Course Title: Ordinary and Partial

Differential Equations
Course Code: MAT123

Different types of solution &

Separation of variables

Course Teacher: Tara Rani Sarkar (TRS)

Lecturer (Mathematics), Dept. of EEE

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 Solution of the Differential equation
A solution of a differential equation is the relation between dependent and independent
variables which satisfies the differential equation and does not contain any derivatives.

Example:
𝑑2 𝑦
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 …(i) be the solution of DE 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0 … (ii)

By putting Eqn.(i) into Eqn.(ii), we have

𝑑2
(𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑
or, 𝑑𝑥 (𝑚) = 0

or, 0 = 0

𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 …(iii) also be the solution of DE (ii), 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0

𝑑2
Putting (iii) into (ii), 𝑑𝑥 2 (2𝑥 + 3) = 0
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 Solution of the Differential equation
𝑑
or, 𝑑𝑥 (2) = 0

or, 0 = 0

General solution: If the solution of a differential equation contains as many arbitrary

constants of integration as its order, then the solution is said to be the general solution
of the differential equation.

Example: (i) is the general Solution of differential equation (ii) of order two. Since the
solution contains two arbitrary constants.

Particular solution: The solution obtained from the general solution by assigning
particular values to the arbitrary constants is said to be a particular solution of the
differential equation.
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 Solution of the Differential equation
Example: (iii) is the particular solution of the differential equation (ii). Since we assign
𝑚 = 2 & 𝑐 = 3.

Singular Solution: A solution that cannot be obtained from any

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 Solution of the Differential equation
General solution of a differential equation of order n by any choice of the n independent
arbitrary constants is called a singular solution of the differential equation.

Example:

..(1) is the solution of the DE ..(2)

So, (1) is the general Solution of the DE (2).

Again, 𝑦 = 0 satisfy the DE (2) which is not obtained from the general solution (1). Therefore,
𝑦 = 0 is the singular solution of the differential equation (2).

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 𝑑𝑦
Ex. 2 Show that 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒2𝑥 is the Solution of = 2𝑦. Also, write two particular
𝑑𝑥

Solutions.
Differential equation of First order and first
degree
Standard forms of differential equations of first order and first degree
differential equation.
𝑑𝑦
1. Derivative form: = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

2. Differential form: 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Where, 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) are function of two variables x and y.

Note: An equation in one of these forms may readily be written in the other form.
 Derivative form Differential form

Examples: 𝒅𝒚 = 𝐞𝐱−𝐲 = 𝐞𝐱. 𝐞−𝐲 𝐞𝐱𝒅𝒙 − 𝐞𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐱 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
=−
𝒅𝒙 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐲
𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
=−𝟐𝐱𝐲
𝒅𝒙

First order and first degree differential

Equations

⮚The following procedures will help in this

respect.
 Exact
Linear equations
Reducible toequations
homogeneous
equations
Homogeneous
Differential
Equations
Separation of
variable Equations

If in a first order and first degree differential equation, it is possible to get all the
functions of x and dx to one side and all the functions of y and 𝑑𝑦 to the other,
the variables are said to be separable.

Working rule:
 Separation of Variables
❖ Step 1 :
Move all the y terms (including dy) to one side of the equation and all the x
terms (including dx) to the other side.
❖ Step 2 :
Integrate one side with respect to y and the other side with respect to x. Don’t
forget "+c" (the constant of integration). To obtain more simpler form we
may choose 𝑙𝑛𝑐, tan−1 𝑐, 𝑐/2, 𝑒 𝑐 as constant.

❖ Step 3: Simplification.
Some Important Formula:
 Some Solved Problem of variable separable
Problem 01 : Solve the DE 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥𝑦 by using Separation of variables
𝑑𝑥
Method.
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
Given that = 2𝑥𝑦 … … … (1)
𝑑𝑥
Step 1: Let,

𝒅𝒚
𝒚 … … … (2)
𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒇𝟏 𝒙 𝒇 𝟐
Where, 𝒇𝟏 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 ; 𝒇𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒚 .
Step 2 : By separating the variables, we get,
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 … … … (3)
𝑦
Step 3 : By integrating on both sides, we get,

𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦

𝑥2
⟹ ln 𝑦 = 2 + ln 𝑐
2

⇒ ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + ln 𝑐

⟹ ln 𝑦 − ln 𝑐 = 𝑥 2

𝑦
⟹ ln ( 𝑐 ) = 𝑥 2

𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑐
= 𝑒𝑥
 2
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑥

Which is the required general solution of the DE.

 First order first degree D.E.
Problem 2:

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 First order first degree D.E.
Solution: (a)

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First order first degree D.E.

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 First order first degree D.E.
Solution (b):

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First order first degree D.E.

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 First order first degree D.E.
Solution (c):

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Given that, 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦(1 − 𝑎𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑎)
𝑑𝑥
By separating variables, we get
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦(1−𝑎𝑦)
𝑥+𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎
⟹ 𝑥+𝑎 = (𝑦 + 1−𝑎𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎
⇒ ∫ 𝑥+𝑎 = ∫ (𝑦 + 1−𝑎𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

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 [Taking Integration]
⇒ ln(𝑥 + 𝑎) + ln 𝑐 = ln 𝑦 − ln(1 − 𝑎𝑦)
𝑦
⇒ ln 𝑐 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = ln 1−𝑎𝑦
𝑦
⇒ 𝑐(𝑥 + 𝑎) =
1−𝑎𝑦

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑐(𝑥 + 𝑎)(1 − 𝑎𝑦)

Which is the required general solution of the DE.
Solution (d): Given that,

(𝑒 𝑦 + 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

⇒ (𝑒 𝑦 + 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦 … … … … (1)

By separating variables, we get

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑒𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 𝑦 +1 𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑒𝑦
⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 +1 𝑑𝑦 [Taking Integration]

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 ⇒ ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = − ln(𝑒 𝑦 + 1) + ln 𝑐
𝑐
⇒ ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = ln 𝑒 𝑦 +1

𝑐
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 +1

Which is the required general solution of the DE.

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