Modeling, Computers and Error
Analysis
Introduction
Numerical Methods
Techniques by which mathematical problems are
formulated so that they can be solved with arithmetic
operations.
Involves large numbers of tedious arithmetic
calculations
Noncomputer Methods
Three different ways engineers approach problem
solving
Solutions were derived for some problems using
analytical or exact methods
Graphical solutions were used to characterize the
behavior of the system
Calculators and slide rules were used to implement
numerical methods manually.
Three Phases of Engineering
Problem Solving
Formulation Formulation
Fundamental laws In-depth exposition of relationship
explained briefly of problem to Fundamental laws
Solution Solution
Elaborate and often Elaborate and often complicated
complicated method to method to make problem
make problem tractable tractable
Interpretation
Interpretation
Ease of calculation allows holistic
In-depth analysis limited by thoughts and intuition to develop;
time consuming solution system sensitivity and behavior
can be studied
Why study numerical methods?
Extremely powerful power solving tool
Computer software involve numerical methods
Many problems cannot be approached using canned
programs
Efficient vehicle for learning programming languages
Reinforce mathematics
Mathematical Background
Roots of equations
Mathematical Background
Roots of equations
Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
Mathematical Background
Roots of equations
Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
Optimization
Mathematical Background
Roots of equations
Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
Optimization
Curve fitting
Regression
Interpolation
Mathematical Background
Roots of equations
Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
Optimization
Curve fitting
Integration
Mathematical Background
Roots of equations
Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
Optimization
Curve fitting
Integration
Ordinary Differential
Equations
Mathematical Background
Roots of equations
Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
Optimization
Curve fitting
Integration
Ordinary Differential
Equations
Partial Differential
Equations
Chapter 1
Mathematical Modeling and
Engineering Problem Solving
Mathematical Model
Formulation or equation that expresses the essential
features of a physical system or process in
mathematical term
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐹 =𝑚∙𝑎 𝑑𝑣 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑐𝑣
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝐹
𝑎= 𝑑𝑣 𝑐
𝑚 =𝑔− 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑑𝑣 𝐹
= 𝑔𝑚 𝑐 Τ𝑚 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑣(𝑡) = 1 − 𝑒−
𝑐
𝐹 = 𝐹𝐷 + 𝐹𝑈 𝐹 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑁, 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔
𝑚
)
𝑠2
𝐹𝐷 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑘𝑔)
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑐 = 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠
𝐹𝑈 = −𝑐 ∙ 𝑣
𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 = 9.8 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
Example 1.1
A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a
stationary hot air balloon. Compute the velocity prior
to opening the chute. The drag coefficient is equal to
12.5 kg/s.
Solution
𝑔𝑚 𝑐 Τ𝑚 𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 1 − 𝑒−
𝑐
9.8(68.1) 12.5Τ68.1 𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 1 − 𝑒−
12.5
𝑣(𝑡) = 53.39 1 − 𝑒 − 0.18355 𝑡
Solution
t(s) v (m/s)
0 0.00
2 16.40
4 27.77
6 35.64
8 41.09 𝑣(𝑡) = 53.39 1 − 𝑒 − 0.18355 𝑡
10 44.87
12 47.49 𝑣 0 = 53.39 1 − 𝑒 − 0.18355 0 =0
15 49.99
20 52.03
𝑣 2 = 53.39 1 − 𝑒 − 0.18355 2 = 16.40
30 53.17
50 53.38
100 53.39 𝑣 4 = 53.39 1 − 𝑒 − 0.18355 4 = 27.77
1000 53.39
10000 53.39
∞
Solution
t(s) v (m/s)
0 0.00
2 16.40
𝑣(𝑡) = 53.39 1 − 𝑒 − 0.18355 𝑡
4 27.77
60.00
6 35.64 Terminal velocity
8 41.09 50.00
10 44.87
12 47.49 40.00
V(m/s)
15 49.99
30.00
20 52.03
30 53.17 20.00
50 53.38
100 53.39 10.00
1000 53.39 0.00
10000 53.39
50
0
2
4
6
30
8
100
10000
12
20
1000
10
15
∞
t(s)
The use of finite difference to approximate the first
derivative of v with respect to t
𝑣
True slope
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1
∆𝑣
Approximate slope
𝑣 𝑡𝑖 Δ𝑣 𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖
=
Δ𝑡 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑡
𝑡𝑖
𝑡𝑖+1
∆𝑡
𝑑𝑣 Δ𝑣 𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖
≅ =
𝑑𝑡 Δ𝑡 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑑𝑣 𝑐
=𝑔− 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑐
= 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖
𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑚
𝑐
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 = 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑚
𝑐
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑚
Euler’s method
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 + 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 × 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
Example 1.2
Numerical Solution to the Falling Parachutist Problem
Perform the same computation as in previous
example but use the derived equation below to
compute the velocity. Employ a step size of 2s for the
calculation.
𝑐
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑚
t= 0 to 2
𝑐
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑚
𝑐
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 =0+ 𝑔− 𝑣 0 2−0
𝑚
12.5
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 0 + 9.8 − ∙0 2−0
68.1
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 19.60 𝑚/𝑠
t= 2 to 4
12.5
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 19.60 + 9.8 − 19.60 4−2
68.1
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 32.00 𝑚/𝑠
t(s) exact num
0 0.00 0.00
2 16.40 19.60
60.00
4 27.77 32.00
6 35.64 39.86
50.00
8 41.09 44.82
10 44.87 47.97
40.00
12 47.49 49.96
14 49.30 51.22
30.00 exact
16 50.56 52.02
num
18 51.43 52.52
20 52.03 52.84 20.00
22 52.45 53.04
24 52.74 53.17 10.00
26 52.94 53.25
28 53.08 53.30 0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
30 53.17 53.33
32 53.24 53.36
34 53.29 53.37
36 53.32 53.38
38 53.34 53.38
