Prepared by
D.r Manal. Shoukry Mohamed
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Maxillary teeth: teeth
arranged in upper arch.
Mandibular teeth: teeth
arranged in lower arch.
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Occlusion: manner in which the maxillary teeth contact
mandibular teeth.
Mastication :process of biting or chewing food.
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Midline: imaginary vertical line which divide each arch and
the body into two equal quadrant.
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Quadrants: two approximate equal portions of each arch divided by
midline.
Four quadrants are present in entire mouth.
1. Maxillary(upper) right.
2. Maxillary(upper)left.
3. Mandibular (lower) right.
4. Mandibular (lower)left.
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Anterior teeth: teeth that facing the lip (incisiors and canine)
Posterior teeth: teeth that facing the check (premolars and
molars).
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primary or deciduous dentition
Temporary teeth (first dentition) that are replaced by
permanent teeth also called baby tooth or deciduous tooth.”
Primary teeth begin to erupt at 6 month to 3 years .
Total number of primary teeth 20, ten in each jaw (2 incisiors,
1 canine, 2 molars) in each quadrant.
Dental formula of primary teeth
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Transition or mixed dentition period begin with the
eruption of permanent first molar at age of six years in which
there is a mixture of deciduous and permanent teeth .
transition period begins at 6 year and end at 12 years of age
when all the deciduous teeth have been shed.
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permanent dentition (second or adult dentition):
they also called succedeous dentition that which succeed the
primary dentition.
There are 32 permanent teeth , 16 in each jaw.
Dental formula of permanent dentition
Erupt from 6- 21 years.
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Twenty deciduous teeth to be replaced there must be twenty
succedaneous (permanent teeth).
Incisiors and canine replace their deciduous counterpart.
Premolar which replace deciduous molar.
Molar are not considered as succedaneous
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Surfaces of the teeth:
Crowns of all teeth have five surfaces:
1- Facial surface the surface next to the face, the outer surface of the tooth
resting next to the checks or the lip used both to the anterior and
posterior teeth .
Labial surface the surfaces of incisors and canine that are towards the lip.
Buccal surface the surfaces of premolars and molars that are towards the
check.
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2-Lingual surface is the surfaces of maxillary and mandibular
teeth facing towards tongue.
Palatal surface is the surfaces of maxillary teeth facing
towards the palate.
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3- Proximal surfaces
The surface or side of the tooth
that is next to an adjacent tooth
a-mesial surface
Surfaces towards midline.
b- distal surface
Surfaces away from midline.
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4- Incisial or occlusal surface
Incisial surface: the surface of incisors
and canines that comes in contact with
opposing teeth in opposite jaw during
the closure.
occlusal surface: the surface of
premolars and molars that comes in
contact with opposing teeth in
opposite jaw during the closure.
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Tissue of tooth:
1. Enamel.
2. Dentin.
3. Pulp.
4. Cementum.
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Enamel: hard mineralized tissue
which form the outer covering of
anatomical crown.
Dentin: hard tissue which form the
main body of the tooth and
surrounds pulp cavity and is covered
by enamel in anatomical crown and
by cementum in anatomical root.
Dentino-enamel junction: internal
line of meeting of dentin and enamel
in anatomical crown of tooth.
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Dental pulp :is the soft tissue that
occupies the internal cavities of the
tooth.
1) Pulp chamber
2) Pulp horn
3) Pulp canal
4) Lateral canal.
5) Anastomosis
6) Apical foramen.
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1-Pulp chamber:
It is a single cavity centered in
the crown and roughly has the
crown outline in shape . It
almost has a cubical form in
posterior teeth with six surface;
roof, floor. Buccal, lingual, distal
and mesial.
It has a pyramidal shape with
four surfaces in anterior teeth,
that is, labial, lingual, mesial and
distal without floor but has
narrow roof located incisally and
extending mesiodistally
.
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2- Pulp Horns
• is the pulpal tissues that occupy the
projections in the roof of the pulp
chamber which correspond to the
various major cusps or lobes of the
crown.
• Pulp horn most prominent in young
individual and become less prominent
with age as a result of the formation PULP HORN
of secondary dentin.
3-pulp canal(S): the section
of the pulp cavity which is
located basically in the
anatomical root of the tooth
4-lateral accessory canals:
minute canals which usually
extend in a lateral or roughly
horizontal direction from the
pulp to the periodontal
ligament. They are almost
often found in the apical half
of the root.
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• 5 anastomosis : an extra canal
branch horizontally and connect pulp
canals with each other,
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• 6- apical foramen : the constrict
opening(s), at or near the root apex,
thought which the main nutrition and
nervous supply enter and exit to the
pulp. The apical foramen is thus the
apical limit of the pulp cavity.
• As the root begins to develop, the
apical foramen is actually larger than
the pulp chamber but it becomes
more constricted at the completion of
root formation
• It is possible for any root of a tooth to
have multiple apical foramina.
Cementum: very thin layer of hard tissue which cover
dentin of anatomical root.
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• The periodontal ligament is a very thin ligament composed of
many fibers that connects cementum with bone.
• The gingiva is a fibrous tissue enclosed by membrane that
covers the alveolar processes and surrounds the cervical
portions of the teeth.
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Alveolar process: entire bony part which surrounds and
supports all teeth in each jaw.
Alveolus: bony socket or portion of alveolar process into
which individual tooth is set.
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Cervical line identifiable line around external surface of the
tooth where enamel and cementum meet and also called
cemento-enamel junction.
Cervical line separate anatomical crown and anatomical root.
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Anatomical crown: portion of the tooth which is covered by
enamel.
Clinical crown: portion of the tooth which is visible in the mouth.
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Anatomical root: portion of the tooth which is covered by
cementum.
Clinical root: portion of the tooth which are not visible in the
mouth.
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Lines and point angles:
When two surfaces of tooth meet, a line angle is formed and
when three surfaces of tooth meet a point angle is formed.
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Contact areas at which the adjacent teeth contact each other
mesailly and distally.
• They Protects the surrounding givngiva, maintains hygiene
and promote healthy gingiva.
• They Prevent tooth rotation and mesial drift from occurring
and keeps the teeth stably positioned.
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• interproximal space is a triangular shaped area between
adjacent teeth in the same arch cervical to the contact area,
which is best observed from the facial aspect.
• Interproximal space is filled with gingival tissue(interdental
papillae).
• The triangle is formed by the alveolar bone at its cervical
base, proximal surfaces of adjacent teeth on its sides and
contact area of adjacent teeth at its apex.
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• Embrasures: are V-shaped valleys between the proximal
surface of adjacent teeth where they diverge facially or
lingually and incisially(occlusally) or cervically.
• They provide a spill way for food to escape during chewing.
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• Embrasures are named according
to their location, which depend on
the aspect from which teeth are
being view.
• When viewing teeth from either
facial or lingual aspects, two
embrasures can be observed
which are incisial (occlusal) and
cervical (gingival) embrasure.
• Cervical embrasure corresponds to
interproximal space and is usually
larger than incisial or occlusal
embrasure.
• When tooth viewing from incisial
or occlusal aspect, two
embrasures which are visible are
named labial(buccal) and lingual
embrasure.
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Facial and lingual heights of contour:
. the height of contour(crest of curvature) is the greatest area of
contour inciso (occluso) cervically on the facial and lingual surface.
. Best observed by viewing from a proximal aspect.
. Aid in proper protection and stimulation of teeth and gingival
tissue.
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Lobe: It is one of the primary
centers of calcification and growth
formed during the crown
development.
Each tooth begins to develop from
four lobes or more.
Anterior teeth have 3 lobes
labially and one lobe lingually.
Posterior teeth related to the
number of cusps.
The pulp chamber has pulp horns
corresponding to these lobes.
Cusp, mamelons and cingulum
are mature forms of lobes.
Note: Only some maxillary third
molars have as few as 3 lobes.
Peg-shaped maxillary lateral
incisors and some supernumerary
teeth may have less than three
lobes
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Anatomical Landmarks of the crown
A-Crown Elevations:
1- Mamelon 2- Cingulum 3- Cusp 4-Tubercle 5- Ridge
B- crown depressions:
1- grooves 2- supplemental grooves 3- fissure 4- sulcus 5- fossa
6- pit
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A- Crown elevations:
Mamelons: They are three small round projections of enamel
present on the incisal ridge of newly erupted incisors.
After normal use, eventually the mamelons wear down into a
flat edge.
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Cingulum: It is a rounded eminence (bulge) located at the
cervical third of the lingual surface of anterior teeth.
It represents the lingual lobe of anterior teeth(incisors and
canines).
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Cusp: They are pyramid shape projections of various size and
shape, located at the incisal portion of the canine and at the
occlusal surfaces of the premolars and molars teeth.
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Tubercle :
It is a small elevation on the crown of the teeth. It is produced
by excessive formation of enamel.
Tubercle is noticed at the palatal surface of E & 6 and
sometimes at the lingual surface of incisors over the
cingulum.
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Ridge : It is a linear elevation on the surface of the crown. It
takes its name according to location and shape.
Cervical Ridge: it is found on the cervical one third of facial
surfaces of all teeth but it well developed in deciduous first
molar D.
Labial Ridge: It is found on the labial surface of canine and it
results of greater development of middle labial lobe.
Buccal Ridge: it is found on the buccal surfaces of premolars.
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Lingual : It is a vertical elevation extending from cingulum to
cusp tip dividing the lingual surfaces into two depressions.
Incisal Ridge : is found on the incisal end at the lingual surface
of newly erupted teeth which is round projection and by the
time when the tooth wear has been occurs the incisial ridge is
converted to incisial edge which is flat and thin like knife edge.
Cusp ridge: (it descend from each cusp tip mesially and distally).
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Marginal ridge
Ridge or elevation of enamel forming the margin of the surface of
teeth.
On mesial and distal margin of lingual surface of anterior teeth.
On mesial and distal margin of occlusal surface of posterior teeth.
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Triangular Ridges:
It is a linear elevation which extends from the tip of cusp
toward the central portion of occlusal surface of posterior
teeth.
It is named for the cusp to which it belongs.
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Transverse ridge : it is made up of the union of two
triangular ridges transversely, for example lower premolars.
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Oblique ridge : it is made up of the union of two triangular
ridges obliquely .
It is found in upper deciduous second molar (E) and upper
permanent first molar (6).
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According to shape and direction the ridges can be classified
into:
1- Linear Ridge:
Cervical, Labial, Buccal, lingual, Incisal, Marginal, and Cusp
ridges.
2-Triangular Ridge
3-Transverse ridge
4- Oblique Ridge
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B- Crown depressions
Developmental grooves: Shallow grooves that separate cusps
or primary part of the teeth which indicating the union of the
lobes . It is found in the occlusal surfaces and may extend to
the buccal or lingual surfaces of posterior teeth.
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2. Supplemental grooves: small irregular auxiliary grooves, they
branch from developmental groove and they do not denote
union of primary lobes. Upper third molar followed by upper
second molar and upper second premolar are characterized
by high number of supplemental grooves.
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3. Fissures: they found in the bottom of developmental grooves
and result from incomplete union of primary lobes. They
represent a fault in enamel.
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4. Sulcus: it is a long valley on occlusal surface running
between the cusps and ridges. Its inclined surfaces meet
centrally in the developmental groove.
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5. fossa: is a small depression or concavity on occlusal or
lingual surfaces of teeth. It has different shapes including:
A) Central fossa
B) Triangular fossa
C) Lingual fossa
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6. pit :It is a pinpoint depression in enamel which may true or
false
True pit : it is found in the bottom of circular or triangular
fossa. It presents at the junction of or at the end of
developmental grooves.
Fault pit: It develops as a result of incomplete formation of
enamel. It is located at the end of buccal developmental
groove of lower molars or palatal groove of upper molars.
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Tooth numbering system
These are the systems designated to identify the type of each
tooth and its location in each quadrant of the dental arches.
The three most common systems are :
1. Palmer notation system
2. FDI (Federation dental International) or two digit system
3. Universal numbering system
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1. Palmer notation system
It represents the four quadrants of the dentition by vertical
and horizontal lines as if you facing the patient.
The permanent teeth are numbered from 1-8 on each side
from the midline.
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• The deciduous teeth are lettered from A-E on each side from
the midline.
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2. FDI (two digit system)
In this system each tooth in dental arch is given a number of
two digits. The first digit of the system at the left side of the
number indicates the number of the quadrants of the dental
arches in a clockwise direction starting with the right maxillary
quadrant and ending with the right mandibular quadrant.
In permanent dentition In deciduous dentition
U.R.1 2.U.L U.R.5 6.U.L
L.R.4 3.L.L. L.R.8 7.L.L
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• The second digit indicates the number of the tooth within any
quadrant . 10
• starting from the midline the numbering are from 1 to 8 for
permanent teeth and from 1to 5 for deciduous teeth.
• The two digits should be pronounced separately
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3. The universal notional system (American numbering
system)
Unlike the previous two systems, the median line of the cross
is not used as starting point and the first number is given to
the right maxillary permanent third molar .the maxillary teeth
are numbered from 1-16 in clockwise direction. Beginning
with left mandibular third molar the teeth is numbered as 17-
32.
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• In the universal system for deciduous teeth , the maxillary
teeth are numbered from A-J beginning with maxillary second
molar.
• Beginning with left mandibular second molar .the teeth are
numbered from K-T
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