Model Answer of Sheet 1

Power Electronics II
DC/DC Converters

Prof. Dr. Mostafa I. Marei

1
Sheet 1: Q1
The dc converter shown in the figure below has a resistive load of
R=10Ω and the input voltage is Vs=220V. When the converter switch
remains on, its voltage drop is vch=2V and the chopping frequency is
f=1kHz. If the duty cycle is 50%, determine
(a) the average output voltage Va,
(b) the rms output voltage Vo,
(c) the converter efficiency,
(d) the effective input resistance Ri of the converter.

2
Solution:

R=10 Ω, Vs = 220V, k = 0.5, vch=2V, f=1kHz.

(a) Va = kVs = 0.5  (220 − 2) = 109V .

(b) Vo = kVs = 0.5  (220 − 2) = 154.15V

(c) The output power can be found from:

1 kT (Vs − Vch ) 2 (Vs − Vch ) 2

2
1 kTVo
Po =
T 0 R dt = T 0 R
dt = k
R
(220 − 2) 2
Po = 0.5  = 2376.2W
10

3
The input power to the converter can be found from
1 kT 1 kT Vs ( Vs − Vch ) Vs ( Vs − Vch )
Pi =
T 0 Vsidt = T 0 R
dt = k
R
220 − 2
Pi = 0.5  220  = 2398W
10

The converter efficiency is

Po 2376.2 Vs − Vch
= = = 99.09% =
Pi 2398 Vs

V Vs R 10
(d) Ri = s = = = = 20.18
I a k (Vs − Vch ) / R k (1 − Vch / Vs ) 0.5(1 − 2 / 220)

4
Sheet 1: Q2
A converter is feeding an RL load as shown in the figure below with
Vs=220V, R=5Ω, L=7.5mH, f=1kHz, k=0.5, and E=0V. Calculate:
(a) the minimum instantaneous load current I1,
(b) the peak instantaneous load current I2,
(c) the peak to peak load ripple current,
(d) the average value of the load current Ia,
(e) the rms load current Io,
(f) the effective input resistance Ri seen by the source,
(g) the rms chopper current IR.

5
Solution:

Vs = 220V, R=5 Ω, L=7.5mH, E=0V, k = 0.5, f=1kHz.

Assume Continuous Current:

Mode 1 (On) V = Ri + L di1 + E
s 1
dt
Vs − E
i1 (t ) = I 1e −tR / L + (1 − e −tR / L )
R
Vs − E
➔ I 2 = I1e − kTR / L + (1 − e − kTR / L ) ------- (a1)
R
Mode 1 (off) di2 E
0 = Ri 2 + L + E ➔ i 2 (t ) = I 2 e −tR / L − (1 − e −tR / L )
dt R
E
I1 = I 2 e −(1− k )TR / L −
(1 − e −(1− k )TR / L ) ------- (a2)
R
By solving Equations (a1) and (a2) results in :
(a) The minimum instantaneous load current: I1 = 18.37 A,
(b) The maximum instantaneous load current: I2 = 25.63 A
(c) I = I 2 − I1 = 25.63 −18.37 = 7.26 A
6
(d) The average load current is approximately,
I +I 25.63 + 18.37
Ia = 1 2 = = 22 A
2 2
V kV 0.5  220
or : I a = a = s = = 22 A
R R 5
(e) Assuming that the load current rises
linearly from I1 to I2, the instantaneous
load current can be expressed as
I
i1 = I 1 + t
kT

The rms value of the load current can be found from:

2
1 kT 2 1 kT  ( I 2 − I1 ) 
kT 0 kT 0 
Io = i1 dt =  I1 + t  dt = 22.1A
kT  7
(f) The average source current:
I s = k I a = 0.5  22 = 11A

And the effective input resistance,

Vs 220
Ri = = = 20
Is 11
(g) The rms chopper current can be found from,

(I − I ) 
2
1 kT 1 kT 
IR =
T 0
i12 dt =
T 
0
 I1 + 2 1 t  dt = 15.63 A
 kT 

8
Sheet 1: Q3
A step-down DC/DC converter has a load resistance R = 0.25 Ω, input
voltage Vs = 550 V, and battery voltage E =0. The average load
current Ia = 200 A, and chopping frequency f = 250 Hz. Use the
average output voltage to calculate the load inductance L, which
would limit the maximum load ripple current to 10 % of Ia.

9
Note: T = 1/250 = 4 ms.  = L/R = 9.1/0.25= 36.4 ms > 3T ➔ Linear
current approximation is valid.
10
11
Sheet 1: Q4
A step-down DC chopper is feeding an RLE load where: R=0.25 Ω,
L=20 mH, Vs = 600 V and E=150 V and chopping frequency (f)=250
HZ. For k=0.1 and k=0.9 Determine:
(a) Minimum and maximum load current. (b) Peak to peak load ripple
current. (c) Average load voltage. (d) Average load current.

12
13
14
15
Sheet 1: Q5 (Design problem)
A buck regulator in the figure below has an input voltage of Vs= 12V.
The required average output voltage Va=5 V at R=5Ω and the peak -to-
peak output ripple voltage is 20mV. The switching frequency is 25kHz.
If the peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor is limited to 0.8A,
determine
(a) the duty cycle k,
(b) the filter inductance L,
(c) the filter capacitor C and
(d) the critical values of L and C.

16
 Solution:
Vs= 12V, Va=5 V , R=5Ω, ΔI= 0.8 A, ΔV= 20mV, f=25kHz.
V 5
(a) Va = kVs k= a = = 0.4167 = 41.67%
Vs 12
(b) I = Va (Vs − Va )
fLVs
Va (V s−Va ) 5(12 − 5)
L= = = 145.83H
IfVs 0.8  25000  12
(c) I
Vc =
8 fC
I 0.8
C= = = 200 F
8 fVc 8  20 10 −3  25000

(d) L = (1 − k ) R = (1 − 0.4167)  5 = 58.3H  L

c
2f 2  25 103
1− k 1 − 0.4167
Cc = = = 0.4F  C
2 3 2 −3
16 Lf 16  (25 10 )  5.83 10
17
Sheet 1: Q6 (Performance Evaluation)
A boost regulator in the figure below has an input voltage of Vs= 5V.
The average output voltage Va=15 V and the average load current
Ia=0.5A. The switching frequency is 25kHz. If L=150 μH and C=220μF,
determine
(a) the duty cycle k,
(b) the ripple current of inductor ΔI,
(c) the peak current of inductor I2
(d) the ripple voltage of filter capacitor Δ Vc and
(e) the critical values of L and C.

18
 Solution:
Vs= 5V, Va=15 V, Ia=0.5A, f = 25kHz, L=150 μH and C=220μF.
Vs
(a) Va =  k = 2 / 3 = 0.6667 = 66.67%
1− k

Vs (Va − Vs ) 5(15 − 5)
(b) I = = −6
= 0.89 A
fLVa 25000  150  10  15

Ia 0 .5 I 0.89
(c) Is = = = 1 .5 A , I2 = Is + = 1.5 + = 1.945 A
1 − k 1 − 0.667 2 2
Iak 0.5  0.6667
(d) Vc = = −6
= 60.61mV
fC 25000  220  10
V 15
(e) R= a = = 30
I a 0.5
(1 − k ) 2 kR (1 − 0.6667) 2  0.6667  30
Lc = = = 44 H  L
3
2f 2  25  10
k 0.6667
Cc = = = 0.44 F  C 19
3
2 fR 2  25  10  30
Sheet 1: Q7 (Design Problem)

Design a boost converter that will have an output of 30 V from a 12V

source. Design for continuous inductor current and an output ripple
voltage of less than 1 %. The load is a resistance of 50 Ω. The switching
frequency is selected at 25 kHz to be above the audio range. Assume
ideal components for this design.

Design means find:

✓L (> Lc to insure continuous current)
✓C (to satisfy the allowable voltage ripple Δ V / V)
✓Current and voltage rating

20
 Solution:
Vs=12v, Va=30v, R=50Ω, f = 25kHz
K=1- Vs /Va = 1- 12/30 = 0.6
The minimum inductance to ensure continuous current:
Lc= K(1-K)2 R /2f = 0.6(1-0.6)2(50) / (2*25000) = 96 µH
To provide a margin to ensure continuous current, let L =10 Lc =0.96 mH.
The average current of the coil (supply) : I = I a = Va / R = 30 / 50 = 1.5 A
s
Vs 12 1− k 1− k 1 − 0 .6
Or I s = = = 1.5 A
(1 − k ) 2 R (1 − 0.6) 2 (50)
The maximum current is:
KVs 0.6( 12 ) I 0.3
I = = −3
= 0.3 A  I2 = Is + = 1.5 + = 1.65 A
fL 25000  0.96  10 2 2

The voltage rating = Va = 30V.

The minimum capacitance required to limit the output ripple voltage to 1% :
k 0.6
C = = 48 F
fR( Vc / Va ) 25000  50  0.01 21
 Discontinuous Current Mode (DCM) of Boost converter:
Sheet 1: Q8) Find the output voltage of a boost converter fed from 24V
battery where L=1.3 mH, R=100 , f =1KHz, and k =0.3. Also, find the peak
current f the MOSFET.
Solution:
k ( 1 − k )2 R
From equation (8) , Lc = = 7.35mH  L ➔ DCM
2f
2 Rk 2 2 * 100 ( 0.3 )2
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
Va Lf 1.3
= = = 2.43➔Va = 2.43* 24 = 58.24V
Vs 2 2
Va 1
Note, If L  the operation becomes CCM and = = 1.43
Vs 1− k
i.e. the voltage gain in DCM > gain in CCM
V KT 24 * 0.3
The peak current of the MOSFET: I 2 = s = = 5.54 A
L 1* 1.3
Va 58.24
Note: the load current is given by: I a = = = 0.5824 A  I 2
R 100
This means that the switch and diode rating increased in DCM which is
added to the disadvantages of the DCM. 22
Sheet 1: Q9
A buck-boost regulator in the figure below has an input voltage of Vs=
12V. The duty cycle k=0.5 and the switching frequency is 25kHz. The
inductance L=150 μH and the filter capacitance C=220μF. The
average load current Ia=1.25A. determine (a) the average output
voltage Va, (b) the peak-to-peak output voltage ripple ΔVc , (c) the
peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor ΔI, (d) the peak current of the
transistor Imax, and (e) the critical values of L and C.

23
 Solution:
Vs= 12V, k=0.25, Ia=1.25 A , f=25kHz , L= 150μH, C=220μF.
Vs k 12  0.25
(a) Va = = = 4V
1− k 1 − 0.25
Iak 1.25  0.25
(b) Vc = = −6
= 56.8mV
fC 25000  220 10

Vs k 12  0.25
(c) I = = −6
= 0.8 A
fL 25000  150 10
(d) From Eq.5, Is=1.25×0.25/(1-0.25)=0.4167A, the peak current of the
transistor
I I 0.4167 0.8
I max = s + = + = 2.067 A
k 2 0.25 2
Va 4
(e) R= = = 3.2
I a 1.25 (1 − k ) 2 R (1 − 0.25) 2  3.2
Lc = = = 36 H
3
2f 2  25  10
k 0.25
Cc = = = 1.56 F
3
2 fR 2  25  10  3.2 24
Sheet 1: Q10
The input voltage of a Cuk converter shown below, Vs=12V. The duty
cycle k=0.25 and the switching frequency is 25kHz. The filter
inductance is L2=150μH and filter capacitance is C2=220μF. The
energy transfer capacitance is C1=200μF and inductance L1=180μH.
The average load current Ia=1.25A, Determine (a) the average output
voltage Va; (b) the average input current Is; (c) the peak-to peak ripple
current of inductor L1, ΔI1; (d) the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of
capacitor C1,ΔVc1; (e) the peak-to peak ripple current of inductor L2,
ΔI2;(f) the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of capacitor C2, ΔVc2 , and (g) the
peak current of the transistor.

25
Solution:
Vs=12V, k=0.25, f=25kHz, L2=150μH, C2=220μF, C1=200μF, L1=180μH,
Ia=1.25A.
kVs 0.25  12
(a) Va = = Va = = 4V
1− k 1 − 0.25

kIa 0.25  1.25

(b) I s = = = 0.42 A
1− k 1 − 0.25

kVs 12  0.25
(c) I 1 = = = 0.67 A
fL1 25000  180  10 −6

I s (1 − k ) 0.42  (1 − 0.25)
(d) Vc1 = = = 63mV
fC1 25000  200  10 −6
kVs 12  0.25
(e) I 2 = = −6
= 0.8 A
fL2 25000  150  10

I 2 0. 8
(f) Vc 2 = = −6
= 18.18mV
8 fC2 8  25000  220 10 26
 Solution:

I1 I 2
(g) I max = I s + + Ia +
2 2
0.67 0.8
= 0.42 + + 1.25 + = 2.405 A
2 2

In the design problem:

Never to use the expression of critical value if the ripple is given. This is because
that all the expression of critical values are derived at 200% ripple condition
ΔVc=2V or ΔI=2I

27
 Sheet 1: Q11 (Cuk Converter Design)
A Cuk converter has an input of 12 V and is to have an output of 18 V
supplying a 40W load. Select the switching frequency, the inductor
sizes such that the change in inductor currents is no more than 10% of
the average inductor current, the output ripple voltage is no more than
1%, and the ripple voltage across C1 is no more than 5%.
Va k 18
= = = 1.5  k = 0.6
Vs 1 − k 12
Higher switching frequencies result in smaller current
variations in the inductors. Let f = 50 kHz.
V k 12  0.6
L1  s = = 432H Va2 182
fI1 50000  0.1 3.33 R= = = 8.1
P 40
V k 12  0.6
L2  s = = 649H
fI 2 50000  0.1 2.22
Average voltage across C1 = Vs +Va = 12+ 18 = 30 V (Note: VL1 average =0)
I (1 − k ) 3.33  (1 − 0.6) I 2 0.1 2.22
C1  s = = 17.76 F C2  = = 3.08F
fVc1 50000  0.05  (30) 8 fVc 2 8  50000  0.0118
I 1 I 2
I max = I s + + Ia + = 1.05( 3.33 + 2.22 ) = 5.83 A 28
2 2