ACLC COLLEGE OF ORMOC CITY, INC.

SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL DEPARTMENT

INQUIRIES, IMMERSION, AND INVESTIGATION

THE EFFICACY OF SAMBONG (BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA) IN FOOT POWDER

APPLLICATION

A Research Paper
Presented to The Senior High School Faculty of
ACLC College of Ormoc City, Inc.

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion subject
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)

By

Abrillo, Nathalie
Ador, Sheirych
Caballes, Renz Cedrick
Cuervo, Lorraine Therese
Fabular, Denica Jen
Gonzales, Joseph Martin
Ignacio, Jane Rose
Losorata, Joshua
Pañares, Lovely Jane
Sevilleno, John Lloyd

May 2025
 ACLC COLLEGE OF ORMOC CITY, INC.
SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL DEPARTMENT
PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

RUBRICS FOR RESEARCH MANUSCRIPT GRADING

STEM-G
Title of the Study:
THE EFFICACY OF SAMBONG (BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA) IN FOOT POWDER
APPLLICATION
Researchers:
1. Abrillo, Nathalie
2. Ador, Sheirych
3. Caballes, Renz Cedrick
4. Cuervo, Lorraine Therese
5. Fabular, Denica Jen
6. Gonzales, Joseph Martin
7. Ignacio, Jane Rose
8. Losorata, Joshua
9. Pañares, Lovely Jane
10. Sevilleno, John Lloyd
INTRODUCTION
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
1. The introduction consists of an adequate introductory
discussion of the problem.
2. Factors that led to the problem are well- discussed in
paragraph 1.
3. The in-text citations are properly and clearly
presented in the literature review (overview).
4. Conceptual Framework adequately supports the main
problem or the title of the study.
5. The aims/ purposes or objectives were thoroughly
presented.
6. The gap of knowledge of the study is clearly and
specifically stated in paragraph 3 to convince the
readers of the need to conduct such study.
7. In general, the manuscript is scholarly written and
has global impact in educational context as a whole.
Total
Plus 15 pts. for effort.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
 1. Cited literature and studies are adequate and relevant
to the research problem.
2. Related literature and studies are recent (five years
ago to present year of the study).
3. Foreign literature, studies, local literature and studies
are present.
4. Synthesis of the reviewed literature and studies is
well organized, concise.
5. The sources are appropriately acknowledged and
credited.
6. The researchers were able to determine the construct
and variable of their study and or theory presented.
Total
Plus 20 pts. for effort.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD

Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
1. The research methodology is well-described and is
suitable for fitting to the research problem.
2. The participants of the study are well described in
terms of the sample profiles, sample size, and
sampling technique and or procedure.
3. The research locale is described in terms of its
location, historical background, purposes and
objectives.
4. The procedure of gathering data is explained in
complete detail from the beginning the researchers
sought the permission to conduct the study.
5. The research instrument is presented and discussed in
terms of its validity and adaptation.
6. The consent letters are well written and provided for.
Total
Plus 20 pts. for effort.

Prepared by
Daniela Erika Marie S. Templado
Practical Research 1&2 Instructor
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Nowadays, the increasing prevalence of foot-related issues, such as fungal infections

and odor, highlights the need for effective foot care products. Traditional foot powders often

rely on synthetic antimicrobial agents, which may pose safety concerns and environmental

impacts. Feet problems isn’t as crucial as other hygienic problems. But, it should be

recognized more (esp. bad foot odor, athlete’s feet, etc.)..

Foot odor (or Bromodosis) is the feet’s unpleasant smell that is caused by bacteria.

The main causes of smelly feet are a build-up of sweat and bacteria, and fungal infections

like athlete’s foot. Actually, sweat itself is odorless, but it creates a beneficial environment for

certain bacteria to grow and produce bad-smelling substances (Caliso, et. al., 2011). Bacteria

collected in your shoes, socks, and on your skin, will multiply, eating the dead skin cells and

oil that are on your feet. As the bacteria breaks down, it releases a smelly odor. Up to 15% of

people have very smelly feet, due to the type of bacteria (Kyetococcus sedentarius) that

grows ( (Lisa K. Burson, D.P.M., n.d.).

To prevent smelly feet, we use a foot powder or an antiperspirant. Foot powder is a

type of sweat-absorbent powder that prevents or gets rid of the odor. But some foot powder

formulations tend to irritate the feet which causes it to smell worse. Some are also expensive

which can be the reason that consumers reject it. By this, the researchers thought of an idea

on making an Organic Foot Powder made from Sambong (Blumea Balsamifera) that provides

relief from to those who have foot problems.

 Sambong (Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.) is an ancient oriental medicinal herb, which

grows in the wild in Southeast Asia. In China, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Philippines,

it has been used as a medicine to treat skin wounds, and as incense because it has a high level

of essential oils (Lui, L. Et. Al., 2016). Sambong (Blumea Balsamifera), is recognized for its

diverse medicinal properties, has demonstrated antimicrobial properties, yet its potential as a

natural foot powder remains unexplored. By exploring its medicinal benefits, we can possibly

make an organic foot powder that can highly be functional and is a cheaper alternative. Since,

Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) showed that it has an antibacterial activity against other

bacteria that is a normal part of the human flora, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus),

chances of the efficacy of the plant as an alternative ingredient are high.

The current study aims to resolve the following important research gaps identified in

the exploration of Sambong as a potential foot powder:

Efficacy against Foot-related Issues: Studies are needed to assess the efficacy of

Sambong in foot powders against common foot problems like athlete’s foot (tinea pedis),

bacterial infections, odor, and excessive sweating.(Kumar, P., et. al., 2018)

Limited Studies on Topical Applications: While sambong has been extensively

studied on its internal health benefits, research specifically targeting its efficacy and safety in

topical formulations like foot powder is scarce. (Singh, R., 2020)

Optimal Formulation and Dosage: Research is required to determine the optimal

concentration of sambong extract in foot powders, considering factors like particle size,

carrier material, and release rate to maximize effectiveness. (Chavez, J. ,2021).

Safety and Side Effects: While sambong is generally considered safe for internal use,

its safety for topical application in foot powders requires investigation, particularly for

individuals with sensitive skin or allergies to ragweed plants. (Kumar, P., 2018)
 Consumer Acceptance and Market Potential: Research on consumer acceptance

and market potential of sambong-based foot powders is crucial to gauge the product's

feasibility and potential for commercialization. (Nguyen, T., 2020)

By investigating these aspects, this study seeks to determine whether Sambong

(Blumea Balsamifera) can serve as a viable alternative to conventional foot powder

ingredients, contributing to more effective and natural foot care solutions.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to conduct an experiment to test the effectiveness of Sambong

(Blumea Balsamifera) as an alternative ingredient for foot powder applications.

Specifically, the researchers aim to investigate the following questions:

1. How effective is Sambong foot powder in alleviating foot-related problems,

specifically in terms of:

1.1 Reduction of foot odor

1.2 Relief from itching

1.3 Mitigation of burning sensations

1.4 Antiperspirant effectiveness

2. What is the optimum formulation of Sambong Foot Powder?

2.1 TO- Commercial foot powder

2.2 TI- 20% Bentonite Clay, 60% Arrowroot Powder, 20% Sambong Powder, 5 drops

of lavender oil.

2.3 T2- 20% Bentonite Clay, 30% Arrowroot Powder, 50% Sambong Powder, 5 drops

of lavender oil.
 2.4 T3- 10% Bentonite Clay, 30% Arrowroot Powder, 60% Sambong Powder, 5 drops

of lavender oil.

2.5 T4- 20% Bentonite Clay, 40% Arrowroot Powder, 35% Sambong Powder, 5%

Baking Soda, 5 drops of lavender oil.

3. Does the sambong foot powder pass the standard of conventional commercial foot

powder in terms of:

3.1 Texture

3.2 Scent

3.3 Absorption

Research Hypothesis

H0: Sambong foot powder has no effect on reducing foot odor, relieving itching, or

mitigating burning sensations compared to a control group.

H1: Sambong foot powder significantly reduces foot odor, relieves itching, and mitigates

burning sensations compared to a control group.

H0: There is no significant difference in texture, scent, and absorption between Sambong

foot powder and conventional commercial foot powders.

H1: There is a significant difference in at least one parameter (texture, scent, or

absorption) between Sambong foot powder and conventional commercial foot

powders.
Conceptual Framework

PROCESS

A. Gather Blumea
INPUT Balsamifera leaves OUTPUT
B. Wash the plant parts
C. Let the plant parts
dry completely
D. Crush the dried plant
Sambong (Blumea into a powder
E. See if the powder Sambong Foot Powder
Balsamifera)
works against foot
odor and germs
F. Test to see if the
powder reduces
inflammation
G. Add other things if
needed to make it
better
H. Test the improved
powder
I. Make a bigger batch
of the powder
Figure 1 J. Put the powder into
containers

The Schematic Diagram of the Input, Process, and Output approach of the study. The

process includes the tools and analysis in gathering the data, while the output is the outcome

based on the result of the study.

Scope and Delimitation

This research seeks to determine the efficacy of a foot powder formulated with

sambong in addressing mild to moderate foot odor among students(and/or athletes) aged 16–

20 years from ACLC College of Ormoc, Inc. The study targets participants who satisfy the
inclusion criteria, including their consent to participate and the presence of mild to moderate

foot odor. The investigation will be carried out under controlled conditions to ensure the

accuracy and reliability of the results.

The study is restricted to participants within the age range of 16–20 years and

excludes individuals with known allergic reactions to sambong or any component of the foot

powder. Additionally, participants who use other foot care products throughout the research

period or who have open wounds, foot sores, or active fungal infections are not eligible to

participate. In order to guarantee that the results are unique to the target population and the

intervention under study, these delimitations are intended to remove any potential

confounding factors.

The study aims to give trustworthy information on the possible advantages of

Sambong in reducing foot odor by following the inclusion and exclusion criteria and carrying

out the research in a controlled environment. The results may provide useful information on

other natural ways to treat foot odor, especially for the intended audience.

Significance of the Study

The significance of studying Blumea balsamifera (commonly known as sambong) lies

in its numerous medicinal, environmental, and economic benefits.

Athletes or People who engage in Sports: Athletes who engage in activities that

cause excessive sweating and friction could find relief from foot odor and irritation with a

sambong-based foot powder.

 Environmental Benefits: Sustainability as a native plant, it supports biodiversity and

can thrive in various environments with minimal inputs.; Potential for Phytoremediation. Its

robust growth and adaptability may contribute to environmental restoration projects.

Scientific Contributions: Novel Drug Discovery The plant's bioactive compounds

may lead to new drug formulations, especially for antimicrobial, anticancer, or anti-

inflammatory therapies.; Genomic and Phytochemical Research Understanding its genetics

and chemical composition expands scientific knowledge of plant-based medicines.

Public Health Benefits: Support for Natural Remedies Offers an accessible remedy

for common health issues, reducing dependence on conventional pharmaceuticals.

Definition of Terms

Operational Definitions

1. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera): The medicinal herb Sambong (Blumea

balsamifera) refers to the dried and powdered leaves of the plant, used as the active

ingredient in the formulation of the foot powder. It is utilized for its antimicrobial and

anti-inflammatory effects, which are measured through its ability to reduce foot odor

and irritation in participants.

2. Foot Powder: The foot powder is a formulated product designed to be applied to the

feet, containing ingredients such as Sambong, lavender oil, bentonite clay, and

arrowroot powder. It is intended to absorb moisture, reduce foot odor, and relieve

itching or irritation. Its efficacy is evaluated through sensory assessments and odor

intensity scales.
3. Odor Intensity Scale: The odor intensity scale is a subjective measurement tool

used to rate the strength of foot odor on a scale from 0 (no odor) to 5 (extremely

strong odor). This scale is used before and after the application of foot powder to

assess the reduction in foot odor intensity as a result of treatment.

4. Lavender Oil: Lavender oil is the essential oil derived from the flowers of

Lavandula angustifolia, included in the foot powder formulation at a specified

concentration (e.g., 2%) to provide a fragrance and additional calming effects. The

fragrance intensity and calming effects are measured through participant feedback and

sensory evaluation.

5. Bentonite Clay: Bentonite clay is a natural, fine-textured substance included in the

foot powder formulation for its moisture-absorbing and detoxifying properties. Its

effectiveness in moisture absorption is measured by the weight difference of the foot

powder before and after exposure to moisture (e.g., sweat).

6. Arrowroot Powder: Arrowroot powder refers to the starch extracted from the root

of the arrowroot plant, used in the foot powder formulation for its ability to absorb

moisture. It can be substituted with tapioca starch, with the moisture absorption

properties measured through standardized testing of powder performance under

humid conditions.

7. Placebo Powder: The placebo powder is a non-active powder that resembles the

experimental foot powder in appearance and texture but lacks the active ingredient,

Sambong. It serves as a control group in the study to compare the effects of the

Sambong-based foot powder with a powder that does not contain antimicrobial

properties.

8. Moisture Absorption: Moisture absorption refers to the capacity of the foot powder

to absorb sweat from the feet. It is operationalized by applying a set amount of foot
 powder to a standardized wet surface and measuring the reduction in moisture content

over a specified period of time.

9. Foot Odor (Bromodosis): Foot odor (bromodosis) is defined as the unpleasant

smell resulting from the bacterial decomposition of sweat and dead skin cells on the

feet. In the study, foot odor is quantitatively measured using the odor intensity scale

and qualitatively assessed by participant feedback regarding the reduction of odor

after using the foot powder.

Conceptual Definitions

1. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera): A medicinal herb used in this study as the primary

ingredient for producing an organic foot powder due to its antimicrobial and anti-

inflammatory properties.

2. Foot Powder: A product designed to reduce foot odor, absorb moisture, and provide

relief from itching or irritation caused by bacterial or fungal growth.

3. Odor Intensity Scale: Ameasurement tool used to evaluate the strength of foot odor

before and after treatment with Sambong based foot powder.

4. Lavender Oil: An essential oil added for fragrance in the foot powder formulation to

enhance user experience and provide calming effects.

5. Bentonite Clay: A natural substance included in the foot powder formulation for its

detoxifying properties and ability to absorb impurities and moisture.

6. Arrowroot Powder: A natural ingredient used in the foot powder formulation for its

moisture- absorbing qualities, substitutable with tapioca starch.

7. Placebo Powder: A non-functional powder used as a control in the study to compare

its effects with Sambong-based foot powder.

 8. Moisture Absorption: The ability of the foot powder to absorb sweat and reduce the

wetness that promotes bacterial growth.

9. Foot Odor (Bromodosis): An unpleasant smell caused by bacterial breakdown of

sweat and dead skin cells, targeted by the antimicrobial properties of Sambong.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a comprehensive review of both foreign and local literature and

studies relevant to the efficacy of Sambong (Blumea Balsamifera) in Foot Powder

Applications. It aims to contextualize the research within existing knowledge and identify

gaps that this study seeks to address. The chapter will explore various theoretical frameworks

that underpin the analysis, providing a solid foundation for understanding the research

questions posed. By examining previous findings and methodologies, this review will

highlight the processes and approaches that will be employed in this study to ensure accurate

data analysis and meaningful conclusions.

Foreign Literature and Studies

CONCEPT

A study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology by Nworu et al. (2018)

investigated the antimicrobial properties of Blumea balsamifera extracts testing them against

a range of bacterial and fungal pathogens. The research aimed to determine whether these

extracts could serve as effective natural alternatives for combating infections, particularly in

formulations intended for foot care.

 Research conducted by Akinmoladun et al. (2019) in the International Journal of Herbal

Medicine examined the wound healing properties of Sambong extracts, focusing on their

ability to promote healing in skin wounds. The researchers aimed to determine whether these

extracts could enhance the healing process and improve skin regeneration, which is

particularly relevant for developing natural remedies for wound care.

Research by Bharati et al. (2021) in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences focused on

developing/formulating and evaluate herbal-based topical applications that can effectively

address various skin issues, including foot powders. The researchers aimed to explore the

synergistic effects of combining different herbs known for their beneficial properties, such as

anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and skin-rejuvenating effects. This approach is intended to

provide a natural alternative to synthetic products while enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of

the formulations.

A study by Khan et al. (2020) published in the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical

Biomedicine explored how these extracts could modulate inflammatory responses and

potentially provide therapeutic benefits for conditions characterized by inflammation. This

research is significant given the increasing interest in natural remedies for managing

inflammatory diseases.

A study published in Molecules by Zhang et al. (2022), in the Asian Pacific Journal of

Tropical Biomedicine, investigated natural deodorants derived from plant extracts, including

Sambong. The researchers aimed to investigate the ability of Sambong extracts to neutralize

odors and inhibit the growth of odor-causing bacteria, thereby providing a natural alternative

to synthetic deodorants. This research is particularly relevant in the context of growing

consumer demand for natural personal care products.

RESULTS
 The study of Nworu et al. (2018) found that Blumea balsamifera extracts exhibited

substantial antibacterial and antifungal activities. The results indicated that the extracts could

effectively prevent the growth of several pathogens, including common bacteria and fungi

suggesting its potential use in formulations aimed at treating foot infections.

The study found of Akinmoladun et al. (2019) that topical application of Sambong

significantly accelerated the healing process. The application of these extracts resulted in

faster closure of wounds compared to control groups, indicating their effectiveness as a

healing agent. which could be beneficial for individuals with foot injuries or infections.

The study of Bharati et al. (2021) highlighted the inclusion of Sambong due to its

beneficial properties, which enhance the overall effectiveness of the product . The study

successfully developed several herbal formulations, including creams and ointments, using a

combination of traditional herbs. The formulations were designed to target specific skin

conditions and enhance overall skin health. The findings highlighted the need for further

clinical studies to validate the efficacy and safety of these herbal formulations in diverse

populations and skin types.

The study found of Khan et al. (2020) that Sambong extracts exhibited significant

anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. The extracts were shown to reduce the

production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, indicating their potential to alleviate

inflammation, making it a suitable candidate for foot powder formulations aimed at

alleviating discomfort.

The study of Zhang et al. (2022), found that Sambong extracts effectively neutralized

various odors, demonstrating significant deodorizing properties. The research indicated that

these extracts could be used in formulations aimed at controlling and combatting body odor,

including foot odor. Preliminary assessments indicated positive consumer feedback regarding
the use of Sambong-based deodorants, with participants noting pleasant scent profiles and

effective odor control compared to conventional products.

Local Literature and Studies

CONCEPT

Tolosa et. al.,(2020)’ study, from The National Health Science Journal, evaluates the

efficacy of Sambong in treating urinary tract stones, showing significant results in stone size

reduction and symptom relief. The study utilized the data from randomized controlled trials

(RCTs) that compared sambong to placebo or other treatments.

This article by Bunag (2024) from Herbals and Alternatives emphasizes that Blumea

balsamifera has the ability to inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate crystals, which are a

common cause of kidney stones. This property is significant as it suggests that sambong

could also help in preventing similar crystal formations in other parts of the body, including

the feet, where conditions like calcaneal spurs or other calcifications may occur.

Blumea balsamifera is a traditional Philippine medicine used for kidney stones,

available in tablets, capsules, and tea. This study by Rasonabe et al. (2023) explores its

antibacterial properties and chemical composition through methanol and hexane extracts and

essential oils. Advanced techniques like HPLC and GC-MS identified key bioactive

compounds, including flavonoids and terpenes. The extracts showed significant antibacterial

activity against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,

indicating potential for treating bacterial infections, though further research is needed to

isolate and standardize these compounds.

Cordero et al. (2020) conducted a comprehensive study on the medicinal plants utilized

by the indigenous Ati tribe in the Philippines, specifically focusing on their ethnobotanical

practices. The research documented 106 medicinal plant species belonging to 48 families and
95 genera, which are employed by the Ati to address 62 diseases across 14 categories. The

findings highlight that the family Asteraceae was the most represented, with 10 species,

followed closely by Lamiaceae with 8 species, and both Apocynaceae and Poaceae, which

each

had 6 species. The study emphasized that the most commonly used parts of these plants were

the leaves and roots, while the predominant method of preparation was through decoction.

Shedoeva et al. (2019) conducted a thorough examination of the role of medicinal plants

in wound healing, emphasizing their efficacy and mechanisms of action. The study identified

several key species, including Centella asiatica, Curcuma longa, and Paeonia suffruticosa,

which are known to contain bioactive compounds that facilitate healing. These compounds

exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, possess antimicrobial properties, and stimulate collagen

synthesis. The comprehensive review highlighted over 60 plant species with potential for

wound healing, demonstrating that extracts from these plants can significantly enhance both

wound contraction rates and collagen production in clinical settings.

RESULT

The study of Tolosa et. al.,(2020) concluded that sambong is effective in treating

urolithiasis, as evidenced by significant reductions in stone size and symptom relief, with no

serious adverse events reported during treatment. It highlights the potential of Sambong's

active compounds, which may also be beneficial in other applications, including topical

formulations like foot powder.

The findings of Bunag (2024)’ study suggest that the properties of sambong not only aid

in preventing kidney stones but may also have implications for skin health and the prevention

of conditions related to calcification in foot health. These attributes make sambong a

promising candidate for inclusion in foot powder formulations aimed at maintaining overall
foot hygiene and health. The properties that prevent stone formation could be extrapolated to

support skin health when used in foot powder.

The study of Rasonabe et al. (2023) found that methanol and hexane extract of Blumea

balsamifera exhibited antibacterial activity against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus

aureus with MICs of 3 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL, respectively. The essential oil demonstrated

even stronger effects, inhibiting both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains

with MICs of 2 mg/mL and 3 mg/mL. However, no significant activity was observed against

other tested organisms, suggesting the need for further research on its bioactive components.

The research of Cordero et al. (2020) also identified specific plants with significant use

values (UV). Notably, Musa paradisiaca was recognized for its effectiveness in treating fever

and headache, while Blumea balsamifera was primarily used for cough relief. Additionally,

Plectranthus scutellarioides also served as a remedy for fever and headache. Among the

various diseases categorized, the highest Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) was recorded in

the category concerning diseases of the visual system, with Euphorbia hirta being frequently

cited (90% fidelity level) for treating sore eyes.

The research of Shedoeva et al. (2019) underscores the importance of traditional uses

of these plants, which provide valuable insights that can inform modern therapeutic

approaches. The integration of indigenous knowledge systems into contemporary wound care

practices is suggested as a means to enhance treatment efficacy. Overall, this research

illustrates the promise of medicinal plants as effective alternatives or adjuncts to conventional

treatments, reinforcing their role in promoting cutaneous wound healing and addressing

global health challenges associated with wound management.

Theoretical Framework
 Phytochemistry and antimicrobial theory offer a solid foundation for assessing the

efficacy of Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) in foot powder applications, as they highlight the

scientifically validated antimicrobial properties associated with its phytochemical

constituents. According to Pang Y. et al. (2017), that the phytochemicals present in Sambong,

such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and volatile oils. Therefore, it exhibits significant antibacterial

activity against common pathogens associated with foot infections, like Staphylococcus

aureus and Escherichia coli. This antimicrobial action is crucial in developing effective foot

powders that not only prevent infections but also address the growing concern of

antimicrobial resistance in conventional treatments. Furthermore, understanding the specific

mechanisms by which these compounds inhibit microbial growth enhances the potential for

formulating effective natural alternatives to synthetic antimicrobials, aligning with current

trends toward safer, plant-based remedies.

causes
Phytochemical Antimicrobial
Properties Effects

Efficacy of
Sambong in Foot
Powder

leads to

Applications Research Areas

requires

Figure 2

At its core, the map highlights phytochemicals such as alkaloids and flavonoids, which

are known to possess antimicrobial properties. These phytochemicals are linked to

antimicrobial effects, specifically their ability to inhibit bacterial growth and target both
Gram-positive (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (e.g. Escherichia

coli). This leads to practical applications in infection prevention and maintaining foot

hygiene. To enhance the effectiveness of Sambong-based foot powders, ongoing research

needs include efficacy testing and safety evaluations, ensuring that these natural remedies are

both effective and safe for consumer use.

Phytochemistry and antimicrobial theory is the study of how plant-derived compounds,

called phytochemicals, can inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens.

Phytochemicals can be used to develop new antimicrobial drugs, or to modify the

effectiveness of conventional antibiotics.

Utilizing phytochemistry and antimicrobial theory in our research on Sambong

(Blumea balsamifera) is highly beneficial. First, phytochemistry provides a scientific basis

for understanding the specific chemical compounds present in Sambong that contribute to its

medicinal properties. Research has identified various phytochemicals, including alkaloids,

flavonoids, and terpenoids, which are known for their antimicrobial activities against a range

of pathogens, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This knowledge

enables researchers to explore how these compounds function at a molecular level, assessing

their effectiveness in formulations such as foot powders designed to prevent infections.

Moreover, the antimicrobial theory emphasizes the potential of these phytochemicals as

natural alternatives to synthetic antibiotics, addressing contemporary health challenges such

as antibiotic resistance. Through in-vitro studies, Dr. Cabigan's research has shown that

sambong is effective against pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia

coli, validating its traditional uses as an antimicrobial agent (Cabigan et al., 2012).

By focusing on these properties, this study can contribute to the development of

effective and safe natural remedies that align with traditional medicinal practices while
providing scientifically validated solutions for modern health concerns. Additionally,

understanding the mechanisms through which these compounds exert their effects can lead to

improved formulation strategies, enhancing the overall efficacy of foot powder applications

aimed at promoting foot health and preventing infections. This comprehensive approach not

only validates traditional uses of Sambong but also paves the way for future research into its

potential as a valuable antimicrobial agent in healthcare settings. Overall, Phytochemistry and

antimicrobial theory not only validates traditional medicinal uses but also opens avenues for

developing innovative therapeutic options in foot care.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter focuses on the discussion of the research design, sampling method,

research locale, research procedures (Experimentation process, data gathering procedures,

research instrument) utilized for accurate data analysis of the efficacy of Sambong (Blumea

Balsamifera) in Foot Powder Applications. It describes the processes that will be employed

to address the research questions of this study.

Research Design

This research aims to evaluate the efficacy of Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) as a

foot powder in reducing foot odor and moisture levels among individuals prone to these

issues. The study will involve a Pre-test/Post-test Control Group design, where participants

are divided into an experimental group (using Sambong foot powder) and a control group

(using a placebo powder). This design allows for comparison between groups to assess the

impact of Sambong on odor and moisture reduction. Using a quantitative approach,

measurements of foot odor, moisture levels, and skin condition will be conducted before and

after a 4 week-long application period. Data will be collected through direct odor assessment

scales, moisture level meters, and visual inspection for skin conditions. Statistical analyses

will be applied to determine the significance of any observed changes in the experimental

group compared to the control group. The findings will contribute to understanding the
potential of Sambong as a natural remedy for foot care. Insights gained from this research

could guide further studies on herbal foot care solutions and provide information for product

development and health recommendations.

Sampling Method

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted to compare the effects of sambong

foot powder with a placebo foot powder.

Participants: A total of 5-7 healthy teenagers aged 16-19 years with mild to moderate

foot odor will be recruited. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the sambong foot

powder group or the placebo foot powder group.

Inclusion Criteria:

 Age 16-20 years

 Mild to moderate foot odor

 Willingness to participate in the study and provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

 History of allergic reactions to sambong or any of the ingredients in the foot powder

 Active fungal infection of the feet

 Open wounds or sores on the feet

 Use of any other foot care products during the study period

Research Locale
 This study will be conducted to evaluate the efficacy of our sambong (Blumea

balsamifera)-based foot powder in addressing common foot problems among athletes at

ACLC College of Ormoc, Inc., located at Lilia Avenue, Brgy. Cogon, Ormoc City. By

experimenting with our product, we aimed to assess its effectiveness in the reduction of foot

odor, relief from itching, mitigation of burning sensations, and improvement of antiperspirant

effectiveness. The findings will inform product development, support marketing claims, and

contribute to the understanding of sambong's potential benefits for athletes' foot health.

Research Procedures

To effectively address the identified research gaps in exploring Sambong (Blumea

Balsamifera) as a potential alternative foot powder, the following procedures have been

developed. Each procedure is designed to specifically tackle the gaps in current

understanding and practice regarding the use of Sambong in foot powder.

Addressing Research Gaps:

Efficacy against Foot-related Issues: Studies are needed to assess the efficacy of

Sambong in foot powders against common foot problems like athlete’s foot (tinea pedis),

bacterial infections, odor, and excessive sweating. (Kumar, P., et. al., 2018)

Limited Studies on Topical Applications: While sambong has been extensively

studied on its internal health benefits, research specifically targeting its efficacy and safety in

topical formulations like foot powder is scarce. (Singh, R., 2020)

Optimal Formulation and Dosage: Research is required to determine the optimal

concentration of sambong extract in foot powders, considering factors like particle size,

carrier material, and release rate to maximize effectiveness. (Chavez, J. ,2021)

 Safety and Side Effects: While sambong is generally considered safe for internal use,

its safety for topical application in foot powders requires investigation, particularly for

individuals with sensitive skin or allergies to ragweed plants. (Kumar, P., 2018)

Consumer Acceptance and Market Potential: Research on consumer acceptance

and market potential of sambong-based foot powders is crucial to gauge the product's

feasibility and potential for commercialization. (Nguyen, T., 2020)

Research Procedures

Experimentation Procedures

Ingredients Overview

1. Bentonite Clay: Detoxifying properties; absorbs impurities and moisture.

2. Arrowroot Powder: Absorbs moisture; tapioca starch can substitute.

3. Sambong (Blumea Balsamifera) Powder

4. Baking Soda: Raises pH, creating an environment unsuitable for fungus.

5. Lavender Oil

Note: Baking soda may irritate sensitive skin. Not ideal for everyone due to potential skin

sensitivity.

A. Preparation of Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) Foot Powder

1. Base Powder Preparation: Mix the base ingredients in different proportions for each

treatment group:

 T1: 20% Bentonite Clay, 60% Arrowroot Powder, 20% Sambong Powder, 5

drops of lavender oil.

  T2: 20% Bentonite Clay, 30% Arrowroot Powder, 50% Sambong Powder, 5

drops of lavender oil.

 T3: 10% Bentonite Clay, 30% Arrowroot Powder, 60% Sambong Powder, 5

drops of lavender oil.

 T4: 20% Bentonite Clay, 40% Arrowroot Powder, 35% Sambong Powder, 5%

Baking Soda, 5 drops of lavender oil.

B. Blending the Mixture

1. Thoroughly blend the powder and oils in all groups.

C. Storage

1. Store the powder for each treatment group in separate, sanitized pint-sized jars.

Pre- Data Gathering Procedures

Ethical Considerations

Teacher Approval. Since we are students, we will seek approval from our teacher or

advisor for the study protocol. They will review the study design, procedures, and potential

risks and benefits to ensure that it is appropriate for a student research project.

Risk-Benefit Analysis. We will conduct a simple risk-benefit analysis to determine if

the potential benefits of the study outweigh the potential risks. The risks of the study will be

minimized by using a standardized intervention, providing clear instructions to the

participants, and closely monitoring them for any adverse events. We will also ensure that the

participants are fully informed of the risks and benefits before they agree to participate in the

study.

Informed Consent. Prior to enrollment in the study, all potential participants will be

provided with a detailed explanation of the study objectives, procedures, risks, and benefits.
Participants will be given the opportunity to ask questions and will be required to provide

written informed consent before participating in the study.

Confidentiality. All participant information will be kept confidential and will only be

accessible to the study investigators.

During Data Gathering Procedures

Data Monitoring. We will establish a data monitoring plan to ensure the accuracy and

integrity of the data collected. This will include regular checks of the data for completeness,

consistency, and accuracy. We will also monitor the participants for any adverse events and

report them to our teacher or advisor immediately. If any concerns arise, we will consult with

our teacher or advisor to determine the appropriate course of action.

Baseline Assessment. At the beginning of the study, all participants will undergo a

baseline assessment of their foot odor, fungal infection status, and overall foot health. The

assessment will include a visual inspection of the feet, a smell test, and a fungal culture.

Intervention. Participants in the Blumea Balsamifera foot powder group will be

instructed to apply the foot powder to their feet twice daily for a period of 4 weeks.

Follow-Up Assessment. At the end of the 4-week intervention period, all participants

will undergo a follow-up assessment of their foot odor, fungal infection status, and overall

foot health. The assessment will be conducted using the same methods as the baseline

assessment.

Research Instrument
 The research instrument utilized in this study was adopted and modified from the

work of Ongsri et al. (2018) in the study titled ”Efficacy of antifungal cream versus powder

in the treatment of fungal foot skin infection and unpleasant foot odor at medical department

of Thai Naval Rating School." This instrument was specifically tailored to align with the

objectives of the current research, which focuses on evaluating the efficacy of Sambong

(Blumea Balsamifera) in Foot Powder Applications. The modifications made to the original

questionnaire ensured that it adequately addressed the unique aspects of this study, including

sensory evaluations and consumer perceptions related to Sambong Foot Powder. To ensure its

validity and reliability, the modified instrument will undergo a rigorous content validation

process, where three evaluators or experts in the field will assess the content of the research

questionnaire. They will rate each item according to a structured evaluation questionnaire

attached to the research survey, ensuring that all items are relevant and appropriate for the

study's objectives.

As part of the content validation process, evaluators will provide an overall evaluation

rating based on specific criteria. The ratings will reflect how well each item meets established

standards for clarity, comprehensiveness, relevance, and applicability to the study topic. For

instance, items will be evaluated on their clarity in wording, their correspondence to the

subject matter, and their ability to address the objectives of the study effectively. The

evaluators will use a rating scale from 1 to 5, where a score of 5 indicates that at least 100%

of the items are appropriate and relevant, while lower scores reflect decreasing levels of

validity. This systematic approach ensures that only high-quality items are included in the

final research instrument.

 ACLC COLLEGE OF ORMOC CITY, INC.
SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL DEPARTMENT
INQUIRIES, IMMERISON, AND INVESTIGATION

January 20, 2025

City of Ormoc, Leyte

Dear Evaluators:

Greetings of peace and prosperity!

We, the undersigned researchers from the Grade 12 STEM-G of ACLC College of Ormoc
City, Inc., are conducting a study titled “The Efficacy of Sambong (Blumea Balsamifera) in
Foot Powder Applications.” This research aims to explore the perceptions of Sambong
(Blumea Balsamifera) in addressing Foot-related problems.

Statement of the Problem:

 This study aims to conduct an experiment to test the effectiveness of Sambong

(Blumea Balsamifera) as an alternative ingredient for foot powder applications. Specifically,

the researchers aim to investigate the following questions:

1. How effective is Sambong foot powder in alleviating foot-related problems,

specifically in terms of:

1.1 Reduction of foot odor

1.2 Relief from itching

1.3 Mitigation of burning sensations

1.4 Antiperspirant effectiveness

2. What is the optimum formulation of Sambong Foot Powder?

2.1 TO- Commercial foot powder

2.2 TI- 20% Bentonite Clay, 60% Arrowroot Powder, 20% Sambong Powder, 5 drops

of lavender oil.

2.3 T2- 20% Bentonite Clay, 30% Arrowroot Powder, 50% Sambong Powder, 5 drops

of lavender oil.

2.4 T3- 10% Bentonite Clay, 30% Arrowroot Powder, 60% Sambong Powder, 5 drops

of lavender oil.

2.5 T4- 20% Bentonite Clay, 40% Arrowroot Powder, 35% Sambong Powder, 5%

Baking Soda, 5 drops of lavender oil.

3. Does the sambong foot powder pass the standard of conventional commercial foot

powder in terms of:

3.1 Texture

3.2 Scent

3.3 Absorption
Request for Evaluation:
We kindly request your expertise in evaluating the content validation of the attached research
survey questionnaire. We ask that you check whether the contents of the survey align with
our study's Statement of the Problem and research questions outlined above. Your feedback is
invaluable in ensuring that our research methodology is robust and that our survey effectively
captures the necessary data to address our research objectives. Thank you for your time and
consideration. We look forward to your insights and recommendations.

Very respectfully yours,

________________________
Principal Researcher

Checked by

[III Teacher’s Name]

Research Teacher

ACLC COLLEGE OF ORMOC CITY, INC.

SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL DEPARTMENT
INQUIRIES, IMMERSION, AND INVESTIGATION

EVALUATION SHEET ON THE CONTENT VALIDITY OF THE QUETIONNAIRE

Directions: Please read each statement in the evaluation sheet and rate each statement using
the rating scale below by making a check (✔) on the appropriate column of the evaluation
sheet.

Point Descriptive Rating Extent of Description

Value
5 Highly Valid 100% of the items are appropriate and
relevant.
4 Valid At least 80% of the items are appropriate and relevant.
3 Moderately Valid At least 60% of the items are appropriate and relevant.
2 Fairly Valid At least 40% of the items are appropriate and relevant.
1 Not Valid At least 20% of the items are appropriate and relevant.
 Statement About the Items in The Instrument 5 4 3 2 1
1. Every item is stated clearly.
2. Each of the items is sufficiently comprehensive.
3. Every item corresponds to the subject matter.
4. Every item shows reasonable range of variation.
5. Every item is consistent to reality.
6. Every item is precise and exact.
7. Every item is correct and accurate.
8. Every item can be applied specifically for the
topic.
9. Every item responds to the objective of the
study.
10. Every item is within the ability level of the
respondents.
Adopted from Chavez et. al (2019)

____________________________________
Printed Name and Signature of the Evaluator

_________
Date

ACLC COLLEGE OF ORMOC CITY, INC.

SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL DEPARTMENT
INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION, AND IMMERSION

January 20, 2025

City of Ormoc, Leyte

Dear Participants:

Greetings of peace and prosperity!

We, the undersigned researchers from the Grade 12 STEM-G of ACLC College of Ormoc
City, Inc., are conducting a study titled “The Efficacy of Sambong (Blumea Balsamifera) in
Foot Powder Applications.” This research aims to explore the perceptions of Sambong
(Blumea Balsamifera) in addressing Foot-related problems.

Study Overview:
As part of our study, we will investigate various formulations, which include:
 Treatment 0: Control Sample (Commercial foot powder)
 Treatment 1: 20% Bentonite Clay, 60% Arrowroot Powder, 20% Sambong Powder, 5
drops of lavender oil.
 Treatment 2: 20% Bentonite Clay, 30% Arrowroot Powder, 50% Sambong Powder, 5
drops of lavender oil.
 Treatment 3: 10% Bentonite Clay, 30% Arrowroot Powder, 60% Sambong Powder, 5
drops of lavender oil.
 Treatment 4: 20% Bentonite Clay, 40% Arrowroot Powder, 35% Sambong Powder,
5% Baking Soda, 5 drops of lavender oil.
Request for Participation:
In light of this, we respectfully request your participation in a survey at a date and time that is
most convenient for you. Your insights are invaluable to our research.

Confidentiality Assurance:
Please rest assured that your identity will be kept highly confidential. The information you
provide will only be used for academic purposes related to this study.

Possible Health Risks:

While participating in this study poses minimal risks, it is important to be aware of potential
health risks associated with the consumption of the ingredients used in our formulations:

 Potential Adverse Reactions: Active compounds in sambong may cause side effects
or allergic reactions in some individuals.
 Individual Health Conditions: Individuals with pre-existing health conditions (e.g.,
kidney issues) should exercise caution when using sambong.

If you agree to participate in this study, please sign below:

PARTICIPANTS’ CONSENT FORM

Researchers’ Copy

I agree to participate in the study titled “The Efficacy of Sambong (Blumea

Balsamifera) in Foot Powder Applications” being conducted by student researchers from
Grade 12 STEM-G of ACLC College of Ormoc, Inc. By signing this form, I am allowing the
said student researchers to conduct PRODUCT TESTING AND SURVEY TESTING with
me, trusting that my identity will remain confidential and my responses will only be used for
the stated undertaking. I am fully aware of the potential risks associated with the
consumption of the ingredients involved in this study. I have also been informed that I can
retract my participation at any time during the course of the study should I find any violation
of this agreement.

__________________________________
Signature over printed name of the participant.

_____________
Date signed

Very respectfully yours,

________________________
Principal Researcher

Checked by Noted by Noted by

[III Teacher’s Name] Judie Rose C. Alicaya, LPT. Cary P. Jaucian, MBA
Research Teacher SHS Coordinator School Director

ACLC COLLEGE OF ORMOC CITY, INC.

SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Research Survey Questionnaire

This questionnaire aims to gather feedback on the sensory characteristics and overall
acceptability of Foot Powder produced from Sambong (Blumea Balsamifera). Your responses
will help assess the quality of the Foot Powder and its potential as a sustainable product.
Directions: Please evaluate the following characteristics of the Foot Powder produced from
Sambong (Blumea Balsamifera) using a scale of 1-5. Refer to the scale descriptions
enumerated in the table below to better gain an understanding of your preferred ratings.

Demographic Profile
Occupation:
Age:
Gender:
Wine Consumer: _______ Yes
_______ No

Treatment 0: (Commercial Foot Powder)

APPEARANCE 1 2 3 4 5
Texture
1- Very coarse/gritty, lumpy
2- Coarse/gritty, some lumps
3- Moderately fine/slightly gritty
4- Fine/smooth, minimal grittiness
5- Very fine/smooth, silky
Color
1- Uncharacteristic color, off-putting (e.g., brown, gray)
2- Slightly off-color but acceptable
3- Light/pale (typical for foot powder, if applicable)
4- Moderate color (typical for foot powder, if applicable)
5- Deep/rich color (desirable, if applicable)
AROMA
Intensity
1- Very Weak/Faint
2- Weak
3- Moderate
4- Strong
5- Very Strong
Pleasantness:
1- Very unpleasant/overpowering
2- Unpleasant
3- Slightly unpleasant/neutral
4- Pleasant
5- Very pleasant
EFFECTIVENESS
Reduction of foot odor
1- Odor unchanged or worse
2- Slight improvement
3- Noticeable reduction
4- Significant reduction
5- Odor eliminated
Relief from itching
1- No change or increased itching
2- Minimal relief
3- Moderate relief
4- Significant relief
5- Complete relief
Mitigation of burning sensations
1- No change or increased burning
2- Minimal relief
3- Moderate relief
4- Significant relief
5- Complete relief
Antiperspirant effectiveness
 1- No change or increased sweating
2- Minimal reduction
3- Moderate reduction
4- Significant reduction
5- No sweating

Treatment 1: 20% Bentonite Clay, 60% Arrowroot Powder, 20% Sambong Powder, 5
drops of lavender oil.
APPEARANCE 1 2 3 4 5
Texture
1- Very coarse/gritty, lumpy
2- Coarse/gritty, some lumps
3- Moderately fine/slightly gritty
4- Fine/smooth, minimal grittiness
5- Very fine/smooth, silky
Color
1- Uncharacteristic color, off-putting (e.g., brown, gray)
2- Slightly off-color but acceptable
3- Light/pale (typical for foot powder, if applicable)
4- Moderate color (typical for foot powder, if applicable)
5- Deep/rich color (desirable, if applicable)
AROMA
Intensity
1- Very Weak/Faint
2- Weak
3- Moderate
4- Strong
5- Very Strong
Pleasantness:
1- Very unpleasant/overpowering
2- Unpleasant
3- Slightly unpleasant/neutral
4- Pleasant
5- Very pleasant
EFFECTIVENESS
Reduction of foot odor
1- Odor unchanged or worse
2- Slight improvement
3- Noticeable reduction
4- Significant reduction
5- Odor eliminated
Relief from itching
1- No change or increased itching
2- Minimal relief
3- Moderate relief
4- Significant relief
5- Complete relief
Mitigation of burning sensations
 1- No change or increased burning
2- Minimal relief
3- Moderate relief
4- Significant relief
5- Complete relief
Antiperspirant effectiveness
1- No change or increased sweating
2- Minimal reduction
3- Moderate reduction
4- Significant reduction
5- No sweating

Treatment 2: 20% Bentonite Clay, 30% Arrowroot Powder, 50% Sambong Powder, 5
drops of lavender oil.
APPEARANCE 1 2 3 4 5
Texture
1- Very coarse/gritty, lumpy
2- Coarse/gritty, some lumps
3- Moderately fine/slightly gritty
4- Fine/smooth, minimal grittiness
5- Very fine/smooth, silky
Color
1- Uncharacteristic color, off-putting (e.g., brown, gray)
2- Slightly off-color but acceptable
3- Light/pale (typical for foot powder, if applicable)
4- Moderate color (typical for foot powder, if applicable)
5- Deep/rich color (desirable, if applicable)
AROMA
Intensity
1- Very Weak/Faint
2- Weak
3- Moderate
4- Strong
5- Very Strong
Pleasantness:
1- Very unpleasant/overpowering
2- Unpleasant
3- Slightly unpleasant/neutral
4- Pleasant
5- Very pleasant
EFFECTIVENESS
Reduction of foot odor
1- Odor unchanged or worse
2- Slight improvement
3- Noticeable reduction
4- Significant reduction
5- Odor eliminated
Relief from itching
1- No change or increased itching
 2- Minimal relief
3- Moderate relief
4- Significant relief
5- Complete relief
Mitigation of burning sensations
1- No change or increased burning
2- Minimal relief
3- Moderate relief
4- Significant relief
5- Complete relief
Antiperspirant effectiveness
1- No change or increased sweating
2- Minimal reduction
3- Moderate reduction
4- Significant reduction
5- No sweating

Treatment 3: 10% Bentonite Clay, 30% Arrowroot Powder, 60% Sambong Powder, 5
drops of lavender oil.
APPEARANCE 1 2 3 4 5
Texture
1- Very coarse/gritty, lumpy
2- Coarse/gritty, some lumps
3- Moderately fine/slightly gritty
4- Fine/smooth, minimal grittiness
5- Very fine/smooth, silky
Color
1- Uncharacteristic color, off-putting (e.g., brown, gray)
2- Slightly off-color but acceptable
3- Light/pale (typical for foot powder, if applicable)
4- Moderate color (typical for foot powder, if applicable)
5- Deep/rich color (desirable, if applicable)
AROMA
Intensity
1- Very Weak/Faint
2- Weak
3- Moderate
4- Strong
5- Very Strong
Pleasantness:
1- Very unpleasant/overpowering
2- Unpleasant
3- Slightly unpleasant/neutral
4- Pleasant
5- Very pleasant
EFFECTIVENESS
Reduction of foot odor
1- Odor unchanged or worse
2- Slight improvement
 3- Noticeable reduction
4- Significant reduction
5- Odor eliminated
Relief from itching
1- No change or increased itching
2- Minimal relief
3- Moderate relief
4- Significant relief
5- Complete relief
Mitigation of burning sensations
1- No change or increased burning
2- Minimal relief
3- Moderate relief
4- Significant relief
5- Complete relief
Antiperspirant effectiveness
1- No change or increased sweating
2- Minimal reduction
3- Moderate reduction
4- Significant reduction
5- No sweating

Treatment 4: 20% Bentonite Clay, 40% Arrowroot Powder, 35% Sambong Powder, 5%
Baking Soda, 5 drops of lavender oil.
APPEARANCE 1 2 3 4 5
Texture
1- Very coarse/gritty, lumpy
2- Coarse/gritty, some lumps
3- Moderately fine/slightly gritty
4- Fine/smooth, minimal grittiness
5- Very fine/smooth, silky
Color
1- Uncharacteristic color, off-putting (e.g., brown, gray)
2- Slightly off-color but acceptable
3- Light/pale (typical for foot powder, if applicable)
4- Moderate color (typical for foot powder, if applicable)
5- Deep/rich color (desirable, if applicable)
AROMA
Intensity
1- Very Weak/Faint
2- Weak
3- Moderate
4- Strong
5- Very Strong
Pleasantness:
1- Very unpleasant/overpowering
2- Unpleasant
3- Slightly unpleasant/neutral
4- Pleasant
 5- Very pleasant
EFFECTIVENESS
Reduction of foot odor
1- Odor unchanged or worse
2- Slight improvement
3- Noticeable reduction
4- Significant reduction
5- Odor eliminated
Relief from itching
1- No change or increased itching
2- Minimal relief
3- Moderate relief
4- Significant relief
5- Complete relief
Mitigation of burning sensations
1- No change or increased burning
2- Minimal relief
3- Moderate relief
4- Significant relief
5- Complete relief
Antiperspirant effectiveness
1- No change or increased sweating
2- Minimal reduction
3- Moderate reduction
4- Significant reduction
5- No sweating
Modified and adopted from Ongsri et al. (2018).
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