1.

AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC

Type of Vehicle Vehicle composition

Land use type ADT
vehicles composition (trip/day)
car/taxi 0.5999 338
motorcycle 0.3045 171
Terrace house 563 small lorry 0.0783 44
big lorry 0.0031 2
bus 0.0142 8
car/taxi 0.7158 789
motorcycle 0.2175 240
Semi-Detached
1102 small lorry 0.0557 61
House
big lorry 0.0004 0
bus 0.0105 12
car/taxi 0.7158 190
motorcycle 0.2175 58
Bungalow 265 small lorry 0.0557 15
big lorry 0.0004 0
bus 0.0105 3
car/taxi 0.3912 135
motorcycle 0.6039 208
Surau 345 small lorry 0.0005 0
big lorry 0 0
bus 0 0
car/taxi 0.5453 26
motorcycle 0.394 19
Multipurpose hall 47 small lorry 0.0575 3
big lorry 0.0026 0
bus 0 0
car/taxi 0.6241 939
motorcycle 0.2724 410
Shop Lot 1505 small lorry 0.0993 149
big lorry 0.0028 2
bus 0.0014 1
car/taxi 0.7278 833
motorcycle 0.2047 234
Commercial Area 1145 small lorry 0.0598 68
big lorry 0.0008 1
bus 0.0068 1

Table 1.1: Vehicle Composition for Residential Area

Vehicle Composition
Landuse
Car/Taxi Motorcycle Small Lorry Big Lorry Bus
 Terrace house 338 171 44 2 8
Semi-Detached
789 240 61 0 12
House
Bungalow 190 58 15 0 3
Surau 135 208 0 0 0
Multipurpose hall 26 19 3 0 0
Total 1477 696 123 2 22

Table 1.2: Vehicle Composition for Commercial Area

Vehicle Composition
Landuse
Car/Taxi Motorcycle Small Lorry Big Lorry Bus

Shop Lot 939 410 149 2 1

Commercial Area 833 234 68 1 1
Total 1773 644 218 2 2

Table 1.3: LEF x ADT Value for Residential Area

Landuse LEF ADT LEF x ADT
Car/Taxi 0.0 1477 0.0
Motorcycle 0.0 696 0.0
Small Lorry 0.1 123 12.30998
Big Lorry 4.0 2 9.6572
Bus 1.8 22 40.22658
TOTAL 2320 62.2

Table 1.4: LEF x ADT Value for Commercial Area

Landuse LEF ADT LEF x ADT
Car/Taxi 0.0 939 0.0
Motorcycle 0.0 410 0.0
Small Lorry 0.1 149 14.94465
Big Lorry 4.0 2 6.3056
Bus 1.8 1 1.41876
TOTAL 1501 22.7

2. TRAFFIC GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)

DESCRIPTION Data Reference

Population in Temoh 346200 Year 2023 Kulim (District, Malaysia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location
Road Hierarchy Rural <10000 population REAM's Geometric Design of Road (Clause 2.2.2)
Design Period 20 Years ATJ 5/85 2013 (Clause 2.3.3)
Normal Growth, X 1.27 (%/yr)
Road Traffic Volume Malaysia (RTVM) 2018- Perak
R2 0.75 -
 Based on ATJ 5/85 2013 (Clause 2.3.3)
Select Design Period based on economic and social consideration. Design period of 10 years is recommended for low volume roads and other rural roads. A minimum design period of 20 years is recommended for roads
having medium to high volume traffic.

Annual Growth Rate (%) x y

Design Period (Years)
2 3 4 5 6 7 2 24.3
10 10.95 11.46 12.01 12.58 13.18 13.82 3 26.87
15 17.29 18.6 20.02 21.58 23.28 25.13 4 29.78
20 24.3 26.87 29.78 33.06 36.79 41 5 33.06
25 32.03 36.46 41.65 47.73 54.86 63.25 6 36.79
30 40.57 47.58 56.08 66.44 79.06 94.46 7 41

Graph of Traffic Growth Factor vs Annual Growth Rate From graph,

45 41 y = 3.3297x + 16.983
40 36.79
33.06
35 When, Annual growth Rate, x= 1.27
Traffic Growth Factor

29.78
30 26.87 Then, Traffic Growth Factor, y= 3.3297(1.27) + 16.983
24.3
25 y= 21.21
20
15
10
5
0
2 3 4 5 6 7
Annual Growth Rate, r(%)

3. DESIGN TRAFFIC (NUMBER OF ESALs) FOR THE DESIGN LANE AND BASE YEAR Y1 (FIRST YEAR OF DESIGN PERIOD)

ATJ 5/85 2013 (Clause 2.3.4)

If site specific distribution of traffic by vehicle type is available, use the refined equation

ESALY1 : Number of ESALs for the Base Year (Design Lane)

ADTVC : Average Daily Number of Vehicles in each Vehicle Class
LEF : Load Equivalence Factors of applicable Vehicle Class
L : Lane Distribution Factor (refer to Table 2.2)
T : Terrain Factor (refer to Table 2.3)
Table 2.2: Lane Distribution factors

Number of Lanes (in ONE direction) Lane Distribution Factor, L

One 1.0
Two 0.9
Three or more 0.7

Table 2.3: Terrain Factors

Type of Terrain Terrain factor, T Slope (%)

Flat 1.0 x<3
Rolling 1.1 3 ≤ x < 25
Mountainous / Steep 1.3 x > 25
* REAM's Geometric Design of Road (Clause 3.3.1)

Design Input for Residential Area

Description Data Reference
Road Hierarchy Rural REAM's Geometric Design of Road (Clause 2.2.2)
Design Period 20 Years ATJ 5/85 2013 (Clause 2.3.3)
∑(ADT X LEF) 62.2 - ADT Calculation
Traffic Growth Factor (TGF) 20.05 - TGF Calculation
Lane Distribution factor, L 1.0 One lane ATJ 5/85 2013 (Table 2.2)
Terrain factor, T 1.0 Flat ATJ 5/85 2013 (Table 2.3)

Design Input for Commercial Area

Description Data Reference
Road Hierarchy Rural REAM's Geometric Design of Road (Clause 2.2.2)
Design Period 20 Years ATJ 5/85 2013 (Clause 2.3.3)
∑(ADT X LEF) 22.7 - ADT Calculation
Traffic Growth Factor (TGF) 20.05 - TGF Calculation
Lane Distribution factor, L 1.0 One lane ATJ 5/85 2013 (Table 2.2)
Terrain factor, T 1.0 Flat ATJ 5/85 2013 (Table 2.3)

Design Calculation for Residential Area

ESALY1 = 62.2 x 365 x 1.0 x 1.0

= 22703
= 0.022703 million ESALs

ESALDES = ESALY1 × TGF

= 0.022703 x 21.21
= 0.48153063 million ESALs

Design Calculation for Commercial Area

 ESALY1 = 22.7 x 365 x 1.0 x 1.0
= 8286
= 0.008286 million ESALs

ESALDES = ESALY1 × TGF

= 0.008286 x 21.21
= 0.17574606 million ESALs

4. TRAFFIC CATEGORIES

TABLE 4.1: Traffic Categories for Residential Area

ATJ 5/85 2013 (Clause 2.3.5)

Table 2.5: Traffic Categories used in this Manual (ESAL = 80kN)

* Corresponds to the standard axle load used in the AASHTO pavement design procedure.

Design Traffic (ESAL x Probability (Percentile) Applied to Properties of Sub-Grade

Traffic Category
10^6) Materials
T1 ≤1.0 ≥ 60 %
T2 1.1 to 2.0 ≥ 70 %
T3 2.1 to 10.0 ≥ 85 %
T4 10.1 to 30.0 ≥ 85 %
T5 >30.0 ≥ 85 %

TABLE 4.2: Traffic Categories for Commercial Area

ATJ 5/85 2013 (Clause 2.3.5)

Table 2.5: Traffic Categories used in this Manual (ESAL = 80kN)
* Corresponds to the standard axle load used in the AASHTO pavement design procedure.

Design Traffic Probability (Percentile) Applied to Properties of Sub-Grade

Traffic Category
(ESAL x 10^6) Materials
T1 ≤1.0 ≥ 60 %
T2 1.1 to 2.0 ≥ 70 %
T3 2.1 to 10.0 ≥ 85 %
T4 10.1 to 30.0 ≥ 85 %
T5 >30.0 ≥ 85 %

5. SUB-GRADE STRENGTH (BASED ON CBR)

ATJ 5/85 2013 (Clause 2.4)

For pavements that must support traffic volumes corresponding to Traffic Classes T1 through T5, a minimum CBR of 5% is recommended.
To ensure that the chosen minimum CBR value is obtained with due consideration of the applicable moisture conditions and probability of meeting the design input value, sub-grade (cut or fill) that does not meet the
minimum CBR requirement of at least 300 mm of unsuitable sub-grade soil must be replaced/stabilized.
Road pavements intended for high traffic loads (Traffic Classes T 4 and T 5) should have a minimum sub-grade strength corresponding to CBR of 12%.
Average CBR or sub-grade modulus test results are not recommended for use in pavement design since they would imply that there is only a 50% chance that the design input value will be satisfied.

Table 2.6: Classes of Sub-Grade Strength (Based on CBR)

Sub-Grade Category for Residential Area

Sub-Grade Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Category CBR (%) Range Design Input Value
SG 1 5 to 12 50 to 120 60
SG 2 12.1 to 20 80 to 140 120
SG 3 20.1 to 30.0 100 to 160 140
SG 4 > 30 120 to 180 180

Sub-Grade Category for Commercial Area

Sub-Grade Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Category CBR (%) Range Design Input Value
 SG 1 5 to 12 50 to 120 60
SG 2 12.1 to 20 80 to 140 120
SG 3 20.1 to 30.0 100 to 160 140
SG 4 > 30 120 to 180 180

6. PAVEMENT STRUCTURE

Pavement Structure for Residential Area

Summary of Selected Pavement Type for Residential Area:

Pavement Design Thickness (mm)

Bituminous Surface Course (BSC) 50
 Bituminous Surface Course (BSC) 50

Crushed Aggregate Base (CAB) 250

Granular Sub-Base 150

Design Period: 20 years

Pavement Structure for Commercial Area

Summary of Selected Pavement Type for Commercial Area:

Pavement Design Thickness (mm)

Bituminous Surface Course (BSC) 50

Crushed Aggregate Base (CAB) 100

Granular Sub-Base 200

 Granular Sub-Base 200

Design Period: 20 years

7. PAVEMENT CROSS-SECTION

Pavement Cross-Section for Residential Area Pavement Cross-Section for Commercial Area

Since the value of ADT is 2320, then; Since the value of ADT is 1501, then;

Since the Traffic Category for Residential Area is T1 and SG1; Since the Traffic Category for Commercil Area is T1 and SG1;
Source: Adapted from REAM GL 2/2002 : A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads, Table 5-1 Source: Adapted from REAM GL 2/2002 : A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads, Table 5-1

Source: Adapted from REAM GL 2/2002 : A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads, Table 5-1 Source: Adapted from REAM GL 2/2002 : A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads, Table 5-1
Source: Adapted from REAM GL 2/2002 : A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads, Table 5-3A Source: Adapted from REAM GL 2/2002 : A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads, Table 5-3A