,
mechanical, and electrical system and is used to control the ship’s steering system from a
Navigation bridge.
27. Rudder angle indicator- as the name indicates, provides the angle of the rudder. The display is
provided on the navigation bridge equipment console so that the ship navigation officer can
control the rate of turn and rudder angle of the ship. The indication is also provided in the
bridge wing and engine control room.
28. Rate of turn indicator- This navigational tool indicates how fast the ship is turning at a steady
rate (useful during pilotage and manoeuvring), normally shown as a number of degrees turned.
The rate a ship is turning is measured in degrees per minute. This essential tool assists a
Helmsman in steering a course safely.
29. VOYAGE DATA RECORDER (VDR)
30. VDR and S-VDR equipment has been mandated for carriage on both new ships (VDR) and
existing ships(S-VDR) according to schedules agreed at IMO.
31. To assist in casualty investigations, ships engaged on international voyages, are fitted with a
Voyage Data Recorder (VDR) should continuously maintain sequential records of pre-selected
data items relating to status and output of the ship’s equipment and command and control of
the ship. As a minimum ,the following parameters (as applicable to vessel) must be recorded:
date and time, position, speed, heading, radar data, echo sounder data, mandatory alarms,
rudder data, telegraph data, hull opening and watertight door status, wind data, accelerations
and hull stresses. VDR equipment also records all VHF and verbal communications.
32. The VDR should be installed in a protective capsule that is brightly coloured and fitted with an
appropriate device to help locating it when in water. It should be entirely automatic in
operation.