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Cir201 Cat 1

The document outlines key concepts in research methods and technical writing, including definitions of milestones, the SMART criteria for developing them, and principles of statistical inference. It distinguishes between longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, discusses advantages of non-probability samples, and explains various sampling techniques such as simple random and systematic sampling. Additionally, it clarifies the difference between nominal and ordinal variables.

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24 views12 pages

Cir201 Cat 1

The document outlines key concepts in research methods and technical writing, including definitions of milestones, the SMART criteria for developing them, and principles of statistical inference. It distinguishes between longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, discusses advantages of non-probability samples, and explains various sampling techniques such as simple random and systematic sampling. Additionally, it clarifies the difference between nominal and ordinal variables.

Uploaded by

theeeclipse17
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CIR 201 Research

Methods and
Technical Writing
CAT:
a) Definitions:

Ÿ Milestones:
Key events or checkpoints
in a project timeline that
signify major progress.
Example: Completing user
requirements
documentation is a
milestone in a software
development project.

Ÿ SMART Criteria for


Developing Milestones:
A framework ensuring
milestones are:

Ÿ Specific: Clearly defined


(e.g., "Develop login
feature").

Ÿ Measurable: Can be
tracked (e.g., "50% code
completion").
Ÿ Achievable: Realistic given
resources.

Ÿ Relevant: Aligned with


project goals.

Ÿ Time-bound: Deadline set


(e.g., "By January 30th").

Ÿ Sampling Unit:
The smallest element
considered for data
collection in a study.
Example: In a study of app
users, each individual user
is the sampling unit.

b) Principle of Statistical
Inference:
This principle involves
making predictions or
generalizations about a
population based on a
sample. It includes methods
like confidence intervals
and hypothesis testing to
determine the reliability of
the results.

c) Confidence Level (with


Examples):
Represents the degree of
certainty in sample results
reflecting the population.
Example: A 95% confidence
level means there’s a 95%
probability that the true
population parameter lies
within the confidence
interval of the sample.
d) Longitudinal vs. Cross-
Sectional Studies:

Ÿ Longitudinal Study:
Tracks the same subjects
over an extended period.
Example: Observing a
group of programmers' skill
development over five
years.

Ÿ Cross-Sectional Study:
Analyzes data from a
population at one point in
time.
Example: Surveying IT
employees’ current job
satisfaction across different
companies.

e) Advantages of Non-
Probability Samples:

Ÿ Cost-Effective: Cheaper
than probability sampling.

Ÿ Time-Saving: Requires
less time to implement.
Ÿ Flexible: Suitable when
sampling frames are
unavailable.

Ÿ Exploratory Insights:
Useful in preliminary
research or hypothesis
generation.

f) Simple Random
Sampling (Illustrated):
Each member has an equal
chance of selection.
Example: In a software
company with 500
employees, if 50 are
needed, a random number
generator can select
participants without bias.

g) Nominal vs. Ordinal


Variables:

Ÿ Nominal Variables:
Categorical without a
natural order.
Example: Operating
systems (Windows, Linux,
macOS).
Ÿ Ordinal Variables:
Categorical with a
meaningful order.
Example: Customer
satisfaction (Poor, Average,
Good).

h) Systematic Sampling
(Definition & Illustration):
Selecting every nth item
from a population list.
Example: If there are 1,000
users and a sample of 100
is
needed, select every 10th
user to ensure equal
distribution across the list.

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