Unit - III

Working with Array

Contents:
Anatomy of an Array, Creating index based and Associative array,
Accessing array Element, Looping with Index based array, Looping
with associative array using foreach() Some useful Library function.

 Anatomy of an Array

 Arrays in PHP are a type of data structure that allows us to store multiple elements
of similar or different data types under a single variable thereby saving us the effort
of creating a different variable for every data.

 The arrays are helpful to create a list of elements of similar types, which can be
accessed using their index or key.

 Suppose we want to store five names and print them accordingly. This can be easily
done by the use of five different string variables. But if instead of five, the number
rises to a hundred, then it would be really difficult for the user or developer to
create so many different variables.

 Here array comes into play and helps us to store every element within a single
variable and also allows easy access using an index or a key.

 An array is a data structure that stores one or more data values having some relation
among them, in a single variable. For example, if you want to store the marks of 10
students in a class, then instead of defining 10 different variables, it’s easy to define
an array of 10 length.

 Arrays in PHP behave a little differently than the arrays in C, as PHP is a

dynamically typed language as against C which is a statically type language.

 An array in PHP is an ordered map that associates values to keys.

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 A PHP array can be used to implement different data structures such as a stack,
queue, list (vector), hash table, dictionary, etc.

 The value part of an array element can be other arrays. This fact can be used to
implement tree data structure and multidimensional arrays.

 An array is created using an array() function in PHP.

 There are two ways to declare an array in PHP. One is to use the built-in array()
function, and the other is to use a shorter syntax where the array elements are put
inside square brackets.

The array() Function

 The built-in array() function uses the parameters given to it and returns an object of
array type. One or more comma-separated parameters are the elements in the array

Syntax : array(mixed ...$values): array

 Each value in the parenthesis may be either a singular value (it may be a number,
string, any object or even another array), or a key-value pair. The association
between the key and its value is denoted by the "=>" symbol.

Example :

$arr1 = array(10, "asd", 1.55, true);

$arr2 = array("one"=>1, "two"=>2, "three"=>3);
$arr3 = array(
array(10, 20, 30),
array("Ten", "Twenty", "Thirty"),
array("physics"=>70, "chemistry"=>80, "maths"=>90)
);

Using Square Brackets [ ]

 Instead of the array() function, the comma-separated array elements may also be put
inside the square brackets to declare an array object.

 In this case too, the elements may be singular values or a string or another array.

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Example :

$arr1 = [10, "asd", 1.55, true];

$arr2 = ["one"=>1, "two"=>2, "three"=>3];

$arr3 = [ [10, 20, 30],

["Ten", "Twenty", "Thirty"],
["physics"=>70, "chemistry"=>80, "maths"=>90] ];

Types of Array in PHP

◦ Indexed or Numeric Arrays: An array with a numeric index where values

are stored linearly.

◦ Associative Arrays: An array with a string index where instead of linear

storage, each value can be assigned a specific key.
◦ Multidimensional Arrays: An array that contains a single or multiple
arrays within it and can be accessed via multiple indices.

1. Indexed or Numeric Arrays :

 These type of arrays can be used to store any type of element, but an index is
always a number.

 By default, the index starts at zero. These arrays can be created in two different
ways.

Example_1 : Examples of Indexed or Numeric Arrays

<?php
// One way to create an indexed array
$name_one = array("ABC", "EFG", "XYZ", "KLM", "MNO");
// Accessing the elements directly
echo "Accessing the 1st array elements directly:\n";
echo $name_one[2], "\n";
echo $name_one[0], "\n";

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 echo $name_one[4], "\n";
// Second way to create an indexed array
$name_two[0] = "ABC";
$name_two[1] = "EFG";
$name_two[2] = "XYZ";
$name_two[3] = "KLM";
$name_two[4] = "MNO";
// Accessing the elements directly
echo "Accessing the 2nd array elements directly:\n";
echo $name_two[2], "\n";
echo $name_two[0], "\n";
echo $name_two[4], "\n";
?>
Example_2 : Traverse an indexed array using loops in
PHP.

<?php
// Creating an indexed array
$name_one = array("ABC", "EFG", "XYZ", "KLM",
"MNO");

// One way of Looping through an array using foreach

echo "Looping using foreach: \n";
foreach ($name_one as $val)
{
echo $val. "\n";
}
// count() function is used to count
// the number of elements in an array
$round = count($name_one);
echo "\nThe number of elements are $round \n";
// Another way to loop through the array using for
echo "Looping using for: \n";

4
 for($n = 0; $n < $round; $n++)
{
echo $name_one[$n], "\n";
}
?>

2. Associative Arraays:

 These types of arrays are similar to the indexed arrays but instead of linear
storage, every value can be assigned with a user-defined key of string type.

Example_1 : Examples of Associative Arrays

<?php
// One way to create an associative array
$name_one = array("Zack"=>"Zara", "Anthony"=>"Any",
"Ram"=>"Rani", "Salim"=>"Sara",
Raghav"=>"Ravina");

// Second way to create an associative array

$name_two["zack"] = "zara";
$name_two["anthony"] = "any";
$name_two["ram"] = "rani";
$name_two["salim"] = "sara";
$name_two["raghav"] = "ravina";

// Accessing the elements directly

echo "Accessing the elements directly:\n";
echo $name_two["zack"], "\n";
echo $name_two["salim"], "\n";
echo $name_two["anthony"], "\n";
echo $name_one["Ram"], "\n";
echo $name_one["Raghav"], "\n";
?>

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 Example_2 : We can traverse associative arrays in a similar way
did in numeric arrays using loops.

<?php
// Creating an Associative Array
$name_one = [
"Zack" => "Zara",
"Anthony" => "Any",
"Ram" => "Rani",
"Salim" => "Sara",
"Raghav" => "Ravina",
];
// Looping through an array using foreach
echo "Looping using foreach: \n";
foreach ($name_one as $val => $val_value)
{
echo "Husband is " . $val . " and Wife is " . $val_value . "\n";
}
// Looping through an array using for
echo "\nLooping using for: \n";
$keys = array_keys($name_one);
$round = count($name_one);
for ($i = 0; $i < $round; ++$i)
{
echo $keys[$i] . " " . $name_one[$keys[$i]] . "\n";
}
?>
3. Multidimensional Arrays:

 Multi-dimensional arrays are such arrays that store another array at each index
instead of a single element.

 In other words, we can define multi-dimensional arrays as an array of arrays. As

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 the name suggests, every element in this array can be an array and they can also
hold other sub-arrays within.

 Arrays or sub-arrays in multidimensional arrays can be accessed using multiple

dimensions.

Example_1 : Example of Multidimensional Arrays

<?php
// Defining a multidimensional array
$favorites = array(
array(
"name" => "Dave Punk",
"mob" => "5689741523",
"email" => "davepunk@gmail.com",
),
array(
"name" => "Monty Smith",
"mob" => "2584369721",
"email" => "montysmith@gmail.com",
),
array(
"name" => "John Flinch",
"mob" => "9875147536",
"email" => "johnflinch@gmail.com",
)
);
// Accessing elements
echo "Dave Punk email-id is: " . $favorites[0]["email"], "\n";
echo "John Flinch mobile number is: " . $favorites[2]["mob"];
?>
 Accessing array Element:

 To access an array item, you can refer to the index number for indexed arrays, and

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 the key name for associative arrays.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo $cars[2];
?>
</body>
</html>

 To access items from an associative array, use the key name:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$cars = array("brand" => "Ford", "model" => "Mustang",
"year" => 1964);
echo $cars["year"];
?>
</body>
</html>

 Excecute a Function Item

Array items can be of any data type, including function.

To execute such a function, use the index number followed by parentheses

():

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php

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 function myFunction()
{
echo "I come from a function!";
}
$myArr = array("Volvo", 15, myFunction);
$myArr[2]();
?>
</body>
</html>

 Loop Through an Associative Array

To loop through and print all the values of an associative array, you can use
a foreach loop, like this:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$car = array("brand"=>"Ford","model"=>"Mustang",
"year"=>1964);
foreach ($car as $x => $y)
{
echo "$x: $y <br>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
 Looping with Index based array

To loop through and print all the values of an indexed array, you can use a
foreach loop

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

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 <body>

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
foreach ($cars as $x)
{
echo "$x <br>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
 Looping with associative array using foreach()

 The foreach() method is used to loop through the elements in an indexed or

associative array. It can also be used to iterate over objects. This allows you to run
blocks of code for each element.

Syntax of PHP foreach():

 The foreach() method has two syntaxes,

one for each type of array.

The syntax for indexed arrays is as given in the following code

block:

foreach (iterable as $value)

statement

The syntax for associative arrays:

foreach (iterable as $key => $value)

statement

 Here, “Iterable” is the required parameter. It is the array or the variable

containing the array. “$value” is a variable that stores the current element in each
iteration.

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 Associated array, uses keys and values, and hence the $key & $values in the
second syntax represent the same accordingly.

Example : foreach() function works on an indexed array

<?php

$flexiple = array("Hire", "top", "freelance", "developers");

foreach ($flexiple as $value)

{
echo "$value <br>";
}
?>

Output:

Hire
Top
Freelance
developers

 Example : foreach() function works on an associative array

<?php
$freelancer = array(
"name" => "Eric",
"email" => "Eric@gmail.com",
"age" => 22,
"gender" => "male"
);

// Loop through employee array

foreach($freelancer as $key => $value)

{
echo $key . ": " . $value . "<br>";
}
?>

Output :

name: Eric
email: Eric@gmail.com
age: 22

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 gender: male

 Some useful Library function.

 The array functions allow you to access and manipulate arrays.

 Simple and multi-dimensional arrays are supported.

Function Description
array() Creates an array
array_change_key_cas
Changes all keys in an array to lowercase or uppercase
e()
array_chunk() Splits an array into chunks of arrays
array_column() Returns the values from a single column in the input array
Creates an array by using the elements from one "keys" array
array_combine()
and one "values" array
array_count_values() Counts all the values of an array
Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare values
array_diff()
only)
Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys and
array_diff_assoc()
values)
array_diff_key() Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys only)
Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys and
array_diff_uassoc()
values, using a user-defined key comparison function)
Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys only,
array_diff_ukey()
using a user-defined key comparison function)
array_fill() Fills an array with values
array_fill_keys() Fills an array with values, specifying keys
array_filter() Filters the values of an array using a callback function
array_flip() Flips/Exchanges all keys with their associated values in an array
array_intersect() Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare values only)
Compare arrays and returns the matches (compare keys and
array_intersect_assoc()
values)
array_intersect_key() Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys only)
array_intersect_uassoc Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys and
() values, using a user-defined key comparison function)
Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys only,
array_intersect_ukey()
using a user-defined key comparison function)
array_key_exists() Checks if the specified key exists in the array
array_keys() Returns all the keys of an array
Sends each value of an array to a user-made function, which
array_map()
returns new values
array_merge() Merges one or more arrays into one array

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array_merge_recursive
Merges one or more arrays into one array recursively
()
array_multisort() Sorts multiple or multi-dimensional arrays
Inserts a specified number of items, with a specified value, to an
array_pad()
array
array_pop() Deletes the last element of an array
array_product() Calculates the product of the values in an array
array_push() Inserts one or more elements to the end of an array
array_rand() Returns one or more random keys from an array
array_reduce() Returns an array as a string, using a user-defined function
Replaces the values of the first array with the values from
array_replace()
following arrays
array_replace_recursiv Replaces the values of the first array with the values from
e() following arrays recursively
array_reverse() Returns an array in the reverse order
array_search() Searches an array for a given value and returns the key
Removes the first element from an array, and returns the value of
array_shift()
the removed element
array_slice() Returns selected parts of an array
array_splice() Removes and replaces specified elements of an array
array_sum() Returns the sum of the values in an array
Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare values
array_udiff()
only, using a user-defined key comparison function)
Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys and
array_udiff_assoc() values, using a built-in function to compare the keys and a user-
defined function to compare the values)
Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys and
array_udiff_uassoc()
values, using two user-defined key comparison functions)
Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare values only,
array_uintersect()
using a user-defined key comparison function)
Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys and
array_uintersect_assoc
values, using a built-in function to compare the keys and a user-
()
defined function to compare the values)
array_uintersect_uasso Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys and
c() values, using two user-defined key comparison functions)
array_unique() Removes duplicate values from an array
array_unshift() Adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array
array_values() Returns all the values of an array
array_walk() Applies a user function to every member of an array
array_walk_recursive() Applies a user function recursively to every member of an array
Sorts an associative array in descending order, according to the
arsort()
value
Sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the
asort()
value

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 compact() Create array containing variables and their values
count() Returns the number of elements in an array
current() Returns the current element in an array
Deprecated from PHP 7.2. Returns the current key and value
each()
pair from an array
end() Sets the internal pointer of an array to its last element
extract() Imports variables into the current symbol table from an array
in_array() Checks if a specified value exists in an array
key() Fetches a key from an array
Sorts an associative array in descending order, according to the
krsort()
key
Sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the
ksort()
key
list() Assigns variables as if they were an array
natcasesort() Sorts an array using a case insensitive "natural order" algorithm
natsort() Sorts an array using a "natural order" algorithm
next() Advance the internal array pointer of an array
pos() Alias of current()
prev() Rewinds the internal array pointer
range() Creates an array containing a range of elements
reset() Sets the internal pointer of an array to its first element
rsort() Sorts an indexed array in descending order
shuffle() Shuffles an array
sizeof() Alias of count()
sort() Sorts an indexed array in ascending order
Sorts an array by values using a user-defined comparison
uasort()
function and maintains the index association
uksort() Sorts an array by keys using a user-defined comparison function
Sorts an array by values using a user-defined comparison
usort()
function

Creating Arrays

1. array()
The array() function is used to create an array.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
echo "Fruits: ";

14
foreach ($fruits as $fruit) {
echo $fruit . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Fruits: apple banana cherry

2. array_combine()
The array_combine() function creates a new array by combining two arrays where
one array provides keys and the other provides values.
Example:
<?php
$keys = array("a", "b", "c");
$values = array(1, 2, 3);
$combined = array_combine($keys, $values);
echo "Combined Array: ";
foreach ($combined as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
Combined Array: [a => 1] [b => 2] [c => 3]

3. array_chunk()
array_chunk() splits an array into bits of a specified size and returns a multi-
dimensional array with those bits.
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8);
$chunks = array_chunk($numbers, 3);
echo "Chunks of Array: ";
foreach ($chunks as $chunk) {
echo "[" . implode(", ", $chunk) . "] ";

15
}
?>
Output:
Chunks of Array: [1, 2, 3] [4, 5, 6] [7, 8]

4. compact()
The compact() function creates an array by using variables as keys and their values as
the corresponding array values.
Example:
<?php
$name = "John";
$age = 30;
$info = compact("name", "age");
echo "Info Array: ";
foreach ($info as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
Info Array: [name => John] [age => 30]

5. range()
range() generates an array containing a start and an end value, with optional step
increments.
Example:
<?php
$even_numbers = range(2, 10, 2);;
echo "Even Numbers: ";
foreach ($even_numbers as $number) {
echo $number . " ";
}
?>
Output:

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Even Numbers: 2 4 6 8 10

6. list()
The list() function is used to assign values to a list of variables from an array. It's often
used in conjunction with functions like explode() or preg_match() to extract values
from arrays easily.
Example:
<?php
$info = array("John", "Doe", 30);
list($first_name, $last_name, $age) = $info;
echo "First Name: " . $first_name . "; ";
echo "Last Name: " . $last_name . "; ";
echo "Age: " . $age . "; ";
?>
Output:
First Name: John Last Name: Doe Age: 30

7. array_fill()
array_fill() creates an array with a specified number of elements, each having the
same value.
Example:
<?php
$filledArray = array_fill(0, 3, "hello");
echo "Filled Array: ";
foreach ($filledArray as $item) {
echo $item . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Filled Array: hello hello hello

8. array_fill_keys()
array_fill_keys() creates an array using specified keys and the same value for each
key.

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Example:
<?php
$keys = array("a", "b", "c");
$filledArray = array_fill_keys($keys, "hello");
echo "Filled Array with Keys: ";
foreach ($filledArray as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
Filled Array with Keys: [a => hello] [b => hello] [c => hello]

9. array_flip()
array_flip() flips the keys and values of an array, creating a new array where the
original values become keys, and the original keys become values.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$flipped = array_flip($fruits);
echo "Flipped Array: ";
foreach ($flipped as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
Flipped Array: [apple => 0] [banana => 1] [cherry => 2]

10. array_slice()
array_slice() extracts a portion of an array based on a starting index and length,
creating a new array containing the selected elements.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry", "date", "fig");

18
$slice = array_slice($fruits, 1, 3);
echo "Sliced Array: ";
foreach ($slice as $item) {
echo $item . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Sliced Array: banana cherry date

Comparing Arrays
11. array_diff()
array_diff() calculates the difference between two or more arrays and returns an array
containing the values that are present in the first array but not in the other arrays.
Example:
<?php
$arr1 = array("a", "b", "c");
$arr2 = array("b", "c", "d");
$difference = array_diff($arr1, $arr2);
echo "Array Difference: ";
foreach ($difference as $item) {
echo $item . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Array Difference: a

12. array_diff_key()
array_diff_key() computes the difference of arrays using keys for comparison and
returns an array containing values from the first array whose keys are not present in the
other arrays.
Example:
<?php
$arr1 = array("a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3);

19
$arr2 = array("b" => 2, "c" => 4, "d" => 5);
$difference = array_diff_key($arr1, $arr2);
echo "Array Difference by Key: ";
foreach ($difference as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
Array Difference by Key: [a => 1]

13. array_diff_assoc()
array_diff_assoc() computes the difference of arrays with an additional index check.
Example:
<?php
$arr1 = array("a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3);
$arr2 = array("b" => 2, "c" => 4, "d" => 5);
$difference = array_diff_assoc($arr1, $arr2);
echo "Array Difference (assoc): ";
foreach ($difference as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
Array Difference (assoc): [a => 1] [c => 3]

14. array_intersect()
The array_intersect() function calculates the intersection of two or more arrays and
returns an array containing values that are present in all input arrays.
Example:
<?php
$arr1 = array("a", "b", "c");
$arr2 = array("b", "c", "d");

20
$intersection = array_intersect($arr1, $arr2);
echo "Array Intersection: ";
foreach ($intersection as $item) {
echo $item . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Array Intersection: b c

15. array_intersect_assoc()
array_intersect_assoc() computes the intersection of arrays with an additional index
check, comparing both values and keys.
Example:
<?php
$arr1 = array("a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3);
$arr2 = array("b" => 2, "c" => 4, "d" => 5);
$intersection = array_intersect_assoc($arr1, $arr2);
echo "Array Intersection (assoc): ";
foreach ($intersection as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
Array Intersection (assoc): [b => 2]

16. array_intersect_key()
array_intersect_key() computes the intersection of arrays using keys for comparison
and returns an array containing values from the first array that have matching keys in
the other arrays.
Example:
<?php
$arr1 = array("a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3);
$arr2 = array("b" => 2, "c" => 4, "d" => 5);

21
$intersection = array_intersect_key($arr1, $arr2);
echo "Array Intersection by Key: ";
foreach ($intersection as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
Array Intersection by Key: [b => 2] [c => 3]

17. array_key_exists()
array_key_exists() checks if a specified key exists and returns true if the key is
found, and false otherwise.
Example:
<?php
$person = array("name" => "John", "age" => 30, "country" => "USA");
$exists = array_key_exists("age", $person);
echo "Key 'age' Exists: " . ($exists ? "Yes" : "No");
?>
Output:
Key 'age' Exists: Yes

18. in_array()
The in_array() function checks if a specified value exists in an array. It returns true if
the value is found, and false if otherwise.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$result = in_array("banana", $fruits);
echo "Value 'banana' Exists: " . ($result ? "Yes" : "No");
?>
Output:
Value 'banana' Exists: Yes

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19. array_search
array_search() looks for a value in an array and returns the corresponding key if the
value is found. If the value is not found, it returns false.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$key = array_search("banana", $fruits);
echo "Key for 'banana': " . $key;
?>
Output:
Key for 'banana': 1

20. array_count_values()
The array_count_values() function counts the frequency of values in an array and
returns an associative array where the keys are the unique values from the input array.
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3);
$counted = array_count_values($numbers);
echo "Counted Values: ";
foreach ($counted as $value => $count) {
echo "$value: $count, ";
}
?>
Output:
Counted Values: 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3,

Modifying Arrays
21. array_merge()
The array_merge() function merges two or more arrays into a single array.
Example:
<?php
$arr1 = array("a", "b");

23
$arr2 = array("c", "d");
$merged = array_merge($arr1, $arr2);
echo "Merged Array: ";
foreach ($merged as $item) {
echo $item . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Merged Array: a b c d

22. array_merge_recursive()
array_merge_recursive() is used to merge multidimensional arrays.
Example:
<?php
$arr1 = array("a" => "apple", "b" => "banana");
$arr2 = array("b" => "blueberry", "c" => "cherry");
$merged = array_merge_recursive($arr1, $arr2);
echo "Merged Array (Recursive): ";
foreach ($merged as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
["a" => "apple", "b" => ["banana", "blueberry"], "c" => "cherry"]

23. array_replace()
array_replace() replaces the values of the first array with the values from the second
array for matching keys.
Example:
<?php
$arr1 = array("a" => "apple", "b" => "banana");
$arr2 = array("b" => "blueberry", "c" => "cherry");
$replaced = array_replace($arr1, $arr2);

24
echo "Replaced Array: ";
foreach ($replaced as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
Replaced Array: [a => apple] [b => blueberry] [c => cherry]

24. array_push()
array_push() adds one or more elements to the end of an array.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana");
array_push($fruits, "cherry", "date");
echo "Updated Array: ";
foreach ($fruits as $fruit) {
echo $fruit . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Updated Array: apple banana cherry date

25. array_reduce()
array_reduce() reduces an array to a single value using a callback function.
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
$sum = array_reduce($numbers, function ($carry, $item) {
return $carry + $item;
});
echo "Sum of Numbers: " . $sum;
?>

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Output:
Sum of Numbers: 15

26. array_pop()
The array_pop() function removes and returns the last element from an array.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$lastFruit = array_pop($fruits);
echo "Last Fruit Removed: " . $lastFruit;
?>
Output:
Last Fruit Removed: cherry

27. array_shift()
The array_shift() function removes and returns the first element from an array.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$firstFruit = array_shift($fruits);
echo "First Fruit Removed: " . $firstFruit;
?>
Output:
First Fruit Removed: apple

28. array_unshift()
array_unshift() adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("banana", "cherry");
array_unshift($fruits, "apple", "date");
echo "Updated Array: ";
foreach ($fruits as $fruit) {

26
echo $fruit . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Updated Array: apple date banana cherry

29. arsort()
arsort() sorts an associative array in descending order, preserving key-value
associations.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("banana" => 2, "cherry" => 1, "apple" => 3); arsort($fruits);
echo "Sorted Array (Reverse): ";
foreach ($fruits as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
Sorted Array (Reverse): [apple => 3] [banana => 2] [cherry => 1]

30. asort()
asort() sorts an associative array in ascending order.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("banana" => 2, "cherry" => 1, "apple" => 3); asort($fruits);;
echo "Sorted Array: ";
foreach ($fruits as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
Sorted Array: [cherry => 1] [banana => 2] [apple => 3]

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31. rsort()
rsort() sorts an indexed array in descending order.
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(5, 3, 1, 4, 2);
rsort($numbers);
echo "Reverse Sorted Numbers: ";
foreach ($numbers as $number) {
echo $number . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Reverse Sorted Numbers: 5 4 3 2 1

32. usort()
usort() sorts an indexed array using a user-defined comparison function.
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(5, 3, 1, 4, 2);
usort($numbers, function($a, $b) {
return $a - $b;
});
echo "Sorted Numbers (User-Defined): ";
foreach ($numbers as $number) {
echo $number . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Sorted Numbers (User-Defined): 1 2 3 4 5

33. array_multisort()
array_multisort() performs a multi-dimensional sorting of an array.

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Example:
<?php
$names = array("John", "Alice", "Bob");
$ages = array(30, 25, 35);
array_multisort($names, $ages);
echo "Sorted Names: ";
foreach ($names as $name) {
echo $name . " ";
}
echo "; ";
echo "Sorted Ages: ";
foreach ($ages as $age) {
echo $age . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Sorted Names: Alice Bob John ; Sorted Ages: 25 35 30

34. shuffle()
shuffle() randomly shuffles the elements of an array.
Example:
<?php
$cards = array("A", "2", "3", "4", "5");
shuffle($cards);
echo "Shuffled Cards: ";
foreach ($cards as $card) {
echo $card . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Shuffled Cards: 5 2 3 A 4

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35. natsort()
This function sorts an array using a "natural order" algorithm, which is useful for
sorting arrays with numbers.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple10", "apple2", "apple1");
natsort($fruits);
echo "Naturally Sorted Fruits: ";
foreach ($fruits as $fruit) {
echo $fruit . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Naturally Sorted Fruits: apple1 apple2 apple10

36. array_filter()
array_filter() filters the elements of an array using a callback function and returns a
new array containing only the elements that pass the callback's test.
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
$filtered = array_filter($numbers, function($n) {
return $n % 2 == 0; // Filter even numbers.
});
echo "Filtered Numbers (Even): ";
foreach ($filtered as $number) {
echo $number . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Filtered Numbers (Even): 2 4

30
37. array_pad()
array_pad() pads an array to a specified length with a specified value.
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(1, 2, 3);
$padded = array_pad($numbers, 5, 0);
echo "Padded Numbers: ";
foreach ($padded as $number) {
echo $number . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Padded Numbers: 1 2 3 0 0

38. array_map()
array_map() applies a callback function to each element of an array and returns a new
array containing the results of the callback function for each element.
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
$squared = array_map(function($n) {
return $n * $n;
}, $numbers);
echo "Squared Numbers: ";
foreach ($squared as $number) {
echo $number . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Squared Numbers: 1 4 9 16 25

31
39. array_change_key_case()
This function changes the case of keys in an array to either lowercase or uppercase.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple" => 2, "Banana" => 3, "CHERRY" => 1);
$lowercaseKeys = array_change_key_case($fruits, CASE_LOWER);
echo "Array with Lowercase Keys: ";
foreach ($lowercaseKeys as $key => $value) {
echo "[$key => $value] ";
}
?>
Output:
Array with Lowercase Keys: [apple => 2] [banana => 3] [cherry => 1]

40. array_reverse()
The reverse array function reverses the order of elements in an array.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$reversed = array_reverse($fruits);
echo "Reversed Fruits: ";
foreach ($reversed as $fruit) {
echo $fruit . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Reversed Fruits: cherry banana apple

41. array_splice()
array_splice() removes a portion of an array and replaces it with new elements. It can
also return the removed elements as a new array.
Example:

32
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry", "date", "fig");
$removed = array_splice($fruits, 2, 2, array("grape", "kiwi"));
echo "Updated Fruits: ";
foreach ($fruits as $fruit) {
echo $fruit . " ";
}
echo "; ";
echo "Removed Fruits: ";
foreach ($removed as $fruit) {
echo $fruit . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Updated Fruits: apple banana grape kiwi fig ; Removed Fruits: cherry date

42. array_unique()
array_unique() removes duplicate values from an array and returns a new array with
only the unique values.
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 5, 5);
$uniqueNumbers = array_unique($numbers);;
echo "Unique Numbers: ";
foreach ($uniqueNumbers as $number) {
echo $number . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Unique Numbers: 1 2 3 4 5

33
43. array_walk()
array_walk() applies a user-defined callback function to each element of an array.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
array_walk($fruits, function(&$value) {
$value = strtoupper($value);
});
echo "Modified Fruits: ";
foreach ($fruits as $fruit) {
echo $fruit . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Modified Fruits: APPLE BANANA CHERRY

Array Calculations & Returns

44. array_keys()
array_keys() returns all the keys or a subset of keys from an associative array.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple" => 2, "banana" => 3, "cherry" => 1);
$keys = array_keys($fruits);
echo "Array Keys: ";
foreach ($keys as $key) {
echo $key . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Array Keys: apple banana cherry

34
45. array_column()
array_column() extracts the values from a single column of a multi-dimensional array
and returns an array containing those values.
Example:
<?php
$people = array(
array("name" => "John", "age" => 30),
array("name" => "Alice", "age" => 25),
array("name" => "Bob", "age" => 35)
);
$names = array_column($people, "name");
echo "Names: ";
foreach ($names as $name) {
echo $name . " ";
}
?>
Output:
Names: John Alice Bob

46. array_rand()
array_rand() returns one or more random keys from an array.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry", "date", "fig");
$randomKey = array_rand($fruits);
echo "Random Key: " . $randomKey;
?>
Output:
Random Key: 4

47. array_product()
This function calculates the product of all the values in an array.

35
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
$product = array_product($numbers);
echo "Product of Numbers: " . $product;
?>
Output:
Product of Numbers: 120

48. array_sum()
array_sum() calculates the sum of all the values in an array.
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
$sum = array_sum($numbers);
echo "Sum of Numbers: " . $sum;
?>
Output:
Sum of Numbers: 15

49. count()
count() returns the number of elements in an array.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$count = count($fruits);
echo "Number of Fruits: " . $count;
?>
Output:
Number of Fruits: 3

50. current()
current() returns the current element's value in an array.

36
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$current = current($fruits);
echo "Current Fruit: " . $current;
?>
Output:
Current Fruit: apple

51. key()
key() returns the current element's key in an array.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$key = key($fruits);
echo "Current Key: " . $key;
?>
Output:
Current Key: 0

52. extract()
The extract function imports variables into the current symbol table from an
associative array, using the array keys as variable names and values as variable values.
Example:
<?php
$person = array("name" => "John", "age" => 30);
extract($person);
echo "Name: " . $name . ", Age: " . $age;
?>
Output:
Name: John, Age: 30

37
53. next()
This function advances the internal pointer of an array to the next element and returns
that element's value.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$nextFruit = next($fruits);
echo "Next Fruit: " . $nextFruit;
?>
Output:
Next Fruit: banana

54. prev()
prev() moves the internal pointer of an array to the previous element and returns that
element's value.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
end($fruits);
$prevFruit = prev($fruits);
echo "Previous Fruit: " . $prevFruit;
?>
Output:
Previous Fruit: banana

55. end()
end() moves the internal pointer of an array to the last element and returns that
element's value.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$lastFruit = end($fruits);
echo "Last Fruit: " . $lastFruit;

38
?>
Output:
Last Fruit: cherry

56. reset()
reset() moves the internal pointer of an array to the first element and returns that
element's value.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$firstFruit = reset($fruits);
echo "First Fruit: " . $firstFruit;
?>
Output:
First Fruit: apple

57. each()
each() returns the current key-value pair from an array and advances the internal
pointer to the next element. Note: This function has been removed in PHP versions 7.2
and later – try using foreach instead.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");
$pair = each($fruits);
echo "Key: " . $pair['key'] . ", Value: " . $pair['value'];
?>
Output:
Key: 0, Value: apple
Key: 1, Value: banana
Key: 2, Value: cherry

58. file()
file() reads an entire file into an array, with each line of the file as an element in the
array.

39
Example:
<?php
$lines = file("example.txt");
foreach ($lines as $line) {
echo $line . "\n";
}
?>
Output:
$lines is an array with each line of the file as an element

PHP Array Constants

59. SORT_ASC
This constant specifies ascending order.
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(5, 3, 1, 4, 2);
sort($numbers, SORT_ASC);
foreach ($numbers as $number) {
echo $number . " ";
}
?>
Output:
12345

60. SORT_DESC
This constant specifies descending order.
Example:
<?php
$numbers = array(5, 3, 1, 4, 2);
rsort($numbers, SORT_DESC);
foreach ($numbers as $number) {
echo $number . " ";

40
}
?>
Output:
54321

61. SORT_NUMERIC
This constant indicates that elements should be treated as numeric values when sorting.
It ensures that the values are compared numerically rather than as strings.
Example:
<?php
$values = array("10", "2", "25", "7");
sort($values, SORT_NUMERIC);
foreach ($values as $value) {
echo $value . " ";
}
?>
Output:
2 7 10 25

62. SORT_REGULAR
This constant indicates that elements should be compared in their original data types
without any special treatment as numbers or strings.
Example:
<?php
$values = array("10", "2", "25", "7");
sort($values, SORT_REGULAR);
foreach ($values as $value) {
echo $value . " ";
}
?>
Output:
2 7 10 25

41
 63. CASE_LOWER
This constant specifies that keys should be converted to lowercase.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("Apple" => "red", "Banana" => "yellow");
$lowercaseKeys = array_change_key_case($fruits, CASE_LOWER);
foreach ($lowercaseKeys as $key => $value) {
echo "Key: " . $key . ", Value: " . $value . "\n";
}
?>
Output:
Key: apple, Value: red
Key: banana, Value: yellow

64. CASE_UPPER
This constant specifies that keys should be converted to uppercase.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array("apple" => "red", "banana" => "yellow");
$uppercaseKeys = array_change_key_case($fruits, CASE_UPPER);
foreach ($uppercaseKeys as $key => $value) {
echo "Key: " . $key . ", Value: " . $value . "\n";
}
?>
Output:
Key: APPLE, Value: red
Key: BANANA, Value: yellow

References:

 https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays_indexed.asp

42
 https://www.javatpoint.com/php-indexed-array

 https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-php-arrays-and-loops/modules/learn-php-
arrays/cheatsheet

 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/iterate-associative-array-using-foreach-loop-in-php/

 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-loop-through-an-associative-array-and-get-
the-key-in-php/

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