CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

• Its is an art, which deals with

the identity and location of the
offender and provide evidence
of his guilt in criminal
proceedings.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

•ART
•SCIENCE
•PROCESS
TYPES OF INVESTIGATION
• Formal Investigation
• Inquest
• Inquisition
• Probe
• Research
• Investigative Reporting
 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR
He is the person in charged of carrying the
goals of the investigation as:
• Identify the offender
• Locate/trace the offender
• Gather evidence against the
offender
 Cardinal Points of Investigation
(5W’s &1H)
• What crime was committed?
• Who was the perpetrator?
• When was the violation of the law
made?
• Where the crime happened?
• Why did the criminal commit the crime?
• How was it committed?
Qualities of a Good Investigator
Optim
Guts istic
Enthusiastic

Acting Timeli
Ability Versatility Integrity Network
ness

Intelli Self-Control Tactful

gence
 Qualities of a Good Investigator
• Enthusiasm- no investigator would
become successful in his objectives if he
does not possess this quality.
• Self control-it refers to the ability to
control one self regardless of provoking
situation.
• Tactfulness-it is the ability to deal with
other people effectively without
offending them.
 Qualities of a Good Investigator
• Intelligence-he must have the knowledge in
psychology to decipher falsehood from truth.
• Integrity-the investigator will encounter
overflowing temptations of women, money
and other intangible promises.
• Network-information would be obtained
easier and faster if the investigation has
developed good contacts or source of
information.
 Qualities of a Good Investigator
• Versatility-a key to adapt and be on the top of
different situations that would be
encountered by an investigator in his quest for
truth and justice.
• Guts- a good investigator has an incompatible
courage to face several tremendous obstacles
along the way.
 Qualities of a Good Investigator
• Acting Ability- it is the ability to go down to
the level of the lower strata, minor, squatters
or even the level of the elite, noble or
professional.
• Timeliness-being prompt in doing his assigned
tasks will contribute much in giving justice to
the aggrieved party.
 Qualities of a Good Investigator
• Optimistic-positive thinking no matter
how difficult the situation is, would
attract positive spirit that would result to
positive outcome.
• Researched Oriented- this quality makes
the investigator go beyond the usual
beliefs and practice. This would help him
discover new ways and techniques to
solve a problem.
 TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION

Information

Interview &
Instrumentation
Interrogation
 3 I’s of INVESTIGATION

Cultivated

Regular Grapevine

Information
 Interview VS Interrogation

Interview Interrogation

Simple Vigorous
Questioning Questioning

Victim & Witnesses

Witness & Subject
 Field Inquiry
• It is the General Questioning of a
person conducted by the
investigator.
PHASES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

The criminal is
identified

He is traced and
located
The facts proving his
guilt are gathered for
court presentation.
 Methods of Identifying Criminals
• A. By Confession/Admission of the Criminal
himself
• B. By Identification and Testimonies of
Eyewitness
• C. Identification based on Circumstantial
Evidence
• D. Identification based on Associative
Evidence
• E. Identification by Means of Modus Operandi
 Methods of Identifying Criminals
• Confession- it is the direct acknowledgement
by the accused in a criminal case of truth of
his guilt as to the crime charged or of some
parts of the commission of the criminal act
itself.
• Admission- it is the statement of the facts by
the accused in a criminal case which do not
directly involved the acknowledgement of
guilt in the commission of crimes for which he
is charged.
 Rules to be observed in taking
Confession or Admission
1. Confession or admission must be taken
preferably in writing and under oath, otherwise
it is not admissible as evidence.
2. It must be written in language understood by
the accused, if not, it should be translated to the
language or dialect known to the accused.
3. It must be freely and voluntarily given.
4. Under the 1987 Constitution, it must be taken in
the presence of a lawyer chosen personally by
the accused.
 METHODS

KNOWN UNKNOWN
CRIMINALS CRIMINALS

PHOTOGRAPHIC VERBAL
POLICE LINE-UP
FILES DESCRIPTION

ARTIST
ASSISTANCE
 Methods of Identifying Criminals
B. By Identification and Testimonies of Eyewitness
Types of Criminal Identified by Witness

• these are criminals

Known whose pictures are
available from police
Criminals- files and records.

• these are criminals

Unknown whose identification
are furnished by
Criminals- eyewitnesses only.
Methods of Identification by Witness:

• Verbal Description-
this will depend on
the description of
the suspect given
by witness.
Methods of Identification by Witness:

Photographic Files
The investigator will
show to the witness
photographs of
criminals available in
the police station.
 ROGUES’S GALLERY
• A rogues gallery (or rogues' gallery)
is a police collection of pictures or
photographs of criminals and
suspects kept for identification
purposes. The term is also used
figuratively by extension for any
group of shady characters.
 ROGUES’S GALLERY
• In 1850, Allan Pinkerton founded the
Pinkerton National Detective Agency.
Pinkerton devised the Rogues’
Gallery— a compilation of
descriptions, methods of operation,
hiding places, and names of criminals
and their associates.
Methods of Identification by Witness:
Artist Assistance
It is popularly known as
Cartographic sketching
wherein the
investigator/trained
sketcher will draw a face
based on the description
to be given by the victim,
complaint or witness.
Methods of Identification by Witness:
• 4. Police Line Up- there
will be a group of five to
ten persons, one of those
is the suspect whom the
witness will pinpoint and
tell to the investigator
who committed the
offense.
 Factors that Affect the Accuracy of
Identification by Witness
1. Retention- it is the ability of the witness to
positively indentify and remember how the
criminal looks like. Its distinct physical features
particularly his face and body built are very
significant.
2. Visibility- it refers to the prevailing visibility
during the time of the commission of an offense
in the crime scene.
3. Time- it deals with the lapse of time between
the violation and the identification was made.
 C. Identification based on
Circumstantial Evidence

• This is the Identification established

indirectly by proving other facts or
circumstances from which alone or in
connection with other facts, the
identify of the suspect can be
inferred
Sources of Circumstances Evidence
1. Motive- it is what induces the criminal to act.
2. Opportunity- it is the physical possibility that
the suspect could have committed the crime,
hence, it could be used to identify him at
once.
3. Intent- it is the accomplishment of the act
and also an element in the commission of
crime.
D. Identification based on Associative
Evidence
• It is the physical evidence which may
identify the criminal by means of
personal properties, characteristics
and clues.
 WHAT IS
CRIME SCENE
INVESTIGATION?
• It is an investigation conducted by
the investigator or group of
investigator in the area where
crime is committed.
 What is Physical Evidence?
Articles and materials which are found in
connection with the investigation and which aid
in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or
the circumstances under which the crime was
committed, or which, in general assist in the
prosecution of the criminal.
Physical Evidence vs. Testimonial Evidence

1. Physical Evidence is more Factual.

More reliable than testimony of eyewitness.
Example:
Identity of the suspect is the concern and there is a
conflict as to the statement of the witness and the object
being presented. The witness admits that it was around 11:00
P.M. and did not deny that the road where he saw the suspect
was unlit.
However, it may be misinterpreted.
i.e. capability and experience of the
technician in fingerprint classification.
Physical Evidence vs. Testimonial Evidence

2. Physical evidence does not Forget.

May deteriorate if not properly preserved.
3. Physical evidence does not Lie.
May be used deliberately to mislead the case.
 Kinds of Physical Evidence
1. Trace Evidence
- It is used to locate the whereabouts of the
offender who is still at the crime scene.
2. Associative Evidence
- It is used to link the offender to the crime
scene and to the offense.
3. Corpus Delicti
- the body of the crime.
PROCEDURE IN
CRIME SCENE
SEARCH AND
PROCESSING
 Common Scenario (Pre-Incident Approach)

1. Desk officer receives report.

2. Asked questions covering cardinal points of
investigation.
3. Officer is dispatched to the crime scene.
 What are the duties of the first
responders?
• check the condition of the victim
while the other members of the
first responders shall
simultaneously secure the area
by putting a police line or any
material
 a. if in serious condition
1. being the victim immediately to the
nearest hospital using emergency
services
2. photograph and make a sketch of the
victim
3. get the dying declaration; if necessary
b. if NOT in serious condition
1. bring the victim immediately to
the nearest hospital using
emergency services
2. get the identity and other data of
the victim
3. get initial interview from the
victim
c. If the suspect is arrested at the scene
1. Get the names of the persons who turn over or
arrested the suspect
2. Isolate the arrested suspects and separate them
from any probable witness of the incident
3. Record what time the suspect was arrested
4. Wait for the investigator to interview the suspect
5. If the suspect volunteers any statement, take note
of the time, location and circumstances of the
statements.
Investigating Team
and their Duties
Investigating Team
and their Duties
 Assistant Sketcher
Team Leader Measurer
Master Note
Taker

Team Leader
Photographer Evidence Man

Technician
Utility Men
 Investigation Team
1. Officer- In- Charge/Team Leader
He is the head of the team who assigns the
responsibilities of each member like
sketching, note taking etc.
2. Assistant OIC/Assistant Team Leader
He implements the orders of the leader
and acts as OIC in case of the absence of
the latter.
 Investigation Team
3. Photographer
He photographs the whole crime scene and pieces of
evidence.
4. Sketcher
He makes the rough sketch of the crime scene and
eventually the finished sketch.
5. Master Note Taker
He writes down in short hand description and
observation during the crime scene search.
6.Evidence Man
He collects, preserve and tags every piece of evidence
 Investigation Team
7. Measurer
He makes over all measurement of the crime scene.
8. Technicians
They are those who possessed especial skills and
knowledge that may be applied in the crime scene
investigation depending on the needs like medico
legal officer, chemist, ballisticians, dactylographer
etc.
9. Utility Men
They are those assigned in the cordoning and isolating
the crime scene from unauthorized person.
Upon Arrival at the Crime Scene
1. Evaluate the situation.
2. Handle emergency if there is any.
3. Secure the crime scene.
4. Conduct initial inquiry.
5. Relay all observations to the investigator-on-
case.
Processing the Crime Scene.
1. Seek the help of SOCO specialists if needed.
2. Establish command post outside the
cordoned crime scene.
3. Approach the crime scene using an ideal
search method using an alternate route.
4. Collect pieces of evidence which were
recorded in the documentation.
Crime Scene Documentation
1. Golden Rule of Hans Gross.
Do not MAC unless properly
photographed, measured and indicated on the
sketch.
MAC – move (position), alter (modify by
adding or reducing) and change (replace /
substitute).
Note: There are exceptions to the golden
rule.
Crime Scene Documentation
a. Photography
- reproduction of image through the action of
light, and mechanical and chemical process.
b. Sketch
- graphic representation of the crime scene.
Note: Measurement is part of sketching.
c. Note Taking
- writing observations in shorthand (simplified
/ summarized).
 Searching for evidence
1. Each crime is different, according to the
physical nature of the scene and the crime or
offense involve.
2. in rooms, buildings, and small outdoor
areas, a systematic search of evidence is
initiated.
3. he should give particular attention to fragile
evidence that may be destroyed or
contaminated if it is not collected when
discovered.
 Searching for evidence
4. if any doubt exists as to the value of an
item, treat it as evidence until proven
otherwise.
5. Ensure that the item or area were latent
fingerprints may be present is closely
examined and that action is taken to develop
the Prints.
 Searching for evidence
6. Carefully protect any impression of
evidentiary rule value in surfaces conducive
to making casts or molds. if possible,
photograph the impression and make a casts
or mold.
7. No stains, spots in pools of liquid within
the scene and treat them as evidence.
 Searching for evidence
8. Treat as evidence all other items, such as hairs,
fibers, and earth particles begin to the area in which
they are found; for example, matter found under
the victim's fingerprints.
9. proceed systematically and uninterruptedly to
the conclusion of the processing of the scene. The
search for evidence is initially completed when,
after a thorough examination of the scene, the
rough sketch, necessary photograph and
investigative notes have been completed and the
investigator has returned to the point from which
the search began.
 Searching for evidence
10. Further search may be necessary after
the evidence and the statements obtained
have been evaluated.
11. in large outdoor areas, it is advisable to
divide the area into strips about four feet
wide. The policeman May 1st searched the
strip on his left as he faces the scene and
then the adjoining strips.
 Searching for evidence
12. It may be advisable to make a search
beyond the area considered to be
immediate scene of the incident or a
crime.
13. After completing the search of the
scene, the investigator examines the
object or a person actually attacked by
the offender.
 Searching for evidence
14. In a homicide case, the position
of the victim should be outlined
with a job or any other suitable
material before the body is removed
from the scene.
 Collection of Evidence
This is accomplished after the search is completed, that
rough sketch finish and photographs taken. Fragile
evidence should be collected as they are found.

All firearms found to have tampered serial numbers

should be automatically subjected to macro etching at the
Philippine national police crime laboratory.

that investigator places his initials, the date and time of

discovery on each item of evidence for proper
identification. Items that could not be marked should be
placed in a suitable container and sealed.
 Marking of evidence
any physical evidence obtained must be
marked or tagged before its submission
to the evidence custodian. This are
information to ensure that the items can
be identified by the collector at anytime
in the future
Markings on the specimen must at
least contain the following
1. Exhibit case number
2. Initials and or signature of the
collecting officer
3. Time and date of collection
 CHAIN OF CUSTODY
• A list of all persons who came into
possession of an item of evidence,
continuity of possession, or the
chain of custody must be
established whenever evidence is
presented in court as an exhibit.
 CHAIN OF CUSTODY
1. the scene evidence- seal, markings,
evidence
2. log evidence collector
3. letter request crime laboratory result
4. evidence custodian court order
5. court presentation
Transmittal of evidence to crime laboratory

1. The evidence should reach the

laboratory in the same condition as
when it was found, as much as possible
2. the quantity of his specimens should
be adequate. Even with the best
equipment available, good results
cannot be obtained from insufficient
the specimens.
Transmittal of evidence to crime laboratory

3. Submit a known or standard

specimen for comparison purposes
4. Keep each specimen separate from
others so there will be no intermingling
our mixing of known and unknown
material. Wrap and seal in individual
packages when necessary
 Transmittal of evidence to crime laboratory
5. mark or label each piece of evidence for
positive identification as the evidence taken
from a particular location in connection with
the crime under investigation
6. the chain of custody of evidence must be
maintained. Account for evidence from the
time it is collected until it is produced in
court. Any break in this chain of custody may
make the material inadmissible as evidence
in court.
Processing the Crime Scene.
1. Seek the help of SOCO specialists if needed.
2. Establish command post outside the
cordoned crime scene.
3. Approach the crime scene using an ideal
search method using an alternate route.
4. Collect pieces of evidence which were
recorded in the documentation.
5. Turnover of evidence to the custodian.
6. Record every evidence collected.
7. Release the crime scene once satisfied.
Golden Rule at the Crime Scene

“Never touch or move any

object in the crime scene
unless sketching,
photographing and measuring
are completely and thoroughly
done.”
 Other Rules to be observed by the
Investigator upon arrival at the Crime
Scene
1. Identify and if possible , retain for
questioning the person who first
notified the police.
2. Determine the
malefactor/perpetrator by direct
inquiry or observe him, if identity is
immediate apparent.
 Other Rules to be observed by the
Investigator upon arrival at the Crime
Scene

• 3.Detain all person present at the crime scene.

• 4. Summon assistance if necessary.
• 5. Cordon the area.
• 6. Permit only authorized person to enter the
crime scene.
• 7. Separate the witnesses to obtain independent
statements.
• 8. Assign the duties of searching if assistants are
present.
 Objectives of Crime Scene Search
• To determine the facts of the crime
• To identify the law breaker
• To aid in his or her arrest
• To aid in the criminal prosecution of
the perpetrator
 Methods of Crime Scene Search
• Strip Method
• The searcher ( A, B & C) proceed slowly
at the same place along the path parallel
to one side of the rectangle. At the end
of the rectangle, the searchers turn and
proceed back along the new lanes but
parallel to the first movement.
 Zone Method
• The crime scene to be searched is divided into
four (4) quadrants and each searcher is assign
is to every quadrant.
 Wheel Method
• This method is applied if the area to be
search is approximately oval or circular.
The searcher gather at the center and
proceed outward along radii or spokes.
The principal drawback of this method is
that the distances between the searchers
increase as they depart from the center.
 Spiral Method
• The searchers follow each other
in the path of a spiral, beginning
in the outside and spiraling in
towards the center of the crime
scene.
 Photographing the Crime Scene
• Photography-is an art of producing
an image by action of light with the
aid of image forming device known
as camera and chemical process
involved therein.
“There is a saying, that what
man could see can be
recorded thru photography,
while in the contrary; there
are things that can only be
visible thru photography.”
 Kinds of Photograph
1. Over-all- Photographs
2. Photographs of the Deceased
3. Photographs of article of Evidence
4. Special photographs
5. Photographs of the Environment
6. Photographs of the Wound
7. Photographs of the Body after removal
Overall Photographs
Photographs of the Deceased
Photographs of article of Evidence
Special photographs
Photographs of the Environment
Photographs of the Wound
Photographs of the Body after removal
 Sketch the Crime Scene
• Sketch- it is the simplest and most
effective ways of showing actual
measurements and identifying significant
items of evidence in their location at the
crime scene. It is used as a supplements
for photographs taken.
 Kinds of Sketch
• Rough Sketch- this is
made by the sketcher/
investigator at the
scene. Everything is
approximated
including scale and
proportion. It is used
as a basis of the
finished sketch.
 Kinds of Sketch
• Finished Sketch-
Scale and
proportion is
observed because
this is made for
courtroom
presentation.
 Choosing the Best Method

Coordinate Method
- Employs the practice of
measuring an object from two
fixed points of references.
 Choosing the Best Method

• Triangulation Method
–Is a bird’s eye view of the scene,
utilizing fixed objects from
which to measure.
 Cross Projection Method
• Is used in indoor crime scenes. It is basically a
top-down view of the crime scene where the
walls of the room have been folded down to
reveal locations of bullet holes, blood-spatter
evidence, and so on.
Reconstruction of the Crime Scene
• It is the assessment made by the
investigator after the crime scene
investigation, of how the crime is
committed.
 Kinds of Reconstructing the Scene
Crime
1. Physical Reconstruction
It is based on the physical appearance of the
crime scene mainly focused on the pieces of
the physical evidence.
2. Mental Reconstruction
Conclusion could be formulated based on the
physical reconstruction taking into account
all available pieces of evidence.
 Kinds of Physical Evidence
1. Corpus Delecti
These are articles that are essentials parts of the
body of the crime.
2. Associative Evidences
These are materials which link the suspect to the
offense committed.
3. Tracing Evidences
These are objects which assist the investigator in
locating the malefactor
Special Methods of Collecting Specific
Physical Evidence
1.Blood
2.Fingerprints
3.Bullets & Fired Cases
4.Firearms, knives & Tools
5.Hair & Fibers
 Special approaches and techniques in the
investigation of special cases involving persons

• Parricide
• Murder
• Homicide
• Physical Injury
• Infanticide
• Abortion
• Rape
What is the usual evidence needed to
file a case of crime against person
1. Testimonial evidence- affidavit of
complainant and witnesses
2. Documentary evidence- photographs,
videos, police reports and other documents
3. Object evidence- Weapon used and
autopsy of slain victims.
4. Other relevant evidence
What shall the duty desk officer do
upon receipt of call/walk-in
Complaint?
1. Record the time it was reported
2. get the identity of the complainant
3. get the place of the incident
4. get the nature of the incident
5. get the number of victims
What shall the duty desk officer do
upon receipt of call/walk-in
Complaint?
6. record the brief synopsis of the incident
7. direct the nearest mobile car/beat
patrollers or the nearest police precinct to act
as the first responders equipped With a
camera and a “police line” to secure the place
of incident
8. perform the duty investigator
 what are the guidelines in homicide
investigation
1. record the time the call was
received as well as the time of
arrival at the scene
2. preserve the crime scene
3. do not remove anything until its
location and position have been
noted and photographed
 what are the guidelines in homicide
investigation
4. pay attention to the one inflicted which
maybe have caused the death of the victim
and how it was committed
5. designate one person to pick up all
physical evidence. No one should touch or
move anything unless and until the
fingerprint technician has finished his tasks.
 what are the guidelines in homicide
investigation
6. A systematic, detailed search of the
crime scene should be conducted.
7. colored as well as black and white
photographs should be taken
8. look for physical evidence that will
tend to prove the elements of the
crime under investigation.
 what are the guidelines in homicide
investigation
9. take note for unusual order, symbols,
fetishes, rituals.
10. When the bodies finally moved,
attention should be given to the area
beneath the body.
11. while moving the body, use a rubber
sheet to prevent contaminating the crime
scene with spilled blood.
 what are the guidelines in homicide
investigation
14. the Course and direction of each bullet should
be determined. this applies to the trajectory of the
bullet through the body as well as the trajectory of
the bullet through a solid object at the crime
scene.
15. If all slugs were not removed at the crime
scene, have the body X-rayed. this is excellent for
determining the distance of fire from patterns and
shows the trajectory of the bullet through the
body.
 what are the guidelines in homicide
investigation
16. take photographs of all bystanders. This
may be helpful later to identify possible
witnesses or subjects.
17. try to:
a. determine if any of the victims valuable
are missing
b. record the color of the bloodstains
 what are the guidelines in homicide
investigation
17. try to:
c. determine what portion of the stain is wet
d. if the blood is wet, see if a paper clip will
separate the stain as it goes through or if the
blood will flow together again.
e. note the size, dimension and location of the
blood drops
f. Determine the direction of the distance of the
blood drops
 what are the guidelines in homicide
investigation
17. try to:
g. enter in your notebook details of the tests to
determine whether the victim is still alive.
Record if the body is cool to touch, warm, etc.
h. record the weather, as well as weather
changes
i. talk everyone with whom the suspect has
spoken
j. look for weapons which could have inflicted
the wounds
 what are the guidelines in homicide
investigation
17. try to:
k. obtain soil samples
l. take samples of other items for exclusionary
purposes
m. obtain botanical samples when necessary
n. take a temperature reading of the scene. if the
body is submerged in a bathtub, record the
temperature of the water at the time of your
arrival
 what are the guidelines in homicide
investigation

18. it is necessary to cut the victims

clothing, avoid using bullet or knife holes.
where possible, cut the clothing along
seams so that the clothing can be restored
to approximately its original condition
19. The spatter pattern of blood spots
should be noted as it is:
 what are the guidelines in homicide
investigation
20. be cautious. Remember the fingerprints may
be present on light switches, light bulbs,
telephone, door knobs etc.
21. when fingerprints are on an object which has a
dark color, consider using fluorescent powder as
the standard fingerprint powders are not as
effective in developing Latent prints on such
objects. aerial photographs of the crime scene and
escape route should be taken, when possible and
practicable.
 what are the things to
remember in the conduct of
homicide?
1. places of importance
2. times of importance
3. persons of importance
4. things of importance
 Times of Importance
• Time of death
• Time crime was reported
• Time of arrival of police at the scene
• Time victim was last known to be alive
• Time relative to victims movement preceding
death
 Persons of Importance
• Victim
• Witnesses
• Suspect
• Person who reported the crime
 Things of Importance
• Body of the deceased
• Properties or belongings of the deceased
• Weapons
• Means of Transpo
• Sounds, shot, screams, arguments or falling
object
• Odor-gunpowder, distinctive smell of poison
 Theft 308 Robbery 293

• with intent to gain • personal property

• without violence • unlawful taking of
against or that property
intimidation of • with intent to gain
person nor force • violence against or
upon things intimidation of any
• Take person, or force
• personal property upon anything.
• of another
• without the
latter’s consent
 QUALIFIED THEFT

•if the theft is committed by a

domestic servant
•if the theft is committed with
grave abuse of confidence
•if the property stolen is a motor
vehicle, mail matter or large cattle
 DEATH

•Cessation B H L
•Termination of Life
•Irreversible condition
 SOMATIC CELLULAR APPARENT

• there is complete, • death of • temporary loss

persistent and individual cells of
continuous after three to six consciousness
cessation of the hours OR temporary
vital functions of cessation of the
the brain, heart
and lungs which
vital functions
maintain life and of the body on
health account of
disease,
external
stimulus or
other forms of
influence
LEGAL RECOGNITION OF TWO TYPES OF DEATH

Cardio-Respiratory Brain

• the continuous, • irreversible cessation of

persistent, irreversible all functions of the brain,
cessation of heart action including the brain stem
and respiration (no (both the cerebrum or
heartbeat, no breathing) the higher brain, and the
lower brain or the brain
stem are no longer
functional)
• there is absence of
electrical brain activity
MEDICO-LEGAL CLASSIFICATION
OF CAUSES OF DEATH
NATURAL DEATH
VIOLENT DEATH
3. Rigor Mortis (continuation)