LESSON 8 AND 9: THE GLOBAL CITY AND GLOBAL

DEMOGRAPHY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Subject in The Contemporary World

Submitted to:
Hidalgo, Laura R.

Submitted by:
Group 3

Leader: Bohol, Kemberly A.

Secretary: Diaz, Dafny P.

Members:
Avila, Jay Marie Ann A.
Aseneta, Dulce Polin R.
Bayet, Dhea Merly Grace G.
Cadunan, Fracin Lean S.
Delgama, John Vincent A.
Judal, Princess Milky B.
Licayan, Joiecel
Santiago, Cindy Nicholai P.
Supatan, Trizia V.
Veria, Mikkyla Jane L.
 LESSON 8: GLOBAL CITY

THE GLOBAL CITY

(Reported by Joiecel Licayan – 5th Reporter)

WHAT IS GLOBAL CITY

- A city that serves as a base for organizations that shape the global economy.
Acting as a hub for financial and specialized services, and a center for
innovation and cultural influence. – Saskia Sassen (2000)

Example of Global cities

•​New York City
•​London
•​Tokyo
•​Paris
•​Singapore
•​Dubai • Shanghai.

WHY STUDY GLOBAL CITIES

•​Understanding Globalization – Global Cities are central to global economic and

cultural exchanges. Studying them helps us see how different nations interact and
influence one another.

“GLOBALIZATION IS SPATIAL”

•​Globalization is spatial because it occurs in physical spaces. You can see it when
foreign investments and capital move through a city, and when companies build
skyscrapers. As all these events happen, more people are driven out of city centers
to make way for the new developments.

•​Globalization is spatial because what makes it move is the fact that it is based in
places. In other words, cities act on globalization and globalization acts on cities.
They are the sites as well as the mediums of globalization.

FACTS ABOUT THE INCREASING NUMBERS IN THE URBAN AREAS:

•​In 1950, it is recorded that 30% of the world lived in urban areas.
•​In 2014, it increased to 54%.
•​And it is expected that in 2050, it will reach to 66%.

This really emphasized that globalization is connected to the rapidly increasing

number of people in the world.
DEFINING GLOBAL CITY
(Reported by Dulce Polin Aseneta – 6th Reporter)

Economic Powerhouse
•​ These cities are hubs for international finance, with major financial institutions
and stock exchanges.
•They host the headquarters of multinational corporations.
•​ They are centers for advanced business services, like law, accounting, and
consulting.

Global Connectivity
•​ They possess well-developed infrastructure, including major international
airports, high-speed rail, and advanced telecommunications networks.
•​ This connectivity facilitates the flow of goods, services, information, and
people across borders.

Cultural Influence
•​They are centers of cultural innovation, fashion, and entertainment.
•​They have diverse populations, creating cosmopolitan environments.
•​They are home to world-renowned cultural institutions, like museums, theaters, and
universities.

Political Significance
• They may host international organizations and play a role in shaping global political
agendas.

In simple term, global cities are the “command centers” of the global economy,
connecting nations and influencing trends worldwide.

INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY

(Reported by Dhea Bayet – 7th Reporter)

Indicators for Globality

- The economic competitive ness of a city can be measured through market size,
purchasing power of the citizens, size of the middle class, and potential for
growth.

MEASURES OF GLOBALIZATION
•​Indicators On Capital Movement
•​Foreign Direct Investments
•​International Trade
•​The Economic Activity of Multinational Firms
•​The Internationalisation of Technology.

ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY

*​ Economic Power
*​ Economic Opportunities
*​ Economic Competiveness
*​ Center of Authority
*​ Political Influence
*​ Center of Higher Learning And Culture

•​Economic power – is the ability of a country to influence the global or regional

economy.
•​Economic Opportunities – Economic opportunities in a global city make it
attractive to talents from across the world.

•​Competitiveness - It pertains to the ability and performance of a firm, sub-sector

or country to sell and supply goods and services in a given market, in relation to the
ability and performance of other firms, sub-sectors or countries in the same market.

•​Central Authority – It is an agency or organization that is designated to play a key

facilitating role in the implementation and operation of an international treaty in
public and private international law.

•​Political Influence – Powerful political hubs exert influence on their own countries
as well on international affairs

•​Centers of Higher Learning and Culture

- Another characteristics of global cities also includes in higher learning wherein
they provide high quality education and learning at college or university
cultural centers in this cities make a powerful difference in student learning.

Conclusion
Globalization offers opportunities, but it also comes with problems such as
social inequality, environmental degradation, and loss of a unique culture.
Comprehending these markers simplifies the understanding of a dynamically
changing world and, using the exemplified indicators, demonstrates how countries
can work together towards resolving challenges while fostering inclusive and
sustainable development.
CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES
(Reported by Princess Milky Judal – 8th Reporter)

CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES

1.​ Contradictions in Global Cities

Global cities like New York, Tokyo, and London offer economic opportunities and a
vibrant lifestyle, but they also highlight deep inequalities. Extreme wealth exists
alongside poverty, with high living costs and low wages making life difficult for many.
While some thrive, others struggle, showing the complex realities of urban growth.

2.​ Sustainability in Global Cities

•​Benefits of High Density

Compact urban design helps preserve land and reduces energy use. High-rise living
is more efficient, and strong public transportation systems lower pollution and carbon
emissions.

•​Urban Challenges
Some cities, like Los Angeles, sprawl outward, increasing traffic and fuel
consumption. Others, like Manila and Mumbai, are overcrowded with poor
infrastructure, leading to congestion and pollution. Cities use 78% of global energy
despite covering only 2% of the Earth’s land, raising sustainability concerns.

•​Possible Solutions
Innovations like vertical farming, improved green spaces, and energy-efficient
planning can make cities more sustainable and livable.

3. Terrorism in Global Cities

•​Global Cities as Terrorist Targets

Major cities are prime targets for terrorism due to their global influence. Attacks like
9/11 and the 2015 Paris attacks show the risks to financial hubs and landmarks.
Governments must enhance security while preserving urban diversity and openness.

Conclusion

Global cities drive culture, economy, and innovation but face challenges like
inequality, sustainability, and security threats. Leaders must balance growth,
environmental protection, and public safety to ensure a thriving urban future.
THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR
(Reported by Mikkyla Jane Veria – 9th Reporter)

Introduction:

Economic globalization has increased inequality. Cities are key sites where this
inequality is most evident. Some cities have addressed this through social
redistribution programs, while others face stark contrasts between wealth and
poverty.

Contradictions in Developing Cities

- In cities like Mumbai, Jakarta, and Manila, gleaming buildings often stand
alongside massive shantytowns. This contrast highlights the stark inequality
present in these global cities.

Gentrification in Developed Cities

- Poor communities in cities like New York and San Francisco are displaced as
real estate values rise. Wealthier residents push low-income families to less
expensive locations, forcing them farther from economic hubs.

Impact on Indigenous and Migrant Groups

- In Australia, poor Aboriginal Australians have been forced away from job-rich
city centers. In France, poor Muslim migrants are displaced to banlieues
(ethnic enclaves) outside Paris.

The Shrinking Middle Class

- High-paying jobs dominate global cities, while middle-class roles in
manufacturing and outsourcing are disappearing. Wealthy residents’
demands for services create more low-wage jobs like nannies, maids, and
cleaners.

Example of Wealth Inequality

- In New York, wealthy investment bankers often hire Filipina maids to raise their
children. For some, global cities are a paradise; for others, they are a tragedy.

Conclusion
Global cities reflect both the strengths and weaknesses of globalization. They are
hubs for culture, innovation, and wealth, yet inequality remains high. Creating a just
society requires building fairer and more inclusive cities.
 LESSON 9: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
(Reported by Cindy Nicholai P. Santiago - 10th Reporter)

1. Family Size and Economic Factors:

Explanation: The number of children a family has is influenced by economic

conditions and societal norms. Wealthier, urban families often have fewer children
due to the high costs of raising them and the opportunities available to women
outside the home. Poorer, rural families may have more children, as children can
contribute to household income through labor and provide support in old age.
Examples:

-​ A wealthy family in a city might choose to have one or two children, focusing
on providing them with high-quality education and healthcare.
-​ A poor farming family in a rural area might have many children to help with
farm work and care for them in their old age.

2. Urbanization and Migration:

-​ Explanation: The movement of people from rural to urban areas is a major

global trend. This is driven by the search for better economic opportunities,
education, and healthcare. Urbanization leads to the growth of cities, creating
both opportunities and challenges (e.g., overcrowding, pollution).
Examples:
-​ People moving from rural villages in developing countries to large cities in
search of factory jobs.
-​ The rapid growth of megacities like Mumbai, Lagos, and Mexico City.

3. Population Growth and Resource Allocation:

Explanation: Rapid population growth can strain resources and lead to

environmental problems. Concerns about overpopulation often focus on the
potential for food shortages, water scarcity, and environmental degradation.
However, technological advancements and economic development can mitigate
these risks. Examples:

-​ The Green Revolution, which increased food production through technological

advancements.
-​ Concerns about water scarcity in arid regions with rapidly growing
populations.
 4. Population Control Policies:

Explanation: Governments have implemented various policies to control population

growth, ranging from incentives for smaller families to coercive measures like forced
sterilization. These policies have often been controversial, raising ethical and
human rights concerns.

Examples:
-​ China’s one-child policy (now two-child policy).
-​ Government programs offering financial incentives for families to limit the
number of children.

5. The Demographic Dividend:

Explanation: A “demographic dividend” occurs when a country experiences a period

of rapid economic growth due to a large proportion of its population being of working
age. This is often followed by an aging population and a decline in the working-age
population. Examples:
- The rapid economic growth experienced by many East Asian countries in the
latter half of the 20th century, partly attributed to a large working-age
population.

6. Women’s Reproductive Rights:

Explanation: Access to reproductive healthcare, including contraception and

abortion, is crucial for women’s empowerment and well-being. Reproductive rights
are often central to debates about population control, with some arguing that giving
women control over their reproductive choices is essential for achieving sustainable
development goals.
Examples:

-​ The legal battles surrounding access to abortion in many countries.

-​ The provision of family planning services to women in developing countries.

7. Neo-Malthusianism vs. Inclusive Growth:

Explanation: Neo-Malthusianism is a perspective that emphasizes the dangers of

overpopulation and advocates for population control measures. In contrast, the
concept of “inclusive growth” emphasizes the need for economic development that
benefits all members of society, arguing that this can address many of the problems
associated with rapid population growth.
Examples:
 -​ Neo-Malthusian arguments about the potential for environmental collapse due
to overpopulation.
-​ Inclusive growth strategies that focus on poverty reduction, education, and
healthcare alongside economic development.

CONCLUSION:
Understanding global demography requires the complex interplay between
population dynamics and economic well-being. Aging populations present
challenges related to healthcare and social security, while overpopulation can strain
resources and the environment. Furthermore, differing perspectives on reproductive
health highlight the ethical and social dimensions of population control, emphasizing
the need for inclusive and equitable solutions that respect individual rights and
promote sustainable development.

THE PERILS OF OVERPOPULATION

(Reported by Trizia Supatan – 11th Reporter)

Overpopulation
- It is the state where a region’s population exceeds its carrying capacity,
presents a complex web of interconnected perils. These dangers span
environmental, economic, and social spheres, creating a multitude of
challenges for humanity.

° Carrying Capacity: The maximum number of individuals that an environment can

sustainably support without degrading its resources.

° Resource Scarcity: A condition resulting from high demand and limited supply of
essential resources (e.g., water, food, energy), often exacerbated by overpopulation.

° Environmental Degradation: The deterioration of the environment through the

depletion of resources, pollution, and loss of biodiversity, often driven by population
growth.

° Food Insecurity: A lack of consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy
life, often resulting from overpopulation and agricultural strain.

° Social Unrest: Discontent and conflict within a society, which can be intensified by
competition for resources and overcrowding due to overpopulation.
° Economic Strain: The pressure on economic systems caused by a rapidly
growing population, leading to increased unemployment, poverty, and insufficient
public services.

° Sustainable Development: An approach to growth that meets present needs

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own, crucial in
addressing overpopulation.

° Family Planning: Services and education that enable individuals and couples to
make informed choices about the number and spacing of their children, essential for
managing population growth.

° Urban Overcrowding: The condition where urban areas become excessively

populated, leading to inadequate housing, sanitation issues, and increased social
tensions.

IT’S THE ECONOMY NOT THE BABIES

(Reported by Francin Lean Cadunan – 12th Reporter)

Population Control
- It encompasses the deliberate efforts to influence the size and growth rate of a
population, whether human or animal.

The Neo Malthusian Theory

-​ Neo-Malthusianism builds upon the ideas of Thomas Robert Malthus, who

argued in his “Essay on the Principle of Population” that population growth outstrips
the growth of food supply, leading to crises.
-​ Neo-Malthusians advocate for population control measures, including birth
control, to ensure resources and environmental integrity for current and future
populations.

WOMEN AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS

(Reported by Kemberly A. Bohol – 13th Reporter)

SUPPORT FOR REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS:

• Women must control fertility to pursue careers, education, and contribute to

economic growth.
• Countries with reproductive rights (including abortion) have seen positive economic
and health impacts.
Example: Bolivia and Ghana reduced fertility rates and maternal deaths after
introducing family planning and abortion laws.
OPPOSITION TO REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS:

• Opponents, mainly religious groups, argue abortion is morally wrong and harmful to
women’s health.
• Conservative governments (e.g., Poland, Hungary, Muslim-majority nations) restrict
reproductive rights.
• In the U.S., abortion rights are under attack, with states imposing restrictions
despite pro-choice laws.

GLOBAL TRENDS:

• More countries are legalizing abortion for the mother’s health, with the percentage
of countries increasing over time.
• The debate continues in political arenas, with strong opposition from conservative
factions.

THE FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE

(Reported by Dafny Diaz – 14th Reporter)

Feminists view population control as inherently coercive, undermining

women’s autonomy, and argue that government solutions to poverty and
environmental issues often ignore the root causes of inequality and lack of social
support, such as unequal wealth distribution and inadequate public services.

Country representatives to that conference agreed that women should receive

family planning counseling on abortion, the dangers of sexually transmitted diseases,
the nature of human sexuality, and the main elements of responsible parenthood.

As a result, while feminist and women’s arguments on reproductive rights and

overpopulation are recognized globally.

POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY

(Reported by Jay Marie Ann A. Avila – 15th Reporter)

Population Growth
•​refers to the increase in the number of individuals within a population over a
specific period.
•​Global population has reached 7.4 billion, and it is estimated to increase to 9.5
billion in 2050, then 11.2 billion by 2100.
•​95% of this population growth will happen in the developing countries.
•​In the developed world, on the other hand, populations are stable in general and
dropping in some sophisticated countries.

Food Security
•​It refers to availability, accessibility and affordability of food to all people at all times.
•​To lessen the impact of population growth, the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) says food production needs to rise by 70%.
•​Increased agricultural investment, sustainable poverty alleviation programs, and a
commitment to research and development are recommended by the FAO to
address the challenges of population growth.

Importance of Good Governance in a Country

- Strong political will is essential for nations to make the drastic changes needed
in population growth and food production.