Module 2 Title: Simple Strain

Module Introduction/Rationale:

c l Notes in Strength of Materials

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In this module, we will study the changes in shape, or what we call deformations, that accompany
a loading. In particular, we shall learn how to apply the geometric relations between elastic deformation
which, in combination with the conditions of equilibrium and the relations between loads and
deformations, will enable us to solve statically indeterminate problems.

Module Outcomes:
CO1: Understand the concepts of stress and strain.

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Lesson 1 Title: Normal Strain (Axial Strain)
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this topic the learner should be able to:
1. identify the two types of axial deformation

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2. solve the axial deformation of the material

STRAIN (DEFORMATION)

In general terms, strain is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a body.

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Two Types of Strain
1. Normal Strain – characterizes dimensional changes
2. Shear Strain – describes distortion (changes in angle)

Normal Strain (Axial Strain)

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Normal strain ϵ (lowercase Greek epsilon) is defined as the elongation per unit length.

ϵ=ɣ/L

EC Lazarte e c
where: ϵ = strain (mm/mm, inches/inches)
ɣ = deformation (mm, inches)
L = length (mm, inches)

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 c l
Strain may be assumed constant with the following conditons:
1. The specimen must be of constant cross section.
2. The material must be homogeneous
Notes in Strength of Materials

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3. The load must be axial, that is, produce uniform sress.

Hooke’s Law

PL
ɣ=
AE
where:

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ɣ = deformation (mm, inches)
P = applied load (N, lbs)
L = length (mm, inches)
A = cross-section area of the specimen (mm2, in2)
E = modulus of elasticity (MPa, psi)

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e e c
Two Types of Axial Deformation
1. Elongation – due to tensile force (positive deformatiom)
2. Contraction – due to compressive force (negative deformation)

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Sample Problem:
1. A 2-m long steel tie rod in a structure is subjected to a tensile axial load of 12 Kn. The diameter of the
rod is 10 mm. Determine the elongation of the rod if the modulus of elasticity is E = 210 GPa.

Solution:

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Length, L = 2.0 m = 2000 mm
Applied Load P = 12 KN = 12,000 N
Diameter of the rod d = 10 mm
3
Modulus of Elasticity E = 210 GPa = 210x10 MPa

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πd2 π(10)2 2
A= = = 78.54 mm
4 4
PL (12,000)(2000)
ɣ= =
AE (78.54)(210x10 3 )

ɣ = 1.46 mm answer

EC Lazarte 2
 c l Notes in Strength of Materials

2. Axial loads are applied to the compound rod that is composed of aluminum segment rigidly connected
between steel and bronze segments. Find the change in the total length after the loads shown are
applied.

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Bronze Aluminum
2 Steel
A = 400 mm
2 A = 600 mm 2
A = 300 mm
E = 83 GPa E = 70 GPa
E = 200 GPa
20 KN
30 KN 60 KN
70 KN

0.90 m 1.50 m 1.80 m

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FBD for bronze: FBD for aluminium:

70 KN
30 KN 30 KN (compression) 30 KN 40 KN (tension)

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FBD for steel:

20 KN
30 KN 70 KN 60 KN (tension)

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Solution:

From FBD for bronze: From FBD for steel:

From the FBD the force (colour red) is pushing the material, From the FBD the force (colour red) is pulling the material,
therefore the force is compression. therefore the force is tension.

P = – 30 KN (compression) = – 30,000 N P = + 60 KN (tension) = + 60,000 N

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L = 0.90 m = 900 mm L = 1.80 m = 1800 mm
2 2
A = 400 mm A = 300 mm
3 3
E = 83 GPa = 83x10 MPa E = 200 GPa = 200x10 MPa

(30,000)(900) (60,000)(1800)
ɣB = – = – 0.81 mm (contraction) ɣS = + = + 1.80 mm (elongation)

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(400)(83x10 3 ) (300)(200x10 3 )

From FBD for aluminium: Total Deformation

ɣT = ɣB + ɣA + ɣS
From the FBD the force (colour red) is pulling the material, ɣT = – 0.81 mm + 1.43 mm + 1.80 mm
therefore the force is tension.

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ɣT = + 2.42 mm (the material will elongate) answer

P = + 40 KN (tension) = + 40,000 N
L = 1.50 m = 1500 mm
2
A = 600 mm
3
E = 70 GPa = 70x10 MPa

(40,000)(1500)
ɣA = + = + 1.43 mm (elongation)
(600)(70x10 3 )

EC Lazarte 3
 c l Notes in Strength of Materials

3. The bar ABC is supported by a pin at A and a steel wire at B. Calculate (a) the elongation of the wire
when the 20 KN vertical force is applied at C and (b) the vertical displacement at load P. The diameter
of the wire is 6 mm, the length of the wire is 1.50 m, and the modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa.

e A

1.80 m
B

P = 20 KN

1.20 m
C
Steel wire

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Free Body Diagram (FBD):

B
PS = Force in Steel

C A
B

ɣP
C

ɣS = 3.18 mm

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P = 20 KN

1.80 m 1.20 m
1.80 m 1.20 m

3.00 m

Solution:

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From FBD: Using the second diagram:

Take a moment at A The blue line indicates the movement of bar

ΣMA = 0 ABC due to the application of load

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0 = 20 KN (1.8 m) – PS (3.0 m)
PS = 12 KN = 12,000 N ɣP = vertical displacement at load P

πd2 π(6)2 2
AS = = = 28.27 mm Using Ratio & Proportion:
4 4
γP γ

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= S
L = 1.50 m = 1500 mm 1.80m 3.0m
3
E = 200 GPa = 200x10 MPa
ɣP (3.0 m) = 3.18 mm (1.80 m)
Elongation of steel wire
(12,000)(1500) 3.18(1.8)
ɣS = = 3.18 mm answer ɣP =
(28.27)(200x10 3 ) 3.0
ɣP = 1.91 mm answer

EC Lazarte 4
 Problem Set – Module 2 Lesson 1

c l Notes in Strength of Materials

1. A hollow steel column is subjected to a load of 180 KN, determine the change in length if the modulus
of elasticity of steel is 200 GPa.

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180 KN

3.50 m

c l cl 100 mm 125 mm

2. An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 160 mm2 carries the axial loads at the position shown
in the figure. If E = 70 GPa, compute the total deformation of the bar.
Aluminum Bar
A = 160 mm2
E = 70 GPa

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15 KN 30 KN 10 KN
35 KN

0.80 m 1.00 m 0.60 m

3. A steel wire is 10 meters long, hanging vertically supports a tensile load of 2000 N. Determine the safe

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diameter if the stress is not to exceed 140 MPa and the total deformation is limited to 5 mm. Use E =
200 GPa.

4. A 4-mm diameter steel wire, 3.20 meters long, carries an axial tensile load P. Find the safe value of P if
the allowable tensile stress is 280 MPa and the elongation of the wire is limited to 3.50 mm. Use E =

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200 GPa.

5. The timber member has a cross-sectional area of 1750mm2 and its modulus of elasticity is 12 GPa.
Compute the change in the total length of the member after the loads shown are applied.

EC Lazarte e 1.50 m
40 KN

3.00 m
35 KN

3.00 m
20 KN

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 c l Notes in Strength of Materials

6. Calculate (a) the elongation of the copper wire when the 50 KN vertical force is applied at and (b) the
vertical displacement at load P.

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Copper Wire
2
A = 500 mm
L = 1.30 m
P = 50 KN
E = 120 GPa

B C
A

3.20 m 1.80 m

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7. Calculate (a) the elongation of the bronze wire when the 50 KN vertical force is applied at and (b) the
vertical displacement at load P.
2.50 m 1.70 m

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A B C

Bronze Wire
A = 450 mm2 P = 50 KN
L = 1.50 m

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E = 83 GPa

8. Determine the value of load P if the vertical displacement where the load is being applied is limited to
3.92 mm.
Steel
2
A = 300 mm
L = 4.0 m
E = 200 GPa

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A

c
5.0 m 2.0 m

EC Lazarte e 6
Lesson 2 Title: Statically Indeterminate Members
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this topic the learner should be able to:

c l Notes in Strength of Materials

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1. solve the deformation of the material
2. solve the vertical displacement of the applied load
3. solve the stress of the material due to the effect of deformation

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS

There are certain cobinations of axially loaded members in which the equations of static
equilibrium are not enough to for a solution. Such cases are called statically indeterminate and require
the use of additional relations which depend upon the elastic deformations in the members.

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Sample Problem:
1. Compute the stress in each material when the 800 KN axial load is applied. The moduli of elasticity are
200 GPa for steel and 14 GPa for concrete.

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P = 800 KN
Solution:

Deformation of Concrete = Deformation of Steel

ɣC = ɣ S
Pc L c PL Concrete
= s s

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A cE c A sE s 2900 mm

Length of concrete = Length of steel

Lc = Ls (can be cancel out from the equation)

Pc Ps 25-mm diameter
=
A cE c A sE s Steel bar 275 mm
Ps Ac Ec = Pc As Es ------- equation 1

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2
Area Total = 275(275) = 75,625 mm
π 275 mm
Area of Steel, As = (4 pcs) (25)2 = 1,963. 50 mm
2
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Area of Concrete, Ac = 75,625 – 1,963.50 = 73,661.50 mm
2 P = 800 KN

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From equation 1
3
Ps (73,661.550)(14x10 ) = Pc (1,963.50)(200x10 )
3 ɣC = ɣ S
Pc(1963.50)(200x10 3 )
Ps = = 0.38 Pc --------- equation 2
(73661.50)(14x10 3 ) 2900 mm
ΣFy = 0

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P = Pc + Ps --------- equation 3
800 KN = Pc + 0.38 Pc 800 = 1.38 Pc
Pc = 579.71 KN Ps = 0.38 (579.71) = 220.29 KN
PC = force of concrete
Solve for stress (C = stress of concrete & S = stress of steel)

579.71(1000)N 220.29(1000)N Ps = force of steel

C= = 7.87 MPa S= = 112.19 MPa
73661.50mm2 1963.50mm2
answer answer
EC Lazarte 7
 c l Notes in Strength of Materials

2. The concrete column is reinforced by four 16-mm diameter steel bars. The working stresses for steel
and concrete are 180 MPa and 15 MPa, respectively. Determine (a) the largest axial force P that can be
safely applied to the column and (b) the deformation of the column. Use Es = 200 GPa and Ec = 24 GPa.

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P
Solution:

Deformation of Concrete = Deformation of Steel

ɣC = ɣ S
Pc L c PL Concrete
= s s Lc = Ls
A cE c A sE s 3000 mm
Pc Ps P
= But  =

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A cEc A sE s A
σc σs
=
Ec Es
16-mm diameter
C (ES) = S (EC) ------- equation 1 Steel bar 250 mm

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C (200x103) = (180)(24x103)
C = 21.60 MPa  15 MPa therefore use only 15 MPa
250 mm
(15)(200x103) = S (24x103)
S = 125 MPa  180 MPa therefore use 125 MPa P

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Area Total = 250(250) = 62,500 mm
2 ɣC = ɣ S
π
Area of Steel, As = (4 pcs) (16)2 = 804. 25 mm2
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2 3000 mm
Area of Concrete, Ac = 62,500 – 804.25 = 61,695.75 mm

ΣFy = 0
P = Pc + Ps --------- equation 2

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P
But  = P = A
A PC = force of concrete

P = C AC + S AS Ps = force of steel
P = (15)(61,695.75) + (125)(804.25)

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P = 925,436.25 + 100,531.25 = 1,025,967.50 N  1000
P = 1025.97 KN answer

Deformation of column

Pc L c (925436.25)(3000)

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ɣC = = = 1.88 mm answer
A c E c (61695.75)(24x10 3 )

or

PL (100531.25)(3000)
ɣS = s s = = 1.88 mm answer
A sEs (804.25)(200x10 3 )

EC Lazarte 8
 c l Notes in Strength of Materials

3. The bar ABCD is supported by a pin at B , an aluminum wire at A, and a copper wire at D. Calculate the
vertical displacement at load P.
Free Body Diagram:

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Copper PC
2
A = 500 mm
A B C D L = 3.50 m A B C D
E = 120 GPa
Aluminum
2
A = 600 mm
L = 4.50 m P = 50 KN PA
E = 70 GPa P = 50 KN

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5.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m 5.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m

Solution: Deformation Diagram:

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From FBD: PC

Take a moment at B ɣA
B C D
ΣMB = 0
0 = 50 KN (3.0 m) – PC (6.0 m) – PA (5.0 m) A ɣP ɣC

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PA (5) = 150 – PC (6.0 m)
PA
PA = 30 – 1.20PC ----------- equation 1
P = 50 KN
From the Deformation Diagram:
The blue line indicates the movement of bar ABCD
due to the application of load 5.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m

Using Ratio & Proportion:

γA γ From the Deformation Diagram:
= C

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The blue line indicates the movement of bar ABCD
5.0m 6.0m
due to the application of load
PL
ɣA (6) = ɣC (5) but ɣ =
AE Using Ratio & Proportion:
PA L A P L
(6) = C C (5) γP
= C
γ
A AEA A CE C

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3.0m 6.0m
PA (4500) PC (3500) ɣC (3) = ɣP (6)
(6) = (5)
(600)(70x10 3 ) (500)(120x10 3 ) (1.06)(3) = ɣP(6)
ɣP = 0.53 mm answer
–6 –6
642.86x10 PA = 291.67x10 PC
PA = 0.45PC ----------- equation 2

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Other solution:
Equate 1 = 2 PA = 0.45PC = 045(18.18) = 8.18 KN = 8180 N
30 – 1.20PC = 0.45PC P L (8180)(4500)
30 = 1.65PC ɣA = A A = = 0.88 mm
A A E A (600)(70x10 3 )
PC = 18.18 KN = 18180 N
γP γ
= A ɣA (3) = ɣP (5)
P L (18180)(3500) 3.0m 5.0m
ɣC = C C = = 1.06 mm (0.88)(3) = ɣP(5)
A C E C (500)(120x10 3 )
ɣP = 0.53 mm answer
EC Lazarte 9
 Problem Set – Module 2 Lesson 2

c l Notes in Strength of Materials

1. The bar ABCD is supported by a pin at A , a steel wire at B, and aluminum wire at D. Deterine the stress
in steel and aluminum.

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Steel Aluminum
A = 100 mm
2
A = 200 mm2
L = 1.50 m L = 1.50 m
E = 200 GPa E = 72 GPa

A
B C D
P = 80 KN

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1.50 m 1.25 m 0.75 m

2. The bar ABCD is supported by a pin at A , a steel wire at B, and a copper wire at C. Calculate the vertical
displacement at load P.

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e e c Steel
A = 300 mm
L = 2.50 m
E = 200 GPa

A
2

2.0 m
B

3.0 m
C
Copper
A = 600 mm
L = 3.50 m
E = 120 GPa

1.0 m
2

P = 50 KN

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3. Determine the stress developed in bronze and steel tube after the application of load P. Use EB = 83
GPa and ES = 200 GPa.

P = 50 KN

EC Lazarte e c Bronze
A = 6361.73 mm2
E = 83 GPa
L = 1.50 m
Steel Tube
A = 1492.26 mm
E = 200 GPa
L = 1.50 m

90 mm 100 mm
2

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 c l Notes in Strength of Materials

4. The bar ABCD is supported by a pin at C , an aluminum wire at A, and broze wire at B. Calculate the
vertical displacement at load P.

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2.0 m 2.0 m 3.0 m
A B C D
Aluminum
2
A = 500 mm Bronze
2
L = 3.50 m A = 300 mm P = 50 KN
E = 70 GPa L = 1.80 m
E = 83 GPa

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5. An aluminium tube is filled with concrete and used as column. Determine the deformation of the
column after the application of load P. Use EC = 16 GPa and EA = 70 GPa.

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e e c Conrete
S = 10 MPa
E = 16 GPa
A = 4417.86 mm2
L = 3.0 m
Aluminum Tube
S = 90 MPa
E = 70 GPa
A = 3436.12 mm
L = 3.0 m
2

6. The concrete circular column is reinforced by six pieces 16-mm diameter steel bars. The working
stresses for steel and concrete are 190 MPa and 18 MPa, respectively. Determine the largest axial force
P that can be safely applied to the column. Use Es = 200 GPa and Ec = 24 GPa.

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P

Conrete Steel Bar

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S = 18 MPa S = 190 MPa
E = 24 GPa E = 200 GPa
L = 3.0 m L = 3.0 m
2 2
A = 95,004.91 mm A = 1,206.37 mm

EC Lazarte e 16-mm diameter

Steel bar
350 mm

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