THE EFFECTS OF RICE WATER, COCONUT MILK AND TEA TO THE

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SILING LABUYO

(Capsicum frutescens)

___________________________________

A Scientific Study
Presented to the Faculty of the
Science Department
Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. Memorial National High School
Taytay, Rizal

___________________________________

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Research

by

Antoinette Monroe V. Arroyo

Hans Gabriel C. Calderon
Adrian Raziel M. Cinco
Suzanne Rose J. Cuevas
Mathew Andrei Q. David
Riezl Gayle C. Fortaleza
Alexa Denise R. Navarro
Ezteven Andrew N. Padilla
Janrome Kenneth C. Santiago
Gwen Claud B. Temprosa

June 2021
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Without the utmost support of the persons behind this endeavor, this study may not

be a reality. To the following, the researchers wish to extend heart full gratitude and

appreciation:

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (DepEd) Division of Rizal, for granting a

curriculum wherein the researchers can gladly partake to be able to pursue a research

career.

MA. ASUNCION C. SIERRA, Ed. D., principal of Casimiro A. Ynares Sr.

MNHS for her words of encouragement and generosity by taking us into her account for

which we shall remain indebted to her.

OMAR G. LAMINA, MAT Science and Technology and Research teacher,

Science Department, Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. Memorial National High School, for the strict

supervision, endless support and for imparting important knowledge about the different

strategies in writing a research paper.

To all the faculty members and non-teaching personnel of CAYSMNHS, the

kind words of encouragement, moral support and assistance is more than enough for the

researchers to dedicate this humble piece of work for all of you.

Acknowledgement is also given to the family of the researchers, parents as well as

their brother and sisters for their utmost and unconditional support, especially in the

pandemic, while making this humble piece of work.

Above all, to the ALMIGHTY GOD, for the strength, knowledge and

determination given to the researchers, without HIM this study would not be possible.
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DEDICATION

To God Almighty

Thank you for the Wisdom

and

To our Family Who

Continue to be our Inspiration

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ABSTRACT

The focus of this study was the growth of the siling labuyo plant when exposed to

various liquid substances (rice water, coconut milk, tea, tap water). Four set-ups were

prepared for this study. The siling labuyo plant in set-up A was watered with tap water, in

set- up B, the plant was watered with rice water then in set-up C, the plant was watered

with coconut milk, and the final set-up, which is set-up D, the siling labuyo plant was

watered with tea. Each set-up was planted on a loam soil and were watered equally once

every morning with 200ml of the different watering substances. Results showed that there

is no significant difference among the four watering liquid substances, although they had

a significant effect on the color of the leaves and height of the plants. On the other hand,

after being exposed with the different liquid substances, the four independent variables

(siling labuyo plants) did not bear any yield. This suggests that there is a very small and

no significant correlation between the yield and color of the plant. The results also

revealed that a very low and no significant relationship exists between the yield and

height of the plant. Additionally, there is a small and significant correlation between the

color and height of the plant. The results implied that the dependent variables, yield,

height, and color did not have any significant relationship. In the light of the findings it is

recommended that planters should be aware of the alternative watering substances since

there is a wide variety of options, which could be a great help when a shortage of a

supply occurred. Additionally, a longer research duration is suggested to confirm the

findings of this study and to further discover the effect of watering substances to plant

yields.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i
Acknowledgement ii
Dedication iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1

Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 5

Hypothesis 7
Scope and Limitations 7
Theoretical Framework 9
Conceptual Framework 11
Significance of the Study 13
Definition of Terms 15
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 16
Review of Related Literature 16
Origin of Siling Labuyo Plant 16
World Production of Siling Labuyo 17
Nutritional Values of Siling Labuyo 19
Other Uses of Siling Labuyo 20
Siling Labuyo Production in the Philippines 21
Tap Water 22
Rice Water 23
Coconut Milk 23
Tea 24
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Review of Related Study 25

Synthesis 30
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 33
Research Design 33
Subject of the Study 34
Setting and Subject of the Study 36
Research Materials 38
Data Gathering Procedures 39
Statistical Treatment and Data Analysis 41
CHAPTER IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
OF DATA 43
The Average Measurement of Siling Labuyo Plant 43
The Significance of Siling Labuyo Plants’ Height, Color and Yield Weekly
Rating 45
Correlation between Plants’ appearance and yield 49
CHAPTER V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS 51
Summary of Findings 51
Conclusions 52
Recommendations 54
REFERENCES 55

APPENDICES 61

A Complete Classification of Siling Labuyo 61

B1 The Average Height of the Siling Labuyo Plants 62

B2 The Average Color Rating of the Siling Labuyo Plants 62

C1 The Average Yield of the Siling Labuyo Plants 63

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C2 Two-way ANOVA with No Replication of the Weekly Height of the

Siling labuyo plants 63

C3 Two-way ANOVA with No Replication of the Weekly Color of

Leaves of the Siling Labuyo plants 64

C4 Data recording table for the average yield of the siling labuyo plants 64

C5 Correlation between the plants’ yield and appearance 65

C6 Significance of Pearson r Correlation 65

PHOTO DOCUMENTATION 66
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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The Average Yield of the Siling Labuyo Plants 45

Table 2. Two-way ANOVA with No Replication of the Weekly Height of

the Siling labuyo plants 46

Table 3. Two-way ANOVA with No Replication of the Weekly Color of

Leaves of the Siling Labuyo plants 47

Table 4. Data recording table for the average yield of the siling labuyo plants 48

Table 5. Correlation between the plants’ yield and appearance 49

Table 6. Significance of Pearson r Correlation 49

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Experimental Set-up 8

Figure 2. The Conceptual Framework of the Study 11

Figure 3. Experimental Set-Up of the Study 34

Figure 4. A satellite image showing Barangay Dolores in Taytay, Rizal 37

Figure 5. The Average Height of the Siling Labuyo Plants 43

Figure 6. The Average Color Rating of the Siling Labuyo Plants 44

 1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presented the background of the study, statement of the problem, null

hypothesis, significance of the study, theoretical and conceptual framework, scope and

limitations, and definition of terms.

Introduction

Capsicum L. (Capsiceae, Solanaceae), the chili pepper genus, comprises 5

domesticated and about 25 wild species. Capsicum frutescens is a species of the plant genus

Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America. Around 7,500

BC, Capsicum fruits are already being cultivated and are one of the oldest cultivated crops

in the Americas. Capsicum peppers were introduced to Asia in the 16th Century and are

cultivated throughout South-East Asia, the pungent forms having the greatest distribution

and importance. The spread of chili peppers in Asia happened through the introduction of

Portuguese traders around the 15th century because of its high trade value due to its

resemblance to the black pepper, the chili pepper promoted its trade value in the Asian

spice trade routes. And due to the Spanish colonizers in the 15th Century, the chili has

found its way in the Philippines. Since then, chilies have been a part of the Philippines and

other Asian countries’ culture and cuisine. This species encompasses a wide variety of

shapes and sizes of peppers, both mild and hot, such as bell peppers, jalapeños, New

Mexico chile, and cayenne peppers. Capsicum frutescens or chili peppers have been spread

around the world and have been part of many cultures.

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Capsicum frutescens is locally known as siling labuyo, a small chili pepper that

developed in the Philippines after the Columbian Exchange. The word ‘labuyo’ directly

translates to ‘wild chili’ but the name ‘Siling labuyo’ has been the staple name of the pepper

in the Philippines. It is used in different kinds of cuisine and traditional medicine due to its

medical properties and its spice. The pepper is also known as a medicinal plant used to

treat arthritis, rheumatism, dyspepsia, flatulence, and toothache. Siling labuyo is available

through the late dry season to the early rainy season. In the 4th quarter of 2015, the price

of siling labuyo surged to P400 to P700 per kilogram due to a deficit in production caused

by the adverse climate situation in Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela. Meanwhile, Central Luzon

suffered from a shortfall of supply of ‘sili’ due to the typhoons that hit the region during

the planting season of siling labuyo from September to March.

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or less commonly

Oryza glaberrima (African rice). Its physical properties differ with variety, moisture

content, and degree of milling. It is rich in fiber, phosphorus, selenium, while it is also a

good source of B vitamins (including thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin) and iron. Few high-

quality studies on the effects of rice water currently exist such as its antioxidant activity

similar to ascorbic acid or vitamin C and the reduction in the activity of elastase, an enzyme

involved in skin aging.

Rice water is the used water from washing rice. Rice naturally contains very high

starches at around 70% - 80%. When the rice is heated or rinsed with water, the starch from

the rice is transferred into the water.

In the community, rice water has not been used much in agriculture. Rice water is

discharged more with other household waste that is not used. One of the reason for the lack
 3

of community interest in utilizing rice water is limited knowledge about the content of

important substances in rice water that is beneficial for the plant growth (Kalsum, et al.,

2011).

A study about rice water was conducted by graduate students from the University

Putra Malaysia, under the supervision of Dr. Christopher Teh. The results of the study

showed that using the water from washed rice is as effective, and in some cases more

effective than the NPK fertilizer and plain water in promoting plant growth. The

implication from this study means rice water will produce better results than using plain

water alone.

In other scientific study, some indicates that the starches in rice water accelerate

the growth of many types of beneficial soil bacteria and fungi such as lactobacilli and

mycorrhizae. These are found to pre-exist in the soil, which then in turn feed the plants,

helping plants grow healthier. In its simplest form using rice water is a wonderful way to

conserve water at the very least.

Tea plants are native originated around the meeting points of the lands of north

Burma and southwest China. The tea plant C. sinensis has been cultivated by the Chinese

people for more than 2700 years and is typically flourished in tropical climates . The leaves

of tea plant were considered as for medicinal purposes at first, then later as a beverage. Tea

was popularized in the Philippines by the Chinese who moved to the Philippines before the

country's Spanish colonization. Teas can also come in a wide range of tastes and flavors

and make an alternative to sugary beverages or water.

 4

Rego and Lapalme (2014) also stated that the leaves can also help to improve the

cycle of oxygenation in the plants system, as well as make them stronger and grow healthier

roots.

Coconut is one of the most important crops of the tropics for its use in beverages,

health benefits, and its different uses. Coconut consists of coconut milk coming from the

white flesh of mature brown coconuts. This high-fat beverage is not only limited to health

uses but also used in plant growth. Coconut milk contains significant amounts of important

nutrients such as Copper (Cu) and Manganese (Mg) that are essential micronutrients

needed for the plants’ growth and development.

According to a 2009 article in Current Science, the purity of coconut milk makes it

an ideal medium in which to grow a type of bacteria that is beneficial to plant propagation.

Rhizobacteria exerts "a positive influence on the plant growth especially under stress

conditions".

Jayawardena (2007) stated that, conversely, coconut milk is a rich supplement that

naturally contains plant growth regulators such as indole acetic acid (IAA), making it ideal

on the adventitious root development in vegetative propagation of some plants.

Tap water is notable for being cheap and readily available. Tap water is important

for public health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food production or

recreational purposes. It usually contains a variety of healthy minerals like Calcium (Ca)

and Magnesium (Mg) since it travels through rock formations. Fluoride is added to most

sources of tap water since the mineral isn’t found in many food sources. It is generally free

of contaminants such as fungus and bacteria.

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Though tap water often contains small amounts of chlorine for decontamination, it

is not a sufficient amount to injure most plants. Tap water over time can build up

concentrated salts and this can cause dehydration of the root structures. Tap water has a

profound effect on the health of plants, providing the basic conditions required to grow

roots, leaves, stems and fruits.

In the study on the growth of Capsicum frutescens exposed to different watering

substances, the researchers aim to utilize the four independent variables as an alternative

liquid to water to prove how each variable affects the growth of the plants, particularly by

using rice water, tea, coconut milk and tap water by watering the plants in 90 days.

Researchers chose Capsicum frutescens for its abundance in the area and its fairly

short growth time of 75 days. The plant was also chosen because of the ongoing price hike,

the endeavor hopes to help grow more of the plant in order to compensate for its inflation

in price.

Having a new effective planting method will make development in the field of

agriculture. Growing plants will be more efficient and sustainable with a cost-cutting

method. For this reason, money, efforts, and resources will not be wasted. A new planting

method will also be a good investment to make progress in many aspects of living.

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the growth and

development of Siling labuyo (Capsicum frutescens) plant watered with different liquids

and to find answers to the following questions:

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1. What is the average measurement of Siling labuyo (Capsicum frutescens) plant

exposed to different watering substances (rice water, coconut milk, tea, tap water)

in terms of:

a. Appearance

a.1. height of the plant

a.2. color of leaves

b. Yield per plant

2. Is there any significant difference between the Siling labuyo (Capsicum frutescens)

plant exposed to the different watering liquids (rice water, coconut milk, tea, tap

water) in terms of:

a. Appearance

a.1. height of the plant

a.2. color of leaves

b. Yield per plant

3. Is there any significant relationship between the different watering liquids (rice

water, coconut milk, tea, tap water) to the growth and development of Siling labuyo

(Capsicum frutescens) plant in terms of:

a. Appearance

a.1. height of the plant

a.2. color of leaves

b. Yield per plant

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Hypothesis

Based on the formulated specific statements of the problem, a null hypothesis was

formulated:

1. There is no significant difference to the growth of Siling labuyo (Capsicum

frutescens) plant exposed to different watering liquids (rice water, coconut milk,

tea, tap water) in terms of:

a. Appearance

a.1. height of the plant

a.2. color of leaves

b. Yield per plant

2. There is no significant relationship between the watering liquids (rice water,

coconut milk, tea, tap water) to the growth and development of Siling labuyo

(Capsicum frutescens) plant in terms of:

a. Appearance

a.1. height of the plant

a.2. color of leaves

b. Yield per plant

Scopes and Limitations

The objective of this study was to determine and analyze the effects of rice water,

coconut milk, tea and tap water on the growth and development of siling labuyo (Capsicum

frutescens).
 8

This research study was confined to the growth of the siling labuyo plant that was

exposed to different liquid substances (rice water, coconut milk, tea, tap water).

Figure 1 illustrated the diagram of the set-up. There were four set-ups of the siling

labuyo plant prepared, each was watered once every morning by different watering

substances. The control group in this study was the siling labuyo in set-up A that had tap

water (200ml) as a watering agent. In set-up B, the plant was watered with rice water

(200ml) in a ratio of 1:2 (liquid to solid). In set-up C, the plant was watered with coconut

milk (200ml). At the last which is set-up D, the siling labuyo plant was watered with tea

(200ml).

Figure 1.

Experimental Set-up

The experiment was concerned with watering the siling labuyo plant to test the

effect of water substances such as rice water, coconut milk, tea and tap water in the growth
 9

and development of the plant. The results were compared to the amount of liquid

substances as control. The watering period of the test organisms would be 92 days. The

study did not cover the level of effectiveness in comparison to different controls.

Theoretical Framework

Through the years, ideas and theories had been formulated with concern about the

growth and development of plants. These theories provided significant information about

plant nutrition and how it can affect its growth and development.

This study was based on the theory of mineral nutrition of plants by Liebig (1840)

that stated the chemical elements of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) as

essential to plant growth. He also stated that plants acquire Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)

from the atmosphere and from water. Liebig (1855) also stated in his theorem of the

minimum that “1. By the deficiency or absence of one necessary constituent, all others

being present, the soil is rendered barren for all those crops to the life of which that one

constituent is indispensable. 2. With equal supplies of the atmospheric conditions for the

growth of plants, the yields are directly proportional to the mineral nutrients supplied in

the manure. 3. In a soil rich in mineral nutrients, the yield of a field cannot be increased by

adding more of the same substances.”

Another basis of this study was a theory formulated by Ågren (2006) that stated the

nitrogen-growth relation is formalized in the nitrogen productivity concept (amount of

biomass produced per amount of nitrogen in the biomass and per unit of time), which was

essentially a constant for a given species under fixed environmental conditions. Several
 10

results follow for increases in whole plant biomass: (1) The relative growth rate was a

linear function of the internal nitrogen concentration. (2) The maximal relative growth rate

uniquely determines the scaling of the time axis. (3) Exponential growth was consistent

only with stable internal nitrogen concentration. Dose-response curves expressed in

reduced variables (the ratio between a variable and the same variable for a plant growing

under optimal conditions) are universal so that all species and all environmental conditions

yield the same curve.

Aside from the fact that nitrogen is significant to all living organisms by the

synthesis of proteins, enzymes, etc. Ågren’s theory for the growth of plants derived from

the nitrogen productivity concept further indicated that the growth of plants could be

determined by the amount of nitrogen in the plants thus fabricating numerous exponential

growth rate equations with key variables such as the nitrogen concentration, total biomass,

and many more based on the theory.

The researchers chose the statements above to support their claims about the

essential nutrients that plants must have to be able to grow, develop, and produce at their

best. All of the studies provided a biological background on the necessary information on

the growth and development of the siling labuyo plant. Furthermore, the enlisted above

supported the researchers' claim that the three independent variables were utilized as an

alternative liquid to water the plants because of their mineral and nutrient contents.
 11

Conceptual Framework

Based upon the theories that were considered by the researchers, a conceptual

framework was adapted, known as the IV-CV-DV Approach. This approach involved three

elements, the independent variable, controlled variable, and the dependent variable. The

independent variable was the variable that affected the dependent variable under study and

was included in the research design so that its effect would be determined. The controlled

variable was the factor that could be controlled that affects the relation between the two

other variables.

Independent Variable Dependent Variables

a.) yield per plant

Watering Substance b.) appearance
(tap water, rice water, coconut 1. height of the plant
milk and tea)
2. color of leaves

 size of pot
 amount of loam soil
 exposure to sunlight
 amount of liquid
substances (tap water, rice
water, coconut milk and
tea)
 type of plant

Controlled Variables

Figure 2.

The Conceptual Framework of the Study

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Figure 2 illustrated the research framework of the study “The Effects of Rice Water,

Coconut Milk, and Tea to the Growth and Development of Siling labuyo (Capsicum

frutescens)”.

Based upon the conceptual framework, the independent variables of the research

study were the watering substances. While, the dependent variables were the yield per plant

and the appearance of the plant, specifically, the height of the plant and the color of its

leaves. On the other hand, the size of the pot, amount of loam soil, exposure to the sunlight,

amount of the liquid substances and the type of the plant served as the controlled variables

in the research study.

There were four liquid substances, namely, tap water, rice water, coconut milk, and

tea. These four variables were the independent variables that were used to water the plant

and to determine the dependent variables which are the yield per plant and the appearance

of the plant, specifically, its height and the color of the leaves. There were variables that

affected the relationship between these two variables. These variables were the controlled

variables, namely, the size of the pot, amount of loam soil, exposure to the sunlight, amount

of the liquid substances and the type of the plant.

Four set-ups were prepared for this research. Each set-up had a siling labuyo plant,

watered once every morning by different watering substances that would be observed based

on its growth and appearance. The siling labuyo in set-up A had a tap water (200ml) as a

watering agent. This served as the control group. In set-up B, the plant was watered with a

rice water (200ml) in a ratio of 1:2 (liquid to solid). In set-up C, the plant was watered with

coconut milk (200ml). At the last, which is set-up D, the siling labuyo plant was watered

with tea (200ml). The dependent variables of this study were the yield per plant and
 13

appearance (height and color of leaves). The size of the pot, amount of loam soil, exposure

to sunlight, amount of liquid substances (tap water, rice water, coconut milk, tea) type of

plant served as the controlled variables in this research endeavor.

Significance of the Study

The conduct of this research study will be beneficial to the following:

1. Producers - siling labuyo has nutritional values and is widely known in the

Philippines today. On the other hand, this research also urged producers to plant

more siling labuyo to help the rising cost of it in the market. Because of its

significance in terms of food supply, it was an excellent source of income.

2. Community – the research benefitted the people in a community to find the best

and most efficient methods and substitutes to water in growing plants. Adults and

young ones benefitted to help grow and make a strong foundation for the

environmental structure of a community. The knowledge acquired from the

research was passed down generations after generations which continuously help

to maintain the welfare of the community.

3. To the Researcher - the researchers chose the problem and its variables because of

their observations in the society. Siling labuyo has been observed due to the rising

cost of it. These problems pushed the researchers and might as well build interest

in people due to the negligence of us in the field of agriculture. It addressed our

 14

problem of inflation and lack of agricultural products because of the continuation

of exports.

4. To the Future Researchers - in conducting further studies, the ideas and results

presented in this research was useful and helpful to gather and be a reference in

testing the validity of other related findings. The data here was also used as a

background and synopsis for further studies.

5. Medical field - the Philippines is an agricultural country that utilizes varieties of

plants including siling labuyo since the country has wide and nutritious lands

capable of growing high quality and a huge amount of crop which were not only

for consumption but also for medical and health purposes. Through this study, it

helped those in the field to obtain more stocks and sources that will help in study

and use of the plant siling labuyo in terms of medicine.

6. In the Field of Agriculture - people working in the field of agriculture benefitted

from the knowledge acquired from the research, especially of which substance was

the best for the growth of crops. As we all know, the Philippines has a water

shortage especially when there was an occurrence of El Niño, now if the methods

were to be applied from the research, then it should have been a great aid in

cultivating crops such as siling labuyo faster, healthier, and with minimal use of

water.
 15

Definition of Terms

The following terms was significantly used in the research study. For better

understanding and comprehension regarding the research, the following terms were

operationally and conceptually defined:

Coconut milk - white flesh extract of mature coconut that would be used as a

watering substance to siling labuyo.

Development - the series of changes which animal and vegetable organisms

undergo in their passage from the embryonic state to maturity, from a lower to a

higher state of organization (Biology Online, 2021).

Growth - an increase in the size of an organism or part of an organism, usually as

a result of an increase in the number of cells (The American Heritage, 2011).

Rice water - starchy water from the soaked rice used to water the siling labuyo

plant.

Siling Labuyo - a perennial plant with small, tapering fruits, often 2-3 a node. The

fruits of varieties are red, some are yellow, purple, or black. The fruits are very

pungent. The flowers are greenish white or yellowish white (Maghirang & Rodulfo,

2020).

Tap water - filtered water from reservoirs, groundwater, rivers and lakes and

would be used on the siling labuyo plant as the control watering substance.

Tea – a beverage made from infusing hot water and dried tea leaves that would be

used as a watering substance to siling labuyo plant.

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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Several number of books, printed and web articles, journals and studies had been

collected by the researcher to gain insight about the present condition of the study. The

related ones were presented hereunder.

Related Literature

Covered in this section were the discussions, articles and theories regarding siling

labuyo (Capsicum frutescens) plant and its property along with the effects of rice water,

coconut milk, tea, and tap water to the growth and development of this plant.

Origin of Siling Labuyo Plant

Siling labuyo is a chilli pepper growing extensively throughout the Philippines.

The name siling labuyo from Tagalog is translated to “wild chili”, referring to the native

fiery chili in the Philippines. This chili pepper is a small, slender chili pepper, a species

of the plant genus Capsicum. A descendant of original pepper varieties were introduced

to the Philippines by the Spanish and Portuguese explorers travelling from the New

World (Specialty Produce, n.d.). Culinary historians and botany experts appear to concur

that chilies originated in Mexico, where they were already cultivated as early as 3,500

BC. When the conquistadors came and claimed the ancient Indian lands from Central to

South America, the Spaniards, as well as their Portuguese rivals, took the seeds of the

favored chili pepper and transplanted them to parts of India and Southeast Asia finding its

way to the country Philippines by the famous Galleon Trade (Philstar, 2006).
 17

Dr. Bart Lapus (2006) stated that some of the Mexican crew aboard the galleon

may have ingested the seeds of the chili pepper, which formed a significant part of their

diet, possibly expelled them on Philippine soil and could have inadvertently planted the

first chili pepper seed in the country. After the years of isolation in the Philippines of the

chilies originated in Mexico, it has grown wild and adapted to the soil and climate of the

Philippine archipelago, the original pepper varieties naturally evolved into its own

species, the siling labuyo chili peppers that are found and utilized popularly in the

modern day.

World Production of Siling Labuyo

According to Chavez & Kinghorn (2003), the phenolic amide capsaicin found

inside chilies has recently been introduced as a topical pain reliever in the United States

and is used in creams particularly for the alleviation of pain from rheumatoid arthritis,

osteoarthritis, and neuralgia. For this reason, chili has gained its name around the world

for its abundance and advancement not only in the culinary field but also in both medical

and pharmaceutical fields. Taylor and Morris (2017) stated that as chilies gained

popularity and became more abundant through the years, this pepper may also be used as

ornamental plants or as a source of extracts for use in various pharmaceutical or cosmetic

products.

Chili peppers (Capsicum annum, Capsicum frutescens), being the most consumed

spices and herbs in the world, have grown over an area of 2020 thousand hectares in the

world, with a production of 3762 thousand tons. Almost every country cultivates and

produces chili in various ways. China is a key leader in both fresh chili pepper production
 18

and trade. China’s chili pepper planting area is over 1.3 million hectares, which accounts

for 35% of the world’s total planting area. In Mexico, although the area cultivated for

chiles has slightly declined over the last decade from 145,000 hectares to 141,000

hectares. However, the volume of total production has risen by an average of 1.5% per

year, due to the application of improved techniques, knowledge, and equipment,

especially the increased use of greenhouses. Each year, a small percentage of the

cultivated area is not harvested due to the adverse impacts of diseases, pests, and climatic

events (Geetha and Selvarani, 2017).

According to Judy (2017), China, in 2016, exported 260,000 tons of chili peppers

worth 496 million USD, an increase of 42% and 46.8% in year-over-year volume and

value, respectively. In 2019, the production of green chili increased at an annual average

rate of 6.7%, being the city of Chihuahua the entity with the highest productivity

registering an economic value of US$321 million for chili sales, which represents 21.4%

of the national production of said product. With the huge production rate and increasing

popularity of Capsicum frutescens in the worldwide market, the Europeans began to

import 40-45 thousand tons in 2016 and 2017, with Turkey and Morocco leading in

supplying for the European countries. Spain and the Netherlands on the other hand are

European countries that export varieties of chilies during the winter season.

In recent years, the demand for healthy, nutrient abundant, eco-friendly, and

tasteful chili peppers is increasing proportionally. Production is gradually expanding in

many regions of the world. For instance, dry chili pepper production has increased from

1.4 million tons in 1980 to 4.6 million tons in 2017 in the world (FAO, 2019). A study

conducted by Tridge (2019), it showed that 1.74 million metric tons of chili peppers have
 19

been produced from India, along with Thailand which almost produced 350,000 metric

tons, and China that produced almost 330,000 metric tons of chili. With an annual chili

production of around 2 million metric tons, Mexico is also a well-known supplier of

chilies worldwide. Other chili-growing countries such as Myanmar, Bangladesh,

Pakistan, Vietnam, Romania, and Nigeria also utilize their climate to grow a vast variety

of chilies especially Capsicum frutescens. Manufactured and produced chilies are

distributed around the world. Major export destinations include South Korea, Japan,

Mexico, Australia, the U.S., Canada, Guatemala, and the countries of Southeast Asia.

And the main products exported are frozen fresh chili peppers, dried chili peppers, chili

powder, chili paste, canned chili peppers, and other similar products.

Nutritional Values of Siling Labuyo

Siling labuyo is an excellent source of vitamins A and C and contains iron, folate,

magnesium, fiber, and riboflavin. Moreover, this chili pepper also contains vitamins B6,

and K, calcium, potassium and phosphorus. Siling labuyo also provides capsaicin, a

chemical compound that triggers the brain to feel spice or heat and has been shown to

have anti-inflammatory properties. In Filipino folk medicine, the capsaicin in siling

labuyo chili peppers has been used as a natural pain reliever for toothaches. The leaves

are also consumed and are known to provide a source of calcium, fiber, and iron. Siling

labuyo has also been considered a medicinal plant known to treat sore throats, arthritis,

rheumatism, and diabetes (Coleman, 2016).

Siling Labuyo is known to be tiny but very hot with a range of 80,000-100,000

Scoville. In terms of jalapeño reference point, the Siling Labuyo ranges from 10 to 40
 20

times hotter, depending on the peppers used to compare. It is commonly used as a

condiment in Filipino cuisine. One of the most common uses of the pepper is mixing it

with vinegar and other spices, like ginger, onion and garlic, to make a spicy condiment.

In the Philippines, the Siling labuyo has been a part of Filipino cuisine for its spice with

dishes like Bicol express and Sisig (Bray, 2019).

Other uses of Siling Labuyo

The pharmacodynamic action of capsaicin from chili peppers to relieve pain

associated with neuropathic and musculoskeletal disorders has been confirmed. A group

of people suffering from chronic nonspecific back pain has been given capsaicin plaster

as treatment. After 3 weeks of treatment, results were compared to a control group who

were administered with placebo. It was established that those who were given capsaicin

treatment reported a notable reduction of pain as compared to those treated with placebo.

This confirmed that repeated application of capsaicin brings about desensitisation to pain

(Arzneimittelforschung, 2001).

Capsaicin inhibits H. pylori-induced IL-8 production by gastric epithelial cells in

dose- and time-dependent manner. Capsaicin as low as 100 µmol/L significantly

inhibited IL-8 production in H. pylori-infected MKN45 cells (43.2% of control) at 24

hours incubation, whereas inhibited IL-8 production in H. pylori-infected AGS cells

(70% of control). It is confirmed that capsaicin inhibited IL-8 mRNA expression after

infection of gastric epithelial cells with H. pylori for 6 hours. The addition of capsaicin

(100 µmol/L) suppressed H. pylori-induced NF-κB activation in gastric epithelial cells at

1 hour post-infection. It is also found that the degradation of IκB and IKK activation were
 21

inhibited by capsaicin. Nontoxic dose of capsaicin inhibited H. pylori-induced IL-8

production by gastric epithelial cells through the modulation of IκB-, NF-κB-, and IL-8

pathways. The researchers concluded that capsaicin can be proposed as a potential anti-

inflammatory drug by inhibition of the production of IL-8 in H. pylori-infected gastric

epithelium (Choi et al., 2007).

Perry (2018) explained that the pepper extract increases blood flow and

absorption at the skin's surface so the ingredients penetrate immediately. Traditional anti-

wrinkle creams have the right idea by using collagen and peptides, but the ingredients

don't penetrate the skin the way the product with pepper extract. The product with pepper

extract also contains one of the latest superfoods, acai berries, which help to control

inflammation and fight the aging process, according to the company. The phytosterols in

the acai berries are known to reserve natural collagen levels, claim the company.

Furthermore, the formulation contains hydrolyzed collagen and the neuropeptide acetyl

hexapeptide-3, one of a new class of peptide ingredients becoming increasingly popular

in anti-aging formulations. This neuropeptide reportedly works in a similar way to Botox,

inhibiting muscle contraction and leading to a reduction in lines and wrinkles. In

cosmetics and personal care products, Capsicum-derived ingredients are used in the

formulation of shampoos and hair products, as well as skin care, cleansing, and bath

products.

Siling Labuyo Production in the Philippines

According to Padin (2015), the price of siling labuyo surged from Php 400 to

Php 700 per kilogram due to a deficit in production in the Cagayan Valley region and
 22

Central Luzon that affected Metro Manila’s production of siling labuyo. Angat Makabago

(2017) stated that siling labuyo is a chili pepper variety native to the Philippines. It is

used as a spice in the Filipino cuisine. Siling labuyo farming can be grown anywhere in

the Philippines for high value cropping and abundant uses of the plant.

In 2019, Conde reported a news article stating that the planting season of siling

labuyo is from the month of September to October and the harvest season is from

February to March. In August last year, siling labuyo soared to a peak price of Php 1,000

per kilogram in some wet markets in Metro Manila. Malabon and Balintawak are also

affected because their source of vegetables is in Benguet, one of the provinces affected

by the monsoon rain at the time. It results in inflation to an overall rate of 6.4 percent,

the highest in Southeast Asia for the year 2018.

Tap water

According to Wood (2012), tap water has a profound effect on the health of

plants, providing the basic conditions required to grow roots, leaves, stems and fruits. But

it also has its disadvantages, tap water over time can build up concentrated salts and this

can cause dehydration of the root structures. Tap water usually contains a variety of

healthy minerals like calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) since it travels through rock

formations, which are minerals that can build up on a plant’s surface over time.

Coleman (2017) stated that tap water may contain small amounts of fluorine that

help prevent tooth decay for humans. Though as for plants high concentrations of fluoride

can cause decay or brown spots. Tap water is generally free of contaminants such as

fungus and bacteria which are beneficial for plants. Though tap water often contains
 23

small amounts of chlorine for decontamination, it is not a sufficient amount to injure

most plants. Washington State University Extension recommends not using tap water for

sensitive plants such as spider plants, corn plants and palms.

Filtering tap water before using it to water plants is the best way to ensure your

water is clean, safe, and does not have a large number of minerals. Tap water is cheap

and always available, and there is no need for storage capability. Small amounts of

minerals do not affect plants however this is not the case for small and delicate plants

(Ahmad, 2019).

Rice water

Rice water is rich in nutrients that are very beneficial to plants. Rice is known to

be washed before cooking to get rid of possible bacteria but really rice is actually washed

to get the starch out. These starches are beneficial to plants, encouraging healthy bacteria

to grow in the rhizosphere (Tarafdar, 2017).

Kris (2019) stated that after a wash, rice loses up to 7% protein, 30% crude fiber,

15% free amino acids, 25% calcium (Ca), 47% total phosphorus (P), 47% iron (Fe), 11%

zinc (Zn), 41% potassium (K), 59% thiamine, 26% riboflavin, and 60% niacin.

Coconut Milk

Coconut is one of the most important crops of the tropics for its use in beverages,

health benefits, and its different uses. Coconut consists of coconut milk coming from the

white flesh of mature brown coconuts that has a thick and rich creamy texture. This high-

fat beverage is not only limited to health uses but also plant growth. Coconut milk
 24

contains significant amounts of important nutrients such as copper (Cu) and manganese

(Mg) that are essential micronutrients that plants need for growth and development and

sustain metabolic roles within different cell compartments and promote strong root

systems (Gunnars, 2020).

Tea

According to Maier (2018), used tea grounds and fresh tea leaves contain

nutrients and tannic acid that, when added to soil, creates a more fertile environment for

the garden. Because tea grounds are natural, organic matter, they increase nutrient levels

and improve soil quality as they decompose. And because tea grounds are organic, they

help by attracting earthworms. Earthworms are essential to a healthy and lush garden, and

help fertilize the soil. They are hard at work making tunnels that allow water and air to

the roots of the plants and used tea bags are a great food source. Tea also decreases soil

pH because of its acidity. He also stated that the natural tannic acid inside tea leaves

leaches into the soil with rainwater as the tea grounds decompose, thereby lowering the

soil’s pH and increasing acidity, making it beneficial to apply tea grounds to the garden

especially if the garden contains acid thriving plants.

 25

Review of Related Studies

A research conducted by Boase et al. (1993) sought to improve methods for

micropropagation of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa) by enhanced axillary

branching with the utilization of coconut milk. Six jars, each containing six explants

evenly spaced within the jar, were used for controls and six jars for treatments. After 74

days of incubation, all shoots from each jar were harvested. Shoot length was measured

to the nearest 0.5 cm and leaf area was approximated by measuring maximum length and

width to the nearest mm. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by treatment and by

jar was performed using the general linear models procedure for unbalanced data within

the SAS package (SAS Institute Inc. 1987). The results showed that, for plants in control

jars, there were positive and statistically significant correlations between number of

single nodes, shoot length, and petiole length, between shoot fresh weight and stem fresh

weight; and between shoot fresh weight and basal callus fresh weight. For plants in

treatment jars, there were statistically significant linear correlations between most shoot

parameters. The addition of 10% coconut milk to media used for multiplication of

Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa cv. M52 significantly increased production of plant

tissue. Coconut milk at 10% concentrations allows an extended incubation period when

multiplying kiwifruit in vitro by the enhanced axillary bud method and thereby reduces

the need for expensive labour intensive subculturing. Also, the preconditioning of

kiwifruit shoots in vitro by growth in a coconut milk supplemented medium before

exflasking would achieve bigger, more robust plants which have a greater nutritional and

carbohydrate content.
 26

The study of Abayomi et al. (2012) provided evidence that chilli pepper can

benefit significantly from the application of increased nitrogen, phosphorus, and

potassium (NPK) fertilizer provided that the soil moisture is adequate. Pot experiments

were conducted during the dry periods of 2007 and 2008 in a crop pavilion at the

University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The experiments evaluated the comparative responses of

three pepper genotypes ('Tatashe' (Capsicum annum), L); 'Rodo' and 'Shombo' (C.

frutescens L.) to three soil moisture levels (25, 50 and 100% available moisture) and four

rates of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer (0, 200, 400 and 600 kg/ha.) application. The

experiments were designed as factorial in RCB and laid out in split-plots (2007) or split-

split-plots (2008) with factorial combinations replicated three times. Data collected

included plant growth and fruit yield parameters such as plant height, number and area of

leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, reproductive efficiency, number and

weights (fresh and dry) of marketable fruits per plant. All data collected were analysed

using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant means were separated by the

least significant differences at five percent probability level (L.S.D0.05). Results showed

that plant growth parameters of plant height, number and area of leaves per plant and

number of flowers per plant were significantly decreased by low soil moisture content,

and were significantly increased with the application of fertilizer up to 400 kg N/ha.

Comparative water stress tolerance analysis using reduction in number and fresh weight

of fruit and drought susceptibility index (SI) showed that Tatashe (C. annuum) was more

tolerant than Rodo and Shombo, both of which genotypes of C. frutescens. The result of

the study proved that chili pepper requires and also significantly benefits from essential

microelements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and many
 27

microelements including calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), iron (Fe),

chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and molybdenum

(Mo) for normal growth and development. The plant generally obtains these elements

from the soil. The crop productivity usually is affected by the deficiency or excessive

availability of these elements in the root zone, on the other hand, toxic mineral elements

including arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) trigger an adverse

effect for plant survival.

In a study conducted by Beato et al., (2017), they conducted an experiment to

determine the growth and yield performance of two hot pepper varieties using fermented

plant materials as foliar fertilizers. A 2x6 factorial split plot design in randomized

complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was employed. Factors included

two hot pepper varieties (A1 = Pinatubo and A2 = Red Hot) and five different plant

sources for fermented plant juices (B2 = banana pseudostem + santing (Calopogonium

mucunoides) leaves, B3 = banana pseudostem + wedelia (Wedelia trilobata L.) leaves, B4

= banana pseudostem + acacia (Acacia seyal L.) leaves, B5 = banana pseudostem +

madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium Jacq.) leaves, and B6 = combination of all fermented

plant juice materials. No fermented plant juice was applied on the control plants (B1).

The experiment was conducted in Brgy. Poblacion, Burdeos, Quezon, Philippines in

2014. Split plot design in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four

replications was employed. The collected data on various parameters were statistically

analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of differences

among treatment means were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with

the aid of SAS system for Windows version 9.1. As for the results, plants fertilized with
 28

banana pseudostem + madre de cacao leaves gave the highest number of fruits per plant

and hot peppers fertilized with the combination of all FPJ materials had the lowest

number of fruits with a mean of 68.38 and 55.63, respectively. Analysis of variance

shows interaction effect but no significant difference on varieties and fertilizers. DMRT

showed that the number of fruits of Pinatubo variety is significantly higher than Red Hot.

Hot pepper fertilized with banana pseudostem + madre de cacao leaves produced the

highest number of fruits per plant than the rest of the treatments. The Pinatubo variety

had a higher yield per hectare compared to the Red Hot variety. Among the fermented

plant materials evaluated, banana pseudostem + wedelia leaves has the best potential as a

nutrient source for organic hot pepper production.

A field experiment was conducted by Alatise et al. (2019) to determine the growth

and yield performance of hot chili pepper using aquaculture wastewater. The study was

carried out at the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology Teaching and

Research farm, the Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria, from December,

2016 to May, 2017. The field was prepared manually using conventional means of land

preparation and divided into two parts. The first part was the aquaculture wastewater

treatment experimental set up which consisted of the reservoir, sedimentation tank and

the charcoal based constructed wetlands, each of 1000 Liters capacity. The second part

was the farmland prepared with a Randomized Complete Block Design with an area of

89.04 m2 of three treatments and nine replicates (3×9). Each of the replicates has

dimensions (1.2m×1.1m) and was planted with four plants per bed at a spacing of 0.7

m×0.5 m making a population of 36 plants per treatment. Treatment UT (Untreated

Wastewater Plot) were plants irrigated with untreated wastewater from the reservoir,
 29

Treatment TW (Treated Wastewater Plot) were plants irrigated with treated wastewater

from the constructed wetlands and Treatment CT (Control Plot) were plants irrigated with

groundwater, this served as the control. 50 ± 0.5 g of soil samples from the experimental

field taken at depths 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm were analyzed for soil moisture

content. The fishpond is a concrete pond of 1.8 m×1.8 m×0.9 m. The species of fish

reared in this pond was catfish of 150 populations and between ages of 3-6 weeks. Data

obtained were subjected to statistical analysis of data using Microsoft Excel. The

comparison between the agronomic parameters was done using one-way ANOVA. As for

the results, the pH of the treated wastewater (effluent) and the untreated wastewater

(influent) were 6.91 ± 0.01 and 6.68 ± 0 respectively, however these values are below the

value of the groundwater (borehole). Also, the effluent had the highest concentration of

EC, and DO with corresponding values of 610±14.14 μs cm -1 and 6.30±0.06 mg L-1

respectively while the highest concentration value of 0.70±0.15 mg L-1 and 108.70±6.66

mg L-1 for TSS and COD respectively. The result of the statistical analysis showed a

significant difference in the yield of the hot pepper in the various three treatments. As for

the conclusion, hot pepper plants irrigated with treated aquaculture wastewater irrigated

had the highest agronomy values compared to the other treatments irrigated with

untreated aquaculture wastewater and groundwater. However, hot pepper plants irrigated

with untreated wastewater had the highest average yield compared to the other treatments

and the highest biomass yield from the treated wastewater plot. Thus, in order to meet the

water demand for pepper cultivation, aquaculture wastewater can be used for irrigating

hot pepper plants for high yield so as to meet the ever increasing demand for pepper

consumption.
 30

Synthesis

From the review of related literature and studies of the different effects of rice

water, coconut milk, tea, and tap water to the growth and development of siling labuyo

(Capsicum frutescens) plant, it was important to note that from these bodies of

researches, the researchers were able to synthesize a number of different studies about the

growth and development of siling labuyo plant. This growing understanding about the

effects of rice water, coconut milk, and tea helped in bringing off the full growth

potential of a siling labuyo plant that also lead the researchers to discover innovative

watering substances, acting as an alternative for tap water.

It was important to note that Coleman (2017) stated that tap water is free from

contaminants and often contains small amounts of chlorine and fluoride for

decontamination which could not injure most plants. While Wood (2012) stated that tap

water provides healthy minerals (that build up on the plant’s surface over time) and the

basic conditions required to grow roots, leaves, stems and fruits of a plant, and that it

builds up concentrated salts that could dehydrate root structures. Their first statements

supported each other as it determined that tap water providing basic necessities to the

plant could be safe since it is free from contaminants. However, their other statements

contradicted as it is stated that tap water could not injure most plants from its chlorine,

but built-up concentrated salt could dehydrate the root structures, and that healthy

minerals could build up onto the surface of the plant over time. This concludes that tap

water could help or risk the growth and development of the siling labuyo plant.
 31

Rice water is rich in nutrients that are very beneficial to plants. Rice is actually

washed to get the starch out and these starches are beneficial to plants (Tarafdar, 2017).

Kris (2019) stated that after a rice wash, rice loses up to 47% total phosphorus (P), 41%

potassium (K). The study of Abayomi et al. (2012) provided evidence that pepper can

benefit significantly from the application of increased nitrogen, phosphorus, and

potassium. These implications from the statements of Tarafdar and Kris fits into the

requirements of the study conducted by Abayomi et al., to the growth and development of

the chilli pepper plant. Furthermore, based from the study of Abayomi et al. (2012), the

result of the study proved that chili pepper requires and also significantly benefits from

essential microelements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and many

microelements including calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), iron (Fe),

chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and molybdenum

(Mo) for normal growth and development, wherein, Kris (2019) also stated that after a

rice wash, rice loses up to 7% protein, 30% crude fiber, 15% free amino acids, 25%

calcium (Ca), 47% total phosphorus (P), 47% iron (Fe), 11% zinc (Zn), 41% potassium

(K), 59% thiamine, 26% riboflavin, and 60% niacin. In conclusion, these statements

supported the study, further hinting the presence of micronutrients accommodated in rice

water and its benefits to the growth and development of the siling labuyo plant.

A study about coconut milk conducted by Gunnars (2020) showed that coconut

milk contains significant amounts of important nutrients such as copper (Cu) and

manganese (Mg) that are essential micronutrients that plants need for growth and

development, sustaining metabolic roles and promoting strong root systems. Maier

(2018) also stated that used tea grounds and fresh tea leaves contain nutrients and tannic
 32

acid that, when added to soil, they increase nutrient levels and improve soil quality as

they decompose. These studies show a significant relationship to the claim of Abayomi et

al. (2012) that a chili pepper plant requires microelements that are essential to its growth

and development. Two of these elements from coconut milk are copper (Cu) and

magnesium (Mg), while tea grounds have certain nutrients that could contribute to the

growth of the plant. These elements found in coconut milk and tea grounds further

implies the importance of the indicated substance and its nutritional benefits to the

growth and development of the siling labuyo plant.

 33

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

This chapter dealt with the presentation of methods and procedures that were used

in the conduct of the study. Included in this chapter were the design, the samples,

instruments and experimental set-ups of the study.

Research Design
In a conduct of a scientific research, careful planning and systematic procedures

were considered and strictly followed by the one who conducted the study to be able to

come out with a desirable and honest result that could be used as a future reference for

the researchers in the future. Proper methodology and appropriate design were considered

as a vital tool in a conduct of very research activity.

This research study was experimental in nature since the primary purpose was to

determine the effects of rice water, coconut milk, tea and tap water to the growth and

development of siling labuyo plants.

Experimental method was a problem-solving approach that the study would

describe in the future on “what will be”, when certain variables were carefully

manipulated. To conduct an experiment means to try in order to see what would happen

next and it would provide a firsthand learning experience to the researcher.

Experimental method was designed to expose the present condition of the

problem. The principal aim of the method was to determine the nature of the situation of

the problem, as it exist at the time of the study, in a systematic manner and to explore the

cause and effect of the particular circumstances underlying in the problem.

 34

The siling labuyo plant in set-up A was watered with tap water, in set- up B, the

plant was watered with rice water then in set-up C, the plant was watered with coconut

milk, the next and final set-up, which is set-up D, the siling labuyo plant was watered

with tea.

Each set-up was planted on a loam soil and was watered equally once every

morning with 200ml of different watering substances. The observations were done every

morning for 92 days. This study was focused only on the growth and appearance of siling

labuyo plants watered with different watering substances.

Figure 3 Shows the Experimental Set Up of the Study

Subject of the study

The researchers used siling labuyo plant as the subject of the study that were

watered and exposed to the different liquid substances. The researcher used the siling

labuyo plant because of the short time that it took to bear fruits and be harvested, another

reason was because of its great market potential and its benefits that it gave to the
 35

consumers. Furthermore, the researchers also used the subject because of its abundance

and ongoing price hike in the Philippines and its local market. And lastly, the researchers

chose to use siling labuyo plant because of its popularity and variety of uses in the

pharmaceutical, culinary, and medical field.

In the experimental procedure, the researchers prepared three controlled set-ups

and one control group with each set-up having one plant which was observed from the

seed germination up to the ripening stage of the plant. The observation period lasted for

92 days.

The siling labuyo plant in set-up A (control group) was watered with tap water,

while in the controlled group, the siling labuyo plant in set-up B was watered with rice

water, on the other hand, in set-up C the plant was watered with coconut milk, and lastly,

in set-up D, tea was used to water the plant.

Each plant in each set-up were planted in loam soil and were watered and exposed

with the same amount of liquid substance every morning until the ninety second day of

observation. This research study was focused only on the growth and development of

siling labuyo exposed to different liquid substances.

Other environmental factors such as the air, temperature, and the amount of

sunlight received by the plants that might affected the results of the experiment and

growth of the plants were controlled equally in each of the set-ups in order to have an

equitable result.
 36

Setting and Subject of the study

The systematic process of the study was conducted in the municipality of Taytay

which is a first class, densely populated municipality in the province of Rizal,

Philippines. It is currently the second most populous municipality in the country, after

Cainta. Conurbated with Metro Manila, it is bounded by Cainta on the north, Pasig City

and Taguig City on the west, Antipolo City in the East and Angono on the South. It is the

"Woodworks and Garments Capital of the Philippines". According to The Cities and

Municipalities Competitiveness Index, Taytay ranked 10th in Most Competitiveness

Municipality in 2014. Taytay can be reached from Metro Manila by C-6 Road passing

from Parañaque, Muntinlupa and Taguig on the south, Ortigas Avenue from Pasig City

on the east and M.L. Quezon Avenue from Angono on the west. Taytay is 12 kilometres

(7.5 mi) away from Pasig City, the former provincial seat of government of Rizal. It is

accessible from various points from Metro Manila through the Ortigas Extension Avenue,

Manila East Road, Felix Avenue (formerly Imelda Avenue), A. Bonifacio Avenue,

Manggahan Floodway, and Sumulong Highway.

Barangay Dolores is one of the five barangays that makes up the municipality of

Taytay. It is second largest community in the municipality of Taytay in terms of land

area, which is about 1237 hectares. In terms of human population, based on the 2010

national census it has almost 60 000 inhabitants, making it the third most densely

populated community in the municipality. Considered a disaster prone area, Dolores

frequently experiences flooding during heavy rains and typhoons in the rainy season.

Landslide is also a treat to communities in Dolores because many of villages and

subdivisions are near mountainous and hilly areas of the barangay which are considered
 37

landslide prone areas. Furthermore, Barangay Dolores is also the most accessible location

during the COVID-19 pandemic being the hometown of the researchers. For such

reasons, the researchers chose the community and its members as the setting and subject

of his study.

Figure 4.

A satellite image showing Barangay Dolores in Taytay, Rizal.

 38

Research Materials

In order to acquire the needed data, the researcher conducted an experiment which

is a firsthand data gathering resource regarding the effects of different levels of

magnetism on the growth and development of radish plants. The following materials

were used in the experimentation:

1. One sack of loam soil

2. Four Siling labuyo plants

3. Four 9.5cm diameter, 13cm height pot

4. 200 ml tap water

5. 200 ml rice water

6. 200 ml coconut milk

7. 200 ml tea

8. Ruler

9. Weighing scale

10. Data recording tables

 39

Data Gathering Procedures

As the pandemic started, the researchers came up with a plan of making a research

that would benefit the environment by utilizing the liquid variables that people could use

every day. After determining the problem, making an appropriate title was the next step to

do. With the suggestions and criticisms of the researchers and the research adviser, it ended

up with the title “The Effects of Rice Water, Coconut Milk and Tea to the Growth and

Development of Siling Labuyo (Capsicuum frutescens)”.

After conducting the experiment, the researchers observed the plant watered with

four different variables. Assessment of the data was verified based on the observations

made by the researchers.

Below were the following procedures followed by the researcher on finding out

the effects of different watering substances to the growth and development of siling

labuyo plant.

 Preparation and collection of materials and equipment needed for the

experiment.

 Construction of four plastic pot with 9.5 cm in diameter and 13 cm in height.

 Stem cutting of siling labuyo plant into 4 adolescent plant.

 Watering the adolescent siling labuyo plants with tap water for 3 days.

 Watering the 4 siling labuyo plant with tap water, tea, coconut milk, and rice

water.

 Observation and data recording

 Assessment of the experimental output through observation

 40

 Interpretation of data gathered

Below were the data recording table that were used in observing the plants during the

conduct of study.

A. Data recording table for the average yield of the siling labuyo plants

The Siling Labuyo plant did not bear any yield in the span of 100 days.

Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Average

1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Plant A
(Tap water)
Plant B
(Rice water)
Plant C
(Coconut milk)
Plant D
(Tea)

B. Data recording table for the average height of the siling labuyo plants

Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Average

1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Plant A
(Tap water)
Plant B
(Rice water)
Plant C
(Coconut milk)
Plant D
(Tea)
 41

C. Data recording table for the average color of siling labuyo plants

Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Average

1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Plant A
(Tap water)
Plant B
(Rice water)
Plant C
(Coconut milk)
Plant D
(Tea)

D. Scale for rating the color of the siling labuyo plants

Scale Quality

5 Green

4 Pale green

3 Yellow green

2 Green with brown spots

1 Brown

Statistical Treatment and Data Analysis

The gathered data was grouped, tabled and was carefully organized and

interpreted by the researcher for the drawing of conclusions. Frequency, percentage and

ranking were all reflected in tabular and graphical forms. Gathered raw quantitative data

was statistically processed and analysed using MS EXCEL software. Descriptive and

inferential statistics were used to treat the data for the basis of interpretation. The

Pearson’s r correlation for determining the relationship between the sets of data and two-
 42

way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with no replication were applied to be able to

compare the significant difference between the characteristics of the samples. All test of

difference were evaluated at 0.05 level of confidence. Below were the standard criteria as

point of reference in comparing the relationship and independence of every category:

a small value (≤ 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis.

a large value (˃0.05) indicates weak evidence against the null hypothesis.

a value very close to the cut off 0.05 is considered to be marginal.

 43

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter dealt with the presentation, analyzation and interpretation of data and

results based on the problems and on the null hypothesis that was set on the beginning of

the study.

The Average Measurement of Siling Labuyo Plant

Figure 5

The Average Height of the Siling Labuyo Plants

16

14

12

10
16 cm
8 14 cm
13 cm
6

2
1 cm
0
Plant A Plant B Plant C Plant D

Average Height of the Siling Labuyo Plants

The figure above illustrated the average height of the four siling labuyo plants that

were watered with rice water, coconut milk, tea, and tap water. As reflected on figure 5,

the tallest plant which is plant A got an average of 16 cm. Plant B on the other hand, have

an average height of 14 cm, Plant C, which was the shortest, have an average height of 1

cm. And lastly, Plant D have an average of 13 cm in terms of its height.

 44

Figure 6

The Average Color Rating of the Siling Labuyo Plants

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
5
2.5
4 4
2
1.5
1
0.5 0.7
0
Plant A Plant B Plant C Plant D

Average Color Rating of the Siling Labuyo Plants

The figure above showed the average color rating of the four siling labuyo plants

that were watered with rice water, coconut milk, tea, and tap water. The scale of rating

was rated in numbers 5,4,3,2, and 1, with 5 having a Green color quality, 4 having a Pale

Green color quality, 3 having a Yellow Green color quality, 2 having a Green with brown

spots color quality and lastly, with 1 having a Brown color quality. In set up A and set up

D, the plant was rated 4 in average, then in set up B the plant was rated 5 in average. On

the other hand, the siling labuyo plant in set up C died after its first week but it was still

rated 0.7 in average.

 45

Table 1

The Average Yield of the Siling Labuyo Plants

Average Yield

Plant A 0

Plant B 0

Plant C 0

Plant D 0

Table 1 presented the average yield of the four siling labuyo plants. As shown on

the table above, all of the four set-ups did not bear any yield throughout the experiment.

The Significance of Siling Labuyo Plants’ Height, Color and Yield Weekly Rating

The siling labuyo plants weekly rating watered with four different variables (tap

water, tea, rice water, and coconut milk) was presented in three tables. The first table

below was the siling labuyo plant and weekly height, the second table was the siling

labuyo plant and weekly color of leaves, and the third table was the siling labuyo plant

and weekly yield.

 46

Table 2

Two-way ANOVA with No Replication of the Weekly Height of the Siling labuyo plants

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F-crit

Siling Labuyo Plants 886 3 295.333 38.945 0.000 3.260

Weekly Height 44.929 6 7.488 0.987 0.463 2.661

Total 1067.429 27

Table 2 presented the summary of statistics for the two-way analysis of variance

with no replication to determine if there was a significant difference between the siling

labuyo (Capsicum frutescens) plant exposed to the different watering liquids (rice water,

coconut milk, tea, tap water) in terms of height. As shown in the table, the computed p-

value (0.463) was more than the level of significance that was set for the study (0.05).

This indicated that there was no significant difference between the siling labuyo plant

exposed to the different watering liquids in terms of height.

 47

Table 3

Two-way ANOVA with No Replication of the Weekly Color of Leaves of the Siling

Labuyo plants

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F-crit

Siling Labuyo Plants 78.571 3 26.190 16.296 0.000 3.160

Weekly color of leaves 15.357 6 2.550 1.593 0.206 2.661

Total 122.857 27

Table 3 showed the summary of statistics for the two-way analysis of variance

with no replication to determine if there was a significant difference between the siling

labuyo (Capsicum frutescens) plant exposed to the different watering liquids (rice water,

coconut milk, tea, tap water) in terms of color of leaves. As shown in the table, the

computed p-value (0.206) was more than the level of significance that was set for the

study (0.05). This indicated that there was no significant difference between the siling

labuyo plant exposed to the different watering liquids in terms of color of leaves.
 48

Table 4

Data recording table for the average yield of the siling labuyo plants

Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Average

1 3 5 7 9 11 13

Plant A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Tap water)

Plant B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Rice water)

Plant C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Coconut
milk)

Plant D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Tea)

Table 4 presented the frequency count of yield between the siling labuyo

(Capsicum frutescens) plant exposed to the different watering liquids (rice water, coconut

milk, tea, tap water). However, all setups of the siling labuyo plant did not have any

yield. As shown in the table, none of the plants, plant A (tap water), plant B (rice water),

plant C (coconut milk), and plant D (tea) produced any yield in the span of 92 days.
 49

Correlation between Plants’ appearance and yield

Table 5
Correlation between the plants’ yield and appearance

Variable Yield Height Color

Yield 1

Height 0.000 1

Color 0.000 0.916 1

The table above illustrated the correlation between the yield, height and color of

the siling labuyo plants. As shown in the table, the Pearson r correlation on different

variable pairs like height and yield (0.000), color and yield (0.000), and height and color

(0.916).

Table 6
Significance of Pearson r Correlation

Variable R P Interpretation

Yield vs. Color 0.000 0.000 -,very small,NS

Height vs. Yield 0.000 0.000 -,very small,NS

Color vs. Height 0.916 0.963 +,small,NS

The table above illustrated the correlation between yield, height, and color. As

presented in the table the computed R value for yield vs. color (0.000) and P value

(0.000) which suggested a very small and no significant correlation. On the other hand,
 50

the computed R value for yield vs. height (0.000) and P value (0.000) which also

suggested a very small and no significant correlation. A small and no significant

correlation was found between color and height with the calculated R value (0.916) and P

value (0.963). The results showed the relationship between the dependent variables yield,

height, and color.

 51

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarized the findings of the study, formulated conclusions based

on the results and presents the recommendation.

Summary of Findings

The findings of the study were summarized based on the analysis and

interpretation of the data from previous chapter.

1. The average height of the four siling labuyo plants in figure 1 showed that plant A

was the tallest with an average of 16 cm. Plant B had an average height of 14 cm.

Plant C was the shortest with an average height of 1 cm. And lastly, plant D had

an average of 13 cm.

2. As shown in figure 2, the average color rating in set up A and set up D, the siling

labuyo plant was rated 4 in average, then in set up B the plant was rated 5 in

average. On the other hand, the siling labuyo plant in set up C died after its first

week but was still rated 0.7 in average.

3. Table 1 presented the average yield of the four siling labuyo plants. As shown in

the table, all of the four set-ups did not bear any yield throughout the experiment.

4. As shown in table 2, the computed p-value was 0.463 which was more than the

level of significance that is set for the study (0.05). This indicated that there is no

significant difference between the siling labuyo plant exposed to the different

watering liquids in terms of height.

 52

5. As illustrated in table 3, the computed p-value was 0.206 which was more than

the level of significance that is set for the study (0.05). This indicated that there is

no significant difference between the siling labuyo plant exposed to the different

watering liquids in terms of color of leaves.

6. As revealed by table 5, the computed value of r between the yield and color was

0.000 with a p-value of 0.000 which suggested a very small and no significant

correlation. The computed coefficient of r between the yield and height was 0.000

with p-value of 0.000 which also suggests a very small and no significant

correlation. And lastly, a small and no significant correlation can also be found

between color and height with a calculated coefficient of r of 0.916 and p-value of

0.963. These results showed the relationship between the dependent variables

yield, height, and color.

Conclusion

Based on the summary of findings the corresponding conclusions were drawn.

1. The height of plant A grew the highest with an average of 16cm and its color

rating reached to 4 in average while not bearing any yield. This implied that tap

water has a significant effect on the height and the color of leaves of the siling

labuyo plant.

2. Plant B (rice water) received the highest color rating, with a rating average of 5.

And ranked second in terms of height, with an average of 14cm. However,

including setup B (rice water), none of the setups produced any yield. This
 53

indicated that rice water has a significant impact on the height and color of the

siling labuyo plant. Furthermore, the observation showed that rice water was a

sustainable watering substance since it gave a better result compared to other

variables.

3. Plant C (coconut milk) has the least ranking among the four setups in terms of

height and color rating. Whereas Plant C (coconut milk) has an average height of

just 1 cm and has a color rating average of only 0.7. Other than that, Plant C

(coconut milk) died after its first week. Meanwhile, setup C (coconut milk), like

the other plant setups, produced no yield. This implied that coconut milk as a

variable has a significant effect on siling labuyo plant in terms of height and color

rating. However, the observation revealed that coconut milk was not a viable

watering substance to use since it failed to sustain the life of the siling labuyo

plant.

4. The findings in the study illustrated that the siling labuyo plant that was exposed

to tea (Plant D) did not produce any yield. On the other hand, the plant placed

third in terms of its height and got pale green-colored leaves which ranked equally

with plant A that is second in terms of the average color rating. This implied that

tea as a watering substance is viable and has a significant effect on the height of

the plant and the color of the leaves, but not as effective as tap water and its

impact on the height, and rice water and its effect on the color of the leaves of the

siling labuyo plant

5. All in all, the findings revealed that the four watering liquid substances have a

significant effect on the color of the leaves and height of the plants. It is further
 54

concluded that there is no significant difference and relationship between the

siling labuyo plant exposed to the different watering liquids in terms of height,

color of leaves and yield per plant.

Recommendation

Based on the summary of findings and conclusions drawn, the following

recommendations are hereby recommended:

1. Planters should be aware of the alternative watering substances that could be

important to the growth and development of plants. Being aware of alternative

watering substances could be a great help when a shortage of a certain supply

occured. Since there was a wide variety of options, there could be a substitute for

watering the plants.

2. Planters should be aware of nutritional factors that could benefit the plant in every

aspect of cultivation. Even choosing a decent soil for a plant was significant for it

also contains different microelements that could be beneficial to the plant.

3. Additional research needs to be conducted to confirm the findings of this study. A

longer research duration is suggested to further discover the effect of watering

substances to plant yields.

4. This study should be replicated in other school districts involving different variant

or plant species. The researchers suggested the application of this study to be

conducted to a larger plant species.

 55

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 61

APPENDICES

Complete Classification of Siling Labuyo

Appendix A
Complete Classification of Siling Labuyo
(Capsicum frutescens )

Kingdom : Plantae

Phylum : Spermatophyta

Sub-phylum : Angiospermae

Class : Dicotyledonae

Order : Solanales

Family : Solanaceae

Genus : Capsicum

Species : Frutescens

Scientific Name : Capsicum frutescens

Common Name : Siling Labuyo

Taxonomist : Carollus Linneus

 62

Data Diagrams and Tables

Appendix B1

The Average Height of the Siling Labuyo Plants

Appendix B2

The Average Color Rating of the Siling Labuyo Plants

 63

Appendix C1

The Average Yield of the Siling Labuyo Plants

Average Yield

Plant A 0

Plant B 0

Plant C 0

Plant D 0

Appendix C2

Two-way ANOVA with No Replication of the Weekly Height of the Siling labuyo plants

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F-crit

Siling Labuyo Plants 886 3 295.333 38.945 0.000 3.260

Weekly Height 44.929 6 7.488 0.987 0.463 2.661

Total 1067.429 27
 64

Appendix C3

Two-way ANOVA with No Replication of the Weekly Color of Leaves of the Siling

Labuyo plants

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F-crit

Siling Labuyo Plants 78.571 3 26.190 16.296 0.000 3.160

Weekly color of leaves 15.357 6 2.550 1.593 0.206 2.661

Total 122.857 27

Appendix C4

Data recording table for the average yield of the siling labuyo plants

Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Average

1 3 5 7 9 11 13

Plant A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Tap water)

Plant B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Rice water)

Plant C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Coconut
milk)

Plant D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Tea)
 65

Appendix C5

Correlation between the plants’ yield and appearance

Variable Yield Height Color

Yield 1

Height 0.000 1

Color 0.000 0.916 1

Appendix C6

Significance of Pearson r Correlation

Variable R P Interpretation

Yield vs. Color 0.000 0.000 -,very small,NS

Height vs. Yield 0.000 0.000 -,very small,NS

Color vs. Height 0.916 0.963 +,small,NS

 66

Photo Documentation

Appendix D1

Siling Labuyo Seeds

Appendix D2

Planting Siling Labuyo Seeds

 67

Appendix D3

Siling Labuyo Seeds Planted onto the Soil

Appendix D4

Grown Siling Labuyo Plant

 68

Appendix D5

Collecting 4 Adolescent Siling Labuyo Plants Through Stem Cutting

Appendix D6

Collected 4 Adolescent Siling Labuyo Plants

 69

Appendix D7

4 Adolescent Siling Labuyo Plants with Tap Water, Tea, Coconut Milk, and Rice Water

Appendix D8

Watering the 4 Adolescent Siling Labuyo Plants with Tap Water, Tea, Coconut Milk, and

Rice Water
 70

Appendix D9

4 Adolescent Siling Labuyo Plants Labeled According to Watering Substances

Appendix D10

Remaining 3 Adolescent Siling Labuyo Plants at the End of the Study