Tutorial problems

Example 3.1 A 3-phase slip ring induction motor gives a reading of 55V across slip rings on open circuit
when at rest with normal stator voltage applied. The rotor is star-connected and has impedance of (0.7 + j 5) per
phase. Find the rotor current when the machine is (a) at stand still with the slip rings joined to a star-connected
starter with a phase impedance of (4 + j 3) ohms and (b) running normally with a 5 percent slip.

Solution
(a) At standstill, i.e. S=1
55
Induced emf per phase in rotor winding, E 2   31.8V
3
Resistance per phase in rotor circuit, r2  0.7  4  4.7  4.7 
Reactance per phase in rotor circuit, x 2  5  3  8
Impendence per phase in rotor circuit, z 2  r22  x 22  4.7 2  8 2  9.28 
E 31.8
Rotor current per phase, I 2  2   3.425 A
z 2 9.28
r 4 .7
Power factor cos  2  2   0.506 ( lagging )
z 2 9.28
(b) Running normally at 5 Percent slip
Induced e.m.f in rotor winding per phase,
E2 S  SE2  0.05  31.8  1.59 V
Reactance per phase in rotor circuit,
x2 S  Sx2  0.05  5  0.25 
Rotor impedance per phase,
z 2 S  r22  x 22S  0.7 2  0.25 2  0.7433

E2S 1.59
Rotor current per phase, I 2    2.14 A
z 2 S 0.7433
Power factor,
r 0 .7
cos  2  2   0.92 ( lagging )
z 2 S 0.7433
Example 3.2 A 3, 15 hp, 460V, 4-pole, 60Hz, 1728 rpm induction motor delivers full output power to a load
connected to its shaft. The windage and friction loss of the motor is 750 W. Determine the
a) Mechanical power developed.
b) Air gap power
c) Rotor copper loss.
Solution
a) Full-load shft power, Pshaft = 15  746 = 11,190 W
Mechanical power developed, Pmech = Pshaft + Pf&w
= 11,190 + 750 = 11,940 W
120  f 120  60
b) Synchronous speed, N s    1800 rpm
P 4
 N s  N 1800  1728
Slip, S   0.04
Ns 1800
Pmech 11 ,940
Air gap power, Pag    12 ,437 .5 W
1  S 1  0.04
c) Rotor copper loss, P2  SPag  0.04  12 ,437.5  497.5 W

Example 3.3 A 6-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz, induction motor runs on full load with a slip of 4 percent. Given the
rotor standstill impedance per phase as (0.01 + j 0.05), calculate the available maximum torque in terms of
full load torque. Also determine the speed at which the maximum torque occurs. .
Solution
Rotor resistance per phase, R2=0.01
Rotor standstill reactance per phase, X2=0.05
Full load slip, S=4%=0.04
Ratio of maximum torque to full load torque
2 2
 R2 
   S 2fl  0.01   0.04 2
 X2  
0.05 

0.0416
 2 .6
R 0.01 0.016
2 2  S fl 2  0.04
X2 0.05
Maximum torque, Tmax  2.6 T fl
R2 0.01
(ii) Slip corresponding to maximum torque, ST max    0 .2
X 2 0.05
Speed corresponding to maximum torque,
120  50
N  N s ( 1  ST max )  ( 1  0.2 )
6
 800 r . p.m.

Example 3.4 A 4-pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has a rotor resistance of 0.024  per phase and
standstill reactance of 0.6  per phase. Determine the speed at which the maximum torque is developed.
Solution
Rotor resistance per phase, R2=0.024
Rotor standstill reactance per phase, X2=0.6
Since the torque under running condition is maximum at that value of the slip which makes rotor reactance per
phase equal to the rotor resistance per phase,
R 0.024
Slip corresponding to maximum torque, ST max  2   0.04
X2 0 .6
Speed corresponding to maximum torque,
120  50
N  N S 1  ST max   1  0.04   1440rpm
4
Example 3.5 The maximum torque of a 3-phase induction motor is twice the full load torque and starting
torque is equal to full load torque. Calculate the full load speed and the slip at which maximum torque occurs.
Solution
Maximum torque, Tmax  2T fl ; Starting torque, Tst  T fl
Ratio of starting torque to maximum torque,
Tst Tst 2S 2S
 0 .5  2 T max 0.5  2 T max 2
Tmax Since Tmax ST max  1 ST max  1 or ST max  4 ST max  1  0
Therefore, slip corresponding to maximum torque,
4  42  4
ST max   2  3  0.268 rejecting higher value
2
Let the full load slip of Sfl. Since the ratio of full load torque to maximum torque (Eq.3.23) is given by the
T 2S S 1 2  0.268  S fl
expression fl  2 T max 2fl Or  2 2
Or 0268 2  S 2fl  4  0.268  0 Or S fl  0.072
Tmax ST max  S fl 2 0.268  S fl
rejecting higher value. Full load speed, N  N S 1  S fl   N s 1  0.072   0.928 N s i.e. 0.928 times
synchronous speed
Example 3.6 A 3, 460V, 1740rpm, 60Hz, 4-pole wound-rotor induction motor has the following parameters
per phase:
R1=0.25 R2’=0.2
X1=X2’=0.5 Xm=30
The rotation losses are 1700 w. with the rotor terminals short-circuited, find
a) i)Starting current when started direct on full-voltage ii) Starting torque
b) i) Full-load slip ii) Full-load current iii) Ratio of starting current to full-load current
iv) Full-load power factor v) Full-load torque vi) Internal efficiency and the motor efficiency at full-load
c) i) Slip at which maximum torque is developed ii) Maximum torque developed
d) How much external resistance per phase should be connected in the rotor circuit so that the
maximum torque occurs at start?
Solution
460
a) V1   265.6 V / phase At start S=1. The input impedance is
3
 r 2' ' 
jX   jx 
m s 2

Z 1  r1  x 1    
r 2'
s

 j x m  x '
2

j300.2  j0.5
 0.25  j0.5 
0.2  j30.5
 1.0866 
265 .6
I st   245 .9   66A
1.0866
2N s 2  1800
syn    188.5 rad / s
60 60
V1 jX m 266.5  j 30.0
Vth    261.3V
r1  j  xm  x1  0.25  j 30.5
jX m ( R1  jX 1 ) j30( 0.25  j0.5 )
Zth    0.5563.9
R1  j( X 1  X m ) 0.25  j30.5
 0.24  j0.49 
 Rth  0.24  ; X th  0.49 
 2
3 V th R 2'
T st   .
 syn ( R th ' 2
 R2 )  ( X th  X 2 )2 S
3 261 . 3 2 0 .2
  2 2
 
188 . 5 ( 0 . 24  0 . 2 )  ( 0 . 49  0 . 5 ) 1
 185 . 2 N .m
b) At full-load
N s  N 1800  1740
S   0.0333
Ns 1800

R2' 0 .2
  6.01 
s 0.0333
j 30  6.01  j 0.5 
Z1  0.25  j 0.5 
6.01  j  30.5 
 0.25  j0.5  5.598  j1.596  6.212319.7 
265.6
I FL   42.754   19.7A
6.212319.7 
I st 245.9
  5.75
I FL 42.754
PF= cos(19.7)=0.94 lagging
3 261 . 3 2
T FL   6 . 01
188 . 5 ( 0 . 24  6 . 01 ) 2  ( 0 . 49  0 . 5 ) 2
 163 . 11 N . m
Air gap power
Pag  Tsyn  163.11  188.5  30,746.2 W

Rotor copper loss:

P2  sPag  0.0333  30,746.2  1023.9 W

P2  1  s Pag  1  0.0333  30,746.2  29,722.3 W

Pout  Pmech  Prot  29 ,722.3  1700  28 ,022.3 W

Pin  3V1 I 1 cos 1  3  265.6  42.754  0.94  32,022.4 W
Pout 28,022.3
motor    100  87.5%
Pin 32,022.4

int ernal  ( 1  s )  1  0.0333  0.967  96.7%

R2' 0.2 0.2
c) ST max  1
 1
  0.1963
 Rth2  ( X th  X 2' )2  2
 0.24 2   0.49  0.5 2  2 1.0187
 
  
3 Vth2 3  261.32 
Tmax  . 1
  1 
 431.68N.m ; Tmax  431.68  2.65
2 syn Rth  [ Rth2  ( Xth  X 2' )2 ] 2 2 188.5  0.24  0.242   0.49  0.52  2  TFL 163.11
   
R2'  Rext
'
R2'  Rext
'
R2'  Rext
'
D) ST max  1  1
 1
 ; Rext'  1.0187  0.2  0.8187
 Rth2  ( X th  X 2' )2  2
 0.24 2   0.49  0.5 2  2 1.0187
 
Note that for parts (a) and (b) it is not necessary to use Thevenin’s equivalent circuit. Calculation can be based
on the equivalent circuit of Figure. 3.15 as follows:
Example 3.7 A 10-Kw,400-V, 4-pole delta connected squirrel cage IMotor gave the following test results:
No-load Test: 400-V , 8-A, 250-W
Blocked rotor Test: 90-V, 35-A, 1350-W
The dc resistance of the stator winding per phase measured after the blocked –rotor test is 0.6Ω. Calculate the
rotational losses and the equivalent circuit parameters.
Solution
No-load rotational losses are
2
 8 
Prot  Pnl  3I 2nl R 1  250  3   (0.6  1.20)  203.92W
 3
Note that the effective stator resistance per phase is taken equal to 1.2 times its d.c. value.
From no-load Test:
Vnl 400 Pnl 250
Z nl    86.6 ; Rnl    3.91 X nl  Z nl2  Rnl2  86.6 2  3.91 2  86.51
3  I nl 
2 2
I nl  8 
  3  8 
 3  3
From blocked-rotor test:
Vbr 90 Pbr 1350
Z br    4.45  , Rbr    1.1 X br  Z br2  Rbr2  4.45 2  1.1 2  4.32 
3  I br 
2 2
I br  35 
  3  35  The
 3  3

1
refore; x1  x2  X br  2.158 
2
X m  X nl  x 1  86 .51  2.158  84 .352 
And
X 2  X m  x 2  84 .352  2.158  86 .51 
Then,per phase rotor resistance is given by
2 2
X   86.51 
r2  ( Rbr  r1 )  2   1.102  0.6  1.2     0.402 
 Xm   84.352 
Thus the parameters of the induction motor equivalent circuit are:
r1= 0.72; r2= 0.402; x1=x2=2.158; and Xm=84.352
Example 3.16 A squirrel induction motor has a full-load slip of 0.05. The motor starting current at rated voltage
is 6 times its full-load current. Find the tapping on the auto-transformer starter which should give full-load at
start. Also find the line current at starting in terms of full-load current.
Solution
Here , motor starting or short-circuit current Isc is 6Ifl.
2
Tst I  1
 x 2  sc  .S fl 2 2
 1  x  6  0.05 Or x   0.745 or 74.5% tappings
T fl I  1.8
 fl 
The starting line current is I st  x 2 I sc  0.7452  6I fl  3.33I fl

Example 3.9.A small 3-phase induction motor has a short-circuit current 5 times of full load current and full
load slip 5%. Determine the starting torque and starting current if starting resistance starter is used to reduce the
impressed voltage to 60% of normal voltage.
Solution
Starting current, I st  0.6I SC  0.6  5I fl  3I fl
Starting torque,
2
I 
Tst  Tfl  st   Sfl  Tfl 3  0.05  0.45Tfl i.e. 45% of full load torque.
2

 Ifl 
Example 3.10 Calculate the values of resistance elements of a 4-step starter for a 3-phase, 400-V, wound-rotor
induction motor. The full-load slip is 3% and the maximum starting current is limited to its full-load value.
Rotor resistance per phase is 0.015-Ω.
Solution
For a 4-step starter, there are 4-sections i.e. n=4.
1 1

Here, Sfl=3%=0.03 ;   ( S fl )  0.03  0.416

n 4

The total resistance of rotor circuit at the moment of starting

r2 0.015
R1'    0 .5 
S fl 0.03

The resistances of various elements are:

R1=R1’(1-)= 0.5(1-0.416)=0.292 ; R2=R1=0.416 x 0.292 = 0.121 
R3=2R1=R2=0.416 x 0.121 = 0.051 ; R4=3R1=2R2=R3=0.416 x 0.051 = 0.021
Checking : R’1=R1+R2+R3+R4+r2 =0.292+0.121+0.051+0.021+0.015= 0.5 

Example3.11
 From the two expressions

=1242rpm

Now,
problems to be solved on induction machines
3.1. A 3-phase, 4-pole, 50Hz, 7.5 kw induction motor runs at 1,440 rpm. Determine: i) the slip, ii) the slip-
speed. Ans.i) 0.04 ; ii) 60 r.p.m
3.2. A 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor has a full-load speed of 1440 rpm. For this motor , calculate the
following:
a) Number of poles
b) Full-load slip and rotor frequency
c) Speed of stator field with respect to:
Stator structure and ii)Rotor structure and
d) Speed of rotor field with respect to:
a)Rotor structure b)Stator structure c)Stator field
Ans. a) 4; b) 4% & 2Hz; c)1500rpm; 60rpm; d) 60rpm; 1500rpm
3.3. A 4-pole, 50Hz induction motor runs at 415 rpm Deduce the frequency of the rotor windings and the slip.
Ans. 1.584 Hz ; 3.167%
3.4. A 4-pole. 50Hz induction motor has an emf in the rotor, the frequency of which is 2 Hz. Determine (i) the
synchronous speed (ii) the slip iii) the speed of the motor. Ans.i)1500rpm;ii) 4%; iii) 1440 r.p.m
a) A 200-Kw, 3300-V, 6-pole, 50-Hz star-connected slip-ring induction motor has a star connected rotor.
Stator to rotor turns ratio is 3.2.rotor resistance and leakage reactance are 0.1-Ω and 1-Ω respectively.
Neglecting stator impedance ,find a) Current and torque at starting on rated voltage with slip-rings short
circuited and
b) The external resistance required to reduce the starting current to 50-A with across-the line starting.
Compare starting torque under these conditions. Ans. a)185.14A; 1005.5N.m b) 35.681 ; 3.484; 2628.8
N.m
3.5. A 3-phase, 4-pole, 1440 rpm, 50 Hz induction motor has star connected rotor winding , having a
resistance of 0.2 per phase and a standstill leakage resistance of 1 per phase. When the stator is energized at
rated voltage and frequency, the rotor induced emf at standstill is 120-V per phase.
a) Calculate the rotor current, rotor power factor and torque both at starting and at full-load & compare
the results.
b) If an external resistance of 1  per phase is inserted in rotor circuit, calculate rotor current, rotor
power factor and torque at the time of starting.
Ans. a) at starting:117.67A; 0.196 lagging; 52.36N.m. and at full-load: 23.53 A ; 0.98 lagging; 52.87 N.m. b) at
starting: 76.82 A ; 0.768 lagging; 135.25 N.m.
3.6. In s 6-pole, 3-phase. 50Hz induction motor with a star-connected rotor, the rotor resistance per phase is
0.3, the reactance at standstill is 1.5  per phase, and the emf between slip rings on open circuit is 175 V.
Calculate :
(i) slip (ii) rotor emf per phase (iii) rotor reactance per phase if full load speed is 960rpm. Ans.(i)
4% (ii) 4.05 V (iii) 0.06
3.7. A 50 Hz, 8-pole induction motor has a full load slip of 4%. The rotor resistance and standstill reactance
are 0-01  and 0.1  per phase respectively. Find the ratio of maximum to full load torque and the speed at
which the maximum torque occurs. Ans.1.45; 675 rpm
3.8. An induction motor has a rotor resistance of 0.02 and a standstill reactance of 0.1. How much external
resistance must be added in the rotor circuit so as to get the maximum torque at starting. Ans. 0.08 
3.9. For an induction motor, the starting torque is 1.6 times the full load torque and the rnaximum torque is 2
times the full load torque. Determine the percentage reduction in the rotor circuit resistance so that the full load
slip is 0.04%. Neglect the stator impedance. Ans.70%
3.10. A 3-phase induction motor is fed with a power of 48 kw. If the stator losses are 1.2 kw, find the
mechanical power developed and copper losses in the rotor, when the slip is 3%. Ans. 45.396kW;
1.404kW
3.11. The power input to a 500 V, 50 Hz, 6-pole, 3-phase induction motor running at 975 rpm is 40kW . The
stator losses are 2 kw and the friction and windage losses total 2 kw. Calculate (i) the slip (ii) the copper loss (iii)
the output power and (iv) the efficiency. Ans. i) 2.5%; ii) 950W; iii) 35.05kW ; iv) 87.6%
3.12. A 20Kw, 6-pole, 400V, 50Hz, 3-phase induction motor has a full-load slip of 0.02. If the torque lost in
mechanical (friction & windage) form constitutes about 20 N.m., find the rotor ohmic loss, motor input and
efficiency. The total stator losses are 900 Watts. Ans. 450W; 23.4kW; 85.47%
3.13. A 3-phase , 400 V, 50Hz star-connected induction motor gave the following test results:
No load: 400 V, 7.5A, 0.135 power factor
Blocked rotor: 150 V, 35A, 0.44 power factor
The ratio of standstill leakage reactance of stator and rotor is estimated as 2. If the motor is running at a speed
of 900rpm, determine
a) Net mechanical power output b) The net torque and c) Efficiency of the motor.
Assume stator to rotor copper losses to be equal. Ans. Psh=8648.98 W; Tsh=86.033 N.m;= 86.23%
3.14. Design the 5-sections of a 6-stud starter for a 3-phase slip-ring induction motor. The full-load slip is 2%
and the maximum starting current is limited to twice the full-load current. Rotor resistance per phase is 0.03-Ω.
Ans. 0.356 Ω; 0.187 Ω; 0.098 Ω; 0.052 Ω;0.027 Ω
3.15. A squirrel induction motor has a full-load slip of 0.05. The motor starting current at rated voltage is 6
times its full-load current. Find the tapping on the auto-transformer starter which should give full-load at start.
Also find the line current at starting in terms of full-load current. Ans. 74.5%; 3.33 Ifl
3.16. A 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor has a short-circuit current of 5 times the full-load current. Its full-
load slip is 5%. Calculate the starting torque as percentage of full-load torque if the motor is started by
a) Direct-on-line starter b) Start-delta and
c) Auto-transformer starter, limiting the motor starting current to twice the motor full-load current.
d)What is the percentage auto-transformer tapping under (c) case? Ans. a) 1.25%; b) 0.417; c) 0.20; d) 40%
3.17. Calculate the values of resistance elements of a 4-step starter for a 3-phase, 400-V, wound-rotor induction
motor. The full-load slip is 3% and the maximum starting current is limited to its full-load value. Rotor
resistance per phase is 0.015-Ω. Ans. 0.291 Ω; 0.121 Ω; 0.051 Ω; 0.021 Ω