Sinusoidal Oscillators
14.23
FEW EXAMPLES
Example 1. The tuned collector oscillator circuit 1sed in the local oscillator of raaio
receiver makes use of an LC tuned circuit with L=58-6 uH and C = 300pF.
frequency of oscillation. Calculare tr
Given that L =58-6 uH = 58-6 x1o-6 Hand C=300pF =300 x
10 *F.
Frequency of oscillation f= 2 T VLC
1
f= Hz
2x 3-14 x VI(58-6 x 106) (300 × 10 2)}
= 1199 x. 10° Hz =1199 KHz
Example 2. A tuned collector oscillator in radio receiver has a fixed inductance of
60uH and has to be tunable 0ver the frequencu band of 400 to 1200kHz. Find the range
of variable capacitor to be used.
1
We know that, f= 2n V(L C)
1
C=
4nfL
1
When f= 400 kHz, C =
4 1² (400 x 10 x (60 x 10)
2640pF
1
When f= 1200 kHz, C = 4 r (1200× 10) x (60 x 10)
= 292 pF
required is 292 to 2640 pF.
Hence the capacitor range resonant
resonant circuit of atuned collector transistor oscillator hasa
Example 3. The increased by 50%, calculate the
new
the value of capacitance is
freguency of 5 MHz. If
resonant frequency.
We know that f21 N(LC)
1 .(1)
In first case 5 x 10 = 2 n V(LC)
capacitance becomes 1-5 C. Hence
thecapacity is increased by 50%, the new
When
1 ...(2)
In second case Jo 2 T V{L (1-5 C))
Dividing eq. (2) by eq.
(1), we get
5 x 106
5 x 10 = VI or f, = V1-5
f,= 4-08 MHz
14.24 Electronic Devices and Circuits
Example 4. Find the operating frequency of a transistor Hartley oscillator if
LË=100 uH, L2 =1mH, mutual inductance between the coils M=20 uH and C=20 pE
In case of Hartley oscillator
1
f= 2T VL, + L, + 2M) C
Substituting the given values, we get
1 1
f= 2x3-14
X
VI(100 +1000 +2x 20) 106x (20 x 102))
1 = 1052 KHz
=
2 x 3-14
V(1140 x 10- 6 (20 x 10 )
Example 5. AHartley oscillator is designed with Li = 2mH, L2 = 20 uH and a
variable capacitance. Determine the range of capacitance vales, if the frequency of
0scillation is varied between 950 and 2050 kHz.
Let C, be the value of capacitancerequired for a frequency of 950 kHz and C,,
the value of capacitance required for a frequency of 2050 kHz. Now, we have
1
950 x 10 =
2r V(L, +Lz)C]
1
or 950x 10 =
2x3-14x V[(2x 10) + (20x 10 ")]C,
Solving we get, C = 13:9 x 10 F = 13-9 pF
Similarly, 2050 x 1O 2x3-14 xV[(2x 10)+ (20 x 10-)] C,
Solving, we get,C, = 2:98 x 10 "F = 2.98 pF
Example 6. Find the operating frequency of a transistor Collpitt's oscillator if
C1=0-001 uF, C2 =0-01 uF and L=15 uH.
For Collpitt's oscillator
1 V(G +C))
f= 2T
1 (0-001 + 0-01) 10o
2x3-14"l15x 10) (0-001 x10 )(0-01 x 10°)|
= 1361 >x 10 Hz =1361 KHz
Example 7. A Colpitt'soscillator has acoil with inductance of 120 uH, C1 = 300 pF
and C2 =1200 PF. Find frequency of oscillationsand minimum gain required for ampltjr
to have sUStained oscillations.
1
In Colpitt's oscillator, f = 2T NL Co
Sinusoidal Oscillators 14.25
where Cy =
C, +C
Now C = (300 x 10) (1200>x 10) = 240 x 10 12 farad
(300 x 102) +(1200 x 102)
1
f= = 0:9378 x 10° Hz
27 V(120x 10) (240 ×10 2)
= 937-8 kHz
Minimunm gain required should be
1200 pF
|A, | 2 300 pF
= 4
Example 8. Acolpitts oscillator is designed with C1 = 100 pF and C2 = 7500 p. Ihe
inductance is variable. Determine the range of inductance values, if the frequency Þf
oscillation isto vary between 950kHz and 2050 kHz.
1
In case of colpitt'soscillator, f = VLC
where
C+C2
Let L, be the value of inductance required for a frequency of 950 kHz and L,
the value of inductance required for frequency 2050 x 10 Hz.
(100x 10 )x (7500 x 102) F
Here (100 x 10 ) + (7500 × 10 2)
=98-68x 1012
1
Now, 950 × 10 = 2x3-14 x V[L,x (98-68 x 10 2)
Solving, we get, L =284 x 10° H = 284 uH
1
Similarly, 2050 x 10' = 2x3-14 x V[L, x (98-68 x 102]
= 61 x 10°H = 61 uH
Example 9. In a transistor Colpitts oscillator, L = 100
uH, CI = 0-01 F,
feedback fraction,
C2 = 0-001 uF and C = 10uF. Determine ()operating frequency, (ii)
resistance Re if R = 2.5 kQ
(iii)minimum gain tosustain oscillations and (iv) emitter
1
() Operating frequency, f = 2T |LC,C;
1 (0-01 x 10 )+ (0-001 x 10 °)
(100 x 10) x (0-01 x 10 )x (0-001 x 10)
Solving we get
f= 528 kHz
14.26 Electronic Devices and Circuits
(ii) Feedback fraction -B h, (C/C)
0-001 x 10 6
- 0.1
(0-01 x106
(iii) Minimum gain to sustain oscillations
1 1
Amin = 10
01
(iv) Amn = R/R, or R, = R,/Amin
2-5 x 10
R, = = 250 2.
10
Example 10. The RC network of Wein bridge oscillator consists of resistors and
capacitors of values R = 220 KQ and C = 250 pF. Determine the frequency of oscillations.
Incase of Wein bridge oscillator
1 1
f= 2 RC 2 x 3-14 x (220 x 10) (250 x 10 )
= 2893-6 Hz = 2:89 kHz
Example 11. The a.c. equivalent circuit of acrystal has these values: L =1 H,C= 0-01
pF, R= 10002 and Cm =20 pF. Calculate fs and fp of the crystal.
The series resonant frequency of the crystal is given by
1
2 T VLC
2 x 3-14 V1 x (0-01 × 10 2
= 1589 x 10 Hz = 1589 kHz
The parallelresonant frequency of the crystal is given by
1 (C+Cm
J, 2T |LCCm)
(0-01 x 10 +20x10)
1
V
2x3-14 |1x0-01 x 1012x20 x 10-12 |
1 = 1590 x 10 Hz
2 x 3-14 9.99 x 10- 15
= 1590 kHz
Example 12. A crystal has the following parameters: L =
05 H, C = 006 p,
factor
frequencies and Q
Cm = lpF, and R = 5 k2. Find the series and paralel resonant
of the crystal.
(i) Theseries resonant frequency of the crystal is given by
1 1
2 n VLC 2 T V(0-5) (0-06 x 102)
918-9 kHz
14.27
Sinusoidal Oscillators
factor of the crystal at this frequency is given by
Q
0, L 2 nf. L.
Q =
R R
2n x(918.9 x10') x 05 - 577
5x 10
(i) The parallel resonant frequency of the crystal is given by
1 +Cm
2T
1 (0-006 + 1) 10- 12
2 05 x (0-06 x 10 12) (1 x 10 )
= 946 kHz
=
2nf, L
R R
2 (946 x 10 (0-5) = 594
5x 10
Example 13. A crystal has the follouwing parameters:
L= 033 henry, C= 0-065 pF,C = 10pF and R =5-5 ks2.
(a) Find the series resonant frequency
(b) By what percent does the parallel-resonant frequency exceed the series resonant
frequency.
(c) Find the Qfactor of the crystal.
(a) The series resonant frequency is given by
1
2rn V(LC)
1
2x3-14xV(0:33 x 0-065 x 10 12)
= 1-087x 10° Hz = 1087 kHz
The parallel resonant frequency is given by
1 VC+Cm
2r
LCC,
(0-065 + 1-0) 102
*2x3-14 033 x(0065 x 10) >x (1-0 x 1012)
= 1-122x10° Hz = 1122 kHz
(b) The percentage by which the parallel resonant frequency exceeds the series
resonant frequency
14.28 Electronic Devices and Circuits
x100 =
1122 - 1087 x 100
1087
=3-2 %
(c)
0, L 2nfL
Q= R R
2 x3-14 x (1087 × 10') × (0-33)
(55 x10)
=409-58
and Q, = 2nf,L
R R
2x3-14x (1122 x10) x(0-33)
(5-5 x 10)
= 422-76
Example 14. A quartz crystal has a mininmum impedance of 2 kS2 at 100 kHz and a
neighbouring maximum impedance of 300 kQ.. When the frequency is increased y just
150 Hz, the value of shunt capacitance Cm measuredat lower frequency is 18 pF. Calculate
the values of the component of the series resonant circuit of the crystal and also its Qvalue.
Draw the reactance sketch
Heref. = 100 kHz, f, = 100 kHz + 150 Hz, C = 18 pF and
R = 2KQat 100 kHz
We know that
or a,' =0 C+Cm
(C+C.
O, = 0
Cm
or 2
).
C= C 1 -1
Substituting the values, we get
100-15 x10
C= 18x 10-12| 100x 10 = 0-054 pF
1
L=
4n'f'C 4 x (3-14)'x(100× 10)x0-054 ×10
=46-73 henry
46-73
Now Q= 2x 10
= 14682
(0-054 x 1o 2)
