Definition (Dual Space)

Let IX 11 11) be normed space Its dual

a .
space
·

X: = BCX , 1K) is the space of all the bounded

finear maps from X to 1K with the operator

norm 11T11 : =
sup(1Tx1 11x111). :

Example
eP
For 1 < p> O
,
: =
((xki) xkl + 1
:
Ext)
,

1 ((x() x(kE/K
supixikk 0]
: =
: <
, ·

*
(l3 1
-
(a) =

Proof : Define T 10 : >

-

(* by (Tx)(y) = xky(k)
for
any
xtt" and yel .

(i) T is well defined.

For
any Xel" , yet' ,
1 Tx(y)) =
1 xRyckil > xRllyski
 >
-
mpkkly(k)
=
11 allo 11 y1I ,

(ii) T is an
isometry.
By (i)
,
11TX/lop- > /XII for any X-

We wish 11TXIop > 11x10 for

any
xet
-

For 330 there exists REI such that

any ,

Ixiko)) > 11 XIIo -

E

Take yet' with yskol = 1 and

ylk) = 0
for RER
.
Then 1111 , = yskil lyck)
= =
1 .

And 11 Tx(lop >

/Txy)) =
1 , XRyk/
=
/x(ko) y(Roll
=
(x(koll
11x110
> -
E

Letting to
gives IITXIop311x110 .
 (iii) T is surjective .

Pick PtH*. We want to find xtl-

any an

such that TX =
.
&

Put x(k) = (ep) .

By definition of bounded
finear operator ,
XI*.

For any yel'.

TX(y) =
Ex(k)y(k)
k=

= dry
=
dyken linearity
=
p(y) Schander base

Hence ,
TX = .
%

(b) For KPCC ,

( ** fr where
+g =
.
1

%
Proof Define T 1 & **
by Tx(y)
>
x(KIK
-
: :
=

for xett and yet

any
(2) T is well defined.
For any XI and yel*

(Tx(y)) =
1 X( Y(K)
xk(lyst
>
- II XII II
q yllp Holder's inequality
s

(ii) T is an
isometry.
E
By (i)
11TXlop/lxlq for xtl
any
,

wish qu
We
11 Tylop/xIq for
any
xel

For
any Xtlg ,
write x(k) =
/xk))eOm.
q 1
Put
1x(k)19-iOn
-

y(k) =
C /ll xl G
Then
ykil ↑1x 19-1)p
-

=
(x)

=
IIxIKR11 P
=
=
I

Therefore , yee" and Ilyllp =

.
1
 And I/Tellop >
/Tx(y1/

Iysk
=

=
IIxII(x(k)e k
= 1
:
/x(k)( e -
10

(g 1)
-
-

xk))8
C
=
11 XIIq
18- qu
= 11 XII 11 XII
q

= /I XIIq

(iii) T is surjective .

Pick
any ↓H* .
We want to find an xetE
such that TX = % .
Put x(k) =
P(ep) .

10sems1/Pens
I
Consider bin,
Yuk) I ,

O
,
k n

Then In-1 ?
 kens
=
(P(yn))
- 114 Ilop 11
Jullp
=
11Plop(1s -14)
=
Il $1lop(1
=>
len11Plop t - =

Letting n+ 1
gives 11 Pe 11 Plop

Therefore ,
Xe *

And Tx(y) =
x(k)y(k)
k
=
1

= eny
=
dycken) Schander base
=
p(y) for
any y
Hence ,
Tx =
.
P