‫المادة‪General anatomy :‬‬

‫جامعة ساوة‬
‫كلية التقنيات الصحية والطبية‬
‫ر‬
‫المختبات الطبية‬ ‫قسم تقنيات‬

‫المرحلة االوىل‬

‫عل دمحم مسافر‬

‫اسم الطالب المقدم التقرير ‪ :‬ي‬
The urinary system is responsible for producing, storing, and
eliminating urine. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and
urethra.

Importance in Body Balance and Waste Elimination:

The urinary system plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and
electrolyte balance, removing metabolic waste and toxins, and
preventing harmful substance accumulation in the body.
1- Kidneys
Location & Structure: Located on both sides of the spine, the kidneys
are bean-shaped organs responsible for filtering blood.
Main Function: They remove waste, balance electrolytes, and
produce urine.

2- Ureters
Function: Thin tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the
bladder using peristaltic movements.

3-Urinary Bladder
Function: A muscular sac that stores urine until it is expelled. Smooth
muscles help regulate urination.

4- Urethra Function: A tube that carries urine from the bladder out of
the body. It is shorter in females and longer in males.
-Blood Filtration: The kidneys filter blood through the glomeruli and
renal tubules, removing waste and excess substances.

-Reabsorption: Essential substances like water and ions are

reabsorbed to maintain balance.

-Secretion & Waste Removal: Unwanted substances and toxins are

excreted in urine.

-Fluid & pH Regulation: The system controls fluid volume and

maintains the body's acid-base balance.
1- Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes (Urea and Creatinine):
The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products like urea and
creatinine, preventing their accumulation in the body.

2- Regulation of Blood Pressure through the Renin-Angiotensin

System:The kidneys secrete renin, which plays a crucial role in
controlling blood pressure and fluid balance.

3-Electrolyte Balance (e.g., Sodium and Potassium):The kidneys

regulate electrolyte levels, ensuring proper nerve function and
muscle contraction.
4-Maintenance of Acid-Base Balance (pH):
By excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate, the kidneys
help maintain the body's pH balance.

5-Hormone Secretion (e.g., Erythropoietin):

The kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red
blood cell production in the bone marrow.
1- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs):Causes and Predisposing Factors:
UTIs are commonly caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract,
with Escherichia coli being the most frequent culprit. Factors such as
poor hygiene, sexual activity, and urinary retention can increase the
risk .Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment: Symptoms include a
strong urge to urinate, burning sensation during urination, and
cloudy urine. Diagnosis is typically confirmed through urinalysis.
Treatment involves antibiotics and increased fluid intake .

2- Kidney Stones:Types and Causes: Kidney stones are hard deposits

made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. They can
result from concentrated urine, allowing minerals to crystallize and
stick together .Prevention and Treatment: Preventive measures
include staying hydrated and maintaining a diet low in sodium.
Treatment options range from pain relievers and drinking water to
medical procedures like lithotripsy or surgical removal .
3-Renal Failure:Acute vs. Chronic: Acute renal failure is a sudden loss
of kidney function, often reversible with prompt treatment. Chronic
renal failure progresses over time, leading to permanent loss of
function .Available Treatments: Treatment may involve dialysis to
filter blood or kidney transplantation in severe cases .

4-Proteinuria:Causes and Clinical Significance: Proteinuria refers to

the presence of excess protein in urine, indicating potential kidney
damage. Causes include diabetes, hypertension, and certain kidney
diseases.
Adequate Hydration: Drinking sufficient water helps the kidneys
function properly by flushing out toxins.

Balanced Diet: Consuming a diet low in excess salts and proteins

reduces the strain on kidneys and supports overall health.

Regular Exercise: Engaging in consistent physical activity contributes

to maintaining a healthy weight and blood pressure, both of which
are vital for kidney health.

Routine Screenings: Regular blood and urine tests facilitate early

detection of potential kidney disorders, enabling timely intervention.
  Two kidneys. This pair of purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the
middle of the back. Their function is to:
o Remove waste products and drugs from the body
o Balance the body's fluids
o Release hormones to regulate blood pressure
o Control production of red blood cells

The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each
nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube
called a renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the urine as it
passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney.
 Two ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in
the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the
kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop.
About every 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from
the ureters.

 Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen. It is held in
place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's
walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the
urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of urine for two to five
hours.

Upon examination, specific "landmarks" are used to describe the location of any
irregularities in the bladder. These are:

o Trigone: a triangle-shaped region near the junction of the urethra and the
bladder
o Right and left lateral walls: walls on either side of the trigone
o Posterior wall: back wall
o Dome: roof of the bladder
 Two sphincter muscles. These circular muscles help keep urine from leaking by
 closing tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder.
 Nerves in the bladder. The nerves alert a person when it is time to urinate, or empty
the bladder.
 Urethra. This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder
muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain
signals the sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through the urethra.
When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination occurs.
The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The
organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra.

The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the
food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood.

The kidney and urinary systems help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea, and to keep
chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance. Urea is produced when foods
containing protein, such as meat, poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body.
Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is removed along with water and other
wastes in the form of urine.

Other important functions of the kidneys include blood pressure regulation and the production of
erythropoietin, which controls red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Kidneys also
regulate the acid-base balance and conserve fluids.
The urinary system plays a vital role in maintaining the body's internal balance by filtering blood,
removing waste, and regulating essential functions such as fluid levels, electrolyte balance, and
blood pressure. Through its key components—the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra—it
ensures the proper elimination of metabolic waste and toxins, preventing harmful substance
accumulation.

Maintaining urinary system health is crucial for overall well-being. Proper hydration, a balanced
diet, regular exercise, and routine medical check-ups help prevent common disorders such as
urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and renal failure. Since the kidneys also regulate blood
pressure and contribute to red blood cell production, their health directly impacts energy levels,
.organ function, and longevity

In conclusion, taking proactive steps to care for the urinary system not only prevents serious
medical conditions but also enhances the quality of life. A healthy urinary system supports overall
body function, ensuring vitality and well-being for years to come.
1. Urinary System Overview - National Kidney Foundation
https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/urinary
2. Anatomy and Function of the Urinary System - Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/urinalysis/about/pac-20384907
3. Common Urinary Disorders - WebMD
https://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/guide/urinary-system-disorders

4. Mawdoo3 - Urinary System Overview

https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D
8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A

5. TebCan - Functions and Disorders of the Urinary System

https://tebcan.com/ar/All/article/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2-
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%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%87_1551
7. WebTeb - Urinary Tract Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

https://www.webteb.com/kidney-urology/diseases/

8. Mawdoo3 - Urinary System Overview

https://mawdoo3.com/

9. Dr. Soliman Clinics - Urinary System Diseases: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Methods

https://dr-soliman.com/‫البولي‬-‫الجهاز‬-‫أمراض‬/